Zach Landis-Lewis
Charles P. Friedman
Rocky Fischer
Carl Lagoze
Allen Flynn
The Knowledge Object Reference Ontology (KORO) is an ontology to describe what a knowledge object is. KORO extends Basic Formal Ontology (BFO 2) upper level classes and Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) classes to the level of the 'information content entity' to both define and model the abstract and concrete class hierarchy, and the abstract parthood relations comprising the entity called Knowledge Object. KORO has been created to support work on knowledge retention and sharing mechanisms for a Learning Health System
Wei Shi
Peter Boisvert
Knowledge Object Reference Ontology (KORO) version 1.3
George Meng
Program Home Page
www.kgrid.org
obo:BFO_0000001
entity
obo:BFO_0000001
entity = def. a thing (more precisely an owl:Thing) that exists or has existed or will exist (sources: BFO2; IAO)
obo:BFO_0000001
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000001
entity
obo:BFO_0000002
continuant
obo:BFO_0000002
continuant = def. an entity that continues or persists through time, including (1) independent continuants that can be material entities and objects, (2) dependent continuants, including qualities and functions; together with (3) the spatial entities these entities occupy at any given time
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, p. 87, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000002
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000002
continuant
obo:BFO_0000003
occurrent
obo:BFO_0000003
occurrent = def. an entity that occurs or happens, variously referred to as "events" or "processes", or "happenings", which are taken to comprise not only (1) the processes that unfold in successive phases but also (2) the boundaries or thesholds at the beginnings and ends of such processes, as well as (3) the temporal and spatiotemporal regions in which these processes occur. (Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, p. 87, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000003
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000003
occurrent
obo:BFO_0000004
independent continuant = def. a continuant that is the bearer of qualities, such that qualities inhere in it
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000004
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000004
independent continuant
obo:BFO_0000006
s-region
obo:BFO_0000006
spatial region
obo:BFO_0000009
2d-s-region
obo:BFO_0000009
two-dimensional spatial region
obo:BFO_0000011
st-region
obo:BFO_0000011
spatiotemporal region
obo:BFO_0000015
process
obo:BFO_0000015
Process
obo:BFO_0000015
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
obo:BFO_0000015
a process of meiosis
obo:BFO_0000015
a process of sleeping
obo:BFO_0000015
the course of a disease
obo:BFO_0000015
the flight of a bird
obo:BFO_0000015
the life of an organism
obo:BFO_0000015
your process of aging.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/083-003
obo:BFO_0000015
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
obo:BFO_0000015
process = def. an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, process = p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
obo:BFO_0000015
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
obo:BFO_0000015
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000015
process
obo:BFO_0000017
realizable entity = def. a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in one of more independent continuants and which is exhibited only through certain characteristic processes of realization in which the bearer participates.
Realizable entities whose instances are such that in the course of their existence they may contain periods of actualization, when they are manifested through processes in which their bearers participate, and periods of dormancy, when they are not so manifested.
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000017
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000017
realizable entity
obo:BFO_0000018
0d-s-region
obo:BFO_0000018
zero-dimensional spatial region
obo:BFO_0000019
quality
obo:BFO_0000019
quality = def. a specifically dependent continuant that is fully exhibited or manifest in the independent continuant in which it inheres; a quality is a fully realized entity such as the color of something and so cannot inhere without being realized
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000019
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000019
quality
obo:BFO_0000020
specifically dependent continuant = def. a continuant that depends on one or more specific independent continuants for its existence meaning an a continuant entity that inheres in some one or more other specific and more concrete independent continuants.
Examples include the color, smell, or mass of a specific independent continuant.
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000020
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000020
specifically dependent continuant
obo:BFO_0000023
role
obo:BFO_0000023
role = def. a realizable entity that is externally grounded and possessed by its bearer due to circumstances external to the bearer, e.g., the role of salesperson
obo:BFO_0000023
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000023
role
obo:BFO_0000024
fiat-object-part
obo:BFO_0000024
fiat object part
obo:BFO_0000026
1d-s-region
obo:BFO_0000026
one-dimensional spatial region
obo:BFO_0000027
object-aggregate
obo:BFO_0000027
object aggregate = def. a material entity that is made up of a collection (or set) of objects and whose parts are exactly exhausted by the objects that form this collection (or set).
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000027
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000027
object aggregate
obo:BFO_0000028
3d-s-region
obo:BFO_0000028
three-dimensional spatial region
obo:BFO_0000029
site
obo:BFO_0000029
site
obo:BFO_0000030
object
obo:BFO_0000030
object = def. a material entity that is (1) spatially extended in three dimensions; (2) causally unified; and (3) maximally self-connected
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000030
In KORO: 'Object' is reserved for entities that do not bear concretizations of INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES
obo:BFO_0000030
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000030
object
obo:BFO_0000031
generically dependent continuant = def. a continuant that is dependent for its existence on one or other independent continuants that can serve as its bearer, as follows:
'a' generically depends on 'b' = def. 'a' exists and 'b' exists and: for some type 'B', 'b' is instance of 'B' and necessarily if 'a' exists then some 'B' exists
~~~
Information artifacts, which can be thought of as complex continuant patterns, are one family of examples of generically independent continuants
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000031
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000031
generically dependent continuant
obo:BFO_0000034
function
obo:BFO_0000034
function
obo:BFO_0000035
p-boundary
obo:BFO_0000035
process boundary
obo:BFO_0000038
1d-t-region
obo:BFO_0000038
one-dimensional temporal region
obo:BFO_0000040
material entity = def. an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as part.
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000040
In KORO, a 'material entity' is thought of as a 'resource', where the term 'resource' signifies a material asset or material assets that can be drawn on by other entities as they function
obo:BFO_0000040
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000040
material entity
obo:BFO_0000050
def = a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
BFO
obo:BFO_0000050
part of
obo:BFO_0000050
http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of
obo:BFO_0000051
def = a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
BFO
obo:BFO_0000051
has part
obo:BFO_0000054
realized in
obo:BFO_0000054
this disease is realized in this disease course
obo:BFO_0000054
this fragility is realized in this shattering
obo:BFO_0000054
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
obo:BFO_0000054
is realized by
obo:BFO_0000054
realized_in
obo:BFO_0000054
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
obo:BFO_0000054
REALIZED IN = def. a Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
BFO
obo:BFO_0000054
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000054
realized in
obo:BFO_0000055
realizes
obo:BFO_0000055
this disease course realizes this disease
obo:BFO_0000055
this investigation realizes this investigator role
obo:BFO_0000055
this shattering realizes this fragility
obo:BFO_0000055
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
obo:BFO_0000055
REALIZES = def. a Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
BFO
obo:BFO_0000055
obo:iao.owl
obo:BFO_0000055
realizes
obo:BFO_0000140
cf-boundary
obo:BFO_0000140
continuant fiat boundary
obo:BFO_0000141
immaterial
obo:BFO_0000141
immaterial entity
obo:BFO_0000142
1d-cf-boundary
obo:BFO_0000142
one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
obo:BFO_0000144
process-profile
obo:BFO_0000144
process profile
obo:BFO_0000145
r-quality
obo:BFO_0000145
relational quality = def. a quality that has a plurality of independent continuants as its bearers, e.g., the relational quality of 'being a parent of'
(Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
obo:BFO_0000145
FOR FUTURE USE IN KORO:
Relational Qualities of Knowledge Objects are anticipated:
'being a previous version of'
obo:BFO_0000145
obo:bfo.owl
obo:BFO_0000145
relational quality
obo:BFO_0000146
2d-cf-boundary
obo:BFO_0000146
two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
obo:BFO_0000147
0d-cf-boundary
obo:BFO_0000147
zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary
obo:BFO_0000148
0d-t-region
obo:BFO_0000148
zero-dimensional temporal region
obo:BFO_0000179
Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification.
obo:BFO_0000179
Really of interest to developers only
obo:BFO_0000179
BFO OWL specification label
obo:BFO_0000180
BFO CLIF specification label
obo:BFO_0000182
history
obo:BFO_0000182
history
obo:IAO_0000001
conditional specification
obo:IAO_0000001
conditional specification = def. a directive information entity that specifies what should happen if the trigger condition is fulfilled
obo:IAO_0000001
PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
obo:IAO_0000001
OBI branch derived
obo:IAO_0000001
OBI_0000349
obo:IAO_0000001
conditional specification
obo:IAO_0000005
objective specification
obo:IAO_0000005
In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
obo:IAO_0000005
goal specification = def. a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint.
When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
obo:IAO_0000005
2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
obo:IAO_0000005
2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
obo:IAO_0000005
Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
obo:IAO_0000005
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000005
PERSON: Barry Smith
obo:IAO_0000005
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
obo:IAO_0000005
PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
obo:IAO_0000005
objective specification
obo:IAO_0000005
OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
obo:IAO_0000005
OBI_0000217
obo:IAO_0000005
goal specification
obo:IAO_0000007
Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
obo:IAO_0000007
action specifiation = def. a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take
obo:IAO_0000007
Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000007
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
obo:IAO_0000007
action specification
obo:IAO_0000013
journal article
obo:IAO_0000013
Examples are articles published in the journals, Nature and Science. The content can often be cited by reference to a paper based encoding, e.g. Authors, Title of article, Journal name, date or year of publication, volume and page number.
obo:IAO_0000013
a report that is published in a journal
obo:IAO_0000013
person:Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000013
person:Chris Stoeckert
obo:IAO_0000013
OBI_0000159
obo:IAO_0000013
group:OBI
obo:IAO_0000013
journal article
obo:IAO_0000015
In the case of a printed paperback novel the physicality of the ink and of the paper form part of the information bearer. The qualities of appearing black and having a certain pattern for the ink and appearing white for the paper form part of the information carrier in this case.
obo:IAO_0000015
Information Carrier = def. A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content
obo:IAO_0000015
An alternative term for information carrier =
INFORMATION QUALITY ENTITY (IQE)
=def. a QUALITY that is the concretization of some INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITY (ICE)
(Aboutness, Smith et al., 2013),
They note that IQEs are called ‘information carriers’ in the current version of IAO.
obo:IAO_0000015
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
obo:IAO_0000015
information carrier
obo:IAO_0000027
data item
obo:IAO_0000027
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
obo:IAO_0000027
data item = def. an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
obo:IAO_0000027
data
obo:IAO_0000027
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl
obo:IAO_0000027
data item
obo:IAO_0000030
information content entity = def. a generically dependent continuant that is about some entity (i.e. that is about some thing)
IAO
obo:IAO_0000030
INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITY =def. an ENTITY which is (1) GENERICALLY DEPENDENT on (2) some MATERIAL ENTITY and which (3) stands in a relation of ABOUTNESS to some ENTITY.
FROM:
Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology
Barry Smith1,* and Werner Ceusters2
1 Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, 126 Park Hall, Buffalo, USA
2 Department of Biomedical Informatics, University at Buffalo, 921 Main Street, Buffalo, USA
obo:IAO_0000030
The definition of an information conent entity means that, in relation to a thing, an information content entity represents, and thus when born by an independent continuant bearer it becomes capable of imparting, a pattern in the form of a mark (sign, letter, text, image) or sound or other sensible, perceptible impact, such as a smell.
based on:
What is a Speech Act? John Searle, 1965
Semantic Information and the Network Theory of Account, Floridi, 2012
obo:IAO_0000030
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl
obo:IAO_0000030
information content entity
obo:IAO_0000033
directive information entity = def. an information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize SOME ENTITY in a process.
Note:
KORO uses a modified definition that is BASED ON IAO's defintion below
directive information entity = def. an information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
obo:IAO_0000033
Per Floridi: Instructional information is content about a referent that cannot be truth-bearing, e.g., procedures or instructions which convey potential actions.
Floridi L. Information: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford; 2010 Feb 25.
Floridi, Luciano, "Semantic Conceptions of Information", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/information-semantic/>.
obo:IAO_0000033
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl
obo:IAO_0000033
directive information entity
obo:IAO_0000088
report
obo:IAO_0000088
Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article.
obo:IAO_0000088
a document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record)
obo:IAO_0000088
2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on
something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things
that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about
something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include
(only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the
whole sentence is deleted.
obo:IAO_0000088
2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so.
obo:IAO_0000088
2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
obo:IAO_0000088
2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion
obo:IAO_0000088
disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification
obo:IAO_0000088
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000088
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
obo:IAO_0000088
PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
obo:IAO_0000088
GROUP: OBI
obo:IAO_0000088
OBI_0000099
obo:IAO_0000088
report
obo:IAO_0000098
data format specification
obo:IAO_0000098
data format specification = def. the information content borne by the document published defining the specification.
Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
obo:IAO_0000098
2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes
information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an
XML document; The instructions in a XSD file"
obo:IAO_0000098
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000098
PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
obo:IAO_0000098
OBI branch derived
obo:IAO_0000098
OBI_0000187
obo:IAO_0000098
data format specification
obo:IAO_0000104
plan specification
obo:IAO_0000104
PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
obo:IAO_0000104
plan specification = def. a directive information entity with action specifications, data format specifications, and goal specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the goals by taking the actions specified.
obo:IAO_0000104
2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
obo:IAO_0000104
2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
obo:IAO_0000104
Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
obo:IAO_0000104
Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000104
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
obo:IAO_0000104
OBI_0000344
obo:IAO_0000104
2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review.
Action specification not well enough specified.
Conditional specification not well enough specified.
Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications.
Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
obo:IAO_0000104
plan specification
obo:IAO_0000111
editor preferred term
obo:IAO_0000112
example of usage
obo:IAO_0000115
definition
obo:IAO_0000116
editor note
obo:IAO_0000117
term editor
obo:IAO_0000118
alternative term
obo:IAO_0000119
definition source
obo:IAO_0000136
is_about = def. a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
IAO
Source:
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
obo:IAO_0000136
is about
obo:IAO_0000142
mentions = def. an information artifact IA mentions an entity E exactly when it has a component/part that denotes E
IAO
obo:IAO_0000142
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. P4 RC1 munges our GCI so remove it for now: mentions some entity equivalentTo has_part some ('generically denotes' some entity)
obo:IAO_0000142
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Add this relation following conversation with Jonathan Rees that N&S GCI for is_about was too strong. Really it was simply sufficient. To effect this change we introduce this relation, which is subproperty of is_about, and have previous GCI use this relation "mentions" in it's (logical) definition
obo:IAO_0000142
PERSON: Jonathan Rees
obo:IAO_0000142
Person: Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000142
mentions
obo:IAO_0000219
A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
obo:IAO_0000219
denotes = def. a primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
IAO
obo:IAO_0000219
2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive.
g denotes r =def
r is a portion of reality
there is some c that is a concretization of g
every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
obo:IAO_0000219
person:Alan Ruttenberg
obo:IAO_0000219
Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan
obo:IAO_0000219
obo:IAO_0000219
denotes
obo:IAO_0000232
curator note
obo:IAO_0000310
A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
obo:IAO_0000310
Document = def. an information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
obo:IAO_0000310
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl
obo:IAO_0000310
document
obo:IAO_0000311
publication
obo:IAO_0000311
A journal article or book
obo:IAO_0000311
A document that has been accepted by a publisher
obo:IAO_0000311
PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
obo:IAO_0000311
publication
obo:IAO_0000312
publication about an investigation
obo:IAO_0000312
Most scientific journal articles
obo:IAO_0000312
A publication that is about an investigation
obo:IAO_0000312
PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
obo:IAO_0000312
scientific publication
obo:IAO_0000312
publication about an investigation
obo:IAO_0000313
patent
obo:IAO_0000313
US Patent 6,449,603
obo:IAO_0000313
A document that has been accepted by a patent authority
obo:IAO_0000313
PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
obo:IAO_0000313
patent
obo:IAO_0000412
imported from
obo:IAO_0000578
The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
obo:IAO_0000578
centrally registered identifier = def. an identifier entity that consists of a symbol and additional information about the registry to which it belongs.
obo:IAO_0000578
CRID
obo:IAO_0000578
Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
obo:IAO_0000578
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/master/releases/2017-03-24/iao-merged.owl
obo:IAO_0000578
centrally registered identifier
obo:IAO_0000600
elucidation
obo:IAO_0000601
has associated axiom(nl)
obo:IAO_0000602
has associated axiom(fol)
obo:IAO_0010000
has axiom label
obo:OBI_0000011
planned process
obo:OBI_0000011
planned process = def. a process, i.e., processual entity, that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
obo:OBI_0000011
obo:obi.owl
obo:OBI_0000011
planned process
obo:RO_0000052
inheres in = def. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
BFO
obo:RO_0000052
inheres in
obo:RO_0000053
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
BFO
obo:RO_0000053
bearer of
obo:RO_0000058
Is Concretized As = def. a relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
BFO
obo:RO_0000058
is concretized as
obo:RO_0000059
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
obo:RO_0000059
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
obo:RO_0000059
Concretizes = def. a relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
BFO
obo:RO_0000059
concretizes
obo:RO_0000080
this red color is a quality of this apple
obo:RO_0000080
QUALITY OF = def. a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
BFO
obo:RO_0000080
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
obo:RO_0000080
is quality of
obo:RO_0000080
quality_of
obo:RO_0000080
quality of
obo:RO_0000081
this investigator role is a role of this person
obo:RO_0000081
ROLE OF = def. a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
BFO
obo:RO_0000081
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
obo:RO_0000081
is role of
obo:RO_0000081
role_of
obo:RO_0000081
role of
obo:RO_0000086
this apple has quality this red color
obo:RO_0000086
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
BFO
obo:RO_0000086
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
obo:RO_0000086
has_quality
obo:RO_0000086
has quality
obo:RO_0000087
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
obo:RO_0000087
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
BFO
obo:RO_0000087
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
obo:RO_0000087
has_role
obo:RO_0000087
has role
#KORO_300
Agent = def. an object that is an actor, per Actor Network Theory, with agency that is not predicated exclusively on human or animal notions of intention or intentionality
#KORO_300
agent
#KORO_301
Person = def. an agent who is a human being and so is capable of reasoning, to some degree, and of experiencing emotions
#KORO_301
person
#KORO_302
computing machine = def. an agent that is a machine capable of reasoning and computing automatically when supplied with instructions, which are DIRECTIVE INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES inhering in an independent continuant, and with DATA ITEM(S), which are information content entities inhering in independent continuants
#KORO_302
computing machine
#KORO_303
knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet = def. a fact sheet comprised of facts about the origin, owner, content, methods used to develop, reliability, validity, and limitations of a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT CONTENT PACKAGE and the KNOWLEDGE OBJECT PAYLOAD it contains
#KORO_303
Every Knowledge Object Content Package must contain 1 and only 1 knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet.
#KORO_303
knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet
#KORO_304
knowledge object service metadata fact sheet = def. a fact sheet comprised of facts about the origin, providers, access points, peformance, policies, and limitations of a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT CONTENT PACKAGE, the KNOWLEDGE OBJECT SERVICE SPECIFICATION it contains and the KNOWLEDGE OBJECT SERVICE it enables.
#KORO_304
knowledge object service metadata fact sheet
#KORO_305
service specification = def. a plan specification with action specifications, data format specifications, and goal specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in an occurrent process, provided by one entity as a service interaction to other entities, in which the bearer is assisted to provide or enable to another means and mechanisms to achieve the goals by taking advantage of the service associated with the service specified
#KORO_305
service specification
#KORO_306
knowledge object enabled service specification = def. a SERVICE SPECIFICATION with at least one KNOWLEDGE OBJECT METHOD NAME and at least one KNOWLEDGE OBJECT REQUEST MESSAGE SPECIFICATION and at least one KNOWLEDGE OBJECT RESPONSE MESSAGE SPECIFICATION that, when concretized and born by an INDEPDENDENT CONTINUANT, is realized in a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT ENABLED SERVICE process that is enabled by a KNOWLEDGE OBJECT
#KORO_306
Every Knowledge Object Content Package must include 1 and only 1 knowledge object service specification.
#KORO_306
knowledge object enabled service specification
#KORO_307
identifier = def. an information content entity whose purpose is to identify some thing by reference in a manner that distinguishes that thing from some or all other things, and thereby potentially facilitates finding and/or accessing the thing referred to by the identifier whose purpose is to refer to it
#KORO_307
alternate term: label
#KORO_307
identifier
#KORO_308
resolvable location reference specification = def. an action specification that describes an action the bearer will take to resolve the location of some thing
#KORO_308
resolvable location reference specification
#KORO_309
resolvable location reference = def. an identifier that conforms to a resolvable location reference specification and which refers to a unique location and that makes it possible to find and access some thing to which it refers that is manifest at the location specified by the resolvable location reference
#KORO_309
examples:
Example 1:
http;//www.google.com is a resolvable location reference for the "Google search engine website". As a reference it that conforms to the HTTP protocol location reference specification and can be found and accessed using suitable software (no assumption is made that a resolvable location reference needs to refer to only one location; resolvable means only that it refers to a location where the identified thing is located)
Example 2:
300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 is a resolvable location reference to a building, i.e., a conformant postal address for a unique building that can be found and accessed in the world. If this address were to be changed and eliminated from use then it would no longer be resolvable, e.g., if the street name were changed.
#KORO_309
resolvable location reference
#KORO_310
name = def. an arbitrary identifier bestowed upon some thing as a referent to that thing that is not exclusively registered in one and only one central registry
#KORO_310
name
#KORO_311
model = def. a knowledge content entity comprised of a collection of two or more data items and their relationship(s) to each other
#KORO_311
alternative term: relational model
#KORO_311
model
#KORO_313
theoretical model = def. a model that hypothesizes, based on previous observation, potential relationships, or possible correspondences, among data items that have yet to be observed or demonstrated
#KORO_313
theoretical model
#KORO_314
empirical model = def. a model that describes relationships, or correspondences, found to exist among data items that describe observations
#KORO_314
Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3
#KORO_314
empirical model
#KORO_315
test specifiation = def. an action specification that describes an action the bearer will take to execute a test of some thing
#KORO_315
test specification
#KORO_316
knowledge object initial method name = def. a method name that is incorporated into a knowledge object enabled service specification and thereby into a knowledge object content package
#KORO_316
knowledge object method name
#KORO_317
systematic literature review result = def. a knoweldge content entity that summarizes what has been learned from a collection of documents gathered through a describable and repeatable process of document inclusion and exclusion
#KORO_317
systematic literature review result
#KORO_318
machine-executable empirical model = def. an empirical model that is represented in a manner that a machine can combine the empirical model with data items to produce or compute a result automatically
#KORO_318
alternative label: computable empirical model
#KORO_318
machine-executable empirical model
#KORO_319
machine-executable theoretical model = def. a theoretical model represented in a manner that a machine can combine the theoretical model with data items to produce or compute a result automatically
#KORO_319
alternative label: computable theoretical model
#KORO_319
machine-executable theoretical model
#KORO_320
ARTIFACT =def. a MATERIAL ENTITY created or modified or selected by some agent to realize a certain FUNCTION or ROLE (Examples: a key, a lock, a digital file stored on a particular computing machine, a screwdriver)
Smith & Ceusters, Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology
#KORO_320
artifact
#KORO_321
INFORMATION ARTIFACT =def. an ARTIFACT whose function is to bear an INFORMATION QUALITY ENTITY. (Examples: a hard drive, a traffic sign, a printed form, a passport, a currency note, an RFID chip, a SIM card)
Smith & Ceusters, Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology
#KORO_321
information artifact
#KORO_322
information artifact aggregate = def. an artifact aggregate that is made up of a collection (or set) of information artifacts bearing concretizations of information content entities
Originally Based on definition of Object Aggregate taken from Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015)
#KORO_322
Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3
#KORO_322
information artifact aggregate
#KORO_323
artifact aggregate = def. a material entity consisting exactly of a collection of artifacts as its member parts at all times at which it exists
Based on BFO 2
Originally adapted from: Smith & Ceusters, Aboutness: Towards Foundations for the Information Artifact Ontology
Also based on definition of Object Aggregate taken from Introduction to Basic Formal Ontology I, Arp, Smith, and Spear, 2015
#KORO_323
Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3
#KORO_323
artifact aggregate
#KORO_324
community = def. an object aggregate comprised of two or more persons
#KORO_324
community
#KORO_325
content analysis result = def., a knowledge content entity that is the result of systematically coding and analyzing qualitative (non-numerical) INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES
Social Research Methods, Edition 2, 2013, H. Russel Bernard.
#KORO_325
content analysis result
#KORO_326
finding = def. a knowledge content entity comprised of a DATA ITEM about some THING
#KORO_326
finding
#KORO_327
knowledge object lifecycle log
#KORO_328
knowledge object service test specifiation = def. an TEST SPECIFICATION that describes an action the bearer will take to execute a test of some KNOWLEDGE OBJECT SERVICE
#KORO_328
knowledge object service test specification
#KORO_329
knowledge object enabled service interaction = def. a service interaction that happens when the reasoning and computational processes enabled by a knowledge object unfold, including their beginnings (process initiation) and their ends (process completion), at some time and place, thereby providing, through the concretization of a service, one agent with an information artifact from another agent
KORO
#KORO_329
knowledge object enabled service interaction
#KORO_330
knowledge object goal specification
#KORO_331
knowledge object goal specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is a bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object goal specification
#KORO_331
knowledge object goal specification item
#KORO_332
knowledge object enabled service specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object enabled service specification
#KORO_332
knowledge object enabled service specification item
#KORO_333
knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet
#KORO_333
knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet item
#KORO_334
knowledge object service metadata fact sheet item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object service metadata fact sheet
#KORO_334
knowledge object service metadata fact sheet item
#KORO_335
knowledge object lifecycle log item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object lifecycle log
#KORO_335
knowledge object lifecycle log item
#KORO_336
knowledge object primary identifier item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object primary identifier
#KORO_336
knowledge object primary identifier item
#KORO_337
knowledge object method name item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object method name
#KORO_337
knowledge object method name item
#KORO_338
knowledge object service test specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object service test specification
#KORO_338
knowledge object service test specification item
#KORO_339
knowledge object manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of some particular and uniquely identifiable knowledge object
#KORO_339
BASED ON
When we say ‘book’ we also may mean a ‘publication’ as when we go to a bookstore
to purchase a book. We may know its ISBN (unique identifier of it as a particular expression of a work) but the particular copy does not matter as long as it’s in good condition and no missing pages. FRBR calls this a ‘manifestation.’
Tillett, B. (2005). What is FRBR? A conceptual model for the bibliographic universe. The Australian Library Journal, 54(1), 24-30.
#KORO_339
knowledge object manifestation
#KORO_340
knowledge object part item manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular part item of some knowledge object
#KORO_340
knowledge object part item manifestation
#KORO_341
knowledge object service test specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object service test specification
#KORO_341
knowledge object service test specification manifestation
#KORO_342
knowledge object methond name manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object method name
#KORO_342
knowledge object method name manifestation
#KORO_343
knowledge object primary identifier manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object primary identifier
#KORO_343
knowledge object primary identifier manifestation
#KORO_344
knowledge object lifecycle log manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object lifecycle log
#KORO_344
knowledge object lifecycle log manifestation
#KORO_345
knowledge object service metadata fact sheet manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object service metadata fact sheet
#KORO_345
knowledge object service metadata fact sheet manifestation
#KORO_346
knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet
#KORO_346
knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet manifestation
#KORO_347
knowledge object service enabled specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object service enabled specification
#KORO_347
knowledge object enabled service specification manifestation
#KORO_348
knowledge object goal specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object goal specification
#KORO_348
knowledge object goal specification manifestation
#KORO_349
knowledge object payload manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object payload
#KORO_349
knowledge object payload manifestation
#KORO_350
knowledge object request message specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object request message specification
#KORO_350
knowledge object request message specification manifestation
#KORO_351
knowledge object response message specification manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of a particular knowledge object response message specification
#KORO_351
knoweldge object response message specification manifestation
#KORO_352
resource role = def. a role inhering in a person or other entity, e.g., often an information artifiact, that is realized when the bearer participates or is used in a process of imparting information to an agent, particularly a person or computing machine
KORO
#KORO_352
resource role
#KORO_353
service enabler role = def. a role inhering in a person or other agent that is realized when the bearer makes it possible to provide service interactions by participating in a service interaction associated with the concretization of a service specification as a service
KORO
#KORO_353
service enabler role
#KORO_354
service interaction = def. a planned process that happens when a process unfolds in such a manner that one material entity provides some thing to another material entity by realizing a service which is the concretization of a service specification
KORO
#KORO_354
service interaction
#KORO_355
accounts for = def. a question-answer relationship between an information content entity and a knowledge content entity whereby some knowledge content entity accounts for, meaning explains, the answer to a question about the information content entity
KORO
example:
for some Drug A, a study of 200 adult users of Drug A that revealed as its result, in the form of an knowledge content entity, that 20 of the 200 adult users experienced headaches when taking Drug A ACCOUNTS FOR the information content entity that 10% of adult users of Drug A experience headaches
#KORO_355
accounts for
#KORO_356
service = def. a realizable entity that is the concretization of a service specification and which is externally grounded and provided by its bearer agent to other agents due to circumstances external to the bearer, e.g., the service of selling things
KORO
#KORO_356
service
#KORO_357
kocp1
#KORO_358
kopayload1
#KORO_359
kopid1
#KORO_360
kormfs1
#KORO_361
koss1
#KORO_362
koll1
#KORO_363
kocp1IC
#KORO_364
knowledgeobject1
#KORO_365
statistical analysis result = def., a knowledge content entity that is the result of systematically coding and analyzing quantitative (numerical) INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES
#KORO_365
statistical analysis result
#KORO_366
knowledgeobject2
#KORO_367
kolifecyclelogitem1
#KORO_368
kopayloaditem1
#KORO_369
koenabledservicespecificationitem1
#KORO_370
koresourcemetadatafactsheetitem1
#KORO_371
koprimaryidentifieritem1
#KORO_372
nonKOinformationartifact1
#KORO_373
kopayloaditem2
#KORO_376
information artifact manifestation = def. an information artifact aggregate comprised of all instances in reality of some particular information artifact
#KORO_376
information artifact manifestation
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0000012
EXAMPLIFIES = def. a particular information artifact (called some "item" in FRBR) EXEMPLIFIES a particular information artifact manifestation (called some "manifestation" in FRBR) when the particular information artifact is one of potentially many concrete (material) bearers of the same information content entity, and the particular information artifact manifestation is the collection of all concrete (material) bearers of that particular information content entity
KORO
INSPIRED BY
Functional Requirements of Biblographic Records (FRBR), 2004, Barbara Tillett
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0000012
exemplifies
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0000013
IS EXEMPLIFIED BY = def. a particular information artifact aggregate (called some "manifestation" in FRBR) IS EXEMPLIFIED BY a particular information artifact (called some "item" in FRBR) when the particular information artifact is one of potentially many concrete (material) bearers of the same information content entity, and the particular information artifact aggregate is the collection of all concrete (material) bearers of that particular information content entity
KORO
INSPIRED BY:
Functional Requirements of Biblographic Records (FRBR), 2004, Barbara Tillett
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0000013
is exemplified by
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0001
persistent unique identifier = def. a centrally registered identifer that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts a text string that uniquely identifies 1 and only 1 thing within the registry to which it pertains
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0001
persistent unique identifier
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0003
knowledge object primary identifier = def. a persistent unique identifier that is the first one to be incorporated into a knowledge object package and that persists, unchanged, throughout the life span of the knowledge object package
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0003
also called: KO primary ID
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0003
knowledge object primary identifier
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0006
fact sheet = def. a document comprised of FACTUAL ITEM(S) recorded by a person, or recorded a person and a computing machine
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0006
From KORO publication:
“Fact Sheet” is a document comprised of statements that describe key facts
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0006
fact sheet
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0008
log = def. a document comprised of FACTUAL ITEM(S) recorded exclusively and totally by a computing machine
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0008
log
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0009
lifecycle log = def. a log about the lifecycle of a thing that serves as a record of events in the life of that thing
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0009
lifecycle log
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0010
knowledge object payload = def. a document comprised of one or more knowledge content entities; often the knowledge content entities
NOTE: Parts included in the knowledge object payload are often machine-executable but this is not always the case
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0010
Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0010
knowledge object payload
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0012
method name = def. a name that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts an arbitrary identifier for a method that can be called by a computing machine to do some computation
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0012
method name
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0014
knowledge object request message specification = def. a request message specification that can be incorporated into a knowledge object package
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0014
knowledge object request message specification
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0015
knowledge object response message specification = def. a response message specification that can be incorporated into a knowledge object package
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0015
knowledge object response message specification
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0016
request message specification = def. a directive information entity that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts the form, format, and general structure and abstract content of a message that can be sent as a request from one computing machine to another computing machine
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0016
request message specification
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0018
response message specification = def. a directive information entity that, when inhering in an independent continuant bearer, imparts the form, format, and general structure and abstract content of a message that can be received as a response from one computing machine by another computing machine
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0018
response message specification
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0020
knowledge object content package = def. a document including or containing, at a minimum:
some knowledge object primary identifier;
some knowledge object payload;
some knowledge object resource metadata fact sheet;
some knowledge object enabled service specification;
some knowledge object lifecycle log.
and, along with the 5 required information content entities above, possibly also including or containing other additional information content entities of the same type as those above or of different types.
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0020
knowledge object content package
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0021
knowledge object = def. an information artifact with knowledge object part items that bears a concretization of a knowledge object content package, often in the form of a digital file ... which is equivalent to saying an information artifact with the five requisite knowledge object part items
knowldge object primary identifier part item
knoweldge object resource metadata fact sheet item
knowledge object service specification item
knowledge object payload item
knowledge object lifecycle log item
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0021
knowledge object
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0026
knowledge object payload item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object payload
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0026
knowledge object payload item
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0032
knowledge object request message specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a knowledge object request message specification
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0032
knowledge object request message specification item
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0033
response message specification item = def. a knowledge object part item that is the bearer of some concretization of a response message specification
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0033
knowledge object response message specification item
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0055
is accounted for by = def. an answer-question relationship between a knowledge content entity and an information content entity whereby an answer to a question about some information content entity is accounted for by, meaning is explained by, some knowledge content entity
KORO
example:
for some Drug A, the information content entity that 10% of adult users of Drug A experience headaches IS ACCOUNTED FOR BY a study of 200 adult users of Drug A that revealed as its result, in the form of an knowledge content entity, that 20 of the 200 adult users experienced headaches when taking Drug A
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0055
is_accounted_for_by
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0068
knowledge content entity = def. an INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITY that is an empirical result found to be meaningful to one or more PERSON(S) or a COMMUNITY, such that it can be interpreted by them in ways that they value, and which arises from a systematic analytic and/or deliberative process of investigation and study of other INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES, that are often, but not exclusively other DATA ITEM(S), thereby accounting for those other INFORMATION CONTENT ENTITIES
Definition of C.P. Friedman, 2017
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0068
The idea that information is upgraded to knowledge is controversial.
This idea is supported by Floridi's Network Theory of Account.
Floridi, L. (2012). Semantic information and the network theory of account. Synthese, 184(3), 431-454.
This idea is refuted by Weinberg who sees the concept of knowledge changing as a result of networks and information flow:
Weinberger, D. (2011). Too Big to Know: Rethinking Knowledge Now That the Facts Aren T the Facts, Experts Are Everywhere, and the Smartest Person in the Room Is the Room. Basic Books.
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knowledge content entity
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0074
factual item = def. a data item that is a veridical proposition about the configuration of reality and obtaining state of affairs, which, when born by an independent continuant bearer, can impart an accurate indication of something that is either unambiguously true or false
e.g.,
The proposition that apples are a dairy product is false
The proposition that apples are a fruit is true
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0074
This is propositional information that can be true or false, sometimes called "facts", sometimes called "declarative information"
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0074
also called: propositional information
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0074
factual item
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0140
knowledge object part item = def. an information artifact that bears a concretization of an ICE that exists within a knowledge object content package, often in the form of a digital file
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0140
Definition updated from version 1.2 to 1.3
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0140
The term "item" for a material manifestation of an individual, single information artifact reflects the thinking in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic records (FRBR):
Tillett, B. B. (2005). FRBR and Cataloging for the Future. Cataloging & classification quarterly, 39(3-4), 197-205.
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0140
knowledge object part item
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0162
information artifact with knowledge object part item = def. an information artifact that bears the concretizations of one or more knowledge object part items but that may or may not satisfy the definition of a knowledge object
/1.0.0/koro.owl#KORO_0162
information artifact with knowledge object part item
/1.0.0/koro.owl#file_size
file size = def. a quality that inheres in a bearer object of type 'digital file' by virtue of the proportion of the bearer object's amount of information, measured in bits or bytes
KORO
/1.0.0/koro.owl#file_size
file size
owl:Thing
owl:Thing = thing = def. an individual in the OWL world's universe
owl:Thing
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/