http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/npo
PIs: Nathan A. Baker and Rohit V. Pappu; Washington University in St. Louis
NanoParticle Ontology (NPO): Ontology for cancer nanotechnology research.
Dennis G. Thomas
1.0
NPO_1541
metal oxide nanoparticle
A nanoparticle which is mainly composed of a metal oxide.
An optical microscope which is used to study the properties of a specimen or sample based on the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence. The microscope has a filter which allows radiation of a specific wavelength of light to pass through.The specimen or the sample contains components labeled with a fluorescent molecule which absorbs this light, and then emits light of a longer wavelength. A second filter of the microscope separates the emitted light from the brighter excitation light (shorter wavelength). As a result, the fluorescing regions of the sample shine out against a dark background with high contrast, when observed through the microscope.
fluorescence microscope
NPO_1443
[definition: adapted from http://nobelprize.org; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope ]
NPO_1356
A type of characterization, which describes the physicochemical (material and structural) properties of an object.
physicochemical characterization
NPO_231
A "covalent linkage" where an isothiourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
isothiourea linkage
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
NPO_657
angiogenesis
GO:0001525
blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels
NPO_275
An "element" with atomic number 55.
caesium
amidine linkage between primary amine and imidoester
An "amidine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an imidoester, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_637
nanoparticle characterization
Characterization of nanoparticles or nanoparticle formulations
NPO_1413
A "tertiary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a tertiary amine group. It has the structure R-N(-R")-R', where R,R' and R" denote organic groups.
CHEBI:32876
tertiary amine
NPO_832
A "nanoparticle response to magnetic field", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle.
NPO_662
drug release from nanoparticle in response to magnetic field
oxygen
NPO_615
An "element" with atomic number 8.
DNA
NPO_1002
A nucleic acid composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar and linked by phosphodiester bonds. DNA contains the genetic information of organisms.
deoxyribonucleic acid
NPO_851
An "element" with atomic number 100.
fermium
fluorescence imaging contrast agent
NPO_166
An "optical imaging contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that is fluorescent, and provides contrast in images captured using fluorescence imaging techniques.
contrast agent in fluorescence imaging
NPO_758
A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "chlorine atom."
chloro group
83
An "atom" with atomic number 83.
NPO_369
bismuth atom
dendrimer
MESH:D050091
[MeSH definition]: Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS.
A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional tree-like architecture, synthesized from monomers where shells of branched molecules are added in discrete steps to a central core.
NPO_735
[NCI_THESAURUS definition]: A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are synthesized from monomers and new branches are added in discrete steps to form a tree-like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is achieved through step-wise reactions and purification at each step to regulate the size, architecture, functionality and monodispersity of the molecules. These polymers have desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a polyvalent array of surface groups that make them potential drug delivery vesicles.
silicon molecular entity
CHEBI:26677
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silicon.
NPO_1109
NPO_884
CHEBI:29826
A "functional group" which has the structure -S-S-. The group is characteristic of an organic disulfide molecule wherein it is attached to organic groups.
disulfanedyl group
NPO_477
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by ultrasound.
stimulus of ultrasound
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of sulfur.
sulfur molecular entity
NPO_1101
CHEBI:26835
neptunium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 93.
NPO_304
93
scanning electron microscopy
NPO_1429
An electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning electron microscope.
SEM technique
An organic compound which is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms.
NPO_201
CHEBI:33822
hydroxy compound
organic hydroxy compound
NPO_348
An "element" with atomic number 62.
samarium
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of mercury.
NPO_1125
CHEBI:25196
mercury molecular entity
neutral pH
NPO_1201
pH of value equal to 7.
NPO_330
A "diazonium compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "diazonium group." It has the structure R-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group.
diazonium compound
NPO_655
intermolecular interaction
An attractive non-covalent interaction between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules.
GO:0015631
Interacting selectively with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [source: GOC:clt]
tubulin binding
NPO_814
NPO_734
An "imine" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbon-nitrogen double bond, and has the structure R-C(=N-R")-R', where at least one of R,R',R" is a hydrocarbyl group while the remaining being hydrogen atoms.
imine
CHEBI:24783
arylthioether linkage
A "covalent linkage" where an arylthioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
NPO_648
A "functional group", the structure of which consists of a saturated cyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; and each of the two carbon atoms, adjacent to the nitrogen atom, are bonded to an oxygen atom via a double bond, while the nitrogen atom is bonded to one oxygen atom of the carbonate group.
succinimidyl carbonate group
NPO_234
An "element" with atomic number 2.
NPO_901
helium
A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time.
NPO_1331
UO:0000105
frequency unit
Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl]
GO:0043015
NPO_512
gamma-tubulin binding
An "antineoplastic agent" isolated naturally from microorganisms or synthesized chemically that kills or inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Antineoplastic antibiotics can interfere with the normal function of cellular nucleic acids and proteins.
NPO_737
NCIT: C259
antineoplastic antibiotic
anticancer antibiotic
antitumor antibiotic
scanning electron microscope
SEM
NCIT:C78814
An electron microscope which scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons and detects the interaction of the electrons with the atoms on the surface to produce a topographical image of the sample.
NPO_1440
NPO_849
An element in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
Period 7 Element
A property that is characteristic of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug by the body.
pharmacokinetic property
NPO_1521
detection
A process or action of identifying the presence of something.
NPO_1425
A dendrimer which contains amide molecules as branches; tertiary amines as branching points and primary amine groups as the terminal or end groups.
poly(amidoamine) dendrimer
PAMAM dendrimer
NPO_965
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a zinc group (Group-12) element.
zinc group molecular entity
CHEBI:33673
NPO_1114
CHEBI:16042
NPO_1045
An anion of halogen element.
halide anion
rubidium atom
37
An "atom" with atomic number 37.
NPO_347
A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of a 2-dimensional surface.
NPO_1248
unit of area
UO:0000047
area unit
A property of matter responsible for electrical phenomena.
charge
electric charge
NPO_1292
inorganic ion
NPO_1032
CHEBI:36914
An ion which is inorganic.
NPO_1007
GO:0034961
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah]
cellular biopolymer biosynthesis
cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process
A "covalent linkage" where an imide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
imide linkage
NPO_247
A substance unit which is equal to the amount of substance of a molecular system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12.
UO:0000013
mol
mole
NPO_1221
diameter
A quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary.
NPO_1228
PATO:0001334
NPO_1354
decibel
dB
UO:0000259
A unit which is an indicator of sound power per unit area.
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron (III) oxide.
NPO_1550
Fe2O3 nanoparticle
iron (III) oxide nanoparticle
molybdenum atom
An "atom" with atomic number 42.
42
NPO_772
radon atom
NPO_531
An "atom" with atomic number 86.
86
A unit of concentration which is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given molecule.
UO:0000075
N
NPO_1215
normal
NPO_494
Ser
2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid
CHEBI:17822
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-OH)-C(OH)=OH.
serine
An "element" with atomic number 31.
NPO_287
gallium
NPO_222
An "atom" with atomic number 9.
fluorine atom
9
NPO_1133
CHEBI:33964
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silver.
silver molecular entity
NPO_1348
PATO:0000547
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its exhibiting photosensitivity.
photosensitive
NPO_1126
CHEBI:23237
chromium molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chromium.
Physical state which is characteristic of a sol.
sol
NPO_1510
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/]
GO:0043283
biopolymer metabolism
biopolymer metabolic process
NPO_1013
peptide
An organic molecule or compound, which consists of two or more amino acids linked by covalent bonding between the amino group of one aminoacid and the carboxyl group of the other.
NPO_469
MFM
A scanning probe microscope which is derived from atomic force microscope, having a magnetized tip that map the spatial distribution of magnetism by measuring the magnetic interactions between the sample and the tip. It is used to study magnetic materials.
[definition: adapted from http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com]
NPO_1447
magnetic force microscope
NPO_146
A "nanoparticle response to stimulus", which occurs in response to the external stimulus acting on the nanoparticle.
nanoparticle response to external stimulus
NPO_384
2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid
Cys
cysteine
CHEBI:15356
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-SH)-C(OH)=OH.
A "nanocage" composed of gold element.
Gold nanocages, some 40 nanometers in diameter can be made by replacing the silver atoms of silver nanotubes.
NPO_197
gold nanocage
REX:0000044
phosphorescence
NPO_1444
A photoluminescence which is long-lived compared to fluorescence, and involves change in spin multiplicity, typically from triplet to singlet or vice versa. The luminescence from a quartet state to a doublet state is also phosphorescence.
[source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04569.htm]
A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge greater than 2+.
monoatomic polycation
NPO_1063
CHEBI:25430
mass rate
The rate of change or movement in the mass (amount of matter) of a physical object.
NPO_1310
inorganic molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains no carbon.
CHEBI:24835
NPO_1027
A process, which describes the function or activity of a nanoparticle, occurring in response to a stimulus acting on the nanoparticle.
NPO_565
nanoparticle response to stimulus
cellular biopolymer metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah]
GO:0034960
NPO_1012
cellular biopolymer metabolic process
NPO_1556
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
PLGA polymer
PLGA
A synthetic copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid.
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by sound.
NPO_701
stimulus of sound
cytotoxicity
NCIT:C27988
NPO_1340
Toxicity that impairs or damages cells, and it is a desired quality for the killing of growing tumor cells.
efficiency
NPO_1333
PATO:0001029
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the output to the input.
NPO_897
barium atom
56
An "atom" with atomic number 56.
A type of physical characterization which describes the molecular weight of a molecular entity.
molecular weight characterization
NPO_1359
MRI
NCIT:C16809
MeSH:D008279
[definition: adapted from MeSH]
A non-invasive imaging method of creating images of internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images.
magnetic resonance imaging
NPO_1483
NPO_394
imide group
An "amide group" which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-[*])-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of an imide compound.
NPO_621
dendrimer repeat unit
A "molecule component in dendrimer" which repeats to form the branches of a "dendrimer".
technetium
NPO_726
An "element" with atomic number 43.
titanium group element
Group 4 Element
An element of Group 4 of the periodic table.
NPO_358
mean diameter
average diameter
NPO_1366
A measure of diameter obtained by dividng a sum of several diameter values by the total number of values.
technetium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 43.
43
NPO_679
An "aryl halide" derived from fluorobenzene.
fluorobenzene derivative
NPO_441
process aggregate
NPO_397
[definition source]: BFO
A "processual entity" that is a meriological sum of "process" entities and possesses non-connected boundaries.
CHEBI:33675
NPO_1078
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
p-block molecular entity
NPO_163
[definition source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com, L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition
A "protein" that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed. It does not contain a prosthetic group.
simple protein
NPO_739
yttrium
An "element" with atomic number 39.
A quality in which events occur in sequence.
time
NPO_1285
PATO:0000165
An "element" with atomic number 13.
aluminium
NPO_314
NPO_942
nobelium
An "element" with atomic number 102.
NCIT:C572
NPO_1388
Ig
An antibody which has molecular mass of 150-950 kDa, and consists of one or more basic units of four polypeptide chains comprising of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulphide links.
immunoglobulin
A cyclic organic compound, which has ring members that are atoms of carbon and at least of one other element such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen.
organic heterocyclic compound
NPO_692
CHEBI:24532
CHEBI:33584
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of germanium.
NPO_1111
germanium molecular entity
A spectroscopic technique which analyzes fluorescence spectra from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light of a lower energy, typically, but not necessarily, visible light.
NPO_1476
NCIT:C17738
fluorescence spectroscopy
NCIT:C2120
lectin inhibitor
NPO_440
An anti-adhesion agent, which inhibits lectin, a protein that binds carbohydrate on cell surfaces and causes cell agglutination.
An "imide group" derived from maleimide by the removal of a hydrogen atom that was attached to nitrogen atom of the parent maleimide. The group is characteristic of any maleimide derivative.
maleimide group
NPO_431
isoelectric point
NPO_1204
The pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge.
carbohydrate-coated nanoparticle
A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a carbohydrate.
NPO_537
luminescence
NPO_1399
Spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment.
REX:0000290
hollow core of nanoshell
NPO_472
The hollow core of a nanoshell
A nanoparticle payload agent which has therapeutic function.
therapeutic payload
NPO_1533
NPO_998
cell cycle process
GO:0022402
A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete]
A unit which is a measure of the quantity of charge.
NPO_1293
charge unit
electric charge unit
NPO_715
drug release from nanoparticle in response to ultrasound
A "nanoparticle response to ultrasound", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle.
MW
The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule.
NPO_1171
molecular weight
Physical state which is characteristic of a suspension.
state of suspension
NPO_1506
microgram per milliliter
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in milliliters.
NPO_1267
µg/mL
micrograms per milliliter
A substance which is composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated.
mixture
NPO_283
NPO_1357
in vitro characterization
A type of characterization, which describes a property/quality that indicates the behavior of the object in vitro.
NPO_435
thymidylate synthase inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits thymidylate synthase, an enzyme that catalyses the de novo synthesis of deoxythymidylate and acts as a key rate-limiting enzyme of DNA synthesis.
thymidylate synthetase inhibitor
unit of temperature
temperature unit
UO:0000005
A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
NPO_1288
NPO_787
An "atom" with atomic number 21.
21
scandium atom
gel state
Physical state which is characteristic of a gel.
NPO_1509
NPO_372
An "isothiourea linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an isothiocyanate, through the participation of respective functional groups.
linkage between primary amine and isothiocyanate
magnesium
An "element" with atomic number 12.
NPO_249
An "element" with atomic number 11.
sodium
NPO_907
cobalt
An "element" with atomic number 27.
NPO_795
An "element" with atomic number 80.
NPO_216
mercury
osmium atom
76
NPO_349
An "atom" with atomic number 76.
Group 1 Element
An element of Group 1 of the periodic table.
NPO_162
A temperature unit on the Fahrenheit scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point is 212 degrees at standard conditions, placing the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. -40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to -40 degrees Celsius.
NPO_1290
degree Fahrenheit
F
A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to one thousand volt-hours.
kilovolt-hour
kV h
UO:0000230
NPO_1162
isocyanate compound
An "isocyanate" is an "organic compound" characterized by the presence of "isocyanate group." It has the structure R-N=C=O, where R denotes an organic group.
NPO_519
NPO_1073
CHEBI:30511
A monoatomic pentacation of molybdenum.
molybdenum (5+) ion
NPO_168
(5S,5aR,8aR,9R)-9-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-oxo-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexahydrofuro[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl 4,6-O-[(1R)-ethylidene]-β-D-glucopyranoside
etoposide
An organic compound or molecule, which has a functional parent, podophyllotoxin; which has substructure that classifies it as a beta-D-glucoside.
CHEBI:4911
NPO_1029
cation
An ion which is positively charged.
CHEBI:36916
An "element" with atomic number 53.
NPO_169
iodine
NPO_429
A "carbonate ester" is an "organic compound" which is a diester derivative of carbonate and it is characterized by the presence of a "carbonate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups.
carbonate compound
carbonate ester
CHEBI:26873
terpenoid
Any natural product and related compound formally derived from isoprene units. They may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the same manner as are terpenes. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
NPO_381
A "covalent linkage" where a hydrazone group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
NPO_430
hydrazone linkage
NPO_805
secondary amine
CHEBI:32863
A "secondary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a secondary amine group. It has the structure R-NH-R', where R,R' denote organic groups.
area under curve
AUC
The area under the curve in a plot of concentration of a drug in plasma against time
NPO_1523
area under the plasma concentration time curve
A "functional group" which has a three-membered cyclic ether structure, where an oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms and the carbon atoms are bonded to each other via single covalent bond.
epoxide group
NPO_909
oxirane group
A peptide which consists of several aminoacids .
polypeptide
NPO_848
percent mass per volume
NPO_1326
mass volume percentage
NCIT:C48527
A percentage unit concentration which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture.
UO:0000164
percent weight per volume
weight-volume percentage
% w/v
NPO_541
An "atom" with atomic number 14.
14
silicon atom
A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate.
PATO:0001740
NPO_1382
radioactive property
height
PATO:0000119
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the vertical dimension of extension.
NPO_1229
NPO_1335
transfection efficiency
The efficiency inhering in a bearer's ability to facilitate transfection.
Toxicity that impairs or damages the immune system.
NPO_1339
NCIT:C63814
immunotoxicity
A fluid having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely.[source:NCI]
gas
gaseous state
NPO_785
NCIT:C45299
ruthenium molecular entity
NPO_1135
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of ruthenium.
CHEBI:35734
chemiluminescence
Luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction.
REX:0000294
NPO_1402
body weight
Weight inhering in the body of an animal species.
NPO_1219
An "element" with atomic number 81.
thallium
NPO_495
nanostructure
A "nanomaterial" which is defined with respect to its structure.
NPO_1018
ionizable
A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized.
NPO_428
Elemental activity, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions.
GO:0003674
NPO_362
molecular function
[source]: GO
An aminoacid which can become ionized.
ionizable aminoacid
NPO_242
NPO_467
samarium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 62.
62
Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles.
NPO_299
NCIT: C16544
GO:0006897
[definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus
endocytosis
A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique for separating proteins in a sample which is prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a buffer that maintains the proteins in their denatured states.
NPO_1427
SDS-PAGE
sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
NPO_1098
CHEBI:37196
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bismuth.
bismuth molecular entity
When placed in a magnetic field, NMR active nuclei (such as 1H or 13C) absorb at a frequency characteristic of the isotope. The resonant frequency, energy of the absorption and the intensity of the signal are proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of nuclei (have non-zero spin).
NMR spectroscopy
magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Depending on the local chemical environment, different protons in a molecule resonate at slightly different frequencies. Since this frequency shift is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, it is converted into a field-independent dimensionless value known as the chemical shift. The chemical shift is reported as a relative measure from some reference resonance frequency. (For the nuclei1H, 13C, and 29Si, TMS (tetramethylsilane) is commonly used as a reference.) This difference between the frequency of the signal and the frequency of the reference is divided by frequency of the reference signal to give the chemical shift. The frequency shifts are extremely small in comparison to the fundamental NMR frequency. A typical frequency shift might be 100 Hz, compared to a fundamental NMR frequency of 100 MHz, so the chemical shift is generally expressed in parts per million (ppm).
By understanding different chemical environments, the chemical shift can be used to obtain some structural information about the molecule in a sample. The conversion of the raw data to this information is called assigning the spectrum. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com]
NCIT:C16810
NPO_1470
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
volt-hour
A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to 3600 Wb.
UO:0000229
Vh
NPO_1161
surface area
Area of an object's surface.
NPO_1235
iodide
NPO_1049
An anion of iodine.
CHEBI:16382
An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carboxylic ester, through the participation of respective functional groups.
amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic ester
NPO_738
carboxamide
NPO_269
A "carboxamide" is an "amide" derived from carboxylic acids. It is characterized by the presence of a carboxamide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-NH2, R-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" stands for organic groups.
CHEBI:37622
contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging
A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that has magnetic properties and provides contrast in images captured using MRI.
MRI contrast agent
CHEBI:37335
NPO_581
A "continuant" that is dependent on the existence of other entities.
[source]: BFO
In order for a "dependent continuant" to exist, some other entity must exist.
NPO_607
dependent continuant
gold quantum dot
Au quantum dot
NPO_186
A "quantum dot" composed of gold element
CHEBI:49588
A monoatomic dication of europium.
europium (2+) ion
NPO_1058
NPO_1522
elimination half life
The time taken for drug concentration in the plasma to reduce by 50%.
plasma half life
monoatomic tetraanion
A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge -4.
NPO_1044
CHEBI:50086
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
GO:0003918
NPO_450
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity
DNA topoisomerase type II activity
A unit of measurement for magnetic flux.
unit of magnetic flux
NPO_1159
magnetic flux unit
NCIT: C26044
NPO_778
A process or mechanism that blocks angiogenesis.
angiogenic inhibition
angiogenesis inhibition
inhibition of angiogenesis
An element of Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra).
alkali earth metal
alkaline earth metal
NPO_121
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carbohydrazide compound.
carbohydrazide group
NPO_264
A "phosphoramide" is an "amide" characterized by the presence of a phosphoramide group. It has the structure R-P(=O)-NH2, R-P(=O)-NH-R' or R-P(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups.
phosphoramide
NPO_116
CHEBI:17102
NPO_893
A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is an elongated fiber of diameter less than 100 nm.
nanofiber
49
NPO_557
An "atom" with atomic number 49.
indium atom
Asp
2-aminobutanedioic acid
NPO_853
aspartic acid
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH
CHEBI:22660
CHEBI:26375
pterin compound
NPO_693
A "pteridine compound" which is wholly or partly composed of a pteridine ring system in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group.
nanomole
NPO_1224
UO:0000041
A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol.
nmole
NPO_1455
An optical microscope which generates contrast within the specimen by exploiting phase differences between a specimen (sample) light ray and a reference ray. The sample and reference rays are created after the ray traverses, and is phase-distorted by, the sample. The phased ray then is split into two equally phased, but spatially separated ("sheared") rays by the action of a Wollaston prism. Finally, the ray-pairs pass through a polarizing filter where they are vibrationally recombined and interact at the image plane. It is the wave interference of these two rays that creates contrast.
DIC microscope
differential interference contrast microscope
DIC microscope is based on interferometry, which is the technique of superposing (interfering) two or more waves, to detect differences between them. In interferometry, a single ray of light is split into two rays, one traversing and the other missing the specimen but interacting with the background. The rays are then recombined at the image plane, where wave interference may occur. Image contrast can be modified by altering the phase difference between the reference and specimen rays. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com]
water solubility
A "solubility" quality that inheres in a substance by virtue of having or not having the potential ability to dissolve in water.
NPO_500
CHEBI:33304
NPO_1086
chalogen molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-16 element.
CHEBI:36080
protein
A "biopolymer" which is genetically encoded, the structure of which essentially consists of long chains of amino acid residues (derived from alpha aminoacids) connected by peptide bonds and have distinct and varied three-dimensional structures, usually containing alpha helices and beta sheets as well as looping and folded chains.
NPO_982
An "organic disulfide" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a disulfanedyl group / disulfide bond. It has the structure R-S-S-R', where R,R' denote organic groups.
organic disulfide
CHEBI:35489
NPO_573
NPO_1511
solid state
Physical state which is characteristic of a sold.
A technique to obtain the image (appearance or form) of the whole or part of a material object.
NPO_1477
NCIT:C17369
imaging method
imaging technique
glycolic acid
An organic compound which has the formula (OH)CH2-C(OH)=O.
CHEBI:17497
NPO_1558
An "element" with atomic number 89.
NPO_781
actinium
ionizable to gain positive charge
An "ionizable" quality inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a positive charge.
NPO_566
A substance which deforms under an applied stress, and conforms to the outline of its container.
NPO_815
NCIT:C25278
fluid
NPO_1158
A quantitative measure of magnetism, which is a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area.
magnetic flux
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cadmium.
CHEBI:22978
cadmium molecular entity
NPO_1124
fiat process part
NPO_417
A "processual entity" which is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
is it synonymous with "stage" which refers to temporally distinguised parts of an occurrent (eg., "infancy", "childhood", "adolescence", "adulthood" in the "life of a human being")?
[definition source]: BFO
Gel electrophoresis technique in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
NPO_1421
NCIT:C16539
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
NPO_1138
nickel molecular entity
CHEBI:33748
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nickel.
23
NPO_571
An "atom" with atomic number 23.
vanadium atom
An ion of gadolinium.
NPO_1570
gadolinium ion
NPO_173
nitrogen
An "element" with atomic number 7.
A "nanosensor" which is defined as a nanometer-scale measurement device that consists of a biologically or chemically sensitive layer, such as an immobilized receptor, antibody, or nucleic acid, that is covalently attached to an optical transducer. In the case of a receptor-based nanosensor, an interaction between the immobilized receptor and its substrate - the molecule it binds to - produces a perturbation that the optical transducer converts to an electrical signal via laser-induced fluorescence.
fiber-optic nanosensor
NPO_183
immunoglobulin class
isotype
immunoglobulin isotype
A class of immunoglobulins, which refers to genetic variations or differences in the constant region of the heavy chain of the Ig
NPO_1394
NPO_420
inner transition element
A metal which is either an actinide or a lanthanide.
NPO_685
Role of a molecule that engages in targeting other molecular entities.
targeting agent
NPO_1526
A first-order rate constant that determines the rate at which drugs are eliminated from the body.
elimination rate constant
kel
receptor
A "protein role" of a protein that is located on the cell surface, or in the cytoplasm; that binds to a specific signaling factor, such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter, causing a conformational and functional change in the receptor molecule. The ligand-bound receptor then alters its interaction with target molecules, which leads to changes in cellular physiology through modification of the activity of one or more signal transduction pathways.
NPO_493
NCIT:C18106
neodymium
NPO_267
An "element" with atomic number 60.
An "atom" with atomic number 4.
4
beryllium atom
NPO_869
A tomographic technique which uses radionuclides that emit single photons in the gamma energy range. The radionuclides are administered into a patient's body and the gamma rays produced by these radionuclides pass through the patient's body, which are then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient's body. Series of two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body, produced by this technique, can be used to create three-dimensional images by computer reconstruction.
NPO_1481
single photon emission computed tomography
SPECT
NCIT:C17203
iodine molecular entity
CHEBI:24860
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iodine.
NPO_1092
NPO_913
CHEBI:26986
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(OH)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH.
threonine
Thr
An "atom" with atomic number 1.
NPO_418
1
hydrogen atom
hour
A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes.
h
NPO_1282
UO:0000032
NPO_374
An "atom" with atomic number 38.
38
strontium atom
Magnetic quality exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and in these materials the magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed, and the opposing magnetic moments are unequal, and therefore, a spontaneous magnetization remains. This quality exists below the Curie temperature.
NPO_331
ferrimagnetic
NPO_402
cyanate
A "cyanate" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "cyanate group." It has the structure R-O-C#N, where R denotes an organic group.
exterior surface of dendrimer
NPO_671
The exterior surface of a dendrimer formed by the dendrimer's end/surface groups.
gadolinium
An "element" with atomic number 64.
NPO_380
An "element" with atomic number 30.
zinc
NPO_818
molecular entity
A "molecular entity" is any molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
NPO_355
CHEBI:23367
NPO_797
thioether
A "thioether" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "thioether group." It has the structure R-S-R', where R, R' denote organic groups.
NPO_1141
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of palladium.
CHEBI:37230
palladium molecular entity
CHEBI:33742
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tungsten.
tungsten molecular entity
NPO_1128
NPO_1460
A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a gas.
FIX:0000098
gas chromatography
zirconium molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zirconium.
NPO_1143
CHEBI:37218
NPO_479
cell-cell adhesion
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb]
GO:0016337
NPO_1087
CHEBI:33581
boron group molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-13 element.
NPO_119
chemical bond
A process of interaction that involves two or more chemical participants like atoms, ions, molecules or groups.
chemical interaction
CHEBI:33575
carboxyl compound
NPO_574
A "carboxylic acid" is an organic acid compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-OH, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom.
prefix: Carboxy-
suffix: -oic acid
carboxylic acid
An "element" with atomic number 106.
seaborgium
NPO_133
Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located at the tumor cell.
NPO_473
drug directed against protein of tumor cell
A non contact atomic force microscopy technique based on the use of magnetic force microscope.
magnetic force microscopy
FIX:0000118
NPO_1450
NPO_773
An "element" with atomic number 61.
promethium
berkelium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 97.
NPO_856
97
crosslinking reagent
crosslinking agent
crosslinker
A reagent containing ends reactive to specific functional groups on molecules for modifying and linking molecules together.
NPO_922
asparagine
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(NH)=O)-C(OH)=OH.
NPO_452
CHEBI:22653
Asn
2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoic acid
An oxide of titanium consisting of two oxygen atoms bonded to one titanium atom via double bonds.
NPO_1485
titanium oxide
titanium(IV) oxide
titanium dioxide
TiO2
NPO_792
The outer surface of a nanotube to which other molecular entities can be attached. (For example, attachment of fullerene on the surface of carbon nanotube.)
outer surface of nanotube
sulfonamide
A "sulfonamide" is an "amide" derived from sulfonic acids, and thus characterized by the presence of a sulfonamide group. It has the structure R-S(=O)-NH2, R-S(=O)-NH-R' or R-S(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups.
NPO_908
CHEBI:35358
An "atom" with atomic number 75.
NPO_604
rhenium atom
75
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy d-orbitals.
NPO_152
d-block element
29
An "atom" with atomic number 29.
NPO_865
copper atom
CHEBI:33305
tellurium molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tellurium.
NPO_1102
characteristic group
functional group
A group which is a specific atom or group of atoms attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule, and it is responsible for characteristic reactions of the molecule.
NPO_174
Each functional group has its characteristic reactivity, which may be modified by its position within the molecule or by the presence of other neighbouring functional groups. (source: Functional Group Chemistry by James R. Hanson and Eddie Abel, published by Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporate 2002)
NPO_803
dendrimer core molecule
A "molecule component in dendrimer" which forms the core of a "dendrimer".
NCIT:C27990
NPO_1338
A quality inhering in a bearer which causes harm to the growth and functioning of cells, tissues, organs and the body.
toxicity
NPO_933
krypton
An "element" with atomic number 36.
phosphoramide group
An "amide group" which has the structure -P(=O)-NH2 or -P(=O)-NH- or -P(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a phosphoramide wherein it is attached to organic groups.
NPO_822
NPO_687
carbonate ester group
A "functional group" which has the structure -O-C(=O)-O-. The group is characteristic of a carbonate ester molecule wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds.
An organic heterocyclic compound, which has two rings.
CHEBI:27171
organic heterobicyclic compound
NPO_454
NPO_867
A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of different sizes.
polydisperse
kilogram per day
A unit of mass rate expressed as kilograms per day.
kilograms per day
kg/day
NPO_1312
An "amidine" is an "organic compound" which is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR, and therefore, it has the structure R'-C(=N-R)-NH2, where R' denotes an organic group.
CHEBI:35359
NPO_232
carboxamidine
A
angstrom
UO:0000019
NPO_1247
A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m.
NPO_1064
A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 3+.
monoatomic trication
CHEBI:27153
NPO_1418
electrophoresis
A separation technique used for separating charged particles in a fluid or gel under the action of an electric field. The electric field causes the movement of charged particles.
metal
NPO_210
A series element which is an alkali earth metal or alkali metal or inner transition element or transition element or other metal.
An "element" with atomic number 34.
NPO_948
selenium
NPO_1157
magnetism
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its ability to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities.
PATO:0001682
RNA metabolism
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [source: ISBN:0198506732]
NPO_1016
GO:0016070
RNA metabolic process
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a s-block element.
CHEBI:33674
s-block molecular entity
NPO_1082
NCIT:C67437
[NCI_Thesaurus definition]:"Tubulin binding agent" that binds to the taxane site of the beta-tubulin subunit, a region described as a binding pocket located within the middle domain and corresponding to an approximate residue sequence of 217-231. Specifically, these agents bind to a cysteine residue within the pocket, which is also the binding site for GTP. Agents binding at the taxane site promote the polymerization of dimers to form a very rigid and stable microtubule structure which is not readily disassembled. Interfering with microtubule dynamics, these agents inhibit the normal turnover process essential during mitosis, thereby causing cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis.
NPO_556
taxane-pocket binding agent
A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of a second or 10^[-3] s.
UO:0000028
NPO_1277
ms
millisecond
NPO_1084
CHEBI:24471
halogen molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a halogen (Group-17) element.
A "cyano group" is a substituent group from hydrogen cyanide, and has the structure -C#N.
CHEBI:48819
NPO_588
cyano group
zirconium
NPO_765
An "element" with atomic number 40.
frequency
A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time.
NPO_1330
PATO:0000044
astatine atom
An "atom" with atomic number 85.
NPO_534
85
NPO_766
the polar molecule has permanent molecular dipole moment.
charge-dipole interaction
An "intermolecular interaction" between an ion and a polar molecule by virtue of an attraction between the ionic charge and a permanent dipole on the polar molecule.
NPO_548
GO:0006915
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732]
apoptotic programmed cell death
programmed cell death by apoptosis
apoptosis
bromine
An "element" with atomic number 35.
NPO_989
drug directed against protein in cytoplasm
Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located in the tumor cell cytoplasm
NPO_496
Drug that crosses the tumor cell membrane and blocks the intracellular domain of a membrane receptor.
drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor
NPO_161
An "amine" is an "organic compound" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is thus characterized by the presence of a primary or secondary or tertiary amine groups. It has the structure R-NH2 or R-NH-R' or R-N(-R")-R', where R, R' and R" denote organic groups.
CHEBI:32952
NPO_143
amine
component in nanoparticle sample
NPO_1495
A chemical component in a nanoparticle sample
nanoparticle sample component
coordination compound
NPO_1139
A chemical compound which consists of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms.
CHEBI:33240
NPO_289
A "pteridine compound" in which a pyrimidine ring is fused with a pyrazine ring. It has the structure c1cnc2ncncc2n1.
pteridine
CHEBI:27601
PATO:0001711
NPO_1236
perimeter
A 2-D extent quality which is equal to the distance around a given two-dimensional object.
PATO:0001035
A physical quality inhering in a object affecting its acceleration.
force
NPO_1166
concentration
PATO:0000033
NPO_1167
A physical quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of it there is mixed with another substance.
A crosslinker which has two identical reactive ends connected by a carbon chain spacer and are used mostly to crosslink molecules or parts of molecules in a one-step chemical crosslinking procedure.
NPO_713
homobifunctional crosslinker
inorganic
NCIT: C66829
A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity which does not contain carbon as a principal element (some exceptions exist, e.g., carbon dioxide).
NPO_669
NPO_281
Role of a molecular entity, which brings about an end therapeutic result in cancer therapy.
cancer therapeutic role of molecule
TiO2 nanoparticle
NPO_1486
A nanoparticle, which is basically composed of titanium dioxide.
titanium oxide nanoparticle
reagent in chemical conjugation
A reagent used to facilitate chemical conjugation of molecules.
NPO_290
cm
centimeter
A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m.
UO:0000015
NPO_1243
normal concentration
normality
NPO_1192
Concentration of a solution expressed in gram equivalents of solute per liter.
periodic table element
NPO_714
An element of the periodic table of elements.
CHEBI:18154
glycan
NPO_912
polysaccharide
A "biopolymer" which consists of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
[definition source]: CHEBI
This term is commonly used only for those polysaccharides that contain more than ten monosaccharide residues.
velocity
NPO_1316
PATO:0000008
A physical quality inhering in an object by virtue of the rate of change of its position.
speed
An "atom" with atomic number 52.
52
NPO_813
tellurium atom
CHEBI:38560
[definition source]: L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition
conjugated protein
NPO_578
A "protein" that contains a non-protein prosthetic group such as sugar, nucleic acid, lipid, or metal ion.
halogen
NPO_101
A non-metal which is any of the following elements: astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine.
SPM
NCIT:C78803
scanning probe microsope
NPO_1442
A microscope which forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen and records the probe-surface interaction as a function of position.
PATO:0001296
luminous quality
A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer.
NPO_1387
methotrexate
A pteridine compound has a pteridine substructure; which has functional parent, L-glutamic acid; which has other substructures that classify it a monocarboxylic acid amide and a dicarboxylic acid.
An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear.
NCIT:C642
CHEBI:44185
NPO_741
copper oxide
NPO_1545
An oxide of copper.
NPO_708
potassium
An "element" with atomic number 19.
NPO_958
steroid hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively with a steroid hormone receptor. [source: GOC:bf]
GO:0035258
CHEBI:33839
polymer
macromolecule
MESH:D011108
[definition source]: CHEBI
A polymer is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
polymer molecule
NPO_364
NPO_1145
A chemical compound containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
hydroxide
CHEBI:24651
CHEBI:37217
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of titanium.
titanium molecular entity
NPO_1142
26
NPO_690
An "atom" with atomic number 26.
iron atom
NPO_1108
indium molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of indium.
CHEBI:37112
hydrogel
A colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium.[source: WordNet 2008]
NPO_771
tungsten (6+) ion
CHEBI:49955
NPO_1075
A monoatomic hexacation of tungsten.
A quantitative measure of a property, which is a quantity chosen as a standard measure in terms of which other quantities (measured numerical values) are expressed in.
unit of measurement
unit
NPO_1153
NPO_950
An organic "quality" inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, but with the exclusion of aromatic quality.
Definition of "aliphatic" is based on the CHEBI definition for aliphatic compounds (CHEBI:33653)
aliphatic
PATO:0001906
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its participation in movement.
NPO_1313
movement quality
An "amidine" is an "organic compound" which is derived from an oxoacid RnE(=O)OH by replacing the hydroxyl group by an amino group and the oxo group by =NR. R stands for a hydrogen atom or organic group.
CHEBI:2634
NPO_309
amidine
carboxyl group
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-OH. The group is characteristic of carboxylic acid compounds, wherein it is attached to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom by a single covalent bond.
NPO_838
CHEBI:46883
57
An "atom" with atomic number 57.
NPO_189
lanthanum atom
mm^[2]
square millimeter
An area unit which is equal to one millionth of a square meter or 10^[-6] m^[2].
UO:0000082
NPO_1251
CHEBI:27897
NPO_783
tryptophan
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)-C(OH)=OH.
Trp
image enhancement agent
diagnostic imaging agent
CHEBI:37334
NCIT:C1966
A "molecule role in diagnostic imaging", which inheres in a molecular entity that is used to enhance image formation of biological structures and functions for the detection and diagnosis of disease.
NPO_681
A molecule which consists of atoms of the same element.
homoatomic molecule
CHEBI:25362
NPO_1028
NPO_640
An "imide" is an "amide" which is characterized by the presence of an "imide group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-N(-R')-C(=O)-R", where R, R" denote organic groups, and R' stands for organic group or hydrogen atom.
imide
ZD-1839
NPO_123
gefitinib
A type of quinazoline compound.
CHEBI:49668
Iressa
NPO_646
An atom of fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine.
halogen atom
isoleucine
Ile
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3)-C(OH)=OH.
NPO_902
CHEBI:24898
NPO_572
drug directed against tumor RNA
Anticancer drug which is directed to interfere with the synthesis, function or activity of mRNA.
xenon
NPO_746
An "element" with atomic number 54.
UO:0000182
density unit
unit of density
A unit which is a standard measure of the influence exerted by some mass.
NPO_1263
3-D extent
A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in three dimensions.
NPO_1237
PATO:0001710
A "functional group" which has the structure N#C-O-. The group is characteristic of a cyanate molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond.
NPO_720
cyanate group
square centimeter per volt per second
NPO_1318
cm^[2]/(V s)
A unit of electrophoretic mobility of a charged particle moving with a velocity of 1cm/s in an electric field of strength equal to 1 volt/s.
NPO_1223
UO:0000039
micromole
µmole
A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol.
NPO_236
A "carbamate ester linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carbonate ester, through the participation of respective functional groups.
carbamate ester linkage between primary amine and carbonate ester
drug directed against membrane receptor
Drug directed to interfere with the activity of a membrane protein receptor of the tumor cell.
NPO_917
CHEBI:33296
NPO_1081
alkali metal molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
oxide
A chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
CHEBI:25741
NPO_1147
PATO:0000122
length
NPO_1227
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
NPO_1283
A time unit which is equal to 24 hours.
day
UO:0000033
A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
UO:0000010
s
NPO_1276
second
A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using acoustic imaging techniques.
acoustic imaging contrast agent
NPO_918
cubic meter per mole
UO:0000089
NPO_1261
m^[3]/mole
A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic meter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.
NCIT:C45306
substance
NPO_1500
A material entity with specific features.
material entity
An "independent continuant" which is composed of matter. The identity of material entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
object
Matter is any physical substance that has mass and occupies space.
NPO_672
NPO_1036
inorganic anion
CHEBI:24834
An anion which is inorganic.
NPO_592
65
An "atom" with atomic number 65.
terbium atom
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)H. The group is characteristic of an aldehyde wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via covalent bond with hydrogen or carbon atoms.
aldehyde group
formyl group
CHEBI:42485
NPO_590
NPO_892
A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size.
monodisperse
NPO_315
An antimitotic agent, which binds to tubulin and inhibits its action.
NCIT:C25974
tubulin binding agent
(NCI_Thesaurus definition): Nanometer-sized semiconductor particles, made of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating. The semiconductor material used for the core is chosen based upon the emission wavelength range being targeted: CdS for UV-blue, CdSe for the bulk of the visible spectrum, and CdTe for far red and near-infrared. The size of the particle determines the exact color of a given quantum dot. The polymer coating protects cells from cadmium toxicity but also facilitates the attachment of a variety of targeting molecules, including monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-specific biomarkers. Because of their small size, quantum dots can function as cell- and even molecule-specific markers that will not interfere with the normal cellular functions.
QD
quantum dot
NPO_589
A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is made of material that exhibits quantum effects.
A physiologically-dependent process by which a material entity reaches tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells.
NPO_945
passive targeting
GO:0032502
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [source: GOC:isa_complete]
developmental process
NPO_992
insoluble in water
water-insoluble
NPO_598
A "water solubility" quality which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that does not dissolve in water.
NPO_1186
UO:0000088
A molar mass unit which is equal to one gram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound.
gram per mole
g/mole
nanoprobe
A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a probing tool of nanometer-size, and combined with a "nanosensor", is useful for subcellular detection of activity or phenomenon (e.g. biological phenomenon or process).
NPO_684
NCIT: C62372
antiferromagnetic
(definition source): http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antiferromagnetic
Magnetic quality exhibited in materials where the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms align in opposite directions, and this quality exists only below the Neel temperature.
NPO_262
A time quality which represents the period over which the activity or concentration of a specified chemical or element falls to half its original activity or concentration.
t1/2
half life
NPO_1280
UO:0000152
CHEBI:51143
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nitrogen.
nitrogen molecular entity
NPO_1097
carbonyl compound
NPO_527
A "carbonyl compound" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group, and therefore, has the structure R-(C=O)-R', where R, R" are organic groups or hydrogen atom.
CHEBI:36586
NPO_694
Group 3 Element
scandium group element
An element of Group 3 of the periodic table.
monomer
NPO_1498
A small organic molecule which is bonded to other similar molecules to form a polymer.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L.
NPO_1259
nL
nanoliter
UO:0000102
parts per thousand
NPO_1322
ppth
UO:0000168
A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same.
A thin outer layer or film of material covering the surface of an object.
NPO_1367
coat
NPO_829
A "supramolecular structure" which describes an aggregate of amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent.
micelle
NPO_334
chromium
An "element" with atomic number 24.
A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points.
UO:0000001
length unit
NPO_1241
unit of length
The volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed per unit time
drug clearance
clearance
CI
NPO_1525
tumor volume
NPO_1337
A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a tumor occupies.
An "element" with atomic number 85.
NPO_663
astatine
Ala
2-aminopropanoic acid
CHEBI:16449
NPO_540
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH3)-C(OH)=OH.
alanine
palladium
NPO_455
An "element" with atomic number 46.
NPO_1152
A quality which exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation.
physical property
physical quality
PATO:0001018
ZnO nanoparticle
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of zinc oxide.
NPO_1542
zinc oxide nanoparticle
CHEBI:23905
monoatomic anion
An anion which consists of a single atom.
NPO_1035
optical microscope
light microscope
NPO_1439
A microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects.[source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com]
NCIT:C28265
A cross-linking agent for mediating the conjugation of two molecules by forming a bond between functional groups of the molecule while containing no additional atoms.
NPO_794
zero-length crosslinker
An "element" with atomic number 14.
silicon
NPO_439
A microscopy technique based on the use of electron microscope.
electron microscopy
NPO_1428
An "aziridine derivative" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "aziridine group." It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-C1H, where R denotes an organic group.
NPO_370
aziridine derivative
targeting ligand
NPO_227
A "targeting agent", which is the role of a ligand or small molecule that binds to larger molecules.
anticancer drug acting in extracellular matrix
NPO_470
Drug that acts in the extracellular matrix
RNA synthesis
RNA biosynthesis
GO:0032774
NPO_1017
RNA anabolism
RNA biosynthetic process
RNA formation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. [source: GOC:mah]
A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m.
UO:0000017
NPO_1245
micrometer
µm
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
oligosaccharide
[definition source]: CHEBI
NPO_680
CHEBI:25679
organochlorine compound
1
CHEBI:36683
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
NPO_194
NPO_1014
GO:0006259
DNA metabolism
DNA metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. [source: ISBN:0198506732]
UO:0000097
A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml.
NPO_1255
cc
cm^[3]
cubic centimeter
acyl chloride group
An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "chlorine atom."
NPO_113
PATO:0000004
NPO_1314
A quality of moving freely.
mobility
NPO_1406
method
procedure
A process which is an established way of doing something.
7
An "atom" with atomic number 7.
NPO_623
nitrogen atom
CHEBI:49468
silver (1+) ion
A monatomic monocation of silver.
NPO_1062
three-dimensional nanoparticle
3-D nanoparticle
A "three-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle.
NPO_905
NPO_102
A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis.
prolate spheroid
CHEBI:48422
NCIT: C1742
NPO_595
angiogenesis antagonist
angiogenesis inhibitor
MESH: D020533
An "antineoplastic agent" that inhibits the formation and growth of blood or lymphatic vessels. In cancer therapy, angiogenesis inhibitors target blood vessels that supply tumors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth.
NPO_1060
gadolinium (2+) ion
A monoatomic dication of gadolinium.
CHEBI:37286
A composition quality which is the degree to which an object bearer is free of contaminants or heterogeneous components.
purity
NPO_1345
An "element" with atomic number 71.
lutetium
NPO_981
CHEBI:24062
fluorine molecular entity
NPO_1091
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of fluorine.
instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
NPO_743
induced dipole-induced dipole interaction
london force
A "dipole-dipole interaction" between non-polar molecules due to attraction between an instantaneous dipole on one non-polar molecule and an induced dipole on the other non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the latter molecule is induced by the randomly occurring (temporary) instantaneous dipole of the former molecule.
An "atom" with atomic number 30.
zinc Atom
NPO_298
30
CHEBI:30584
A monoatomic tetracation of silicon.
NPO_1070
silicon (4+) ion
halogen
An element of Group 17 of the periodic table.
Group 17 Element
NPO_446
NPO_601
A colloid, which is a semi-solid or jelly like material formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid.
gel
liquid state
NPO_1504
Physical state which is characteristic of a liquid.
UO:0000098
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter.
NPO_1256
mL
milliliter
pharmacokinetic study
PK Study
NPO_1518
pharmacokinetics
NCIT:C49663
pharmacokinetics study
A study of what the body does to a drug or a drug-containing material (e.g., drug-loaded nanoparticle).
Pharmacological study of the process by which a drug (or drug-containing material) is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body.
protein detection
Detection of proteins or a protein components in a sample.
detection of proteins
NPO_1426
A nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic properties.
NPO_1537
superparamagnetic nanoparticle
nanofilm
NPO_759
A "one-dimensional nanostructure" which is a thin layer of nanostructured material.
NPO_1080
CHEBI:33299
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
alkaline earth molecular entity
Drug directed against the DNA in a tumor cell to inhibit DNA replication.
NPO_961
anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix
A "liposome vesicle", which has a single "lipid bilayer".
NPO_916
unilamellar vesicle
NPO_177
An element whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively within a series.
Series Element
receptor mediated endocytosis
A process by which cells internalize molecules by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized.
NPO_921
An "element" with atomic number 28.
NPO_804
nickel
CHEBI:35362
NPO_583
A "hydrazide" is an "organic compound or molecule" which is derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠0) by replacing ‒OH by ‒N(-R)-N(-R')-R" (R,R',R" groups commonly denote H).
hydrazide
dendrimer core
The core part of a dendrimer, which is formed by the core initiator group.
NPO_279
scanning transmission electron microscopy
A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning transmission electron microscope.
NPO_1454
NPO_190
g-block element
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy g-orbitals.
NPO_1195
Concentration of a drug or inhibitor that is required to inhibit a biological process or a participant's activity in that process by half.
half maximal inhibitory concentration
IC50
An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH-. The group is characteristic of a secondary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups.
NPO_889
secondary amine group
NPO_1250
UO:0000081
An area unit which is equal to one thousand of square meter or 10^[-3] m^[2].
square centimeter
cm^[2]
IgG
NPO_1392
NCIT:C568
immunoglobulin G
An immunoglobulin isotype, which characterizes secondary immune responses. This isotype is further broken down into several smaller subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 in the mouse; IgG1-4 in the human), and each subclass is differentially synthesized and secreted into the serum upon differential immune stimuli.[Source: NCI]
amphipathic
A quality, which is characteristic of a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic qualities.
amphiphilic
NPO_732
unit of molar volume
molar volume unit
A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules.
UO:0000056
NPO_1260
NPO_257
fluorine
An "element" with atomic number 9.
A volume unit which is equal to the volume of a cube with edges one meter in length. One cubic meter equals to 1000 liters.
NPO_1254
UO:0000096
cubic meter
m^[3]
MESH: D001704
CHEBI:33694
A "polymer" formed by living organisms.
biopolymer
NPO_882
biomacromolecule
cells per mL
UO:0000201
A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 milliliter.
NPO_1205
cells per milliliter
immunogenic
NPO_490
A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity due to its ability to produce or elicit an immune response.
NPO_1379
surface of nanoparticle
nanoparticle surface
The surface of a nanoparticle.
A chemical component of a nanoparticle sample which adds/modifies functional properties or function of a nanoparticle in the sample.
NPO_1493
functionalizing component in nanoparticle sample
polydispersity
A quality inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size or different sizes.
NPO_821
NPO_793
Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin. [source: GOC:krc]
GO:0048487
beta-tubulin binding
An immunoglobulin isotype which is associated with antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. It is secreted as dimers into the mucosa and is the most effective isotype at fixing complement by the alternative pathway, even though it lacks the ability to fix complement by the classical pathway. There are two subtypes in the human - IgA1 and IgA2. [Source: NCI]
NCIT:C565
NPO_1389
IgA
immunoglobulin A
"Topoisomerase inhibitor" which either stabilizes DNA-protein complexes damaging DNA (e g., teniposide), or inhibits the catalytic activity of the topoisomerase (e.g., merbarone).
NCIT: C1968
NPO_784
type II topoisomerase inhibitor
topoisomerase-II inhibitor
NPO_1121
CHEBI:33767
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a cobalt group (Group-9) element.
cobalt group molecular entity
NPO_390
NCIT: C1557
pyrimidine antagonist
Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of pyrimidines.
NPO_830
target molecule
Role of a molecule that is targeted by another molecule during a targeting process.
NPO_629
A "carbohydrazide" is a "hyrazide" derived from a carboxylic acid, and therefore has the structure R""-(C=O)-N(-R)-N(-R')-R", where R"" denotes an organic group.
carbohydrazide
CHEBI:35363
A nanoparticle payload agent which has imaging function.
NPO_1534
imaging payload
nanoparticle response to pH change
NPO_528
A "nanoparticle response to internal stimulus", which occurs in response to a change in pH.
Anticancer drug, which is the role of a molecular entity, realized from the kind of biological target where the molecular entity is primarily intended or directed to act.
NPO_633
[classification source]: E. Espinosa, P. Zamora, J. Feliu and M. G. Baron, Classification of anticancer drugs-a new system based on therapeutic targets, Cancer Treatment Reviews, 29: 515-523 (2003).
anticancer drug based on target
A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).
hydroxylapatite
hydroxyapatite
CHEBI:52255
NPO_1566
PATO:0000927
A quality inhering to the bearer by virtue of its sensitivity to the action of radiant energy.
photosensitivity
NPO_1347
NPO_925
NCIT:C61363
granule
A solid which corresponds to any small grainlike particle.
NPO_932
ytterbium
An "element" with atomic number 70.
A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity or material due to its ability to be harmless to biological systems.
biocompatible
NPO_938
CHEBI:33302
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-15 element.
pnictogen molecular entity
NPO_1085
A polyhedron, having six plane faces.
hexahedron
[source]: WordNet
NPO_666
102
NPO_960
nobelium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 102.
A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its minor axis.
NPO_241
oblate spheroid
An element that has the same number of electron shells as other elements of a horizontal row in the periodic table.
Period Element
NPO_310
NPO_886
An "dipole-dipole interaction" between two polar molecules due to attraction between their permanent dipoles.
permanent dipole-dipole interaction
A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which is taken to be equal to 30 days.
UO:0000035
NPO_1178
month
meitnerium
NPO_178
An "element" with atomic number 109.
antimony molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of antimony.
CHEBI:36919
NPO_1096
microscope
An instrument which is used for magnifying and viewing images of objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. [source:http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/microscope]
NPO_1437
NCIT:C20677
[NCI_Thesaurus definition]: Nanoscale structures that are shaped like long dowels. The structures have a diameter that is measured in the nanoscale with an extended length parameter.
NPO_122
nanorod
NCIT: C62373
A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which is shaped like a long dowel and has diameter measured in the nanoscale.
micromolar
UO:0000064
µM
A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M.
NPO_1209
An imaging technique in which waves of energy are passed through the sections of a solid object to obtain images of the internal structures of the object.
tomography
NPO_1479
NPO_678
platinum
An "element" with atomic number 78.
ester linkage
carboxylic ester linkage
A "covalent linkage" where a carboxylic ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
NPO_745
CHEBI:15377
water
An oxygen hydride which is a liquid and has the chemical formula H2O
NPO_1561
CHEBI:23117
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chlorine.
NPO_1090
chlorine molecular entity
CHEBI:33888
NPO_1130
cobalt molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cobalt.
CHEBI:25357
mitomycin
A "quinone" which is an aziridine-containing compound isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae.
NPO_352
single-walled nanohorn
NCIT: C62387
[definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus
A "nanohorn" that is comprised of a single layer of graphitic carbon and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. One of the primary characteristics of carbon nanohorns is their ability to aggregate. This aggregation is advantageous because of the resulting enhanced permeability in both gases and liquids.
NPO_870
CHEBI:33620
aluminum molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of aluminum.
NPO_1105
berkelium
NPO_359
An "element" with atomic number 97.
A "molecule component in dendrimer" which is a functional group that is at the surface of a dendrimer.
dendrimer end group
terminal group
NPO_695
biosynthetic process
NPO_1005
GO:0009058
anabolism
biosynthesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. [source: GOC:curators, ISBN:0198547684]
GO:0044237
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. [source: GOC:go_curators]
cellular metabolic process
NPO_1011
cellular metabolism
NCIT:C27955
Toxicity that inheres in a drug which causes adverse effects, when the drug is used therapeutically or diagnostically.
NPO_1341
drug toxicity
NPO_218
polymer-coated nanoparticle
A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of polymer.
NPO_1411
An assay which is used to test or analyse the biological activity of a substance, and which is performed by studying its effect on an organism or in a test tube under controlled conditions.
bioassay
A "cancer therapeutic role", borne by a molecular entity due to its intended function to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of cancer.
NCIT: C1909
drug
therapeutic agent
NPO_312
anticancer drug
chemotherapeutic agent
CHEBI:37143
organofluorine compound
NPO_698
An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
A spectroscopic technique which is carried out in vaccum, and in which the material of interest is irradiated with a beam of soft monochromatic (magnesium/aluminum) X-rays while measuring both the kinetic energy and number of electrons that are released from the core orbitals of the top 10 nm (sampling depth is upto 10 nm) of the surface elements of the material.
[definition: based on NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com, http://www.chem.umd.edu/facility/xps.php]
XPS
NCIT:C78871
NPO_1471
ESCA
FIX:0000041
Photoelectrons are collected and analyzed by the XPS instrument to produce a spectrum of emission intensity versus electron binding energy. Since each element has a unique set of binding energies, XPS can be used to identify the elements on the surface. Also, peak areas at nominal binding energies can be used to quantify concentration of the elements. Small shifts in these binding energies (chemical shifts) provide powerful information about sample chemical states and short-range chemistry .
Magnetic quality exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and the magnetism is retained for a period even after the magnetic field is removed (magnetic moments of the adjacent atoms are aligned in the same direction at temperatures below the Curie temperature).
ferromagnetic
NPO_634
QELS
A spectroscopic technique which utilizes a laser beam to irradiate a sample containing particles in suspension, resulting in light scattering.When the scattered light is collected over a small solid angle, the light will exhibit intensity fluctuations. This is because the Brownian motion of the scatterers causes the phase of the light scattered from each particle to change with time, hence the total scattered intensity also fluctuates with time. The rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity, collected around a mean value at a certain angle, will depend on the particle diffusion and on the particle size. For a given temperature and viscosity, a calculated correlation function yields a diffusion coefficient, which can be used to calculate particle size.
PCS
dynamic light scattering
photon correlation spectroscopy
[definition source: NCI]
Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering
DLS
NPO_1469
NCIT:C62329
entrapment
A "linkage" in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes trapped due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's "material site" that is partially bounded by the particle's constituting material.
NPO_471
toxicology study
NPO_1520
Pharmacological study of the toxicity effects of a drug or drug-containing material.
rhenium
An "element" with atomic number 75.
NPO_425
6
NPO_877
An "atom" with atomic number 6.
carbon atom
antimony atom
51
NPO_501
An "atom" with atomic number 51.
A "covalent linkage" where a diazo group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
diazo linkage
NPO_748
NPO_1022
A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of two or more chemical elements.
heteroatomic
PATO:0000921
breadth
width
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite.
NPO_1231
NPO_191
A "quality" which inheres in a "continuant" (e.g., molecular entity) ,and gives the continuant bearer the capability to be decomposed by living organisms.
e.g., biodegradable nanoparticle.
biodegradable
19
NPO_300
An "atom" with atomic number 19.
potassium atom
NPO_723
nanocell
[definition source]: Sengupta et al, Nature Letters, vol 436, 2005
Nanocell was first used for sequential delivery of anti-angiogenesis and chemotherapeutic agent to solid tumors.The chemotherapeutic agent can be conjugated to a nanoparticle in the core, while the anti-angiogenesis agent can be encapsulated in the lipid membrane.It was designed to first cause membrane disruption for release of anti-angiogenesis agent, which causes tumor vascular collapse, and finally cause intra-tumoral trapping of the core chemotherapeutic drug-conjugated nanoparticles.
A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of a nuclear core surrounded by a lighter lipid membrane.
process
NPO_336
A "processual entity" which is a maximally connected spatio-temporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities.
[definition source]: BFO
NPO_1360
purity characterization
A type of physical characterization, which describes the purity of an object.
A chemical compound of cations and anions.
CHEBI:24866
NPO_1146
ionic compound
salt
year
UO:0000036
NPO_1177
A time unit which is equal to 12 months.
NPO_1132
CHEBI:33969
gold molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gold.
An element of a group of elements in the periodic table, which have similar outer shell electronic configurations of their respective atoms.
NPO_475
Group Element
NPO_843
A "covalent linkage" where an arylamine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
arylamine linkage
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a copper group (Group-11) element.
copper group molecular entity
NPO_1118
CHEBI:33745
western blotting
An assay which is used for the detection or identification of proteins or peptides that have been separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane. The proteins are then detected by reaction with enzymatically labeled or radiolabeled antibody probes.
NPO_1424
western blot
western blotting technique
western blot analysis
NCIT:C16357
A "functional group" which has the structure -O-. The group is characteristic of an ether in which the oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds.
NPO_268
ether group
epoxide derivative
An "epoxide compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "epoxide group." It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-O1, where R denotes an organic group.
epoxide compound
NPO_956
A "ketone" is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. It is characterized by the presence of a ketone group, and therefore, has the structure R-C(=O)-R', where R,R' stand for organic groups and not hydrogen atoms.
ketone
CHEBI:17087
NPO_879
A monoatomic trication of iron.
CHEBI:29034
NPO_1069
iron (3+) ion
non-polar covalent bond
NPO_962
occurs for covalent bond between similar types of atoms or between atoms that have almost zero electronegativity difference.
A "covalent bond" in which the sharing of electron pair is equal.
quality of a process
PATO:0001236
A quality which inheres in or borne by an occurrent.
property of a process
process quality
process property
NPO_689
quality of occurrent
GO:0035257
nuclear hormone receptor binding
Interacting selectively with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [source: GOC:bf]
NPO_798
NPO_1420
Gel electrophoresis in which highly purified agar is used as the diffusion medium.
NCIT:C16537
agarose gel electrophoresis
A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with a drug.
drug-loaded nanoparticle
NPO_395
hormone receptor binding
NPO_499
GO:0051427
Interacting selectively with a receptor for hormones. [source: GOC:ai]
NPO_1513
Physical state which is characteristic of a glass.
glassy state
Val
2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH.
valine
NPO_964
CHEBI:27266
NPO_709
An atom with atomic number 89.
actinium atom
89
An element in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
Period 2 Element
NPO_674
NP0_1206
A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 microliter.
NCIT:C67242
cells per µL
cells per microliter
sample
NPO_1487
A substance which is a small representative portion of a whole material entity.
A quality of occurrent that is the occurrence of a process per unit time.
NPO_1308
rate
aryl halide
NPO_898
An organic compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. It is characterized by the presence of aryl halide groups.
An "element" with atomic number 17.
NPO_129
chlorine
microscopy
NPO_1415
microscopy technique
A technique which uses a microscope to study a material object or a process that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
protein kinase inhibitor
NPO_436
An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits the protein kinase.
NCIT: C1404
CHEBI:37699
inhibits phosphorylation in the signaling pathway, which regulates a variety of fundamental processes, such as cell growth, mitogenesis, metabolism, gene transcription, cell cycle control, and the immune response.
Tesla
T
Wb/m^2
A unit of magnetic flux density which is equal to one weber per square meter.
NPO_1165
[definition: adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.nanoscience.com/education/AFM.html]
NPO_1448
FIX:0000116
contact AFM
contact atomic force microscopy
An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is in contact with the sample's surface. In the contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is repulsive and it is kept constant during scanning by maintaining a constant deflection, and therefore constant height above the surface.
CHEBI:38532
hydrazone
NPO_971
A "hydrazone" is an "organic compound which is formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R', and thus, characterized by a "hydrazone group." It has the structure R-C(=N-NH2)-R" or R-C(=N-NH-R')-R".
radon
An "element" with atomic number 86.
NPO_244
surface
material surface
An "independent continuant" which describes a 2-dimensional, inner/outer surface of a "material entity." The "material boundary" separates a material entity in its identity from other surrounding material entities.
NPO_214
material boundary
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of manganese.
NPO_1136
manganese molecular entity
CHEBI:25154
arylamine linkage between primary amine and fluorobenzene derivative
An "arylamine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a fluorobenzene derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_389
A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of only one atom.
monoatomic
NPO_1021
CHEBI:33704
NPO_632
alpha-aminoacid
An aminoacid in which a primary amine group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom, which is called the alpha–carbon..
NPO_928
erbium
An "element" with atomic number 68.
A "permanent dipole-dipole interaction" between a hydrogen atom of -OH or -NH part of a molecule and a small, highly electronegative atom of the other polar molecule.
hydrogen bond
NPO_223
[definition source]: BFO
processual entity
An "occurrent" which exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity.
NPO_703
An "entity" is a thing which exists in reality.
entity
NPO_258
107
NPO_108
bohrium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 107.
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer.
NPO_1559
poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle
PLGA nanoparticle
CHEBI:16811
NPO_158
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-S-CH3)-C(OH)=OH.
methionine
Met
A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and a maleimide derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_159
thioether linkage between thiol and maleimide derivative
anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor receptor
Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of a receptor of an endothelial growth factor.
NPO_562
silica nanoparticle
silicon dioxide nanoparticle
NPO_1373
A nanoparticle which is bascially composed of silicon dioxide.
A metal which is any of the following elements: d-block element or one of the elements in groups 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12.
transition element
NPO_529
f-block element
NPO_408
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy f-orbitals.
NPO_151
californium
An "element" with atomic number 98.
nickel group element
NPO_611
Group 10 Element
An element of Group 10 of the periodic table.
NPO_810
An "atom" with atomic number 22.
titanium atom
22
acid anhydride
An "acid anhydride" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an acid anhydride group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', where R, R' stand for organic groups or hydrogen atoms.
CHEBI:36606
NPO_883
PATO:0000918
A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space an object occupies.
NPO_1238
volume
disk
disc
A cylinder with height smaller than the cross-sectional diameter.
NPO_307
NPO_1555
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of gelatin.
gelatin nanoparticle
NPO_1077
A monatomic cation of an alkaline earth metal.
alkaline earth metal cation
CHEBI:33513
photoluminescence
Luminescence arising from photoexcitation.
NPO_1400
REX:0000038
NPO_635
A "molecule role in nanoparticle", which inheres in a molecular entity that is transported and delivered by the nanoparticle.
nanoparticle payload agent
NPO_525
77
An "atom" with atomic number 77.
iridium atom
imidoester group
NPO_544
A "functional group" which has the structure C(=[NH2+])-O-CH3. The group is characteristic of an imidoester compound.
instrument
A device or tool that requires skill for proper use, and it is intended for a purpose.
NPO_1436
NPO_719
A "supramolecular structure" which describes a closed vesicle that forms on hydration of dry phospholipids above its transition temperature.
liposome vesicle
liposome
molecular role
X (molecular entity) has_Role Y(role).
Role that inheres in or borne by a "material entity" at the molecular level in a particular context.
NPO_468
NPO_1297
UO:0000247
An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one thousandth of a volt or 10^[-3] V.
mV
millivolt
NPO_135
CHEBI:47854
halo group
A "functional group" which has the structure -X, where 'X' denotes a halogen atom.
topoisomerase-I inhibitor
Topoisomerase inhibitor which inhibits the action of topoisomerase I.
NPO_864
ionic bond
NPO_491
An "intramolecular interaction" between positive and negative ions which are formed by the transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another atom.
imaging of tumors
tumor imaging
NPO_1531
Imaging the size, shape, surface and structural properties of tumors.
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent.
molal concentration
NPO_1191
molality
A "nanoparticle response to stimulus", which occurs in response to the internal stimulus acting on the nanoparticle.
nanoparticle response to internal stimulus
NPO_617
NPO_970
An "element" with atomic number 96.
curium
NPO_1006
biopolymer biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/]
GO:0043284
biopolymer formation
biopolymer synthesis
biopolymer biosynthesis
protein analysis
Analysis of protein components in a sample.
analysis of proteins
NPO_1423
two-dimensional nanoparticle
2-D nanoparticle
A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle.
NPO_284
NCIT:C17374
STM
scanning tunneling microscope
NPO_1446
A scanning probe microscope which consists of a probe with a small voltage applied to it ending in a tiny sharp electrically conducting tip (ideally consisting of one atom) that is moved close the material's surface. It scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons, causing a narrow channel of tunneling electrons to flow between the sample and the beam, and producing three-dimensional images of atomic topography and structure.
[definition: adapted from http://www.thefreedictionary.com]
Drug affecting the structure, function and synthesis of DNA in tumor cells
NPO_188
drug directed against tumor DNA
NPO_575
GO:0030331
estrogen receptor binding
Interacting selectively with an estrogen receptor.
CHEBI:24433
NPO_303
A "group" is a defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a "molecular entity."
group
unit of electric potential difference
unit of electric potential
A standard measure of the work done per unit charge as a charge is moved between two points in an electric field.
electric potential difference unit
UO:0000218
NPO_1295
A glycopeptide, which is isolated from fungus; and with iron, it forms complexes that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide.
CHEBI:22907
bleomycin
NPO_839
An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of three hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a tertiary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups.
NPO_508
tertiary amine group
physical assay
An assay for evaluating the physical properties of a sample.
NPO_1412
NPO_239
An explosive device comprised of carbon nanotubes. These nanoscale devices have desirable optical and thermal properties that can be exploited for novel cancer therapeutics. The ability to manipulate these properties facilitates a controlled, localized activation and clearance mechanism of diseased or abnormal cells.
NCIT: C62367
A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an explosive device.
nanobomb
An "atom" with atomic number 58.
cerium atom
58
NPO_757
epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor
NPO_409
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which inhibits Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase, involved with signal transduction pathways, and may be useful in treating tumors that over express EGFR. [source:NCI_Thesaurus]
NCIT: C2167
40
NPO_341
An "atom" with atomic number 40.
zirconium atom
gaseous state
Physical state which is characteristic of a gas.
NPO_1502
A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as long as they are the same or 1 part in 10^[6].
NPO_1321
parts per million
ppm
UO:0000169
NPO_176
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by near-infrared light.
stimulus of near-infrared light
lithium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 3.
NPO_400
3
A linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; deacetylated chitin.
chitosan
MESH:D048271
NPO_721
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy some orbital.
Block Element
NPO_555
A process which is a detailed examination, analysis, or critical inspection of a subject designed to discover facts about it.[source: NCI]
NPO_1517
NCIT:C63536
study
A quality inhering in an object with mass near a gravitational body.
PATO:0000128
NPO_1218
weight
NPO_1407
A scientific procedure which is a process of conducting a test under controlled conditions to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
experiment
NPO_975
Drug release from nanoparticle in response to pH change
A "nanoparticle response to pH change", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle.
tumor suppression rate
NPO_1309
The rate of suppression in tumor growth.
rate of tumor suppression
NPO_413
An "element" with atomic number 56.
barium
The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [source: GOC:dph, GOC:jic]
formation of an anatomical structure
GO:0048646
NPO_993
anatomical structure formation
heterobifunctional crosslinker
NPO_649
A crosslinking agent which contains two different end reactive groups connected by a spacer, and the two reactive groups can couple to two different functional groups.
A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a lipid.
NPO_109
lipid-coated nanoparticle
NPO_656
Period 5 Element
An element in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
GO:0043014
alpha-tubulin binding
Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl]
NPO_600
mm
millimolal
NPO_1212
A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of a molal or 10^[-3] m.
UO:0000069
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of lipid molecules.
NPO_1552
lipid nanoparticle
chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticle
NPO_1571
A magnetic nanoparticle which consists of a coating agent composed of chitosan.
milligram
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g.
mg
UO:0000022
NPO_1181
holmium atom
67
An "atom" with atomic number 67.
NPO_863
80
NPO_277
An "atom" with atomic number 80.
mercury atom
CHEBI:30879
alcohol
NPO_624
An "alcohol" is an organic hydroxy compound in which a hydroxyl group is attached to a saturated carbon atom. It has the general structure OH-C-([*])([*])[*].
large unilamellar vesicle
A "unilamellar vesicle", which has size greater than 100 nm.
NPO_543
NPO_1068
gadolinium (3+) ion
CHEBI:49618
A monoatomic trication of gadolinium.
A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for imaging purposes.
imaging function
NPO_1396
NPO_1496
nanoparticle component
component in nanoparticle
A chemical component of a nanoparticle.
A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" with a hollow core and a porous wall or shell. It's structure resembles that of a hollow cage, that is similar to a fullerene type of nanoparticle.
NPO_619
nanocage
cobalt (2+) ion
A monoatomic dication of cobalt.
CHEBI:48828
NPO_1059
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in microliters.
microgram per microliter
micrograms per microliter
µg/µL
NPO_1268
A "supramolecular structure" which is a membrane composed of lipid molecules.
NPO_322
lipid membrane
NPO_1239
PATO:0001680
A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules occupies.
molar volume
NPO_790
CHEBI:33308
A "carboxylic ester" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an "carboxylic ester group." It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-R', where R,R' denote organic groups.
carboxylic ester
viability
A quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's ability or inability to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population.
NPO_1342
PATO:0000169
diazonium group
NPO_326
A "functional group" which has the structure -[N+]#N. The group is characteristic of diazonium compounds.
A biological process or mechanism by which extracellular materials are taken up by a cell.
NPO_296
cellular uptake of extracellular material
carboxylate
NPO_110
A "carboxylate" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxylate group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[O-], where 'R' denotes an organic group.
iron (III) oxide
NPO_1149
CHEBI:50819
ferric oxide
An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe2O3.
NPO_206
A "molecule role" which inheres in a molecular entity with respect to its position and use in a nanoparticle.
molecule role in nanoparticle
pnictogen
NPO_375
Group 15 Element
An element of Group 15 of the periodic table.
An "element" with atomic number 51.
NPO_522
antimony
NPO_1457
capillary electrophoresis
FIX:0000836
NCIT:C17637
An electrophoresis technique, in which a sample is introduced into a capillary tube and the components are separated by the application of high voltage. Due to the large surface to volume ratio, cooling is more efficient, allowing use of higher voltages. As a result, separation occurs more quickly and sensitivity is increased. The technique allows for separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
NPO_1432
An optical microscopy technique based on the use of fluorescence microscope.
fluorescence microscopy
idarubicin
NPO_817
CHEBI:42068
An "anthracycline" which is (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside.
4-Demethoxydaunorubicin
Antineoplastic agent that inhibits the biosynthesis of pyrimidine or purine nucleotides or mimic natural nucleotides so they interfere with their synthesis or function and subsequently interrupt DNA, RNA, and/or protein synthesis.
antineoplastic antimetabolite
antimetabolite
NPO_487
MESH:D000964
NCIT:C272
MESH: D004791
NPO_442
Only those enzyme inhibitors that are used as cancer drugs should be included under this class.
Antineoplastic agent, which binds to an enzyme and decreases or blocks the enzyme's activity by hindering the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
enzyme inhibitor
enzyme antagonist
NCIT: C471
enzyme inhibitor drug
NPO_1225
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its physical magnitude.
size
PATO:0000117
CHEBI:27008
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tin.
tin molecular entity
NPO_1110
grams per milliliter
g/mL
gram per milliliter
UO:0000173
NPO_1265
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in milliliter.
An "element" with atomic number 37.
rubidium
NPO_350
An inner transition element which is any element with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium).
Lanthanide
NPO_332
NPO_943
single-walled carbon nanotube
A "single-walled nanotube" which consists of a single graphite layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer.
Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA.
DNA topoisomerase activity
NPO_700
GO:0003916
cell adhesion
NPO_997
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
GO:0007155
UV-Vis spectroscopy
ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy
A spectroscopic technique in which the irradiating light has wavelengths within the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
FIX:0000016
NPO_1475
nanochannel
NPO_705
[definition source]: Lesinski et al, Biomedical Microdevices, vol 7, number 1, 71-79, 2005
A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an in vivo implantable device, designed to deliver drugs under zero order rate kinetics at high local drug concentrations to non-resectable tumor lesions.
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of rhodium.
NPO_1129
rhodium molecular entity
CHEBI:33887
NPO_340
An "imidoester compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "imidoester group." It has the structure R-C(=[NH2]+)-O-CH3, where R denotes an organic group.
imidoester compound
NPO_946
protactinium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 91.
91
NPO_252
An organic compound of biological origin, which contains hydrocarbons and it is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
[NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides.
[ChEBI definition]: A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
lipid
parts per notation
NPO_1319
UO:0000166
A dimensionless concentration notation which describes the amount of one substance in another.
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy p-orbitals.
p-block element
NPO_845
CuO
cupric oxide
copper (II) oxide
An oxide of copper having the chemical formula CuO.
NPO_1547
nitrogen mustard
CHEBI:37598
NPO_172
A type of organonitrogen compound, which has two β-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X‒C2H2‒C2H2)2NR.
NPO_988
thioether linkage between thiol and aziridine derivative
A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an aziridine derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups.
A quantitative measure of polydispersity. It is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample. The polydispersity index is calculated as the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight.
polydispersity index
NPO_1155
PDI
diazo group
CHEBI:30105
NPO_462
A "functional group" which is a substituent group from diazene, and has the structure =[N+]=[N-]. The group is characteristic of a diazo compound wherein it is attached to an organic group.
time to maximum concentration
time to peak concentation
NCIT:C70919
Tmax
Time it takes to reach the maximum concentration (Cmax) of an exogenous compound or drug in the plasma or a tissue after a dose is administered.[source: NCI]
NPO_1528
CHEBI:36917
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of polonium.
NPO_1103
polonium molecular entity
m/s
A speed/velocity unit which is equal to the speed of an object traveling 1 meter distance in one second.
NPO_1329
UO:0000094
meter per second
A "pterin compound" which is wholly composed of a pteridine ring system, in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group.
pterin
CHEBI:26374
NPO_550
optical quality
NPO_1386
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
PATO:0001300
pathologic process
A biological process having an abnormal or deleterious effect at the subcellular, cellular, multicellular, or organismal level. (NCI)
NPO_899
NCIT:C16956
three-dimensional nanostructure
A "nanostructure" which has all three spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range.
NPO_272
A density unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a substance in a given volume.
NPO_1264
mass density unit
UO:0000052
unit of mass density
PATO:0001462
A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it.
NPO_1301
membrane potential
surface characterization
NPO_1363
A type of physical characterization which describes the surface property of an object.
An "atom" with atomic number 87.
francium atom
NPO_205
87
molybdenum
An "element" with atomic number 42.
NPO_880
succinimidyl carbonate compound
NPO_650
An "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "succinimidyl carbonate group."
NPO_1472
A spectroscopic technique which is based on Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. A laser beam is used to irradiate a spot on the sample under investigation. The scattered radiation produced by the Raman effect contains information about the energies of molecular vibrations and rotations, and these depend on the particular atoms or ions that comprise the molecule, the chemical bonds connect them, the symmetry of their molecule structure, and the physico-chemical environment where they reside.
[definition: adapted from http://epsc.wustl.edu/haskin-group/Raman/faqs.htm, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com]
NCIT:C17157
FIX:0000058
Raman spectroscopy
[definition source]: Nasibulin, A. G., Peter. V. Pikhitsa, Hua. Jiang, David. P. Brown, A. V. Krasheninnikov, Anton S. Anisimov, Paula Queipo, Anna Moisala, David Gonzalez, Gunther Lientschnig, Abdou Hassanien, Sergey D. Shandakov, Giulio Lolli, Daniel E. Resasco, Mansoo Choi, David Tománek, and Esko I. Kauppinen "A Novel Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterial". Nature Nanotechnology 2(3), 156-161 (2007).
nanobud
NPO_711
A "nanostructure" which is formed by the combination of single-walled carbon nanotubes and fullerenes wherein the fullerenes are covalently bonded to the outer surface of the nanotubes.
101
An "atom" with atomic number 101.
mendelevium atom
NPO_353
An "atom" with atomic number 84.
polonium atom
NPO_521
84
isocyanate group
NPO_321
A "functional group" which has the structure -N=C=O. The group is characteristic of a isocyanate compounds wherein it is attached to an organic group.
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of a carbonyl compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via single covalent bonds.
carbonyl group
NPO_750
CHEBI:23019
NPO_1560
A hydride containing one or more oxygen atoms.
oxygen hydride
CHEBI:15377
An "atom" with atomic number 59.
59
praseodymium atom
NPO_366
111
NPO_533
roentgenium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 111.
Group 7 Element
An element of Group 7 of the periodic table.
NPO_979
manganese group element
NPO_1180
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg.
gram
g
UO:0000021
NPO_150
An "element" with atomic number 77.
iridium
fullerene
A fullerene refers to any cagelike, hollow molecule composed of hexagonal and/or pentagonal groups of carbon atoms , and it is regarded as the third form of carbon after diamond and graphite.
NPO_686
NCIT: C62376
Nanowire
NPO_383
A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which has a wire-like structure made of materials that exhibit unique electrical and optical properties.
NPO_1306
negatively charged
negative charge
An electric charge quality which signifies a surplus of electrons in the bearer.
An "atom" with atomic number 11.
sodium atom
11
NPO_187
A type of characterization, which describes a property/quality that indicates the behavior of the object in vivo.
in vivo characterization
NPO_1358
A spectroscopic technique in which a beam of infrared light is used to irradiate a sample. The IR absorption spectra obtained with this technique, is used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition based on the correlation of absorption bands in the spectrum of the unknown compound with known absorption frequencies for specific types of bonds.
FIX:0000015
infrared spectroscopy
NPO_1473
The technique is based on the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes).
IR spectroscopy
pH of value between 7 and 14.
basic pH
alkaline pH
NPO_1199
DNA crosslinking agent
DNA binding agent that is able to covalently bind to DNA causing inter- or intra-stranded cross-linking of DNA. The cross-linking results in misreading of the DNA code and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
NCIT:C25760
NPO_620
hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and aldehyde
NPO_291
A "hydrazone linkage" which occurs between a carbohydrazide and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_160
cadmium selenide quantum dot
CdSe quantum dot
A "quantum dot" composed of cadmium selenide.
NPO_1565
CHEBI:52254
apatite
A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.
FIX:0000607
chromatography by physical state of the mobile phase
NPO_1459
chromatography by mobile phase state
A chromatography technique classified based on the phase of the mobile medium.
Group 6 Element
chromium group element
NPO_271
An element of Group 6 of the periodic table.
NPO_930
CHEBI:28300
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(NH2)=O)-C(OH)=OH.
glutamine
2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid
germanium
An "element" with atomic number 32.
NPO_164
copper (I) oxide
Cu2O
cuprous oxide
An oxide of copper having the chemical formula Cu2O.
NPO_1546
CHEBI:26082
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of phosphorus.
NPO_1095
phosphorus molecular entity
NPO_449
isothiocyanate group
A "functional group" which has the structure -N=C=S. The group is characteristic of an isothiocyanate compound wherein it is attached to an organic group.
photosensitizing agent
An "anticancer drug" that is pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet light or sunlight, it is converted to its pharmacologically active metabolite.
photosensitizer
NPO_596
NCIT: C1420
MESH: D017319
cadmium
NPO_976
An "element" with atomic number 48.
mitroxantrone
NPO_597
NCIT:C62050
An organic compound which functions as a topoisomerase-II inhibitor and an antineoplastic antibiotic.
tumor necrosis factor alpha biosynthesis
tumor necrosis factor anabolism
tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. [source: GOC:jl, PMID:10891884]
tumor necrosis factor synthesis
NPO_647
tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process
GO:0042533
TNF alpha biosynthesis
NPO_406
magnetic
A "quality" or behavior exhibited 1) by materials which produce magnetic fields to exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials or 2) by materials which become magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field.
magnetic behavior
magnetism
cellular biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:jl]
NPO_1010
GO:0044249
An "element" with atomic number 29.
copper
NPO_419
Fr
Franklin
An electric charge unit which which is approximately equal to 3.33564 × 10^[−10] C.
electrostatic unit of charge
statC
statcoulomb
e.s.u.
NPO_1303
seaborgium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 106.
NPO_885
106
CHEBI:33709
NPO_506
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amine groups.
aminoacid
A temperature unit on the Celsius scale based on which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is 100 degree Celsius at standard conditions. Celsius scale has its zero at 273.15 K.
degree celsius
NPO_1289
UO:0000027
A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for therapeutic purposes.
NPO_1397
therapeutic function
Group 11 Element
NPO_744
copper group element
An element of Group 11 of the periodic table.
glass
A brittle transparent solid substance with irregular atomic structure.
NPO_263
NPO_1050
An anion of astatine.
astatide
CHEBI:30417
NPO_1514
granular state
Physical state which is characteristic of a granule.
minute
NPO_1281
min
UO:0000031
A time derived unit which is equal to 60 seconds.
NPO_379
optical imaging contrast agent
A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that has optical properties, and provides contrast in images captured using optical imaging techniques.
chlorambucil
A type of nitrogen mustard and an organochlorine compound.
CHEBI:28830
NPO_346
1
area
NPO_1234
PATO:0001323
A 2-D extent inhering in a bearer by virtue of its two dimensional extent.
aziridine group
A "functional group" which consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms in the form of a 3-membered saturated ring structure; it has the structure C1-C-N1. And the group is characteristic of any aziridine derivative.
NPO_345
NPO_137
[definition source]: BFO
process boundary
A "processual entity" that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary.
NPO_584
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [source: ISBN:0198506732]
GO:0003824
catalytic activity
enzyme activity
NPO_1374
An iron oxide nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic property.
superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle
SPIO nanoparticle
88
An "atom" with atomic number 88.
radium atom
NPO_333
A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is composed of a spherical core surrounded by a shell of a few nanometer in thickness. If the shell is made of metal particles, then it is called a metallic nanoshell (e.g. Gold nanoshell).
nanoshell
NPO_270
NPO_240
isourea linkage
A "covalent linkage" where an isourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
NPO_295
sulfonamide linkage between primary amine and sulfonyl chloride derivative
A "sulfonamide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a suflonyl chloride derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups.
arsenic
An "element" with atomic number 33.
NPO_673
ionizable to gain negative charge
NPO_954
An "ionizable" quality inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a negative charge.
A "quantum dot" composed of zinc sulfide.
zinc sulfide quantum dot
NPO_193
ZnS quantum dot
An "element" with atomic number 52.
NPO_668
tellurium
A "functional group" which is derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid. It has the structure R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic substituent from the oxoacid.
NPO_302
acyl group
CHEBI:22221
alkanoyl group
A unit of measure of electrophoretic mobility.
unit of electrophoretic mobility
NPO_1317
NPO_591
79
An "atom" with atomic number 79.
gold atom
FIX:0000402
NPO_1466
light scattering
A technique based on the disperson of light or electromagnetic radiation into a range of directions by virtue of its interaction with a material medium through which it passes.
light scattering technique
[definition: adapted from NCIT]
NCIT:C62323
A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of more than one atom.
NPO_1020
polyatomic
tamoxifen
Tamoxifen is an organic compound, which has a parent hydride, stilbin; and which blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body. It is used to prevent or delay the return of breast cancer or to control its spread.
NPO_254
CHEBI:41774
NPO_610
An "atom" with atomic number 18.
18
argon atom
holmium
NPO_385
An "element" with atomic number 67.
alpha-aminoacid sidechain
A group that forms the sidechain of an alpha-aminoacid.
NPO_357
NPO_858
polyhedron
A shape, which resembles a solid figure bounded by plane polyons or faces.
[source]: WordNet
An ion which consists of more than one atom.
CHEBI:36358
NPO_1033
polyatomic ion
NPO_990
acyl iodide group
An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "iodine atom."
41
An "atom" with atomic number 41.
niobium atom
NPO_225
A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of not having the ability to be ionized.
NPO_148
non-ionizable
electron microscope
A microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light. [source:WordNet 3.0]
NCIT:C28219
NPO_1438
Electron Microscopes(EMs) function exactly as their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition.
The basic steps involved in all EMs:
1. A stream of electrons is formed (by the Electron Source) and accelerated toward the specimen using a positive electrical potential
2. This stream is confined and focused using metal apertures and magnetic lenses into a thin, focused, monochromatic beam.
3. This beam is focused onto the sample using a magnetic lens
4. Interactions occur inside the irradiated sample, affecting the electron beam
These interactions and effects are detected and transformed into an image
The above steps are carried out in all EMs regardless of type.
[source: http://unl.edu/CMRAcfem/em.htm]
Erbitux
A recombinant, chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This agent may inhibit EGFR-dependent primary tumor growth and metastasis. EGFR is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors.[source: NCI_Thesaurus]
cetuximab
NPO_577
NCIT:C1723
molecular targeting role
NPO_542
Role of a molecular entity that is realized in the context of molecular targeting or binding process.
A "quality" that inheres in a substance by virtue of having or not having the potential ability to dissolve in a liquid.
solubility
PATO:0001536
NPO_489
ruthenium atom
44
An "atom" with atomic number 44.
NPO_382
NPO_219
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by electric field.
stimulus of electric field
A process of examining the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole [source: WordNet]. e.g., the identification and measurement of chemical constituents of a substance or specimen.
analysis
NPO_1422
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of inorganic molecular entities.
NPO_1536
inorganic nanoparticle
ç-potential
zeta potential
C62354
The potential difference between the bulk dispersion medium (liquid) and the stationary layer of liquid near the surface of the dispersed particulate.
NPO_1302
GO:0005102
NPO_780
receptor binding
Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [source: GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
NPO_278
A "covalent linkage" where a secondary amine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
secondary amine linkage
DNA-RNA transcription regulator
NPO_327
Antineoplastic agent,which regulates DNA-dependent transcription.
linkage
association
chemical association
NPO_195
A process of linking or associating two or more "material entities" or parts thereof by chemical forces.
mendelevium
An "element" with atomic number 101.
NPO_167
emulsifier
Molecule Role which inheres in a molecular entity that stabilizes an emulsion.
NPO_1414
An "element" with atomic number 87.
NPO_111
francium
An area unit which is equal to an area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 meter long.
m^[2]
UO:0000080
square meter
NPO_1249
NPO_426
A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "iodine atom."
iodo group
PET
positron emission tomography
[definition source: NCI]
A tomography technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered.
NPO_1482
NCIT:C17007
A transmission electron microscope with which a beam of electrons pass through the specimen, where the beam is focused into a narrow spot that is scanned over the sample specimen in a raster.
scanning transmission electron microscope
NPO_1453
STEM
weight ratio
A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of weights.
NPO_1156
A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of dextran.
dextran-coated nanoparticle
NPO_949
CHEBI:37577
heteroatomic molecular entity
A polyatomic entity which consists of two or more chemical elements.
NPO_1024
NPO_1106
CHEBI:37110
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of thallum.
thallium molecular entity
NPO_675
stimulus of magnetic field
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by magnetic field.
NPO_627
A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by sound.
acoustic-sensitive
sulfonamide group
An "amide group" which has the structure -S(=O)-NH2 or -S(=O)-NH- or -S(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a sulfonamide wherein it is attached to organic groups.
NPO_747
An "element" with atomic number 22.
NPO_924
titanium
A "amide group" which has the structure -C(=O)-NH2 or -C(=O)-NH- or -C(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carboxamide wherein it is attached to organic groups.
carboxamide group
NPO_824
encapsulation
NPO_138
A "linkage" in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes enclosed due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's "material site" that is fully bounded by the particle's constituting material.
gelatin
A colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin. (source: Word Net)
NPO_1554
A solid which corresponds to tiny loose particles, produced by pulverization.
powder
NCIT:C45302
NPO_915
hydride
CHEBI:33692
A chemical compound of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
NPO_1148
The logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter. (source:Princeton WordNet)
pH
NPO_1198
UO:0000196
CHEBI:25094
2,6-diaminohexanoic acid
Lys
lysine
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2)-C(OH)=OH.
NPO_265
MESH:D005936
CHEBI:37163
glucan
NPO_676
A "homopolysaccharide" which is composed of glucose residues.
NPO_476
DNA intercalating agent
DNA intercalator
Role of a molecular entity that is capable of inserting itself between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning.
NCIT: C582
biodegradable nanoparticle
NPO_836
A "nanoparticle" which has a biodegradable quality.
CHEBI:33238
NPO_1026
A molecular entity which consists of a single atom.
monoatomic entity
vanadium group element
An element of Group 5 of the periodic table.
NPO_196
Group 5 Element
NPO_208
fluorobenzene group
An "aryl halide group" containing an aromatic benzene ring attached to one or more fluorine atoms.
NPO_1404
A small representative portion of a nanoparticle formulation.
nanoparticle sample
aryl halide group
A "functional group" which consists of an aromatic ring bonded to one or more halogen atoms.
NPO_344
NPO_1193
Concentration, which is the amount of cells in a medium.
cell concentration
phase analysis light scattering
A light scattering technique for measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of charged particles suspended in nonpolar media (i.e. solvents with much lower relative permittivities than water).
NPO_1467
[definition: adapted from http://www.unisa.edu.au/laser/Research/PALS.asp]
PALS
PATO:0000018
fluorescent
A quality inhering in a bearer which emits light of longer wavelength during absorption of radiation of shorter (invisible) wavelength.
NPO_1376
An "element" with atomic number 23.
vanadium
NPO_486
An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of cadmium and selenium.
cadmium selenide
CdSe
NPO_228
NPO_1361
shape characterization
A type of physical characterization, which describes the shape of an object.
A standard measure of the rate of movement. Speed is measured in the same physical units of measurement as velocity, but does not contain the element of direction that velocity has. Speed is thus the magnitude component of velocity.
unit of velocity
NPO_1328
UO:0000060
unit of speed
PATO:0001739
NPO_1381
A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with radiation.
radiation quality
acidic pH
pH of value between 0 and 7.
NPO_1200
atom
An "atom" is the smallest particle that retains all the chemical properties of a given "element".
NPO_179
PATO:0001679
specific volume
A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a mass of substance occupies.
The reciprocal of density.
NPO_1240
NPO_365
CHEBI:46345
An organofluorine compound, which has uracil as the funcitonal parent.
5-fluorouracil
The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
DNA-dependent transcription
NPO_840
GO:0006351
A unit of electric charge where one ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs.
Ah
amp hour
NPO_1304
ampere hour
NPO_124
anti-adhesion agent
NCIT:C2197
An antimetastic agent, which prevents metastasis by interfering with the aggregation of tumor cells.
zinc sulfide
NPO_306
An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of zinc and sulfur.
tumor detection
Detection of the presence or growth of tumors in the body of a human or an animal model.
NPO_1532
detection of tumors
phagocytosis
The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.
NPO_1368
GO:0006909
NPO_969
hydrazone group
A "functional group" derived by replacing the =O of an aldehyde or a ketone group with =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R'. It has the structure -C(=N-NH2)- or -C(=N-NH-)-, and the group is characteristic of a hydrazone.
PATO:0001522
The speed at which sound travels in a given medium under specified conditions.
NPO_1352
velocity of sound
speed of sound
anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor
Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of endothelial growth factor.
NPO_308
isourea linkage between primary amine and isocyanate
An "isourea linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an isocyanate, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_376
vanadium 5(+) ion
CHEBI:33003
NPO_1072
A monoatomic pentacation of vanadium.
NPO_1052
metal cation
CHEBI:25213
A monoatomic cation of a metal.
UO:0000189
NPO_1320
count
A dimensionless unit which denotes a simple count of things.
NPO_498
paramagnetic
Magnetic quality exhibited in a material only when the material is kept in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field, and the magnetism disappears when the magnetic field is removed. The magnetic moments of the atoms are not aligned, and the behavior causes the material to be attracted to external magnetic fields. This behavior exists only above the Curie or Neel Temperature.
NPO_1151
An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe3O4.
iron (II,III) oxide
ferrosoferric oxide
CHEBI:50821
mass
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer in proportion to the amount of matter it contains. It is the property of a substance that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field.
PATO:0000125
NPO_1169
cerium
An "element" with atomic number 58.
NPO_697
"Antineoplastic agent" that kills cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitosis).
antimitotic agent
MESH: D050256
NCIT: C273
NPO_136
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684]
metabolic process
NPO_1004
GO:0008152
metabolism
110
NPO_819
darmstadtium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 110.
cellular component
A material entity, which is the part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. [source: GO]
NPO_1008
GO:0005575
molar mass unit
unit of molar mass
NPO_1184
A unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules.
UO:0000055
colloid
A suspension of particles (dispersed phase) in a liquid medium (dispersion medium or continuous phase).
NPO_360
NCIT:C32345
NPO_1150
An iron oxide with the chemical formula FeO.
CHEBI:50820
ferrous oxide
iron (II) oxide
nanosphere
NPO_636
A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is spherical, porous or non-porous and its diameter is measured in nanometers.
NPO_1451
high resolution transmission electron microscopy
A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of high resolution transmission electron microscope.
CHEBI:33744
iron group molecular entity
NPO_1117
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a iron group (Group-8) element.
An "iodoacetyl group" is an "organic group" which has the structure -C(=O)-CH2-I. The group is characteristic of an iodoacetyl molecule in which it is attached either to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom via single covalent bond.
NPO_128
iodoacetyl group
coating agent
A "nanoparticle surface agent", which inheres in a molecular entity that 1) can modify the nanoparticle's surface properties like surface charge or surface hydrophilicity; or 2) can be attached to other surface agents which will then be indirectly linked to the nanoparticle.
surface modifying agent
NPO_827
A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for targeting a material entity.
NPO_1395
targeting function
CHEBI:25370
molybdenum molecular entity
NPO_1127
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of molybdenum.
NPO_978
63
europium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 63.
percent
percentage
%
NPO_1323
UO:0000187
A ratio unit which denotes numbers as fractions of 100.
A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity which contains carbon as a principal element.
NCIT: C63848
NPO_802
organic
definition for "organic" is based on the CHEBI definition for "organic compounds" (CHEBI:25700)
NPO_742
An "element" with atomic number 50.
tin
NCIT: C274
antineoplastic agent
antineoplastic drug
NPO_777
CHEBI:35610
Anticancer drug, which brings about a cancer therapeutic effect by inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms; i.e., it inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells.
An "element" with atomic number 51.
lead
NPO_424
scanning force microscopy
NPO_1434
A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of atomic force microscope.
atomic force microscopy
NPO_987
A "covalent linkage" where a disulfide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
disulfide linkage
NPO_776
dendrimer branch
A "molecular structure" which describes a branch of "dendrimer," formed by the dendrimer's repeating units.
CHEBI:46793
A polymer made by the polymerization of ethylene oxide.
poly(ethylene glycol)
PEG
NPO_444
NPO_985
A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in temperature.
temperature-sensitive
liquid
A fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.[source: NCI]
NPO_670
NCIT:C45298
NPO_677
A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a biopolymer.
biopolymer-coated nanoparticle
A synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis.
thalidomide
NPO_434
NCIT: C870
2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindoline-1,3-dione [source: IUPAC]
Period 6 Element
NPO_911
An element in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
[source]:WordNet
NPO_861
cube
A regular hexahedron, with six equal squares as faces.
An "element" with atomic number 4.
beryllium
NPO_198
NPO_1038
polyatomic anion
An anion which consists of more than one atom.
CHEBI:33273
millimolar
mM
UO:0000063
NPO_1208
A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M.
NPO_1508
Physical state which is characteristic of an emulsion.
state of emulsion
NPO_1372
An oxide of silicon in which a silicon atom covalently bonded (double bond) with two oxygen atoms.
CHEBI:30563
silicon dioxide
NPO_1403
bioluminescence
Chemiluminescence produced by living systems.
week
NPO_1284
A time unit which is equal to 7 days.
UO:0000034
component of nanomaterial
NPO_1494
A chemical component that is part of a nanomaterial.
nanomaterial component
NCIT:C20346
NPO_1433
scanning probe microscopy
A microscopy technique based on the use of scanning probe microscope.
An element in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
NPO_478
Period 3 Element
niobium
NPO_558
An "element" with atomic number 41.
silicon nanotube
A "nanotube" which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of silicon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends.
NPO_762
NPO_363
A "material site" which is the central part of a material entity; which may be hollow / void, or made of other material entities. If the core is void, molecular agents like drugs, imaging agents, etc. can be placed in the void spaces.
core
NPO_117
A "functional group" which is derived by the removal of one chlorine atom from chlorosulfuric acid, and has the structure -S(=O)(=O)-Cl. The group is characteristic of sulfonyl chloride derivatives.
sulfonyl chloride group
Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [source: GOC:lr]
GO:0012501
programmed cell death
NPO_996
NPO_1378
A nanoparticle which exists as a hydrogel.
hydrogel nanoparticle
CHEBI:23906
NPO_1039
monoatomic cation
A cation which consists of a single atom.
A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of chitosan
chitosan nanoparticle
NPO_261
NPO_951
polarity
A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence or absence of dipole moments.
chemical component
A component identified as being part of the chemical make up of a material entity.
NPO_1497
NPO_311
amide linkage between primary amine and acid anhydride
An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an acid anhydride, through the participation of respective functional groups.
An "acyl azide" is an "acyl compound" which is characterized by the presence of acyl azide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group.
acyl azide derivative
NPO_927
acyl azide
NPO_554
100
fermium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 100.
CHEBI:33585
lead molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of lead.
NPO_1112
GO:0008092
Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). [source: GOC:mah]
NPO_984
cytoskeletal protein binding
NPO_248
promethium atom
61
An "atom" with atomic number 61.
An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is not in contact with sample's surface. In non contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is attractive. The cantilever is oscillated at a frequency slightly above its resonance frequency where the amplitude of oscillation is typically a few nanometers (<10 nm). The van der Waals forces, which are strongest from 1 nm to 10 nm above the surface, or any other long range force which extends above the surface acts to decrease the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This decrease in resonance frequency combined with the feedback loop system maintains a constant oscillation amplitude or frequency by adjusting the average tip-to-sample distance. Measuring the tip-to-sample distance at each (x,y) data point allows the scanning software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface.
NC-AFM
Non Contact Atomic Force Microscopy
NPO_1449
FIX:0000117
encapsulation efficiency
The efficiency inhering in a material entity by virtue of its capacity to encapsulate an amount of another material entity.
NPO_1336
MAb
monoclonal antibody
An antibody produced by a clone or genetically homogenous fast-growing cells i.e., hybridoma. Hybridoma cells are cloned to establish cell lines producing a specific antibody that is chemically and immunologically homogeneous.[source: NCI_Thesaurus]
NCIT:C20401
NPO_823
non-polar
A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the absence of dipole moments.
NPO_786
primary amine group
An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2. The group is characteristic of a primary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups.
NPO_502
molecule role in chemical conjugation
NPO_292
Role of a molecular entity in the chemical conjugation of two molecules.
phosphorus
NPO_371
An "element" with atomic number 15.
[definition source]: Wikipedia
spacer
spacer arm
NPO_485
Role of a flexible molecular entity that connects two other parts of the same molecule.
The frequency of transmitted vibrations.
PATO:0001520
frequency of sound
NPO_1350
NPO_891
amide linkage between primary amine and acyl azide
An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an acyl azide, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_100
NCIT:C63806
cylinder
cylindrical
cylindrical shape
A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, where points on the surface are at a fixed distance from a given straight line (axis of the cylinder).
polyketide
CHEBI:26188
NPO_789
A "ketone" which is a natural compound containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('β-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A); or another compound derived from it by further condensations.
NPO_638
sensitivity to stimulus
A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by a stimulus.
NPO_1214
nanomolal
nm
UO:0000071
A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molal or 10^[-9] m.
metal oxide
NPO_1540
An oxide of metal.
A unit of measurement for the force applied to accelerate a mass (an amount of matter).
UO:0000107
force unit
unit of force
NPO_1173
multilamellar vesicle
A "liposome vesicle" that has more than one "lipid bilayer", and the bilayers are separated by "hydrophilic" spaces.
NPO_433
thulium
NPO_972
An "element" with atomic number 69.
polypeptide chain
NPO_585
A polypeptide, which is part of some protein molecule.
The central part of a nanocell.
NPO_407
nuclear core of nanocell
An "element" with atomic number 44.
ruthenium
NPO_816
chlorine atom
An "atom" with atomic number 17.
NPO_305
17
A process of describing the distinctive characteristics (property / quality) or essential features of an object.
characterization
NPO_1355
An "element" with atomic number 84.
NPO_318
polonium
CHEBI:33248
A "hydrocarbyl group" is a univalent substituent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon.
hydrocarbyl group
NPO_559
A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 4+.
CHEBI:26937
NPO_1065
monoatomic tetracation
inhibition of cancer cell growth
NPO_914
NCIT: C29895
A process which inhibits or blocks the induction, promotion, maintenance, or completion of cell division in cancer cells.
antitumor activity
An activity, which involves the killing of tumor cells; or which causes reduction of tumor size.
NPO_919
two-dimensional nanostructure
NPO_226
A "nanostructure" which has two spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range.
CHEBI:32877
A "primary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group, and it is characterized by the presence of a primary amine group. It has the structure R-NH2, where R denotes an organic group.
primary amine
NPO_947
NPO_465
thiol
mercaptan
A "thiol" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group. It has the structure R-SH, where R denotes an organic group.
CHEBI:29256
1-D nanoparticle
A "one-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle.
NPO_667
one-dimensional nanoparticle
NCIT:C16585
flow cytometry
NPO_1465
[definition: adapted from NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com]
A technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles (e.g., single cells) suspended in a stream of fluid that passes through a beam of light. It allows for multiple analyses of the physical and chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electrical detection apparatus.
hertz
Hz
A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second.
NPO_1332
UO:0000106
A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a template consisting of two-dimensional patterning of biological molecules on a surface for biological analysis.
nanoarray
NCIT:C62340
NPO_691
Drug that blocks the extracellular domain of the membrane receptor.
NPO_523
drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor
NPO_387
isoprenoid
Any lipid which is formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
CHEBI:24913
differential interference contrast microscopy
An optical microscopy based on the use of differential interference contrast microscope.
NPO_1456
NPO_211
A "linkage" in which two "molecular entities" or parts thereof are joined to form a chemically conjugated molecular entity.
attachment
chemical conjugation
NPO_266
Group 13 Element
boron group element
An element of Group 13 of the periodic table.
substantial entity
independent continuant
A "continuant" which is a bearer of "dependent continuant" entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
NPO_118
[definition source]: BFO
An "element" with atomic number 107.
NPO_368
bohrium
noble gas
A non-metal which is any of the following elements: argon, helium, krypton, neon, radon, xenon.
inert element
NPO_660
thalium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 81.
81
NPO_955
thiol group
It is a substituent group from hydrogen sulfide.
NPO_910
A "functional group" which has the structure -SH. The group is characteristic of a thiol molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group.
sulfhydryl group
CHEBI:29917
NPO_974
glutamic acid
2-aminopentanedioic acid
Glu
CHEBI:18237
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH.
NPO_553
Magnetic quality exhibited in materials which create a weak magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field; thus, causing repulsion of the material in a magnetic field.
diamagnetic
NPO_1000
polynucleotide
A biopolymer composed of nucleotide monomers which are covalently bonded in a long chain.
CHEBI:15986
A density quality which is equal to the mass exerting an influence on a given volume.
NPO_1274
PATO:0001353
mass density
NPO_1393
A main immunoglobulin isotype which is secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.[Source: NCI]
IgM
NCIT:C569
immunoglobulin M
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a nickel group (Group-10) element.
NPO_1120
nickel group molecular entity
CHEBI:33747
CHEBI:33246
NPO_1567
Any substituent group which does not contain carbon.
inorganic group
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-c1ccccc1)-C(OH)=OH.
CHEBI:28044
phenylalanine
2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
Phe
NPO_139
in vivo assay
NPO_1410
A bioassay conducted inside the body of a living organism.
in vivo bioassay
The rate of migration (usually in cm/s) per unit electric field strength (usually V/cm) of a charged particle in electrophoresis.
electrophoretic mobility
NPO_1315
UO:0000095
unit of volume
volume unit
NPO_1253
A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas.
nanosensor
NCIT: C62374
A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a sensor/detector of any activity, phenomenon or molecule, within a nanometer-range resolution; it responds to a stimulus by sending a signal that can be measured.
NPO_779
An organic compound which has the formula CH3CH(OH)C(OH)=O.
alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid
CHEBI:28358
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
NPO_1557
lactic acid
CHEBI:33338
NPO_826
aryl group
A "hydrocarbyl group" which is derived from an arene by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom.
molarity
NPO_1190
The number of moles of a solute dissolved in a liter of solution.
molar concentration
A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "fluorine atom."
NPO_825
fluoro group
PATO:0001521
sound amplitude
The maximum magnitude (value without regard to sign) of the disturbance of a sound wave.
NPO_1351
amplitude of sound
NPO_1538
A polymeric nanoparticle which consists of molecular components that are pH-sensitive.
pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticle
hydrophobic core Of micelle
Core part of a micelle formed by hydrophobic (non-polar) tails of individual amphiphilic molecules that form the whole micelle in a polar solvent, which has void spaces to include other hydrophobic molecules.
NPO_881
nanogram
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g.
NPO_1183
ng
UO:0000024
An "element" with atomic number 92.
NPO_952
uranium
therapeutic role
therapeutic role of molecule
NPO_576
Role borne by a molecular entity due to its therapeutic properties.
microliter
µL
NPO_1258
A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L.
UO:0000101
An "element" with atomic number 108.
hassium
NPO_586
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zinc.
NPO_1123
CHEBI:27364
zinc molecular entity
kilogram per cubic meter
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in cubic meters.
kg/m^[3]
UO:0000083
NPO_1269
cell death
The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [source: GOC:ems]
NPO_995
GO:0008219
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-O-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of acid anhydrides.
The structure of an "acid anhydride" is R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', in which two acyl groups are bonded to the same oxygen atom; and , R,R' denote hydrogen atoms or organic groups.
NPO_894
acid anhydride group
Concentration of a chemical or biologic preparation that is likely to cause death in 50% of animals or cells being tested.
NPO_1196
NCIT:C16788
LD-50
lethal dose - 50%
lethal concentration - 50%
LC-50
nanotube
NPO_126
NCIT: C73455
A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends.
A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with etoposide.
NPO_464
etoposide-loaded nanoparticle
NPO_1334
loading efficiency
A quality inhering in a material entity by virtue of it having the capacity to carry an amount of another material entity.
antibody
NPO_552
NCIT: C16295
MESH:D000906
A type of protein made by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.[source: NCI_Thesaurus]
Imaging of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for the purpose of diagnostic evaluation.
diagnostic imaging
NCIT:C16502
NPO_1478
NPO_144
An "atom" with atomic number 53.
53
iodine atom
NPO_106
hydrophilic core of liposome
The aqueous space enclosed by lipid bilayer of a liposome.
gold (1+) ion
CHEBI:49482
NPO_1061
A monoatomic monocation of gold.
nanomaterial
A "material entity" which is synthesized, characterized, and which has at least one spatial size dimension distinguishable in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range.
NPO_199
ZnO
zinc oxide
NPO_1543
An oxide of zinc.
NPO_1189
unit of normality
A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution.
UO:0000074
CHEBI:46662
mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties.
NPO_1563
99
einsteinium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 99.
NPO_654
NPO_393
NCIT: C62369
nanoemulsion
A nanoparticle formulation which exists as an emulsion and contains nanoparticles as the dispersed phase.
vanadium molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of vanadium.
NPO_1144
CHEBI:27275
emission
Radioactive deactivation of an excited state of a material entity by which energy is transferred from the material entity to an electromagnetic field.
NPO_1398
REX:0000303
CHEBI:24867
An ion which consists of a single atom.
NPO_1034
monoatomic ion
GO:0005488
The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
binding
NPO_547
one-dimensional nanostructure
NPO_411
A "nanostructure" which has only one spatial size dimension in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range.
NPO_641
A foreign molecule could be covalently linked to a molecular consitutent or it could occupy a void space/cavity by participating in non-covalent interactions with neighbouring molecular constituents.
material site
An "independent continuant" which describes any distinguishable point, site or location in a "material entity," and the location is either that of a group of molecular constituents in a "material entity," or the space surrounded by the molecular constituents.
NPO_1353
PATO:0001523
The quotient of the speed of a sound wave divided by its wavelength.
wavelength of sound
The process in which material entities (e.g., nanoparticles) are targeted to tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells, with the help of molecular agents (conjugated to the material entities) that recognize and bind to specific biological molecules at the target location.
active targeting
NPO_903
sufur atom
16
An "atom" with atomic number 16.
NPO_658
Role of a molecular entity in the context of diagnostic imaging.
molecule role in diagnostic imaging
NPO_599
NPO_729
A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of iron oxide.
iron oxide nanoparticle
NPO_507
imine linkage between primary amine and aldehyde
An "imine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups.
non-covalent interaction
A "chemical interaction" which is non-covalent in nature and provides the force to hold molecules or parts of molecules together.
NPO_940
non-covalent bond
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of technetium.
CHEBI:26865
technetium molecular entity
NPO_1137
dextran
NPO_846
MESH:D003911
A "glucan" which is a high-molecular-weight polymer of d-glucose, produced by enzymes on the cell surface of certain lactic acid bacteria.
d-block molecular entity
CHEBI:33676
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a d-block element.
NPO_1083
A technique for measuring the spectra absorbed or emitted when matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation or light.
NPO_1468
NCIT: C17155
spectroscopy
spectroscopic technique
NPO_427
physiological process
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
GO:0008150
biological process
[source]: GO
NPO_888
state of matter
physical state
A "quality of continuant", which is the physical condition of a material entity, based on its chemical composition and structure.
PEGylated nanoparticle
poly(ethylene) glycol-coated nanoparticle
PEG-modified nanoparticle
PEG-coated nanoparticle
A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of polyethylene glycol.
NPO_801
mole percentage
NPO_1327
A percentage unit of molar concentration which is equal to 100 times the mole fraction (number of moles of solute in proportion to the total number of moles in a solution.
% mol
percent of total moles
mol %
curium atom
NPO_513
96
An "atom" with atomic number 96.
NPO_125
An inner transition element which is any element in the series of 15 radioactive metallic elements with atomic numbers 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium).
Actinide
UO:0000150
NPO_1279
ns
A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a second or 10^[-9] s.
nanosecond
REX:0000043
fluorescence
Photoluminescence which occurs essentially only during the irradiation of a substance by electromagnetic radiation.
NPO_1401
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by heat.
stimulus of heat
NPO_731
A "nanomaterial" which is defined with respect to its end-directed activity/function.
NPO_115
nanodevice
NPO_852
A long and slender rod, which resembles a needle.
needle shape
NCIT:C70918
Cmax
NPO_1527
The maximum concentration of an experimental substance or drug in the plasma or a target organ after dose administration. [source: NCI]
peak concentration
maximum concentration
unit of cell concentration
A concentration unit which denotes the average cell number in a given volume.
NPO_1194
UO:0000200
A monoatomic hexacation of molybdenum.
CHEBI:49446
NPO_1074
molybdenum (6+) ion
UO:0000070
micromolal
A molality unit which is equal to one millionth of a molal or 10^[-6] m.
µm
NPO_1213
A mineral which contains phosphate anions.
NPO_1564
CHEBI:46723
phosphate mineral
NPO_1383
A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of its exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity.
PATO:0001741
radioactive
NPO_1311
A measure of the change or movement of mass per unit time.
mass rate unit
unit of mass rate
non-metal
NPO_255
A series element which is not a metal.
size characterization
NPO_1362
A type of physical characterization, which describes the size of an object.
74
An "atom" with atomic number 74.
NPO_492
tungsten atom
CHEBI:33696
NPO_1001
nucleic acid
A polynucleotide which is present in living cells.
scandium
NPO_929
An "element" with atomic number 21.
A monoatomic dication of magnesium.
CHEBI:18420
magnesium (2+) ion
NPO_1056
functionalizing agent
A role which inheres in a material entity by virtue of its ability to add/modify the properties or functions of another material entity by being associated to the latter. .
NPO_1492
hydrophobic interaction
NPO_388
A "non-covalent interaction" which is a repulsive interaction between hydrophobic molecule or hydrophobic part of an amphiphilic molecule and water molecules in aqueous solutions. It results from energetically favorable interactions between hydrophilic molecules or parts there of and water molecules.
An "atom" with atomic number 78.
platinum atom
NPO_561
78
UO:0000087
kilogram per mole
kg/mole
A molar mass unit which is equal to one kilogram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound.
NPO_1185
An anticancer drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues.
NCIT:C1821
selective estrogen receptor modulator
NPO_130
NCIT:C1967
NPO_567
A protein kinase inhibitor, which inhibits tyrosine kinase enzyme, involved with the transduction and processing of many extracellular and intracellular signals including cell proliferation.
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
NPO_200
A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in pH of the solution containing it.
sensitive to PH Change
pH-sensitive
NPO_842
americium
An "element" with atomic number 95.
Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to inhibit a protein activity related to the synthesis of DNA.
drug that affects protein activity related to DNA synthesis
NPO_294
A "nanotube" which consists of one or more graphite sheets (graphene) of hexagonal arrays of carbon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends.
NPO_606
carbon nanotube
dubnium
NPO_282
An "element" with atomic number 105.
Cyclic ketone having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of ‒CH= groups into ‒C(=O)‒ groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
CHEBI:36141
quinone
NPO_774
NPO_1551
spherical nanoparticle
A nanoparticle which has spherical shape.
A chemical component which occurs as repeated units linked together in a polymer chain.
repeat unit
NPO_1499
NPO_237
realizable entity
A "dependent continuant" which inheres in a "continuant", and which is not realized (exhibited, actualized, manifested or executed) in full at every time it inheres in the "continuant" entity or in a group of entities. It is realized in an occurrent ("process") under certain circumstances - the realization is a manifestation, functioning or a process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entities are defined by the fact that they can be realized (manifested, actualized, executed) in occurrents of corresponding sorts.
[BFO definition]: A "snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant" ("specifically_dependent_continuant") that inheres in "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
Source: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.
Cone
NPO_515
A shape, which is the surface of a 3-dimensional object that tapers from a circular base.
conical shape
conical
tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticle
A "nanoparticle" loaded with tamoxifen.
NPO_699
Alkyl group is a substituent group from alkane.
NPO_931
alkyl group
CHEBI:22323
A "hydrocarbyl group" which is derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom.
NPO_1507
Physical state which is characteristic of a colloid.
colloidal state
NPO_1168
concentration unit
A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
UO:0000051
unit of concentration
An element of Group 14 of the periodic table.
Group 14 Element
carbon group element
NPO_280
An "element" with atomic number 91.
protactinium
NPO_253
imaging
NPO_1516
A process of capturing, storing, manipulating, and displaying of images.
core-shell silica nanoparticle
NPO_1572
A silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure.
NPO_563
covalent linkage
An "attachment" which involves the formation of a covalent bond between chemical groups of molecular entities.
covalent attachment
core-shell nanoparticle
A "nanoparticle" which has a core part and a shell part, and both the core and shell are distinguished by their respective material content.
NPO_661
sphere
An ellipsoid, where every point on the surface is equidistant from the center of the 3-dimensional object.
spherical
NPO_286
An iron oxide nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron(II,III) oxide.
iron (II,III) oxide nanoparticle
Fe3O4 nanoparticle
NPO_1548
carbonyl-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker
NPO_181
A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has a carbonyl-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end.
NPO_593
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+.
dihydrofolate reductase activity
GO:0004146
A medical tomographic technique which uses computer to construct a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of an object from a large series of two-dimensional cross-sectional X-ray images of the object, taken around a single axis of rotation.
CT
NPO_1480
NCIT:C17204
computed tomography
[NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A fullerene-like nanostructure that consists of graphene cylinders and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape.
nanohorn
NCIT: C62386
NPO_457
A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which resembles a fullerene-like nanostructure and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape.
ellipsoid
NPO_156
A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, having elliptical or circular plane sections.
cell
GO:0005623
A material entity which is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [source: GO]
NPO_1009
m
A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of a solution of 1 mole per kilogram of solvent (mol/kg).
UO:0000068
NPO_1211
molal
NPO_1291
K
UO:0000012
Kelvin
A thermodynamic temperature unit which is equal to the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
NPO_1266
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters.
UO:0000176
milligrams per milliliter
mg/mL
milligram per milliliter
NPO_1377
fluorescent nanoparticle
A nanoparticle which has fluorescence property.
Internal Stimulus For Nanoparticle Function
NPO_752
A "stimulus for nanoparticle function", which originates from a source that is inside the medium in which the nanoparticle is located.
CHEBI:33504
A monoatomic cation of alkali metal.
NPO_1076
alkali metal cation
NPO_140
An "acyl halide" compound is an acyl compound which is characterized by the presence of "acyl halide group." It has the structure R-(C=O)-X, where 'R' denotes an organic group and X denotes a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br or I).
acid halide
acyl halide
chromium group molecular entity
NPO_1115
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a chromium group (Group-6) element.
CHEBI:33741
NPO_535
An "atom" with atomic number 34.
34
selenium atom
single-walled nanotube
NPO_157
A "nanotube" which consists of a single layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer.
An element in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
NPO_131
Period 1 Element
An "element" with atomic number 94.
plutonium
NPO_847
An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "fluorine atom."
acyl fluoride group
NPO_505
A "ketone" which is a cyclic compound containing one or more ketone groups.
CHEBI:3992
NPO_373
cyclic ketone
stimulus of infrared light
NPO_937
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by infrared light.
hydrophilic
NPO_204
PATO:0001887
hydrophilicity
A "quality" which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that has a strong affinity for water molecule; that has a tendency to dissolve in, mix with, soluble in, or be wetted by water.
NPO_609
germanium atom
32
An "atom" with atomic number 32.
quality of an object
quality of continuant
A "quality" which inheres in or borne by a continuant.
[term source]: PATO
NPO_728
PATO:0001241
CHEBI:32988
NPO_769
An amide is an organic compound formally derived from an oxoacid by replacing an acidic hydroxyl group of the oxoacid by an amino or substituted amino group. It is characterized by the presence of an "amide group."
amide
A "diazo compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "diazo group." It has the structure R=[N+]=[N-], where R denotes an organic group..
NPO_569
diazo compound
CHEBI:39444
paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticle
NPO_618
A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with paclitaxel.
An electric charge quality which signifies zero net charge in the bearer.
neutral charge
NPO_1307
neutrally charged
NPO_1242
m
UO:0000008
meter
A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of gold element.
Au nanoparticle
gold nanoparticle
NPO_401
NPO_323
105
dubnium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 105.
NPO_443
An "atom" with atomic number 36.
36
krypton atom
103
An "atom" with atomic number 103.
NPO_396
lawrencium atom
95
NPO_704
americium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 95.
The hollow core region of a nanocapsule.
hollow core of nanocapsule
NPO_317
NPO_1524
Vd
volume of distribution
The amount of drug in the body divided by its concentration in the blood.
amidine group
NPO_725
A "functional group" which has the structure -E(=N-)-NH2, where E could denote carbon (C) or (Sulfur). The group is characteristic of an amidine compound.
NPO_463
An element of Group 18 of the periodic table.
Group 18 Element
noble gas
coulomb
An electrical charge unit which is equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second.
NPO_1294
UO:0000220
C
uranium atom
NPO_335
An "atom" with atomic number 92.
92
NPO_256
"Enzyme inhibitor" that inhibits the enzymatic activity of topoisomerases.
topoisomerase inhibitor
NCIT: C1748
An electron microscope which transmits a beam of electrons through a finely sliced section of a specimen/sample and creates an image of the specimen/sample based on its effect on the phase of the electrons that pass through.
NPO_1441
TEMs use electrons as "light source" and their much lower wavelength makes it possible to get a resolution a thousand times better than with a light microscope.[source: http://Nobelprize.org]
transmission electron microscope
NCIT: C78813
TEM
An "atom" with atomic number 109.
meitnerium atom
NPO_480
109
NPO_324
manganese
An "element" with atomic number 25.
An "atom" with atomic number 73.
NPO_497
tantalum atom
73
NPO_147
A "molecular entity" which is either a single molecule or a compound that is constituted by the molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundament unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
compound or molecule
64
gadolinium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 64.
NPO_753
sample preparation
NPO_1489
A process which is the synthesis or preparation of a sample for analysis, testing or characterization.
Group 16 Element
NPO_105
chalogen
An element of Group 16 of the periodic table.
NPO_936
An "element" with atomic number 57.
lanthanum
A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) and with an oxalate bidentate ligand.
NPO_749
CHEBI:31941
NCIT:C1181
Oxaliplatin
CHEBI:37336
A "contrast agent", which is the role of a radioactive molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using radioactive imaging techniques.
NPO_361
radioactive imaging agent
NPO_1051
A monoatomic monanion of rubidide.
CHEBI:33496
rubidide
cellular process
cellular physiological process
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [source: GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete]
NPO_994
GO:0009987
alpha V beta inhibitor
NCIT: C2050
An "endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor" that acts by blocking the action of an endothelial cell-surface expressed alpha (v) integrin, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis.
NPO_510
PATO:0001519
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing.
NPO_1349
sound quality
Buckyball (C60) or Buckministerfullerene, is a type of fullerene which comprises of 60 carbon atoms arranged in interlocking hexagons and pentagons, like the patches on a soccer ball. Its geometry is roughly spherical and it has a hollow interior.
NPO_730
buckyball
NPO_763
A "quality" of particles (e.g, nanoparticles) to disperse in an aqueous medium.
water-dispersible
antimetastatic agent
An antineoplastic agent, which prevents or impairs tumor metastasis.
NCIT:C2196
NPO_873
carbon nanofiber
NPO_602
A "nanofiber" which is composed of graphene layers arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates. Carbon nanofibers with graphene layers wrapped into perfect cylinders are called carbon nanotubes.
UO:0000222
kDa
A mass unit which is equal to one thousand daltons.
NPO_1176
kilodalton
NPO_568
iron
An "element" with atomic number 26.
NPO_414
thioether linkage between thiol and acryloyl compound
A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an acryloyl compound, through the participation of respective functional groups.
PATO:0000025
A quality of continuant inhering in an object by virtue of the quantities or relative ratios of subparts of the inhering entity.
NPO_1344
composition
noble gas compound
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a noble gas.
NPO_1079
CHEBI:33583
noble gas molecular entity
GO:0007067
NPO_712
mitosis
Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. [source: GOC:ma, ISBN:0198547684]
transcription
NPO_1015
The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [source: ISBN:0198506732]
GO:0006350
50
NPO_377
tin atom
An "atom" with atomic number 50.
Nanocantilevers are often used to explore and characterize the surfaces of biological systems. The motion of the device is recorded and transformed mathematically to provide information about these surface characteristics.
A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as the simplest micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) that is easily machined and mass-produced for probing nanoscale specimens.
nanocantilever
NPO_665
nanoparticle response to magnetic field
A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to ultrasound.
NPO_153
stimulus of pO2 change
An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in pO2.
NPO_957
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter.
L
UO:0000099
liter
NPO_1257
NPO_642
A "material site" which is a cavity or space formed within the core and generation layer (between branches) of a dendrimer. It can be occupied by molecules other than those which chemically make up the dendrimer.
dendrimer cavity
zinc group element
Group 12 Element
NPO_702
An element of Group 12 of the periodic table.
NPO_1046
CHEBI:15858
An anion of bromine.
bromide
[definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI
circle
circular shape
circular
An ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. The circle is a closed curve that is the path, traced by a point moving in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point (the circle's center) is a constant.
NPO_342
NPO_438
helium atom
2
An "atom" with atomic number 2.
UO:0000016
mm
millimeter
NPO_1244
A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m.
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a manganese group (Group-7) element.
CHEBI:33743
manganese group molecular entity
NPO_1116
intramolecular interaction
An attractive type of "chemical interaction" that holds atoms together in a molecule.
NPO_313
A "realizable entity" that typically causes a specific process in its bearer (object in which it inheres) when the bearer is introduced into specific circumstances. In addition, these processes occur as a result of the object's physical structure. A disposition invariably or definitely leads to a certain result given certain circumstances (if not, then the "realizable entity" is a "tendency" and not a "disposition").
disposition
[BFO definition]: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the "snap:Object" ("object") in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X ("snap:Object" ("object")) has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C.
Source:Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.
NPO_155
CHEBI:25414
monoatomic monocation
A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 1+.
NPO_1054
NPO_114
A "hydrophobic" quality which is characteristic of a molecule or chemical substance that has the ability to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats.
lipophilic
lipophilicity
72
hafnium atom
NPO_367
An "atom" with atomic number 72.
anticancer drug directed against endothelium
NPO_509
Drug that is directed to affect the tumor endothelial cells.
An immunoglobulin isotype, which is expressed on naive B cells along with IgM.[Source: NCI]
immunoglobulin D
NPO_1390
IgD
NCIT:C566
NPO_378
45
An "atom" with atomic number 45.
rhodium atom
NPO_935
27
An "atom" with atomic number 27.
cobalt atom
A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an iodoacetyl derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups.
thioether linkage between thiol and iodoacetyl derivative
NPO_644
NPO_260
The aqueous space between lipid bilayers (e.g, in a multilamellar vesicle).
hydrophilic space between lipid bilayers
Receptor mediated endocytosis, which is the process by which cells internalize folate molecules that specifically bind to folate receptors.
folate receptor mediated endocytosis
NPO_904
pharmacological study
pharmacology
NPO_1519
Study of the characteristics, effects, and uses of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.
An "atom" with atomic number 48.
cadmium atom
48
NPO_761
A "nanotube" which consists of two layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer.
double-walled nanotube
NPO_398
caesium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 55.
55
NPO_209
NPO_1463
chromatography by separation mechanism
A chromatography technique classified based on the mechanism of separation.
FIX:0000610
unit of amount of substance
substance unit
NPO_1216
UO:0000006
A base unit which is a standardized quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition.
70
An "atom" with atomic number 70.
NPO_458
ytterbium atom
NPO_1055
A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 2+.
monoatomic dication
CHEBI:30412
nanoparticle formulation
NPO_868
A "nanomaterial" which describes a particulate, chemical substance that is formulated systematically using nanotechnology, and it contains nanoparticles and active chemical components / ingredients (molecular structures) .
Nanotechnology involves the application of scientific knowledge from multidisciplinary fields of science and engineering, towards understanding, manipulating and controlling the properties of matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) size dimensions.
NPO_481
small unilamellar vesicle
A "unilamellar vesicle", which has size less than 100 nm.
magnetic flux density unit
unit of magnetic flux density
A unit of measurement for magnetic flux density.
NPO_1164
NCIT:C2153
"Enzyme inhibitor" that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by interfering with the conversion of Dihydrofolate to Tetrahydrofolate, causing inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis and protein synthesis.
NPO_876
dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
necrosis
GO:0070265
NPO_1369
A cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
cellular necrosis
NPO_404
39
An "atom" with atomic number 39.
yttrium atom
ether
CHEBI:25698
NPO_230
An "ether" is an "organic compound" in which an oxygen atom is covalently bound to two carbon atoms. It has the structure R-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups.
NPO_1278
microsecond
µs
UO:0000029
A time unit which is equal to one millionth of a second or 10^[-6] s.
metal nanoparticle
NPO_1384
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of a metal.
silver
NPO_736
An "element" with atomic number 47.
NPO_1179
UO:0000009
kg
kilogram
A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France.
A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given solute per kilogram of solvent.
UO:0000067
NPO_1188
unit of molality
NPO_866
acryloyl derivative
acryloyl compound
An "acryloyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "acryloyl group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH=CH2, where R denotes an organic group.
other non-metal
A non-metal which is any of the following elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur.
NPO_220
NPO_878
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by visible light.
stimulus of visible light
selenium molecular entity
CHEBI:26628
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of selenium.
NPO_1100
multi-walled carbon nanotube
NPO_354
A "multi-walled nanotube" which consists of multiple graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer.
NPO_1298
UO:0000248
kV
kilovolt
maleimide derivative
NPO_530
A "maleimide derivative" is an "imide" derived from maleimide by replacing the hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen in maleimide by an organic group. It is characterized by the presence of a maleimide group.
praseodymium
NPO_579
An "element" with atomic number 59.
NPO_1529
bioavailability
Fraction of the administered dose which reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action.
dendrimer generation layer
NPO_224
A "molecular structure" which describes an interior layer, formed around the "dendrimer core" by the addition of "dendrimer branches".
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH.
Leu
2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
NPO_285
CHEBI:25017
leucine
NPO_1233
2-D extent
PATO:0001709
A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in two dimensions.
NPO_202
An organic compound or molecule which is characterized by the presence of a functional group.
organic functional class
CHEBI:33244
percent weight/weight
NPO_1324
A percentage unit of concentration which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture.
percent mass per mass
w/w %
% w/w
mass percentage
NCIT:C48528
UO:0000163
percent weight per weight
weight-weight percentage
60
neodymium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 60.
NPO_474
Group 9 Element
cobalt group element
An element of Group 9 of the periodic table.
NPO_630
ribonucleic acid
RNA
NPO_1003
A nucleic acid which is a derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine.
CHEBI:33697
heat generation in response to stimulus of infrared light
NPO_926
A "nanoparticle response to infrared light", which involves the generation of heat.
A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge 1-.
NPO_1043
CHEBI:33429
monoatomic monoanion
tumor cell migration
NCIT:C19151
NPO_319
Metastasis is the spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer. (NCI)
metastasis
Try
CHEBI:18186
NPO_906
tyrosine
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)-C(OH)=OH.
electromagnetic radiation quality
NPO_1385
PATO:0001291
A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with electromagnetic radiation.
Definition is partly based on ASTM E 2456-06 (Terminology for Nanotechnology).
A "nanomaterial" which is a particle with average size in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range; which has an identifiable and definite chemical composition, property or function that uniquely define the nanoparticle's type as known; and, which may or may not exhibit a size-intensive property.
nanoparticle
NPO_707
NPO_1553
fluorescent silica nanoparticle
A silica nanoparticle which has fluorescent property.
hydrogen
An "element" with atomic number 1.
NPO_520
An "atom" with atomic number 35.
35
NPO_812
bromine atom
mmole
NPO_1222
A substance unit equal to a thousandth of a mol or 10^[-3] mol.
millimole
UO:0000040
electric potential
NPO_1300
PATO:0001464
A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential.
NPO_1343
A quality inhering in a cell by virtue of its ability or inability to proliferate, grow, divide, or repair damaged cell components.
cell viability
NPO_432
An "element" with atomic number 49.
indium
polar aminoacid
An aminoacid which is polar in nature.
NPO_120
94
NPO_966
An "atom" with atomic number 94.
plutonium atom
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete]
cell cycle phase
NPO_999
GO:0022403
66
dysprosium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 66.
NPO_538
A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 6+.
monoatomic hexacation
NPO_1067
CHEBI:33423
69
NPO_806
thulium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 69.
copper oxide nanoparticle
NPO_1544
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of copper oxide.
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of platinum.
NPO_1140
platinum molecular entity
CHEBI:33749
NPO_1047
An anion of chlorine.
CHEBI:17996
chloride
NPO_1275
UO:0000003
A base unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence.
unit of time
time unit
A monoatomic tetracation of gadolinium.
CHEBI:37294
NPO_1071
gadolinium (4+) ion
unit of molarity
A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given substance per liter of solution.
UO:0000061
NPO_1187
NPO_944
Prefi: haloformyl-
Suffix: -oyl halide
acyl halide group
A "functional group" which has the structure R-C(=O)-X, where R denotes an organic group and X, a halogen atom. The group is characteristic of an acyl halide.
71
lutetium atom
NPO_587
An "atom" with atomic number 71.
NPO_722
palladium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 46.
46
A "covalent linkage" where an amide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
amide bond
amide linkage
NPO_626
a function "f" is a realizable dependent continuant;
it has a bearer which is an independent continuant;
instances of Function F have realizations; each realization is
a) a process in which the bearer is participant;
b) that It occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up or structure.
c) and this physical make-up is something which the bearer possesses because of how it came into being.
A "realizable entity" the manifestation of which is an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant) of a "continuant" entity in virtue of that entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for.
[definition source]: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.
A "realizable entity", which is a necessary function of the bearer, and it is realized as an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant).
NPO_316
function
Definition: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") the manifestation of which is an essentialy end-directed activity of a "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entity in virtue of that "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for.
wavelength
NPO_1346
PATO:0001242
A physical quality which is equal to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern.
A "material entity" which describes a "molecular entity" or part thereof, based on the chemical composition and/or connectivity between its constituent atoms; or a complex structure composed of molecular entities.
NPO_392
CHEBI:24431
molecular structure
technique
NPO_1405
A systematic procedure or a practical method which is used for accomplishing a task.
A molecular entity which consists of more than one atom.
polyatomic entity
NPO_1023
CHEBI:36357
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [source: EC:2.7.10]
NPO_217
protein tyrosine kinase activity
GO:0004713
NPO_437
Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to modify the expression of specific genes.
Anticancer drug that modifies expression of specific genes
NPO_182
An "element" with atomic number 103.
lawrencium
[definition source]: BFO
An "entity" that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants.
occurrent
perdurant
NPO_923
A "functional group" which contains a carboxylic ester bound to a primary or secondary or tertiary amine group. The group is characteristic of a carbamate ester compound.
carbamate ester group
NPO_986
NPO_1375
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of polymer.
polymer nanoparticle
polymeric nanoparticle
A "nanocantilever" which is composed of gold.
NPO_453
gold nanocantilever
NIR spectroscopy
NPO_1474
near-infrared spectroscopy
FIX:0000321
An infrared spectroscopy where the beam of light that irradiates the sample has wavelengths within the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A "carbonyl group" which is characteristic of a ketone wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via covalent bonds.
NPO_614
ketone group
NPO_276
aromatic
A "quality" inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of a cyclically conjugated molecular entity , with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure.
[definition source]: ChEBI
Definition of "aromatic" is based on that of an "aromatic compound" (CHEBI:33655)
fluid state
NPO_1501
Physical state which is characteristic of a fluid.
pH-sensitive linker
pH-sensitive spacer
NPO_963
A spacer, which can be cleaved in response to a change in pH of the solution containing that spacer.
NPO_622
An "atom" with atomic number 108.
108
hassium atom
10
NPO_246
An "atom" with atomic number 10.
neon atom
NPO_213
nickel atom
28
An "atom" with atomic number 28.
A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and two chlorine atoms.
NPO_608
CHEBI:27899
cisplatin
UO:0000023
A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g.
µg
NPO_1182
microgram
PATO:0000001
quality
NPO_445
A "dependent continuant" that is exhibited if it inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities.
For example, compound x is related to "organic compound" through the relation "presence of carbon"; here, the quality that inheres in compound x is "organic")
BFO Definition: A "snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant" ("specifically_dependent_continuant") that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property).
lithium
NPO_782
An "element" with atomic number 3.
PATO:0001681
NPO_1170
molar mass
A physical quality that inheres in a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules.
A "lipid membrane" which is two (lipid) molecules thick.
NPO_338
lipid bilayer
MESH: D008051
water-soluble
A "water solubility" quality that gives a molecule or a chemical substance, the ability to dissolve in water.
NPO_514
PATO:0001887
soluble in water
NPO_733
A pure substance which is made up of atoms with the same atomic number; hence it cannot be decomposed or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different substance, although it can be transmuted into an isotope (different number of neutrons but the same number of protons) through a nuclear reacion.
element
acryloyl group
NPO_215
CHEBI:48077
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-CH=CH2, and the group is characteristic of acryloyl compounds.
carboxylate group
NPO_831
A "functional group" derived by the removal of a hydrogen atom from a carboxylic acid, by virtue of which it has structure -C(=O)-[O-]. The group is characteristic of a carboxylate compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via a covalent bond between the oxygen atom and a carbon atom.
carboxylic ester linkage between organo hydroxy compound and acid anhydride
NPO_466
A "carboxylic ester linkage" which occurs between an organo hydroxy compound and an acid anhydride, through the participation of respective functional groups.
external stimulus for nanoparticle function
A "stimulus for nanoparticle function", which originates from a source that is outside of the the medium in which the nanoparticle is located.
NPO_717
NPO_484
surface of micelle
Surface of a micelle formed from polar head groups of constituting amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent.
NPO_482
A peptide compound in which a carbohydrate component is linked to a peptide component.
CHEBI:24396
glycopeptide
optical microscopy
A microscopy technique based on the use of optical microscope.
light microscopy
NPO_1431
NPO_1093
astatine molecular entity
CHEBI:37138
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of astatine.
NCIT:C633
NPO_874
melphalan
An L-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard.
An "element" with atomic number 104.
NPO_809
rutherfordium
A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M.
nanomolar
nM
UO:0000065
NPO_1210
NPO_356
A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to ultrasound.
nanoparticle response to ultrasound
A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of one or more atoms of the same element.
homoatomic
NPO_1019
A "covalent linkage" where an amidine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
NPO_238
amidine linkage
NPO_980
rutherfordium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 104.
104
An organic heterobicyclic compound which is composed partly or wholly of a pteridine ring system (a pyrimidine ring fused with a pyrazine ring).
pteridine compound
CHEBI:26373
NPO_900
NPO_791
aromatic aminoacid
An aminoacid which is aromatic in nature.
NPO_1272
kg/L
kilograms per liter
kilogram per liter
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in liters.
UO:0000165
volume percentage
percent volume per volume
percent volume/volume
NCIT:C48571
% vol
A percentage unit concentration which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution.
percent volume
% (v/v)
NPO_1325
NPO_448
An element of group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr).
alkali metal
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a vanadium group (Group-5) element.
vanadium group molecular entity
CHEBI:33746
NPO_1119
NPO_1409
in vitro assay
A bioassay conducted in an artificial environment (e.g., test tube) outside the body of a living organism, under controlled conditions.
NCIT:C15958
in vitro bioassay
NPO_518
An "element" with atomic number 79.
gold
Antineoplastic agent that binds to DNA to regulate mechanisms central to cellular function, including DNA replication and gene expression.
NCIT: C2842
NPO_939
DNA binding agent
dipole-induced dipole interaction
A "dipole-dipole interaction" between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule due to attraction between permanent dipole on the polar molecule and temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule is induced by the permanent dipole on the polar molecule.
NPO_343
It occurs when a non-polar molecule dissolves in a polar or a dipolar solvent under the assumption that the solute dissolves because the attractive force between the solvent and solute are stronger than the intermolecular forces, holding the non-polar solute molecules together.
[definition adapted from NCIT, WordNet, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/chromatography]
FIX:0000053
A separation technique for separation of mixtures, in which a mixture dissolved in a mobile liquid or gas medium, is passed hrough a stationary adsorbing medium to separate the components based on differential affinities of the components for the mobile medium and for the stationary medium.
NPO_1458
chromatography
An "atom" with atomic number 31.
gallium atom
NPO_483
31
NPO_503
CHEBI:35352
An organonitrogen compound is a heteroorganic compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
organonitrogen compound
particle diameter
Diameter which inheres in a particle.
NPO_1539
NPO_134
An organic compound which is derived from fluorescein by replacing a hydrogen atom of the benzene ring (the one that does not contain the hydroxyl groups), with an amine-reactive isothiocyanate group.
fluorescein isothiocyanate
CHEBI:37926
FITC
NPO_212
A "covalent linkage" where a sulfonamide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
sulfonamide linkage
NPO_760
A "material site", which describes a material layer surrounding the "core".
shell
A liquid chromatography technique in which the sample is forced by a liquid (mobile phase) at high pressure, through a column that is packed with a solid stationary phase.
high performance liquid chromatography
HPLC
NPO_1462
high pressure liquid chromatography
FIX:0000630
NCIT: C16434
An isotope which releases radiation as it breaks down.
NPO_1380
NCIT:C799
radioisotope
radionuclide
NCIT: C511
antifolate
"Antineoplastic antimetabolite" which interferes with folic acid metabolism by inhibiting one or more folate-dependent enzymes, resulting in decreased DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.This role inheres in a molecular entity that has a chemical structure similar to folic acid, a key component in cell proliferation,
folate antagonist
NPO_460
GO:0004672
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [source: MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN]
NPO_953
protein kinase activity
DNA replication
GO:0006260
NPO_142
DNA biosynthesis
DNA synthesis
A process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
surface attached agent
surface conjugated agent
A "molecule role in nanoparticle" which inheres in a molecular entity that is attached to other molecular entities (chemical components) on the surface of a nanoparticle. The agent interacts with other agents or molecules that come in contact with the nanoparticle.
nanoparticle surface agent
NPO_127
An "element" with atomic number 18.
argon
NPO_841
An "aldehyde" is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom, and one organic group or another hydrogen atom. It is characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group, and has the structure R-C(=O)H, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom.
CHEBI:17478
prefix: aldo-
suffix: -al
aldehyde
NPO_415
NPO_855
aliphatic aminoacid
An aminoacid which is aliphatic in nature.
5
An "atom" with atomic number 5.
boron atom
NPO_403
An "arylthioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and a fluorobenzene derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups.
arylthioether linkage between thiol and fluorobenzene derivative
NPO_175
Physical state which is characteristic of a powder.
NPO_1515
powdered state
M
A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L).
UO:0000062
molar
NPO_1207
NPO_1530
A parameter measured or calculated in a pharmacokinetic study.
pharmacokinetic parameter
PATO:0000011
age
NPO_1286
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long has existed.
FIX:0000608
liquid chromatography
LC
A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid.
NPO_1461
CHEBI:31355
NCIT: C1282
carboplatin
NPO_603
A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue.
A "functional group" which has the structure -E(=O)-NH2 or -E(=O)-NH- or -E(=O)-N(-)-, where E could denote one of the following atoms: carbon (C), sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P). The group is characteristic of an amide compound wherein it is attached to organic groups.
amide group
NPO_229
NPO_756
A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to infrared light.
nanoparticle response to infrared light
NCIT:C63807
A colloid in which both phases are liquids that are immiscible with each other.[source: WordNet 3.0]
emulsion
NPO_639
[source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com
NPO_250
A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using ultrasound imaging techniques.
CHEBI:37337
ultrasound imaging contrast agent
contrast agent in ultrasound imaging
ultrasound contrast agent
NPO_920
purine antagonist
purine inhibitor
NCIT:C1556
Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of purines.
disulfide linkage between two thiols
A "disulfide linkage" which occurs between two thiol compounds, through the participation of respective sulfhydryl groups.
NPO_887
An immunoglobulin isotype, which has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general. [Source: NCI]
NPO_1391
NCIT:C567
IgE
immunoglobulin E
NPO_549
Drug directed against a tumor cell to affect its division and function.
anticancer drug directed against tumor cell
CHEBI:38530
NPO_386
A quinazoline compound is a derivative of quinazoline.
quinazoline compound
An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carboxylic acid, through the participation of respective functional groups..
NPO_807
amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic acid
neptunium
NPO_727
An "element" with atomic number 93.
amine-reactive_and_sulfhydryl-reactive_crosslinker
NPO_983
A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has an amine-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end.
CHEBI:45863
MESH: D017239
Paclitaxel is isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree.
NCIT:C1411
A diterpenoid, which consists of a tetracyclic core called baccatin III, and an amide tail.
paclitaxel
NPO_860
aspect ratio
A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of longest and shortest dimensions of an object.
NPO_1365
NPO_207
The hydrophobic space within the lipid bilayer.
hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer
endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor
[definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus
NCIT: C2144
An "angiogenesis inhibitor" that acts by blocking the action of endothelial integrins. An endothelial-specific integrin/survival signaling inhibitor binds to and blocks the activity of endothelial-specific integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis.
NPO_616
survival signaling inhibitor
thioether group
A "functional group" which has the structure -S-. The group is characteristic of thioether wherein the sulfur atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds.
NPO_141
SFM
NCIT:C78804
[definition: adapted from NCIT, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, http://en.wikipedia.org]
atomic force microscope
scanning force microscope
A scanning probe microscope which consists of a microscale cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The probe is extremely close to - but does not touch-the surface. As the probe traverses the surface, attractive and repulsive forces arising between it and the atoms on the surface induce forces on the probe that bend the cantilever. The amount of bending is measured and recorded, providing a map of the atoms on the surface. Atomic force microscopes can achieve magnification of a factor of 5 × 10^6, with a resolution of 2 angstroms, sufficient to resolve individual carbon atoms.
NPO_1445
AFM
NPO_461
rod shape
rod
A cylinder with height greater than the cross-sectional diameter.
NCIT:C64352
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by ultraviolet light.
NPO_767
stimulus of ultraviolet light
NPO_643
fluorochrome
NCIT:C503
A "fluorescence imaging contrast agent" which is the role of a molecular entity that emits photons and becomes fluorescent, when it is excited by light of certain wavelength; therefore, it is suitable for use in fluorescence imaging applications.
An "element" with atomic number 76.
NPO_754
osmium
An "amidine group" which has the structure -C(=N-)-NH2. It is characteristic of a carboxamidine compound.
NPO_391
carboxamidine group
einsteinium
NPO_184
An "element" with atomic number 99.
NPO_170
protein amino acid binding
protein binding
GO:0005515
Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [source: GOC:go_curators]
NPO_968
8
oxygen atom
An "atom" with atomic number 8.
NPO_154
An "element" with atomic number 45.
rhodium
NPO_1512
Physical state which is characteristic of a crystal.
crystalline state
An oxide of iron.
iron oxide
NPO_273
A qualitative measure of acidity in the basic pH range.
basic
alkaline
NPO_1202
A "molecular structure" which is formed and held together by non-covalent interactions of molecules.
supramolecular structure
NPO_337
CHEBI:15428
Gln
aminoacetic acid
glycine
NPO_800
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH2-C(OH)=OH.
A nanoparticle which is loaded with gadolinium ions.
NPO_1569
gadolinium-loaded nanoparticle
NPO_251
calcium
An "element" with atomic number 20.
neon
NPO_328
An "element" with atomic number 10.
An antineoplastic agent, which inhibits the synthesis of DNA.
NPO_594
DNA synthesis inhibitor
An "atom" with atomic number 47.
silver atom
47
NPO_770
UO:0000226
NPO_1160
weber
Wb
V s
volt-second
A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to the amount of flux that when linked with a single turn of wire for an interval of one second will induce an electromotive force of one volt.
An "entity" that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
[definition source]: BFO
continuant
endurant
NPO_259
A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m.
NPO_1246
UO:0000018
nm
nanometer
An "atom" with atomic number 33.
NPO_808
33
arsenic atom
NPO_112
A "nanotube" which consists of multiple layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer.
multi-walled nanotube
CHEBI:27470
folic acid
A "pterin compound" which contains para-aminobenzoic acid and L-glutamate unit conjugated with the pterin structure.
NPO_422
unit of mass
mass unit
NPO_1172
A unit of measurement which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object.
UO:0000002
A type of nitrogen mustard.
cyclophosphamide
CHEBI:4027
NPO_890
size-exclusion chromatography
A chromatography technique which uses porous gels to separate solute molecules or particles based on size.
gel permeation chromatography
NCIT:C16433
FIX:0000626
GPC
gel filtration chromatography
SEC
NPO_1464
NPO_751
stimulus for nanoparticle function
A process which describes an action or event that triggers a specific function of a nanoparticle.
NPO_740
acyl bromide group
An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom."
sulfur
NPO_796
An "element" with atomic number 16.
chromium atom
NPO_934
24
An "atom" with atomic number 24.
tumor targeting
The process of directing a molecule or a particle to a specific location in a tumor.
NPO_605
targeting
NPO_1435
scanning tunneling microscopy
A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of scanning tunneling microscope.
A fluorescent silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure.
NPO_1562
fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticle
A "hydrazone linkage" which occurs between a carbohydrazide and a ketone, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_416
hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and ketone
An "atom" with atomic number 98.
californium atom
NPO_872
98
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gallium.
gallium molecular entity
CHEBI:37111
NPO_1107
Weight inhering in a tumor.
NPO_1220
tumor weight
inorganic cation
CHEBI:36915
NPO_1042
A cation which is inorganic.
A "thioyanate compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "thiocyanate group." It has the structure R-S-C#N, where R denotes an organic group.
thiocyanate
NPO_560
thiocyanate compound
A substance which has an ordered 3-dimensional structure due to the closely packed arrangement of constituting atoms, molecules or ions. As a result, the substance has a definite shape and volume, and the shape can be modified under application of a force.
NPO_834
solid
state of mixture
NPO_1505
Physical state which is characteristic of a mixture.
Outer surface of a liposome vesicle, formed by the polar head groups of lipid molecules that compose the lipid bilayer.
NPO_245
outer hydrophilic surface of liposome
property of nanoparticle
nanoparticle property
A quality which inheres in a nanoparticle.
s-block element
NPO_718
An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital.
An "element" with atomic number 83.
bismuth
NPO_688
CHEBI:22563
NPO_1030
anion
An ion which is negatively charged.
CHEBI:23377
NPO_1131
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of copper.
copper molecular entity
Period 4 Element
NPO_871
An element in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.
NPO_243
dysprosium
An "element" with atomic number 66.
stimulus of pH change
An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in pH of the medium.
NPO_653
N
NPO_1174
UO:0000108
A force unit which is equal to the force required to cause an acceleration of 1m/s2 of a mass of 1 Kg in the direction of the force.
Newton
NPO_1430
An electron microscopy technique based on the use of transmission electron microscope.
transmission electron microscopy
A "light source" at the top of the TEM emits the electrons that travel through vacuum in the column of the microscope. Instead of glass lenses focusing the light in the light microscope, the TEM uses electromagnetic lenses to focus the electrons into a very thin beam. The electron beam then travels through the specimen you want to study. Depending on the density of the material present, some of the electrons are scattered and disappear from the beam. At the bottom of the microscope the unscattered electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which gives rise to a "shadow image" of the specimen with its different parts displayed in varied darkness according to their density. The image can be studied directly by the operator or photographed with a camera. [source: http://Nobelprize.org]
TEM technique
NPO_1484
ultrasound imaging
NCIT:C17230
An imaging technique in which ultrasound (sound waves with frequency above the human hearing range) waves are bounced off tissues and the echoes produce a picture (sonogram).
A unit of measurement of which is dimensionless.
NPO_1154
dimensionless unit
iodoacetyl derivative
NPO_185
iodoacetyl compound
An "iodoacetyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "iodoacetyl group." It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH2-I, where R denotes an organic group or hydrogen atom.
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-O- and it is formally derived from carboxylic acid and organic hydroxy compound. The group is characteristic of a carboxylic ester compound wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds.
NPO_682
carboxylic ester group
54
An "atom" with atomic number 54.
NPO_862
xenon atom
CHEBI:33768
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a titanium group (Group-4) element.
NPO_1122
titanium group molecular entity
thickness
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
NPO_1230
PATO:0000915
NPO_524
The shell of a nanocapsule.
shell of nanocapsule
NPO_1203
acidic
A qualitative measure of acidity in the acidic pH range.
arginine
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
Arg
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(NH2)=NH)-C(OH)=OH
CHEBI:29016
NPO_875
An "element" with atomic number 111.
NPO_570
roentgenium
An "acyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an acyl group R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic group and the carbon atom is not bonded to a hydrogen atom or oxygen atom.
acyl compound
NPO_511
A "functional group" which is formally derived by the removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2 or -NH- or -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of an amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups.
NPO_696
amine group
amino group
An element of Group 2 of the periodic table.
Group 2 Element
NPO_625
NPO_1089
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bromine.
CHEBI:22928
bromine molecular entity
homoglycan
A "polysaccharide", which is composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
[definition source]: CHEBI
NPO_896
CHEBI:37164
homopolysaccharide
NPO_1287
PATO:0000146
temperature
A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.
EGFR binding
GO:0005154
epidermal growth factor receptor binding
TGF-alpha receptor binding
EGF receptor binding
transforming growth factor alpha receptor binding
NPO_165
Interacting selectively with the epidermal growth factor receptor. [source: GOC:ai]
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
His
NPO_329
An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2c1c[nH]cn1)-C(OH)=OH.
CHEBI:27570
histidine
phosphorus atom
15
NPO_710
An "atom" with atomic number 15.
carbamate linkage
A "covalent linkage" where a carbamate ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
carbamate ester linkage
NPO_456
strontium
NPO_107
An "element" with atomic number 38.
covalent interaction
covalent bond
NPO_149
An "intramolecular interaction" in which two atoms share one or more electron pairs.
tumor angiogenesis
NPO_1535
Angiogenesis which is the formation of new blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to a tumor for its growth and maintenance.
NCIT:C19361
iron group element
An element of Group 8 of the periodic table.
Group 8 Element
NPO_664
positive charge
An electric charge quality which signifies a deficiency of electrons in the bearer.
NPO_1305
positively charged
NPO_941
hydroxyl group
prefix: hydroxy
suffix: -ol
hydroxy group
CHEBI:43176
A "functional group", in which an oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom, and has the structure -OH. The group is characteristic of an organic hydroxy molecule wherein it is attached to a carbon atom via a single covalent bond.
NPO_645
A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata.
topotecan
isotope
NPO_973
A molecular structure which is one of two or more forms of atoms - of a chemical element-that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Hence an isotope differs from an atom in relative atomic mass and physical properties but not in chemical properties; an isotope is a radioactive form of element.
hollow core of nanocage
NPO_612
The hollow core region of a nanocage.
NPO_405
acyl azide group
The structure of an "acyl azide" is R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, in which an acyl group is bound to a diazonium group.
A "functional group" which has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes any organic group. The group is characteristic of acyl azide compounds.
An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in temperature.
stimulus of temperature change
NPO_811
NCIT:C18091
gel electrophoresis
Electrophoresis method used for separating molecules of proteins and nucleic acids from a sample mixture of similar molecules through a gelatinous matrix. Subject to an electric field, each molecule in the sample mixture migrates through the matrix at a different rate, depending mainly on electrical charge and size, resulting in spatial separation within the matrix of each molecular species in the sample mixture. Agarose and acrylamide in a cylindrical tube or slab gel are commonly used media for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids.
NPO_1419
A process that prevents or inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells.
antineoplastic activity
NPO_564
A cation which is organic.
CHEBI:25697
NPO_1041
organic cation
An "element" with atomic number 6.
NPO_857
carbon
UO:0000175
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters.
grams per liter
g/L
gram per liter
NPO_1271
GO:0003823
Interacting selectively with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen.
antigen binding
NPO_959
An "element" with atomic number 73.
NPO_288
tantalum
NPO_724
A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of a shell and a space, in which desired substances may be placed. It can be cylindrical or spherical in shape.
Nanocapsule
An "element" with atomic number 110.
darmstadtium
NPO_488
NPO_451
A "covalent linkage" where a thioester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
thioester linkage
An area unit which is equal to 10^[-18] m^[2].
NPO_1252
nm^[2]
square nanometer
NPO_833
The porous shell of a nanocage.
porous shell of nanocage
NPO_320
An ellipsoid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis or minor axis.
spheroid
A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence of dipole moments.
polar
NPO_410
A "molecular role" inhering in a protein molecule by virtue of the protein's function.
protein role
NPO_192
A transmission electron microscope which operates at an imaging mode that allows the imaging of the crystallographic structure of a sample at an atomic scale. In this mode, the transmitted and the diffracted beams of electrons are allowed to interfere to produce phase-contrast images.
HRTEM
[definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org]
high resolution transmission electron microscope
NPO_1452
solid lipid nanoparticle
A "nanoparticle" whuch is basically composed of solidified lipid molecules.
NPO_631
imine group
NPO_536
A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=N-)-. The group is the characteristic of an "imine."
surface property
A quality inhering in the surface of an object.
NPO_1364
TMP synthetase activity
thymidylate synthase activity
GO:0004799
thymidylate synthetase activity
NPO_820
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = dihydrofolate + dTMP. [source: EC:2.1.1.45]
methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity
dTMP synthase activity
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity
antineoplastic alkylating agent
DNA crosslinking agent, which alkylates DNA.
NPO_235
arsenic molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of arsenic.
CHEBI:22632
NPO_1094
NPO_1226
PATO:0001708
A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extension in one dimension.
1-D extent
A "polyketide" which has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
NPO_539
anthracycline
CHEBI:48120
ellipse
elliptical
elliptical shape
[definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI
NPO_850
A shape, which is a closed, curve whose path is traced by a point moving in a plane such that the sum of its respective distances from two fixed points (the ellipse's foci) is constant.
preferred name is borrowed from CHEBI:33259. But the term's definition is different from that of CHEBI:33259.
A polyatomic entity which consists of a single element.
homoatomic molecular entity
NPO_1025
NPO_799
An "element" with atomic number 74.
tungsten
stimulus of light
NPO_412
stimulus of electromagnetic radiation
An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by light.
A coordination compound which contains platinum as the central atom.
CHEBI:33862
NPO_297
platinum coordination compound
An "element" with atomic number 65.
terbium
NPO_775
An "isothiocyanate" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "isothiocyanate group." It has the structure R-N=C=S, where R denotes an organic group.
NPO_844
isothiocyanate
organic compound
organic molecule
organic compound or molecule
A compound or molecule, in which carbon is the principal element.
NPO_764
[definition source]: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html
electronegativity
NPO_421
A "quality" that measures the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself.
magnesium atom
An "atom" with atomic number 12.
NPO_977
12
cm^[3]/mole
UO:0000090
NPO_1262
A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic centimeter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.
cubic centimeter per mole
NPO_1503
Physical state which is characteristic of a vapor.
vapor state
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iron.
CHEBI:24873
iron molecular entity
NPO_1134
sample composition
NPO_1488
Composition of a sample.
An iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran.
iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran
NPO_1549
dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle
A nanoparticle which is basically composed of hydroxyapatite.
NPO_1568
hydroxyapatite nanoparticle
A "material site" which describes a nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter.
NPO_768
NCIT:C62343
[NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter.
nanopore
CHEBI:23849
Diterpenoid
A terpenoid which has a C20 skeleton.
NPO_659
polyatomic cation
CHEBI:33702
NPO_1040
A cation which consists of more than one atom.
A "covalent linkage" where an imine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
imine linkage
NPO_526
europium
An "element" with atomic number 63.
NPO_516
A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with doxorubicin.
NPO_145
adriamycin-loaded nanoparticle
doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle
NPO_1370
A nanoparticle which has magnetic property.
magnetic nanoparticle
double-walled carbon nanotube
A "double-walled nanotube" which consists of two graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer.
NPO_301
NCIT:C45304
suspension
A mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy.[source: WordNet 2008]
NPO_532
adriamycin
14-hydroxydaunorubicine
An "anthracycline" which is (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. It has a parent hydride, tetracene, and has substructures that classify it as a deoxy hexoside, and a quinone.
CHEBI:28748
NPO_788
doxorubicin
NPO_628
A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of having or not having the ability to be ionized.
ionizability
NPO_546
[definition source]: ChEBI
CHEBI:24870
A molecular entity that has a net electric charge.
ion
25
manganese atom
NPO_171
An "atom" with atomic number 25.
CHEBI:29105
A monoatomic dication of zinc.
zinc (2+) ion
NPO_1053
superparamagnetic
Magnetic quality -similar to paramagnetism - which is exhibited in materials when the temperature of the material is below the Curie temperature.
NPO_859
An "atom" with atomic number 13.
aluminium atom
13
NPO_103
acidity
A quality inhering in an entity by virtue of it containing acid (hydrogen ions).
NPO_1197
PATO:0001842
other metal
A metal which is any of the following elements: aluminium, bismuth, gallium, indium, lead, hallium, tin.
NPO_459
poor metal
NPO_706
calcium atom
20
An "atom" with atomic number 20.
NPO_1270
grams per cubic centimeter
g/cm^[3]
gram per cubic centimeter
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in cubic centimeters.
UO:0000084
An "element" with atomic number 5.
NPO_233
boron
NPO_132
sulfonyl chloride derivative
A "sulfonyl chloride derivative" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "sulfonyl chloride group." It has the structure R-S(=O)(=O)-Cl, where R denotes an organic group.
The amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow
NPO_1163
magnetic flux density
An "atom" with atomic number 90.
NPO_716
thorium atom
90
nanoparticle in sample
A nanoparticle which exists as part of a nanoparticle sample.
NPO_1491
A gaseous state of matter that is a solid or liquid at normal room temperature. [source:NCI]
NCIT:C63390
NPO_854
vapor
NPO_1099
CHEBI:25806
oxygen molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of oxygen.
thorium
An "element" with atomic number 90.
NPO_652
amount of substance
A physical property which denotes the amount of substance (matter).
NPO_1217
CHEBI:23003
NPO_828
A "carbamate ester" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "carbamate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-NH2 or R-O-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-O-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R, R', R" denote organic groups.
carbamate ester
An anion of fluorine.
CHEBI:17051
NPO_1048
fluoride
A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom."
bromo group
NPO_339
NPO_895
crystal
crystalline solid
A solid which is formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure.
NCIT:C61303
NCIT: C390
A "diagnostic imaging agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that is used during an imaging procedure to allow the delineation of biological structures in their images. Contrast agents appear opaque due to the difference in absorption of X-rays or other electromagnetic waves and surrounding tissue.
NPO_325
contrast agent
NPO_1037
organic anion
CHEBI:25696
An anion which is organic.
NPO_1417
centrifugation
A separation technique which uses a centrifuge to generate a centrifugal force for separating fluids of different densities from mixtures or for separating liquids from solids.
Da
A mass unit which is equal to one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the carbon-12 nuclide, at rest and in its ground state.
dalton
UO:0000221
NPO_1175
depth
A 1-D extent downward or backward or inward.
PATO:0001595
NPO_1232
NPO_399
A "quality" which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that lacks affinity for water; does not dissolve in or mix with water.
hydrophobicity
hydrophobic
PATO:0001885
An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one millionth of a volt or 10^[-6] V.
µV
NPO_1299
UO:0000249
microvolt
An "imine linkage" which occurs between a secondary amine and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups.
NPO_580
imine linkage between secondary amine and aldehyde
density
A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by its mass.
NPO_1273
PATO:0001019
CHEBI:22916
boron molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of boron.
NPO_1104
NPO_203
DNA topoisomerase type I activity
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle.
methotrexate-loaded nanoparticle
A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with methotrexate.
NPO_104
NPO_274
The spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance. [source: NCI, WordNet]
shape
"Quality" which exactly or approximately describes the external form or outline of something as distinct from its substance.
carbon molecular entity
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of carbon.
NPO_1113
NPO_351
A compound or molecule, in which carbon is not the principal element.
inorganic compound or molecule
inorganic molecule
inorganic compound
CHEBI:33422
A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 5+.
NPO_1066
monoatomic pentacation
lead atom
NPO_613
51
An "atom" with atomic number 51.
NPO_504
thioether linkage
A "covalent linkage" where a thioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups.
NPO_991
hafnium
An "element" with atomic number 72.
thiocyanate group
NPO_221
A "functional group" which has the structure N#C-S-. The group is characteristic of a thiocyanate organic molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond.
A "passive targeting" process, which describes the accumulation of particulate substances in angiogenic tumors due to enhanced permeability of particles across leaky tumor endothelium and retention of the particles inside the tumor due to its defective lymphatic drainage system.
[definition source]: Y. Matsumur and H. Maeda, "A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent Smancs," Cancer Research, 46, 6387-6392 (1986).
EPR
targeting of cancer cells via EPR
enhanced permeability and retention effect
NPO_837
CHEBI:29033
iron (2+) ion
A monoatomic dication of iron.
NPO_1057
GO:0051301
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. [source: GOC:go_curators]
cell division
NPO_545
volt
V
An electric potential difference unit which is equal to the work per unit charge. One volt is the potential difference required to move one coulomb of charge between two points in a circuit while using one joule of energy.
UO:0000218
NPO_1296
molecular component in dendrimer
A chemical component that is part of a dendrimer.
NPO_180
NPO_551
A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in which gold quantum dots are entrapped.
gold quantum dot-entrapped poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle
NPO_1031
An ion which is organic.
organic ion
CHEBI:25699
NCIT: C344
carbohydrate
The generic term 'carbohydrate' includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar' is frequently applied to monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
[definition source]: CHEBI
CHEBI:23008
MESH: D002241
NPO_423
A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is a capillary tube with diameter in the nanometer range. Nanopipettes made from standard quartz capillary tubes are known to detect single molecules which are labeled with gold nanoparticles.
NPO_447
nanopipette
NPO_1408
assay
A technique which is used to 1) analyze or measure (qualitatively/quantitatively) the composition and quality of a substance; or, 2) to analyze a process or activity.
NPO_755
metalloid
An element with properties between a metal and a non-metal.
A "covalent bond" in which the sharing of electron pair is unequal due to difference in the electronegativities of atoms that share the electron pair.
polar covalent bond
NPO_683
NPO_517
role is a realizable_entity whose manifestation brings about some result or end that is not typical of its bearer in virtue of the latter's physical structure. Rather role is played by an instance of the corresponding kind of continuant entity because this entity is in some special natural, social or institutional set of circumstances. (Source: Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.)
At the instance-level, a role y is filled by x which is an instance of an independent continuant( x which takes the role of y: x is the filler, y is the role). A role y has a context P (e.g. an occurrent in which x is a participant). Every role term has its own qualities and behavior, given the context.
role
[BFO definition]: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
A "realizable entity" the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a "continuant" in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of "continuant" in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
Van Der Waals Interaction
dipole-dipole interaction
An "intermolecular interaction" between molecules (polar or non-polar) due to attraction between permanent or temporary molecular dipoles.
NPO_582
68
erbium atom
NPO_967
An "atom" with atomic number 68.
NPO_651
An "element" with atomic number 88.
radium
An oxide of silicon.
NPO_1371
CHEBI:33327
silicon oxide
A heteroorganic compound is an organic compound in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
CHEBI:33285
heteroorganic molecule
heteroorganic entity
heteroorganic compound
NPO_293
NPO_1416
separation method
separation technique
A technique which is used to separate substances from mixtures.
CHEBI:33582
A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-14 element.
carbon group molecular entity
NPO_1088
NCIT:C73489
A colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid.[source: WordNet 2008]
NPO_835
sol
A relation which indicates the type of process that determines the value of a parameter.
parameter determined from
A relation that indicates the quantity associated with a unit of measure. It is an inverse relation of "has unit of measure".
unit of
has attached component part
has conjugated component part
A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component in a nanoparticle formulation is attached or chemically conjugated to some other chemical components of the same nanoparticle formulation by a method of attachment.
has application
A relation which indicates the application of an entity.
A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent that has other participating continuants, which holds iff at every time t an instance of the occurrent is created, there is at least one instance of the continuant participating in it at time t1 > t, and it is formed / derived from the instances of those continuants that participate at time t.
has output participant
A relation which indicates that the type of instrument used in a process.
uses instrument
A relationship that indicates the response caused by a stimulus. (e.g., the response caused by the action of a stimulus on a nanoparticle)
stimulus causes response
A relationship to indicate that a class is related to another class.
has relation to
A relation which indicates the technique used for accomplishing a purpose.
has technique
technique used for
A relation which indicates the process for which the technique is used.
has unit of measure
A relation which indicates the unit of a measured quantity.
has unit
A relation between a quality and its bearer.
quality inheres in
A relation which indicates the property described by a characterization process.
describes property
inhibits
Relation between a continuant and a process that is inhibited by the continuant.
blocks
Relation between an independent continuant and a role.
has role
e.g., X (molecular entity) has_role Y (role), i.e, X fills the role of Y
[source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006)
If C is an independent continuant and C1 a role continuant class, then C has_role R1 means that every instance of C fills some instances of role C1 everytime the role is realized in a particular context.
A relation which indicates the type of process that determines a qualitative or quantitative measure of the property.
property determined from
A relationship to indicate that one atom has a covalent bond with another atom.
has bond with
A relation which indicates the quality inhering in an entity. It is a general relation between any class and subclasses of Quality.
has quality
has participant
If P is an occurrent class and C a continuant class, then P has_participant C means that every instance of P involves some instances of C as participants.
[formal definition]: P has_participant C hold true, if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that c instantiates C at t and p has participant c at t.
Examples:
nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has_participant drug-loaded nanoparticle
(source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005)
A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the occurrent is created, it has atleast one instance of the continuant participating in it at the same time.
has function
A relationship that indicates the function inhering in an entity.
A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) becomes encapsulated - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of encapsulation.
has encapsulated component part
A relationship that indicates the function of a continuant, realized as a process.
has function realized as process
A relationship to indicate that one atom has a triple covalent bond with another atom.
has triple bond with
A relationship to indicate tnat one atom has a single covalent bond with another atom.
has single bond with
has double bond with
A relationship to indicate that one atom has a double covalent bond with another atom.
participates in
A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the continuant is created, it participates in atleast one instance of the occurrent at the same time.
[source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006)
If C is a continuant class and P an occurrent class, then C participates_in P means that every instance of C participates in some instances of P.
[formal definition]: C participates_in P if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C there is some occurrent p, and some time t, such that p instantiates P and c participates in p at t.
Example:
catalyst participates_in catalytic reaction
fluorometer participates_in measurement of fluorescence intensity
is_participant_of
is composed of
has component part
A relation used between material continuants where one is composed of the other. In the NPO, this relation is used mostly for representing the composition of nanoparticle formulations or nanoparticles.
C has_component_part C1, means that every instance c of C is prepared from some instances c1 of C1 and a significant material portion of c1 becomes part of the constituting material of c when c begins to exist.
A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) is entrapped - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of entrapment.
has entrapped component part
function of
A relationship that indicates the bearer inhering a function.
A relationship between a continuant and a process that is regulated by the continuant.
regulates
If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P has_part P1 means that every instance of P has part some instances of P1.
[formal definition]:P has_part P1 if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some occurrent p1 that instantiates P1 such that p1 is part of p.
Examples:
covalent linkage has_part covalent interaction
visualization of cellular uptake of nanoparticles has_part imaging of nanoparticles
If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C has_part C1 means that every instance of C at any time has part some instances of C1 at the same time.
[formal definition]: C has_part C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c1 is part of c at t.
Examples:
fluorescein isothiocyanate has_part isothiocyanate group
gold quantum dot has_part gold
core-shell nanoparticle has_part core
core-shell nanoparticle has_part shell
(source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005)
has part
Transitive parthood relation in which one entity has itself, or another entity as a part, and the relation is valid for use only between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent.
Transitive parthood relation in which one entity is part of another entity, and the relation is valid for use between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent.
part of
is part of
[source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005)
If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P part_of P1 means that every instance of P is part of some instances of P1.
[formal definition]: P part_of P1 holds true if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some process p1 that instantiates P1 such that p is part of p1.
Examples:
drug release from nanoparticle during systemic circulation part_of systemic circulation of drug-loaded nanoparticle
If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C part_of C1 means that every instance of C (c) at any time is part of some instances of C1 (c1) at the same time []. Note that whenever we read "some instances" it should be understood as reading "one or more instances".
[formal definition]: C part_of C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c is part of c1 at t.
Examples:
carboxyl group part_of carboxylic acid
dendrimer generation layer part_of dendrimer
hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer part_of lipid bilayer
hollow core of nanocage part_of nanocage
A parthood relation that holds when C is part of C and C1 has part C, where C and C1 are continuant classes.
is integral part of
e.g.,carbon atom is_integral_part_of carbon (carbon is_a element)
[source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005)
atomic number
The number of protons in an atom.
It begins with the prefix "NPO_" followed by a number (e.g., NPO_250). The smallest code value is NPO_100 of class Cylinder.
The property code is used to indicate a unique identification code for every class in the NPO.
code
preferred_name
The property preferred name is used to indicate the preferred name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO.
definition
The property definition is used to indicate the meaning or definition of a class or a class-level association in the NPO.
The property synonym is used to indicate an alternate name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO.
synonym
The property dBXrefID is used to indicate the reference ID of a class from an external CV / ontology / database.
dBXrefID