format-version: 1.2 data-version: 7.48 date: 15:12:2018 20:13 saved-by: gthayman auto-generated-by: --RGD OBO FILE GENERATOR -- ver. 1.3.5 -- 2018-08-20 -- default-namespace: pathway ontology: pw [Term] id: PW:0000000 name: term zero is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000001 name: pathway def: "A pathway is a set of inter-connected reactions and interactions whose delineation and scope are used as a model for exploring and studying, describing and understanding the working of and relationships between biomolecules within a context." [] [Term] id: PW:0000002 name: classic metabolic pathway def: "The various, enzyme controlled, series of reactions allowing for the conversion of materials, energy availability and biodegradation of xenobiotics." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com/] comment: The definition was compiled based on a number of available defintions in various dictionaries. is_a: PW:0000001 ! pathway [Term] id: PW:0000003 name: signaling pathway def: "The pathways where a signal - hormone, neurotransmitter, growth factor, peptide, any molecule - triggers one or multiple cascades of events. This involves a number of molecules, including receptors, proteins, ligands, messengers, any participating molecule. A signaling pathway may be upstream or downstream of other signaling pathways. Signaling pathways control a very broad spectrum of processes as well as pathways." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: The definition was compiled based on a number of definitions available in various dictionaries. is_a: PW:0000001 ! pathway [Term] id: PW:0000004 name: regulatory pathway def: "The pathways that control the processes by which a cell or organism develops, adjusts, behaves, responds to conditions or changes in these conditions, or in any manner helps promote and maintain its efficient functioning." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: The definition was complied based on a number of definitions available in several dictionaries is_a: PW:0000001 ! pathway [Term] id: PW:0000005 name: carbohydrate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions and pathways involved in the oxidation, breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates in the tissue. The breakdown can be utilized by the body for energy production. The converse synthesis is used for energy storage." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: The definition was compiled using the Online Medical dictionary and the Stedman's medical dictionary available at OneLook is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000006 name: Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway def: "The Ras superfamily consists of a diverse group of small, monomeric G proteins that function as molecular switches alternating between the GDP-inactive and the GTP-active bound state. The GTP-bound form can interact with many downstream effectors. Ras superfamily controls a broad spectrum of processes; deregulation of Ras cascades has been linked to several forms of cancer. The superfamily is structurally classified in five families." [GO:0007265, PMID:11027944, PMID:11152757] comment: Numerous articles contributed to this definition, too many to cite independently. synonym: "monomeric G protein mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000125 ! G protein mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000007 name: mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway def: "The mitogen -activated protein kinase pathway groups several serine/threonine protein kinases mediated cascades in response to a number of extracellular stimuli. A characteristic feature of these cascades is the presence of at least three kinases in series leading to the activation of a multifunctional MAP kinase." [GO:0000165, KEGG:map04010, PMID:14570565, PMID:14976517, PMID:17229475, PMID:17306385, Reactome:REACT_634.5] synonym: "KEGG:04010" RELATED [] synonym: "MAPK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000008 name: Wnt signaling pathway def: "The secreted glycoproteins of the Wnt family regulate a wide spectrum of developmental processes and they are also playing important roles in the adult organism. Deregulation of Wnt cascades has oncogenic effects and is responsible for tumorigenesis in adults." [PMID:12573432, PMID:15001769, PMID:15041171] synonym: "KEGG:04310" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development is_a: PW:0000656 ! glycoprotein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000009 name: apoptotic cell death pathway def: "Apoptosis is a programmed cell death pathway that is characterized by particular morphological features such as membrane blebbing and DNA fragmentation. It can be intrinsic or extrinsic and involves the activation of caspases." [GO:0006915, KEGG:map04210, PMID:12196263, PMID:18414491] synonym: "KEGG:04210" RELATED [] synonym: "programmed cell death pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Reactome:R-HSA-109581" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001557 ! programmed cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000010 name: lipid metabolic pathway def: "The metabolic reactions involved in the oxidation, utilization and/or synthesis of lipids in the tissues." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000011 name: amino acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of the primary or standard 20 amino acids found in proteins. Amino acids are described as non-essential or essential depending on whether humans can or can not synthesize them, respectively. Chemically, they are classified based on the polarity of their side chain or R group, as non-polar and hydrophobic and hydrophilic and charged or polar uncharged. Amino acid metabolic pathways are also listed with their KEGG entries." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg/, MCW library:Handbooks of Biochemistry] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000012 name: nucleotide metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of nucleotides. Nucleotides, which are the units of DNA and RNA, can also play important roles in cellular energy, enzyme regulation as well as serve as signaling molecules." [PMID:20561600, PMID:21222015] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000013 name: disease pathway def: "Complex human diseases encompass a spectrum of genetic and environmental attributes that together affect the normal functioning of several molecular and cellular pathways. Their combined and accumulated effect is manifested in the anomalous phenotype of the complex condition." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] synonym: "complex human diseases" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000001 ! pathway [Term] id: PW:0000014 name: neurodegenerative pathway def: "Neurodegenerative diseases group together a number of conditions of various and many times poorly understood origins that are characterized by the progressive loss of particular neurons, the formation of particular structures such as plaques and fibrils, and protein aggregates. Proteosomal degradation, programmed cell death and oxidative stress are among a number of pathways thought to be disrupted." [inHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] synonym: "neurodegenerative disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001412 ! nervous system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000015 name: Alzheimer's disease pathway def: "A mostly sporadic, late-onset condition affecting the central nervous system, that is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia. It is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and fibril tangles. Possible pathways affected range from protein mis-folding and aggregation, to oxidative stress and impaired metal homeostasis." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary, KEGG:map05010] synonym: "Alzheimer disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05010" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000014 ! neurodegenerative pathway [Term] id: PW:0000016 name: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathway def: "A late onset, mostly sporadic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Various pathways are thought to be deregulated and contribute to the condition; among them calcium and/or zinc homeostasis, apoptosis, Cdk5 and calcineurin dependent processes, and in the case of the more rare, genetically inherited form of the disease, mutations in the cytosolic Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and the subsequent changes in the processes that involve SOD1." [InHouse:In House PW dictionary, KEGG:map05014] synonym: "ALS pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05014" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000014 ! neurodegenerative pathway [Term] id: PW:0000017 name: Huntington's disease pathway def: "An autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease manifesting in movement, cognitive and psychiatric disorders caused by the abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch in the Huntingtin (HTT) protein. It mostly affects the caudate-putamen striatal neurons. Other areas are also affected and undergo a size reduction. HTT is thought to be involved in several cellular pathways. Its functions are overcome by the mutant protein mHTT." [PMID:26938440] synonym: "HD pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Huntington's chorea pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Huntington disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05016" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000171 ! polyglutamine repeat pathway [Term] id: PW:0000018 name: Parkinson's disease pathway def: "One of the most common neurodegenerative diseases that is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions called Lewy bodies in surrounding neurons. Several pathways are thought to be deregulated; for instance, imbalance of iron homeostasis is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of the condition." [KEGG:map05012, PMID:18052765, PMID:19422283] synonym: "KEGG:05012" RELATED [] synonym: "paralysis agitans pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Parkinson disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000014 ! neurodegenerative pathway [Term] id: PW:0000019 name: prion disease pathway def: "Prion disease - any of a group of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormalities of prion protein metabolism, which may result from mutations in the prion protein gene or from infection with pathogenic isoforms of the protein. Characteristics include neuronal loss, gliosis, and extensive vacuolization of the cerebral cortex. Prion diseases may be sporadic, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, or acquired. Human diseases include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Strussler syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, and kuru" [KEGG:map05020, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05020" RELATED [] synonym: "prion protein disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "spongiform encephalopathy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "transmissible spongiform encephalopathy pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000014 ! neurodegenerative pathway [Term] id: PW:0000020 name: cardiovascular system disease pathway def: "Cardiovascular diseases represent a very broad spectrum of conditions that can also combine with diabetes and renal failure." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000021 name: hypertension pathway def: "Hypertension, high arterial blood pressure: various criteria for its threshold have been suggested, ranging from 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic to as high as 200 mm Hg systolic and 110 mm Hg diastolic. Hypertension may have no known cause (essential or idiopathic h.) or be associated with other primary diseases (secondary h.)." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000020 ! cardiovascular system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000022 name: cardiomyopathy pathway def: "Cardiomyopathy - a general diagnostic term designating primary noninflammatory disease of the heart muscle, often of obscure or unknown etiology and not the result of ischemic, hypertensive, congenital, valvular, or pericardial disease. It is usually subdivided into dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy (1). Cardiomyopathy is the deterioration of the cardiac muscle of the heart wall." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000020 ! cardiovascular system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000023 name: immune response pathway def: "The Immune response pathways mediate the defense of host cells against infection and injury. The first line of defense is provided by the phylogenetically older innate immune response. The later, more versatile response is provided by the pathways of adaptive immunity: the B cell mediated humoral and the T cell mediated cellular or cell-mediated responses." [GO:0006955, MCW library:Handbook of cellular and molecular immunology, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000024 name: inflammatory response pathway def: "Inflammation is the cellular response of the innate immune system to infection or injury. Sensing of infection by pattern recognition receptors triggers signaling cascades leading to the expression of mediator genes such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines." [GO:0006954, MCW library:Cellular and molecular immunology\, by Abbas\, Abul K, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:15364056, PMID:16226680, PMID:16281932, PMID:20303867, PMID:20303872] synonym: "CLR signaling pathway" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000234 ! innate immune response pathway [Term] id: PW:0000025 name: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvate or in the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as pyruvate, lactate, citric acid cycle intermediates, the carbon skeleton of many amino acids. While many enzymes are shared by the two pathways, a few steps are carried out by pathway-specific enzymes. The two pathways are independently regulated." [KEGG:map00010] synonym: "KEGG:00010" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000026 name: citric acid cycle pathway def: "The series of chemical reactions that are central to all aerobic cells and constitute the citric acid cycle. Also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Krebs cycle, it is the center of convergence for all molecular fuels." [GO:0006099, KEGG:map00020, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Reactome:REACT_1046.3] synonym: "KEGG:00020" RELATED [] synonym: "Krebs cycle pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00057" RELATED [] synonym: "TCA cycle pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "tricarboxylic cycle pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000027 name: glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation glutamic acid/glutamate. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: Definition compiled based on the information available for glutamate at OneLook synonym: "SMP:00072" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000445 ! excitatory neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000028 name: alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of alanine, aspartate and glutamate." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: The definition was compiled based on the information on alanine and aspartate available at OneLook. synonym: "KEGG:00250" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000029 name: fatty acid biosynthetic pathway alt_id: PW:0000030 def: "Acetyl-CoA, the starting material for fatty acid biosynthesis, can be derived from amino acid and lipid degradation or the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Fatty acid biosynthesis involves the condensation of C2 units; it requires seven enzymatic reactions which are carried out by the multifunctional enzyme fatty acid synthase." [PMID:11248039, PMID:8001737] synonym: "KEGG:00061" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00456" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000058 ! fatty acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000031 name: purine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of purines. Purines consist of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. The nucleobases adenine and guanine in DNA are purines." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00230" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00050" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000012 ! nucleotide metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000032 name: pyrimidine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of pyrimidines. Cytosine, thymine and uracil - the nucleobases found in nucleic acids, are pyrimidine derivatives." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00240" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00046" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000012 ! nucleotide metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000033 name: energy metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions and pathways whose role is to release or provide energy." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000034 name: electron transport chain pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions thereby the electrons derived from the oxidation of glucose and lipids or the degradation of amino acids, are passed to oxygen via a series of series of spatially separated complexes. The energy derived generates an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. The coupling between the electron transport chain, also known as the respiratory chain and the ATP biosynthetic pathway is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Under certain circumstances the two may be uncoupled." [GO:0022904, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:19760284, PMID:21625217] synonym: "ETC pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "respiratory chain pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00355" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0001059 ! oxidative phosphorylation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000035 name: ATP biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP synthesis is coupled to the electron transfer or respiratory chain pathway which generates an electrochemical gradient that drives the phosphorylation of ADP. The coupling of the two pathways is called oxidative phosphorylation. Under certain circumstances however, the two may be uncoupled." [GO:0006754, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:19760284, PMID:21625217] relationship: part_of PW:0001059 ! oxidative phosphorylation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000036 name: nitrogen metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions in the nitrogen cycle carried out by various microorganisms." [KEGG:map00910] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000037 name: sulfur metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving sulfur - a component of methionine and cysteine amino acids and of co-enzymes and vitamins. It also serves as electron donor in anaerobic respiration. Microorganisms and plants can incorporate inorganic sulfate into bioinorganic compounds; higher organisms derive them from diet." [KEGG:map00920, PMID:16143557, Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_metabolism] synonym: "KEGG:00920" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000038 name: Sterol, vitamin K, vitamine E and cartenoids biosynthesis def: "OBSOLETE. Originally found at KEGG, the term has since been deleted." [PW dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000039 name: bile acid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of bile acid - any of the steroid carboxylic acids derived from cholesterol. Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids are the primary bile acids and are formed in the liver. Secondary bile acids - deoxycholic and lithocholic - are formed from the primary bile acids through the action of intestinal bacteria. Bile acid also acts as a signal molecule via several nuclear receptors." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:22414897] synonym: "KEGG:00120" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00035" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001304 ! cholesterol metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000040 name: steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. Steroid hormone metabolism is extremely complex and its molecular details are incompletely understood. De novo steroid biosynthesis is confined to very few tissues, primarily the adrenals, the gonads and the placenta." [KEGG:map00140, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17926129] synonym: "KEGG:00140" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00130" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001152 ! steroid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001305 ! steroid hormone metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000041 name: fructose and mannose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of fructose and mannose, as depicted in the KEGG diagram." [KEGG:map00051, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00051" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00064" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000042 name: galactose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of galactose - an aldohexose epimeric with glucose at the 4 carbon. Galactose is a component of lactose and other oligosaccharides, cerebrosides and gangliosides, and of various glycolipids and glycoproteins." [GO:0006012, KEGG:map00052, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00052" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00043" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000043 name: pyruvate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of pyruvate - a salt, ester, or anionic form of pyruvic acid. Pyruvate, which is the end-product of glycolysis can be converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions, can be further oxidized via the Krebs or citrate cycle or can be converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis." [GO:0006090, KEGG:00620, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Reactome:REACT_2071.3] synonym: "KEGG:00620" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00060" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000556 ! glucose oxidation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000044 name: Duplicated Glutamate Metabolism term def: "OBSOLETE. Duplicated term. Use PW:0000027." [PW dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000045 name: pentose phosphate pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the generation of reducing equivalents and five carbon (pentose) sugars. The oxidative phase is irreversible; the non-oxidative is reversible." [GO:0006098, KEGG:map00030, OneLook:www.oneloook.com, Reactome:REACT_1859.1] synonym: "hexose monophosphate pathway (shunt)" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:00030" RELATED [] synonym: "pentose phosphate shunt" RELATED [] synonym: "phosphogluconate pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00031" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000046 name: inositol metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of inositol, a cyclic sugar alcohol occurring in a number of stereoisomers of which the myo-inositol is the most prominent form. myo-inositol provides a structural basis for compounds such as inositol phosphates and phosphatidylinositols which are secondary messengers in several signaling pathways." [GO:0006020, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "SMP:00011" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000047 name: glycine, serine and threonine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of glycine, serine and threonine and which are intimately connected with serine being synthesized from glycine and threonine." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: Definition compiled based on the information available at oneLook synonym: "KEGG:00260" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000048 name: methionine cycle/metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis (remethylation), utilization and/or degradation of methionine, an essential amino acid for humans. The cycle produces S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), the major methyl donor for proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other small molecules. The cycle also produces homocysteine (Hcy) which either regenerates methionine via the remethylation pathway or leads to the synthesis of cysteine and derivatives via the transsulfuration pathway. Homocysteine and folate metabolic pathways are intimately related to the methionine cycle." [MCW library book:Homocysteine in Health and Disease] synonym: "SMP:00033" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001693 ! S-adenosylmethionine homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000049 name: cysteine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of cysteine, a non-essential amino acid that could be essential in certain cases. Its side chain contains a sulfhydryl group that is readily oxidized to form the cystine dimer covalently linked by a disulfide bond." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: Reference compiled based on the information available at OneLook for cysteine. synonym: "SMP:00013" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000050 name: arginine and proline metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of arginine - an essential amino acid - and proline - an amino acid that can play important roles in protein secondary structure." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: Definition compiled based on the information on arginine and proline available at OneLook synonym: "KEGG:00330" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00020" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000051 name: histidine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of histidine, an essential amino acid which can act as either a proton donor or a proton acceptor. While the synthesis and degradation pathways of histidine are present in microorganisms, histidine can be acted upon by eukaryotic enzymes. Histidine is the precursor of histamine, involved in immune responses and also acting as a neurotransmitter." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00340" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00044" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000052 name: tyrosine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of tyrosine - a non-essential amino acid produced from phenylalanine and precursor of thyroid hormones, catecholamines and melanin. Along with phenylalanine and tryptophan is one of the three aromatic amino acids." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine] synonym: "KEGG:00350" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00006" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000053 name: phenylalanine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of phenylalanine, an essential amino acid. Along with tyrosine and tryptophan is one of the three aromatic amino acids." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00360" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000054 name: tryptophan metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions that are involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of tryptophan - a dietary essential amino acid and precursor for several important compounds. Along with phenylalanine and tyrosine is one of the three aromatic amino acids." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan] synonym: "KEGG:00380" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00063" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000055 name: nucleotide sugar metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of nucleotide sugars. Nucleotide sugars are glycosyl donors usually classified depending on the type of the nucleoside forming them. Several are used in animals and many others can be found in plants and bacteria." [InHouse:PW dictionary, KEGG:map00520] synonym: "KEGG:00520" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00010" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000056 name: photosynthesis pathway def: "A chemical combination caused by the action of light; specifically the formation of carbohydrates (with release of molecular oxygen) from carbon dioxide and water in the chlorophyll tissue of plants and blue-green algae under the influence of light. In bacteria, photosynthesis employs hydrogen sulfide, molecular hydrogen, and other reduced compounds in place of water, so that molecular oxygen is not released." [GO:0015979, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000057 name: carbon fixation pathway def: "The pathway thereby photosynthetic organisms such as plants and cyanobacteria convert inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (usually carbohydrates)." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000058 name: fatty acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of fatty acids - any long-chain monobasic organic acid." [GO:0006631, KEGG:map00071] synonym: "KEGG:00071" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00051" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000059 name: signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system def: "Those signaling pathways that are involved in or mediate the various aspects of nervous system and/or brain function." [] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000060 name: long term potentiation def: "Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a strengthening of the synapse that can last from hours to days and months. It is thought to underlie information storage and constitute the cellular basis of learning and memory. LTP engages numerous cascades of events on either side of the synapse and is accompanied by changes in gene expression." [Dorland's:www.onelook.com, GO:0060291, KEGG:map04720] synonym: "KEGG:04720" RELATED [] synonym: "LTP" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000455 ! excitatory synaptic transmission pathway [Term] id: PW:0000061 name: long term depression def: "Long term depression is a weakening of a synapse that lasts hours to days. It results from either strong synaptic stimulation (as in the cerebellum) or to weak synaptic stimulation (as in the hippocampus), and engages several cascades." [GO:0060292, KEGG:map04730, OneLook:www.onelook.com] comment: Adapted from Wikipedia at OneLook synonym: "KEGG:04730" RELATED [] synonym: "LTD" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000455 ! excitatory synaptic transmission pathway [Term] id: PW:0000062 name: ascorbate and aldarate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of ascorbate and aldarate, as depicted in the KEGG diagram." [KEGG:map00053, OneLook:www\,onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00053" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000063 name: glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate, as depicted in the KEGG diagram." [KEGG:map00630] synonym: "KEGG:00630" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000064 name: propanoate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of propanoate - any salt or ester of propanoic or propionic acid. Several propanoates are used in the food industry." [KEGG:map00640, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Web:http\://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-04/nomencla1.htm] synonym: "KEGG:00640" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00016" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000065 name: butanoate metabolic pathway def: "Those reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of butanoate - an ester or salt of n-Butyric acid. Various butanoates are used as ingredients in flavoring and perfumery." [KEGG:map00650, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "butyrate metabolic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:00650" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00073" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000066 name: C5-branched dibasic acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000067 name: reductive carboxylate cycle - CO2 fixation pathway def: "Those reactions involved in carbon dioxide fixation - the reductive carboxylate cycle (CO2 fixation) - the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to organic carbon compounds, as in photosynthesis." [KEGG:map00720, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000068 name: methane metabolic pathway def: "Those pathways used by methanotrophs and the methanogens that metabolize methane as the sole carbon source or as byproduct." [GO:0015947, KEGG:map00680, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000069 name: ketone bodies metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization or degradation of ketone bodies. The chemicals acetoacetate, acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate are collectively known as ketone bodies, although only the first two are ketones. They provide fuel for heart and skeletal muscle and for the brain during starvation. Excessive accumulation of these acidic chemicals leads to dangerous diabetic conditions known as ketoacidosis." [GO:0046950, KEGG:map00072, MCW Libraries:QU4 V876f 2008, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Reactome:REACT_1861.3] comment: The definition was compiled using the information from a number of biological/medical dictionaries available at OneLook synonym: "KEGG:00072" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00071" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000058 ! fatty acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000070 name: C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of C21-steroid hormones. Pregnenolone, the first C21 steroid derived from cholesterol, and progesterone, to which pregnenolone can be converted, provide the starting material for the biosynthesis of C21, C19 and C18 steroid hormones. The C21 class includes glucocorticoids such as cortisol and mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are collectively referred to as corticosteroids." [KEGG:map00140, PMID:17926129] synonym: "corticosteroid biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000040 ! steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000071 name: valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of valine, leucine and isoleucine - the three, dietary essential, branched amino acids." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00280" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00032" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000072 name: valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine - the three, dietary essential, branched amino acids." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00290" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000073 name: lysine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of lysine. In mammals, lysine is metabolized to acetyl-CoA. A derivative of lysine, allysine, is used in the production of elastin and collagen." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine] synonym: "KEGG:00310" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00037" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000074 name: lysine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of lysine - an essential amino acid. In plants and bacteria it is synthesized from aspartate." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine] synonym: "KEGG:00300" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000075 name: phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan and which are intimately related. Although the body can not manufacture phenylalanine on its own, phenylalanine is the precursor of tyrosine. Phenylalanine together with tryptophan governs the release of an intestinal hormone - cholecystokinin." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00400" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) [Term] id: PW:0000076 name: urea cycle pathway def: "The series of metabolic reactions, occurring in the liver, by which the ammonia derived from the breakdown of amino acids combines with carbon dioxide to form urea." [PMID:12055339] synonym: "SMP:00059" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000011 ! amino acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000077 name: beta-alanine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of beta-alanine. Beta-alanine is an amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Beta-alanine is not used in the synthesis of proteins but is a component of natural peptides, vitamins such as vitamin B5 and of coenzyme. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported." [GO:0019482, KEGG:map00410, Onelook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00410" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00007" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000078 name: cyanoamino acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving cyanoamino acid, amino acid derivatives that contain a cyanide group." [GO:0033052, KEGG:map00460] synonym: "KEGG:00460" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000079 name: Duplicated Selenoamino acid metabolism term def: "OBSOLETE. Duplicated term. Use PW:0000133" [PW dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000080 name: Duplicated term - Selenoamino acid metabolism def: "OBSOLETE. Duplicated term. Use PW:0000133" [PW dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000081 name: D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving D-glutamine and D-glutamate as depicted in the KEGG diagram. D-glutamic acid is naturally found primarily in the cell wall of certain bacteria." [Human Metabolome Database:HMDB03339, KEGG:map00471] synonym: "KEGG:00471" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000082 name: D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving D-arginine and D-ornithine as depicted in the KEGG diagram." [KEGG:map00472] synonym: "KEGG:00472" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000083 name: D-alanine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of alanine. D-alanine can be found in bacterial cell wall and in some peptide antibiotics." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000084 name: Duplicated glutathione metabolism term def: "OBSOLETE. Duplicated term. Use PW:0000134" [PW dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000085 name: pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis def: "Those pathways involved in and/or controlling DNA replication, cell cycle, DNA repair and maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis." [Handbook:Handbook of Biochemistry] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000086 name: cell cycle pathway, mitotic def: "The series of events, collectively known as the cell cycle, that underlie the replication of the genome and the segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. The cycle begins with a diploid cell and produces two identical diploid cells." [GO:0000278, Handbook:Essential Cell Biology, KEGG:map04110, Reactome:REACT_152.3] comment: Adapted from O'Connell and Walwarth, Genome KnowledgeBase synonym: "KEGG:04110" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001317 ! cell cycle pathway [Term] id: PW:0000087 name: G1 phase pathway def: "The series of events underlying the progression of early cell cycle into the G phase and under the control of D-type cyclins together with Cdk4 and Cdk6. The formation of the pre-initiation replication complex takes place during this phase." [Reactome:REACT_1590.1, Reactomee:www.reactome.org] relationship: part_of PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic [Term] id: PW:0000088 name: G1/S transition pathway def: "The series of events underlying the transition from G1 into S phase and under the control of Cyclin E/A - Cdk2 and cyclin D-Cdk4/Cdk6 complexes and their regulators. Genetic alterations of this important transition point are frequent in human cancers." [PMID:10919634, PMID:12200872, PMID:16236519] relationship: part_of PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic [Term] id: PW:0000089 name: S phase pathway def: "The series of events underlying duplication of the hereditary material of the cell, formation of two copies of the chromosome." [Reactome:REACT_899.3, Reactome:www.reactome.org] relationship: part_of PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic [Term] id: PW:0000090 name: G2 phase pathway def: "The series of events underlying the second 'gap' phase of the mitotic cell cycle - an interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis and during which protein synthesis occurs." [Reactome:REACT_1915.2, Reactome:www.reactome.org] relationship: part_of PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic [Term] id: PW:0000091 name: G2/M transition pathway def: "The series of events underlying the transition from the G2 phase into mitosis." [Reactome:REACT_2203.2, Reactome:www.reactome.org] relationship: part_of PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic [Term] id: PW:0000092 name: M phase pathway def: "The series of events underlying mitosis (M-phase), in turn comprised of several phases, involving nuclear division and cytokinesis and resulting in the formation of two daughter cells." [Reactome:REACT_910.1, Reactome:www.reactome.org] relationship: part_of PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic [Term] id: PW:0000093 name: M/G1 transition pathway def: "The series of events underlying progression out of mitosis and division into two daughter cells. It requires the inactivation of cyclinB-cdc2 by the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis." [Reactome:REACT_1725.1, Reactome:www.reactome.org] relationship: part_of PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic [Term] id: PW:0000094 name: cell cycle checkpoint pathway def: "Those pathways involved in the control of cell cycle progression as well as its precision and fidelity." [GO:0000075, PMID:14644189, Reactome:REACT_1538.1] relationship: part_of PW:0001317 ! cell cycle pathway [Term] id: PW:0000095 name: G1/S DNA damage checkpoint pathway def: "Those pathways of DNA damage response that occur during the G1 phase." [InHouse:PW dictionary, Reactome:REACT_1538.1] is_a: PW:0000094 ! cell cycle checkpoint pathway [Term] id: PW:0000096 name: G2/M checkpoint pathway def: "Those pathways that assure the genome is replicated only once per cell cycle. The checkpoints control for damaged and un-replicated DNA." [InHouse:PW dictionary, Reactome:REACT_828.2] is_a: PW:0000094 ! cell cycle checkpoint pathway [Term] id: PW:0000097 name: mitotic spindle checkpoint pathway def: "The pathway prevents cells with mis-aligned chromosomes from dividing. Defects of kinetochore function activate checkpoint proteins to initiate a cascade of events that eventually prevent separation of sister chromatid." [InHouse:PW dictionary, Reactome:REACT_2137.2] is_a: PW:0000094 ! cell cycle checkpoint pathway [Term] id: PW:0000098 name: DNA replication pathway synonym: "KEGG:03030" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis [Term] id: PW:0000099 name: DNA repair pathway def: "The pathways involved in the repair of damaged DNA. The damage can involve mismatched or damaged bases, distortion of the helix or breaks in the DNA double strand. Repair of DNA lesions along with the upstream lesion detection and signaling its presence are collectively known as the DNA damage response." [GO:0006281, PMID:19847258, Reactome:REACT_216.1] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis relationship: part_of PW:0001360 ! DNA damage response pathway [Term] id: PW:0000100 name: transcription pathway def: "The pathways governing and/or regulating DNA transcription and gene expression. DNA transcription into coding and non-coding RNA is accomplished by one prokaryotic and several eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Transcription-coupled repair handles DNA lesions that interfere with the progression of RNA polymerases. Splicing of nascent RNA is thought to be predominantly co-transcriptional. Signaling pathways mediated by various transcription factors are involved in the regulation of gene expression." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis [Term] id: PW:0000101 name: translation pathway def: "The series of events governing the processes thereby mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain. Post-translational modifications often accompany the formation of the final, mature protein. Translation involves initiation, elongation and termination steps and is dependent upon the availability of aminoacyl-tRNA and mature ribosomes." [GO:0006412, PMID:23209153, PMID:23677826] synonym: "protein biosynthesis pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis [Term] id: PW:0000102 name: the extracellular signal-regulated Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway def: "The Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway - a Ras activated protein kinase cascade - regulates diverse processes such as cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, in response to cytokines, hormones, growth factors." [GO:0070371, KEGG:map04010, PMID:15035987, PMID:17112607, PMID:17229475, PMID:17306385, Reactome:REACT_1482.4, Reactome:REACT_962.4] is_a: PW:0000007 ! mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000103 name: transport pathway def: "A pathway that mediates or facilitates the movement of biochemical material, organic and inorganic substances and/or drugs." [] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000104 name: intrinsic apoptotic pathway def: "The apoptotic pathway involving organelles, primarily the mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and involving the pro and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl family of proteins, cytochrome c, formation of the apoptosome and activation of caspases." [KEGG:map04210, PMID:14744432, Reactome:REACT_964.1] comment: The reference was compiled based on the information available in the cited article. synonym: "Reactome:R-HSA-109606" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000009 ! apoptotic cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000105 name: Rho/Rac/Cdc42 mediated signaling pathway def: "Members of the Ras related Rho family of proteins control diverse processes such as actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, morphogenesis of dendritic spines, gene expression. Of note is the fact that cytoskeletal rearrangements, primarily actin remodeling have a role to play in vesicular trafficking, a process regulated by Rab proteins." [PMID:11075828, PMID:11152757, PMID:18171430, PMID:8973630] is_a: PW:0000006 ! Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000106 name: extrinsic apoptotic pathway def: "The apoptotic pathway involving the death receptors mediated route of caspase activation. Members of tumor necrosis superfamily such as the better known Tnf-alpha (Tnf), Fas ligand or Trail elicit apoptosis via receptor associated adapters." [KEGG:map04210, PMID:14744432, Reactome:REACT_1059.1] synonym: "death receptor mediated apoptotic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000009 ! apoptotic cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000107 name: xenobiotics biodegradation pathway def: "Those reactions involved in the breaking down of toxic chemical compounds such as oil spills, solvents, pesticides and other pollutants. These chemicals are generally resistant to degradation, but microorganisms possess enzymes that are capable of breaking them down." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html#xenobiotics] is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000108 name: caprolactam degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of caprolactam - a cyclic amide of caproic acid used to produce a type of nylon." [GO:0019384, KEGG:map00930, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000109 name: bisphenol A degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of bisphenol A, known as BPA, an important compound in the production of plastics. However, it is believed to be hazardous to humans and reports have linked several health effects to levels of BPA exposure." [GO:0043636, KEGG:map00363, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000110 name: toluene and xylene degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of toluene and xylene. Toluene is used as organic solvent in rubber, paint, cement. Xylene represents any of three benzene derivatives used as solvent in printing, rubber, also as a cleaning agent." [KEGG:map00622, Onelook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000111 name: gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, also known as lindane, used as an insecticide and suspected to be carcinogenic." [KEGG:map00361, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000112 name: 3-chloroacrylic acid degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of 3-chloroacrylic acid." [KEGG:map00641, Online:Various sources] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000113 name: atrazine degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of atrazine - a herbicide used to kill weeds." [GO:0019381, KEGG:map00791, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000114 name: benzoate degradation pathway via hydroxylation def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the aerobic pathway of benzoate degradation." [GO:0043640, KEGG:map00362, Online:Appl. Env. Microbiology\, 2004\, v.70(9)\, p4861-70.] is_a: PW:0000282 ! benzoate degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000115 name: benzoate degradation pathway via CoA ligation def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the anaerobic pathway of benzoate degradation." [GO:0010128, KEGG:map00632, Online:http\://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/benz/benz_map.html] is_a: PW:0000282 ! benzoate degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000116 name: carbazole degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of carbazole - a crystalline, slightly basic cyclic compound found in anthracene. It reacts with carbohydrates and is used for assay and analysis of carbohydrates and in making dyes." [GO:0046232, KEGG:map00629, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000117 name: fluorene degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of fluorene - a colorless, crystalline hydrocarbon. It is obtained from coal tar and used in making dyes." [GO:0019429, KEGG:map00628, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000118 name: ethylbenzene degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of ethylbenzene - a liquid hydrocarbon used in the manufacture of styrene and as a solvent and diluent for dyes and paints." [KEGG:map00642, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000119 name: nitrobenzene degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of nitrobenzene - an organic compound that occurs either as yellow crystals or yellow liquid used in the manufacture of aniline. It is a poisonous derivative of benzene." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000120 name: styrene degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of styrene - an aromatic hydrocarbon that is colorless and oily. It is used in the manufacture of rubber, resins, plastics. It is a toxic, possibly carcinogenic substance." [GO:0042207, KEGG:map00643, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000121 name: tetrachloroethene degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of tetrachloroethene - (acetylene tetrachloride) used as solvent for fats, waxes, resins and intermediate in the synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons." [KEGG:map00625, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000122 name: Hedgehog signaling pathway def: "The Hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh) plays important roles in vertebrate embryogenesis, particularly in the differentiation of the neural tube, in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Post-embryonically it is believed to play a homeostatic role in the maintenance of stem cells. Alteration of the pathway has been implicated in a number of human cancers." [GO:0007224, KEGG:map04340, PMID:12495844, PMID:15205520, PMID:15596107] synonym: "KEGG:04340" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200168" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200172" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development relationship: part_of PW:0000660 ! hematopoiesis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000123 name: synaptic vesicle endocytosis and recycling pathway def: "The pathway of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and neurotransmitter refill following exocytosis." [PMID:15217342] is_a: PW:0001072 ! synaptic vesicle cycle pathway [Term] id: PW:0000124 name: cellular detoxification pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exogenous or endogenous elements, compounds or molecules that can be harmful to the system. The phase I (oxidative) and phase II (conjugative) metabolizing enzyme and the phase III transport systems and other pathways are involved in the response mechanisms resulting in processing and subsequent elimination of such elements. Others induce downstream effects such as antioxidant, cell death or inflammatory response pathways." [PMID:15252150, PMID:17482904, PMID:26122708] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000125 name: G protein mediated signaling pathway def: "G-proteins act as signal transducers between activated receptors or other incoming signals and downstream effectors. They comprise the heterotrimeric G proteins downstream of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the Ras superfamily of small, monomeric G proteins. They function as molecular switches alternating between the GDP-inactive and GTP-active bound state." [GO:0007186, PubMed:11152757, PubMed:12040175, Reactome:REACT_14797.1] synonym: "heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000126 name: RNA polymerase I transcription pathway def: "The series of events governing the synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor in the nucleolus." [GO:0006360, PMID:22365827, Reactome:REACT_1309.1] is_a: PW:0001275 ! eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcription pathway [Term] id: PW:0000127 name: RNA polymerase II transcription pathway def: "The series of events governing the synthesis of protein-coding messenger RNA (mRNA) precursor and of many classes of non-coding genes." [GO:0006366, PMID:22365827, PMID:23827673, Reactome:REACT_1366.1, Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_%28genetics%29] is_a: PW:0001275 ! eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcription pathway [Term] id: PW:0000128 name: RNA polymerase III transcription pathway def: "The series of events governing the synthesis of transport/transfer RNA (tRNA) precursor, the small ribosomal rRNA and other small RNAs." [GO:0006383, PMID:22365827, Reactome:REACT_1371.1] is_a: PW:0001275 ! eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcription pathway [Term] id: PW:0000129 name: base excision repair pathway def: "Base excision repair pathway involves the identification and removal of the damaged base followed by its replacement with the correct nucleotide and ligation of the break in the strand." [GO:0006284, KEGG:map03410, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Reactome:REACT_1104.1] synonym: "BER pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:03410" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000661 ! single-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000130 name: nucleotide excision repair pathway def: "Nucleotide excision repair pathway is an important mechanism for the detection of helix distorting base alterations. Unlike the base excision repair pathway that only removes the damaged bases, the NER pathway removes an entire lesion containing segment. The single-strand gap thus introduced is filled in by DNA polymerase using the undamaged strand as a template. The pathway can be subdivided into two sub-pathways: the transcription-coupled and the global genome repair. They only differ in the lesion recognition step while the core repair component is common." [GO:0006289, KEGG:map03420, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:23046879, PMID:23085398, Reactome:REACT_1826.2] synonym: "KEGG:03420" RELATED [] synonym: "NER pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00478" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000661 ! single-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000132 name: metabolic pathway of other amino acids def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of amino acids other than the common 20 amino acids found in protein. Some of these amino acids like carnitine or homocysteine derive from primary amino acids." [InHouse:PW InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000133 name: selenoamino acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of selenoamino acid - an amino acid in which a selenium atom replaces a sulfur atom. Examples include selenocysteine, selenohomocysteine and selenomethionine." [KEGG:map00450, SMPDB:http\://pathman.smpdb.ca/pathways/SMP00029/pathway, Technical glossary:http\://morelife.org/glossary/] synonym: "KEGG:00450" RELATED [] synonym: "selenocompound metabolic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00029" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000134 name: glutathione metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glutathione - a tripeptide that acts as an antioxidant and provides protection against reactive oxygen species. It is also used in the conjugation of xenobiotics and drugs by the phase II biotransformation enzymes." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione] synonym: "KEGG:00480" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00015" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000135 name: metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients def: "Those reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of cofactors, vitamins and other nutrients. Cofactors are necessary for the proper function of certain proteins and enzymes; they can be inorganic such as the metals ions or the iron-sulfur cluster or organic. Organic compounds that are tightly bound to proteins are also referred to as prosthetic groups. Often, they are or are made from vitamins, compounds that are vital but in small amounts and which are insufficiently synthesized by the organism. Some of these molecules can also perform signaling functions." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000136 name: thiamine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving thiamine, a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. It is synthesized in bacteria, fungi and plants while animals obtain thiamine from food. Thiamine insufficiency results in a condition called beriberi." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine] synonym: "KEGG:00730" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00076" RELATED [] synonym: "vitamin B1 metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000137 name: riboflavin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 - a water-soluble vitamin. B2 occurs in several products and is a precursor for flavin coenzymes." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin] synonym: "KEGG:00740" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00070" RELATED [] synonym: "vitamin B2 metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000138 name: vitamin B6 metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving vitamin B6 - a water-soluble vitamin that exists in several forms. Vitamin B6 is required for many enzymatic reactions as the active pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) form. A number of organisms can carry out de novo synthesis of vitamin B6; humans derive it from diet." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6] synonym: "KEGG:00750" RELATED [] synonym: "pyridoxine metabolic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00017" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000139 name: biotin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or H, a water-soluble vitamin. Biotin assists in various metabolic reactions and processes." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin] synonym: "KEGG:00780" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00066" RELATED [] synonym: "vitamin B7 metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000140 name: folate metabolic pathway def: "Folate metabolism represents the various aspects of folate cycle and the folate mediate transfer reactions essential for several biosynthetic pathways. The folate cycle and the folate mediated one-carbon pathways are part of folate metabolism. Folate compounds are water-soluble forms of vitamin B9." [PMID:11001804, PMID:15166809, PMID:15298442] synonym: "KEGG:00790" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00053" RELATED [] synonym: "vitamin B9 metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients relationship: part_of PW:0001693 ! S-adenosylmethionine homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000141 name: retinol metabolic pathway def: "Those reactions involving retinol, a fat-soluble vitamin that is the dietary form of vitamin A and is important for bone growth and in vision. Precursors of retinol such as carotenoid or retinyl esters are derived from diet and are converted to retinal and retinol, respectively." [GO:0042572, KEGG:map00830, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:21586336, PMID:21718801] synonym: "KEGG:00830" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00074" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001003 ! retinoid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000142 name: ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone, also known as coenzyme Q. Ubiquinone is a member of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and plays important roles in cellular metabolism." [PMID:14757233] synonym: "KEGG:00130" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00065" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000143 name: insulin signaling pathway def: "Insulin, the peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreatic beta cells, plays essential roles in glucose and energy homeostasis. Insulin signaling activates two main intracellular pathways to regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism and to prompt glucose absorption in insulin sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with a number of conditions, primarily diabetes." [GO:0008286, KEGG:map4910, PMID:12169433, Reactome:REACT_498.5] synonym: "KEGG:04910" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200014" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00391" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000144 name: ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway def: "The pathway for the ATP-dependent non-lysosomal proteolysis catalyzed by the 26S proteasome and for which ubiquitylation, the post-translational covalent conjugation of ubiquitin to target proteins is a key signal." [GO:0006511, KEGG:ko04120, PubMed:2001\, v.27\, 171-179.] synonym: "KEGG:03050" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:04120" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000417 ! ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like/proteasome degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000145 name: Metabolism of complex carbohydrates def: "OBSOLETE. Originally found at KEGG, the term has since been deleted" [PW dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000146 name: glycan metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glycans. Glycans are a class of compounds that include oligo- and polysaccharides, simple sugars or polymeric structures of mono- or di-saccharides, respectively. The term also refers to the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycolipids." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000147 name: metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites def: "Those reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of secondary metabolites - products of cellular metabolism that are not essential for, or not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. Many of the chemicals that plants or microorganisms produce are secondary metabolites." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000148 name: alkaloid biosynthetic pathway I is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000149 name: alkaloid biosynthetic pathway II is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000150 name: stilbene, coumarine and lignin biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000151 name: starch and sucrose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of starch and sucrose, as depicted in the KEGG diagram. Starch is a polysaccharide produced by all green plants and is an important carbohydrate in the human diet. Sucrose, or the table sugar is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose that is produced by plants and cyanobacteria." [KEGG:map00500, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00500" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00058" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000152 name: amino sugar metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of amino sugars. An amino sugar has an amino group substituent in place of a hydroxyl group. Amino sugars are important constituents of a variety of polysaccharides and glycoproteins." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_sugar] comment: Based on Dorland's Medical dictionary synonym: "KEGG:00520" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00045" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000153 name: triacylglycerol metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of triacylglycerols - esters of glycerols with three fatty acid molecules. Triglycerides are the common form of transport and storage of fatty acids. Esters with one or two fatty acid molecules are metabolic intermediates present in small amounts." [GO:0006641, KEGG:map00561, MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "triglyceride metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001156 ! glycerolipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000154 name: inositol phosphate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of inositol phosphate which represents all of the possible phosphorylated states of inositol. Inositol phosphates have many important cellular functions." [GO:0043647, KEGG:map00562, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00562" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00462" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000155 name: phospholipid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of phospholipids - lipids containing phosphorus, including those with a glycerol backbone or a backbone of sphingosine or related substances. Phospholipids are the major form of lipid in the cell membrane." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000156 name: prostaglandin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving prostaglandins - a family of prostanoid eicosanoids with many regulatory functions." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000461 ! cyclooxygenase mediated pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism is_a: PW:0001240 ! prostanoid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000157 name: glycosaminoglycan metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glycosaminoglycans - any of several high molecular weight linear polysaccharides of repeating disaccharide units. In many cases, the unit consists of an amino sugar and a uronic acid. When aggregating with proteins, they form proteoglycans." [GO:0030203, MCW Libraries:QU4 V876f 2008, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan] is_a: PW:0000146 ! glycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000158 name: Ras family mediated signaling pathway def: "The Ras family mediated signaling pathways are primarily involved in the regulation of gene expression." [PMID:11152757, PMID:11467446] is_a: PW:0000006 ! Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000159 name: Rab family mediated signaling pathway def: "Rab family mediated signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicle trafficking. More than 60 Rab members bind to specific effectors to regulate all aspects of vesicular trafficking - from formation and transport of vesicles, to tethering and fusion with target membranes. Of note is that cytoskeletal rearrangements such as actin remodeling, a process regulated by Rho family, have a role to play in vesicular trafficking." [GO:0032482, PMID:11152757, PMID:16882731, PMID:18171430] is_a: PW:0000006 ! Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000160 name: Ran family mediated signaling pathway def: "Ran family mediated signaling pathways are involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking." [GO:0031291, PMID:11152757] is_a: PW:0000006 ! Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000161 name: glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The GPI anchor allows for the attachment of cell surface proteins to the cell membrane." [GO:0006506, InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary, KEGG:map00563] synonym: "GPI anchor biosynthesis" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:00563" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000146 ! glycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000162 name: sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000197 ! sphingolipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000163 name: sphingolipid degradation pathway is_a: PW:0000197 ! sphingolipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000164 name: ganglioside metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of ganglioside - any of a group of glycosphingolipids in which the polar head group on ceramide is a sialic acid. Their names include letters and numbers where the letters M, D and T indicate the number of sialic acid residues in the molecule - one, two or three, respectively." [GO:0001573, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00604" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000733 ! glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000165 name: taurine and hypotaurine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of taurine and hypotaurine." [InHouse:PW InHouse dictionary, KEGG:map00430] synonym: "KEGG:00430" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00021" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000166 name: monoterpenoid biosynthetic pathway alt_id: PW:0000252 def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of monoterpenoid. Terpenoids are a large class of naturally-occurring organic chemicals. They are derived from five-carbon units and are modifed in manifold ways." [] synonym: "KEGG:00760" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000184 ! terpenoid biosynthetic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000167 name: pantothenic acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving pantothenic acid or panthotenate, also known as vitamin B5 - a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin B5 is the precursor to coenzyme A (CoA) which in turn, plays an essential role in fatty acids and pyruvate metabolism." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid] synonym: "KEGG:00770" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00027" RELATED [] synonym: "vitamin B5 metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000168 name: growth factor signaling pathway def: "Those pathways that are triggered through the binding of a growth factor to its particular receptor. Growth factors carry out mitogenic signaling via their largely tyrosine kinase receptors." [InHouse:PW dictionary, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:16632420] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000169 name: nerve growth factor signaling pathway def: "Nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling pathways control a variety of processes such as neuronal cell differentiation, axon growth. Members of the NGF family are best known for their anti-apoptotic role as mediators of neuronal cell survival." [GO:0048011, PubMed:Neuron\, 2004\, v42\, p897-912; Cellular Signaling\, 2004\, v16\, p127-36., Reactome:REACT_11061.4] synonym: "NGF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000571 ! neurotrophic factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000170 name: epidermal growth factor/neuregulin signaling pathway def: "Members of the EGF/neuregulin superfamily are important regulators of tissue development and repair. A characteristic feature is the presence of the EGF module, a 36-40 amino acid sequence with a disulfide-bonded three loop structure necessary for receptor binding." [GO:0007173, KEGG:map04012, MCW e-journal:J. Mol. Evolo.2000\, v50\, p397-412, PubMed:12814936, Reactome:REACT_9417.3] synonym: "EGF/neuregulin signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:04012" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200101" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200159" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000171 name: polyglutamine repeat pathway def: "Inherited neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in several, unrelated proteins. The diseases are manifested as distinct neuropathies and multiple pathways are perturbed." [PMID:25309920, PMID:25771431] comment: Definition adapted from an article in Trends in Genetics synonym: "polyglutamine repeat disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "polyQ repeat disease pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000014 ! neurodegenerative pathway [Term] id: PW:0000172 name: Kennedy's disease pathway def: "An inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract. Various pathways are disrupted and contribute to the manifestation of the condition." [PMID:24816443] synonym: "Kennedy disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SBMA disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "spinal bulbar muscular atrophy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "spinobulbar muscular atrophy disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "spinobulbar muscular atrophy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "X-Linked Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "X-linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000171 ! polyglutamine repeat pathway [Term] id: PW:0000173 name: spinocerebellar ataxia pathway def: "An inherited form of neurodegenerative disease caused by an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract. Several types are grouped under SCA, types 1-3, 6, 7 and 17. Various pathways are disrupted and contribute to the manifestation of the condition." [PMID:24816443] synonym: "SCA disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "spinocerebellar ataxia disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000171 ! polyglutamine repeat pathway [Term] id: PW:0000174 name: metabolic syndrome X pathway def: "The metabolic syndrome is a multiphenotypic condition with concurrent features of several diseases and metabolic abnormalities. Insulin resistance, obesity and hypertension are considered risk factors. Alterations in lipid, glucose and cholesterol metabolic pathways, among others, can contribute to the multifactorial metabolic syndrome and the conditions associated with it." [PMID:16932765, PubMed:2004\, v. 17\, 38047] synonym: "abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 1 pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "dysmetabolic syndrome X pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "metabolic syndrome pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000020 ! cardiovascular system disease pathway is_a: PW:0001472 ! metabolic disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000175 name: familial combined hyperlipidemia pathway def: "A possible subset of the metabolic syndrome, characterized by features such as hypertriglyceridemia, age-dependent changes in plasma total cholesterol, overproduction of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Several metabolic and possibly other pathways deviate from their normal functioning." [PubMed:2004\, v.17\, 38-47.] synonym: "FCHL" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000174 ! metabolic syndrome X pathway [Term] id: PW:0000176 name: diabetes mellitus pathway def: "A range of conditions with various manifestations associated with disruptions of several pathways, primarily those revolving around glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling. Organs and tissues affected include the kidney, eye, cardiovascular system and nerve tissue." [MeSH:D048909, Reactome:REACT_15380.1] synonym: "diabetes pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001547 ! endocrine system disease pathway is_a: PW:0001602 ! glucose metabolism disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000177 name: diabetic nephropathy pathway def: "A common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of end stage renal diseases affecting a number of pathways, particularly the thiol and anti-oxidant pathways." [InPress:Manuscript] is_a: PW:0000300 ! kidney disease pathway is_a: PW:0001548 ! diabetes complication pathway [Term] id: PW:0000178 name: neurological disorder pathway def: "Neurological disorders are a group of disorders that involve the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous system (including cranial nerves), and the autonomic nervous system (parts of which are located in both the central and peripheral nervous systems). Major branches are headache, stupor and coma, dementia, seizure, sleep disorders, trauma, infections, neoplasms, neuro-ophthalmologic diseases, movement disorders, demyelinating diseases, spinal cord disorders, and disorders of peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junctions. Many mental illnesses are believed to be neurological disorders of the central nervous system, but they are classified separately. They are not traditionally listed as neurological diseases because their causes are not definitely determined as biological, although there are good reasons to suspect that bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have neuro-chemical causes." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "neurological disorder disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001412 ! nervous system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000179 name: tuberous sclerosis complex disease pathway def: "An autosomal dominant condition that often leads to seizure and other neurological symptoms and that may be linked to deregulations in the mTOR signaling pathway." [PubMed:2004\, v.29(1)\, 32-38.] synonym: "TSC" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000178 ! neurological disorder pathway [Term] id: PW:0000180 name: mTOR signaling pathway def: "mTOR signaling pathway regulates cellular processes such as translation, ribosome biogenesis, cell growth and autophagy and is regulated or responds to growth factors, energy metabolites and/or levels of nutrients." [KEGG:map04150, PubMed:TIBS\, 2004\, v. 29(1)\, 32-38., Reactome:REACT_6838.1] synonym: "KEGG:04150" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200096" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000181 name: pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation def: "Those pathways that are involved in or mediate how protein fold or are maintained in a particular folding state, are sorted for translocation or degradation, are modified to regulate their function or to target them for degradation and finally, are degraded." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000182 name: lysosomes based pathway of protein degradation def: "A protein degradation pathway that involves proteases residing in lysosomes and exhibiting optimal activity at an acidic pH (e.g., cathepsins)." [PubMed:2003\, v. 285\, f1-f8.] is_a: PW:0000325 ! protein degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000183 name: the proteolytic pathway involving calcium-dependent proteases def: "A protein degradation pathway that involves calcium-dependent proteases (e.g., calpains) ," [PubMed:2003\, v. 285\, f1-f8.] is_a: PW:0000325 ! protein degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000184 name: terpenoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of terpenoids. The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring chemicals. Terpenoids are derived from five-carbon isoprene units and are assembled and modified in manifold ways. They are classified according to the number of isoprene units. The mevalonate pathway and the non-mevalonate MEP/DOXP pathway are the two biosynthetic routes. The first can branch into non-sterol and sterol-producing compounds. The second is only found in plants." [GO:0016114, KEGG:map00900, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00900" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001394 ! terpene and terpenoid biosynthetic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000185 name: limonene and pinene degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of limonene - an essential oil, a monocyclic terpene, found in the peel of oranges and lemons, and pinene - a terpene found in turpentine and many essential oils, used as a solvent and in the manufacture of camphor, insecticides, and synthetic pine oil." [KEGG:map00903, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001399 ! terpene degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000186 name: streptomycin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of streptomycin - the first of the aminoglycoside antibiotics to be isolated, derived from Streptomyces griseus; it is effective against a wide variety of aerobic gram-negative bacilli and some gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria. Its use is now limited because of the emergence of resistant strains." [GO:0019872, KEGG:map00521, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000187 name: erythromycin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of erythromycin - an intermediate spectrum macrolide (a chemical compound characterized by a large lactone ring containing multiple keto and hydroxyl groups) antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus, effective against most gram-positive and certain gram-negative bacteria, such as Neisseria species and Haemophilus influenzae, and against spirochetes, some rickettsias, and Entamoeba; it is also highly effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is used especially in patients allergic to penicillin and in those with penicillin-resistant infections and legionnaires' disease; administered orally or topically." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000188 name: pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway def: "The series or metabolic reactions involved in the interconversions of the monosaccharide pentose and glucuronate, the salts or esters of glucuronic acid, as depicted in the KEGG diagram." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map00040.html, KEGG:map00040] synonym: "KEGG:00040" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000189 name: folate mediated one-carbon metabolic pathway def: "Folate mediated one-carbon metabolism represents the one-carbon transfer reactions important for de novo purine and thymidylate biosynthesis and for the remethylation of methionine in the methionine cycle and homocysteine metabolism. The methionine cycle also produces the major methyl donor for proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other small molecules. The folate mediated one-carbon transfer and the folate cycle pathways are part of folate metabolism." [PMID:11001804, PMID:15166809, PMID:15298442] synonym: "KEGG:00670" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000140 ! folate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000190 name: porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolic pathway def: "Those reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of porphyrin - any of a group of compounds containing the porphyrin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration, to which a variety of side chains may be attached - and chlorophyll - any of a group of green magnesium-containing porphyrin derivatives occurring in all photosynthetic organisms." [KEGG:map00860, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00860" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000191 name: keratan sulfate biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of keratan sulfate - a glycosaminoglycan found in the cornea, in cartilage, and in the nucleus pulposus and also as the accumulation product in Morquio's syndrome. It consists of repeating disaccharide units in specific linkage, each composed of a sulfated N-acetylglucosamine residue linked to one of galactose, which is usually sulfated. There are two forms, keratan sulfate I and keratan sulfate II, which differ in carbohydrate content and localization; the former occurs in the cornea and the latter in skeletal tissues." [GO:0018146, KEGG:map00533, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00533" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000157 ! glycosaminoglycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000192 name: N-linked glycan biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of N-linked glycans. A 14 residue sugar is first built on a dolichol carrier and then attached to the amide group of an asparagine of a nascent polypeptide chain. The asparagine is in a specific amino acid sequence. Subsequent processing involves removal as well as addition of various sugars and produces a wide range of N-glycan structures." [KEGG:map00510, MCW Libraries:QU4 V876f 2008] synonym: "KEGG:00510" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000146 ! glycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000193 name: N-Glycan degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of N-Glycans. N-Glycans are found attached to the R-group nitrogen of asparagine." [XPW InHouse Dictionary:InHouse Dictionary] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000194 name: O-linked glycan biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of O-linked glycans. Sugars are serially added to a fully synthesized polypeptide chain. The initial step involves the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine to the carboxy group of a serine or threonine. The location of the residue appears to be dictated by structure rather than amino acid signature." [KEGG:map00512, MCW Libraries:QU4 V876f] synonym: "KEGG:00512" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:00514" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000146 ! glycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000195 name: chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin. Chondroitin is a mucopolysaccharide occurring in sulfated form in various animal tissues (as cartilage)." [GO:0030206, KEGG:map00532, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00532" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000157 ! glycosaminoglycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000196 name: globoside metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of globoside - a glycosphingolipid containing acetylated amino sugars and simple hexoses." [GO:0001575, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00603" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000733 ! glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000197 name: sphingolipid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of sphingolipids - important components of animal and plant membranes. They contain a long chain amino alcohol and a ceramide core. Ceramides are also the precursors of glycolipids, also referred to as glycosphingolipids, which have attached sugar(s)." [GO:0006665, MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17976918] synonym: "KEGG:00600" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00034" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000198 name: p38 MAPK signaling pathway def: "A SAPK MAPK pathway that plays an important role in inflammation and may be involved in several forms of cancer." [GO:0051403, KEGG:map04010, PMID:14570565, PMID:15102355, Reactome:REACT_12065.1] synonym: "PID:200018" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000312 ! stress-regulated MAPK signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000199 name: the Wnt/calcium signaling pathway def: "A Wnt mediated pathway that is involved in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and motility." [GO:0007223, KEGG:map04310, PMID:10858654, PMID:12573432] synonym: "the Wnt/Ca(II) pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000597 ! Wnt signaling, non-canonical pathway [Term] id: PW:0000200 name: Wnt signaling, the planar cell polarity pathway def: "The planar cell polarity (PCP) Wnt signaling pathway plays an essential role in morphogenesis through the regulation of tissues patterning." [GO:006071, KEGG:map04310, PMID:12573432, PMID:16765615] synonym: "PCP Wnt signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000597 ! Wnt signaling, non-canonical pathway [Term] id: PW:0000201 name: Wnt signaling, canonical pathway def: "Wnt signaling pathway is involved in many developmental processes. In the conventional or canonical Wnt pathway, beta-catenin is a central component required for the transcriptional control of Wnt signaling target genes." [GO:0060070, KEGG:map04310, PMID:12573432, PMID:15001769, PMID:18432252, Reactome:REACT_11045.1] synonym: "beta-catenin dependent Wnt signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200077" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000008 ! Wnt signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000202 name: homologous recombination pathway of double-strand break repair def: "A specific pathway for repair of double-strand breaks. It is involved in repair of breaks induced by damaging agents or generated during meiotic recombination." [PMID:24326623] synonym: "homology-directed repair pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "HR pathway of double-strand break repair" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:03440" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000663 ! double-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000203 name: non-homologous end joining pathway of double-strand break repair def: "A specific pathway for repair of double-strand breaks. Possibly constitutive, it is the most important pathway in mammalian cells and plays an important role in mitotically replicating cells." [PMID:12947387] synonym: "NHEJ pathway of double-strand break repair" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000663 ! double-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000204 name: Notch signaling pathway def: "Notch signaling pathway regulates processes involved in early embryonic development. It plays an important role in cell fate determination. Target genes of Notch have been implicated in angiogenesis, somitogenesis, gliogenesis. Deregulation of the Notch signaling pathway underlies a broad spectrum of diseases and clinical conditions." [GO:0007219, KEGG:map04330, PubMed:Several articles in PubMed, Reactome:REACT_299.2] synonym: "KEGG:04330" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200015" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000332 ! cell-cell signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development is_a: PW:0000656 ! glycoprotein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000205 name: dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy pathway def: "Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the atrophin-1 (ATN1) gene. A rather rare condition, it can be juvenile-, early adult- or late adult-onset." [PMID:21577324, PMID:21827919] synonym: "dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "DRPLA disease pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000171 ! polyglutamine repeat pathway [Term] id: PW:0000206 name: transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway def: "Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway regulates numerous cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell death. The SMAD dependent pathway represents the core signaling cascade mediated by the TGF-beta superfamily. Mutations in TGF - beta family are responsible for a number of human diseases." [GO:0007179, PMID:15130563, PMID:16678165, PubMed:TIBS\, 2004\, v29 (5)\, p265-273, Reactome:REACT_6844.5] synonym: "TGF- beta signaling pathway - SMAD dependent" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000329 ! transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000207 name: central obesity with hypertension pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000174 ! metabolic syndrome X pathway [Term] id: PW:0000208 name: type 2 diabetes mellitus pathway def: "Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. Hereditary and environmental factors are likely contributors but the exact mechanisms are not well understood. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by insulin resistance, involves alterations in insulin secretion and signaling and impaired glucose homeostasis pathways." [KEGG:map04930, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:04930" RELATED [] synonym: "NIDDM pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "T2D pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "type II diabetes mellitus pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000176 ! diabetes mellitus pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000174 ! metabolic syndrome X pathway [Term] id: PW:0000209 name: Jak-Stat signaling pathway def: "The Jak-Stat pathway is a main intracellular cascade initiated primarily in response to cytokine and also other ligand signaling. Four Janus kinases (Jak) and seven signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) families of proteins mediate the action of almost 40 cytokine receptors, including the receptor for leptin. Combinations between four Jak(s) and seven Stat(s) shape the outcome of ligand triggered signaling through the various receptors." [GO:0007259, KEGG:map04630, MCW library:Handbook of cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:12039028, PMID:14668806, PMID:14737178, PMID:17312100] synonym: "KEGG:04630" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity is_a: PW:0001195 ! tyrosine-specific protein kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000210 name: SMAD dependent signaling pathways def: "The core intracellular signaling cascade mediated by the TGF-beta superfamily. SMAD proteins function by carrying signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. There are eight vertebrate SMAD proteins and they are activated by two types of TGF-beta receptors in response to TGF cytokines binding.There are two known SMAD-dependent TGF-beta signaling pathways. SMAP pathways can also be activated via NGF signalign pathways" [PMID:14534577, PMID:15009204, PubMed:Science\, 2002\, v296\, p1564-7] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000211 name: biogenic amines and polyamines metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of biogenic amines and polyamines. Important biogenic amines are histamine, serotonin and the catecholamines. Spermidine and spermine are examples of important polyamines." [GO:0006595, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:12641342, Reactome:REACT_14820.1] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000212 name: choline metabolic pathway def: "Choline metabolism is important for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in mammalian cells. Its oxidation results in the production of betaine, an important methyl donor. In the brain, it is converted to the powerful neurotransmitter acetylcholine." [PMID:18204095] synonym: "SMP:00123" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000211 ! biogenic amines and polyamines metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000213 name: RNA polymerase IV transcription pathway def: "RNA polymerase IV transcription pathway is found in plants and is involved in the synthesis of small interfering RNA (siRNA)." [PMID:15692015] is_a: PW:0001275 ! eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcription pathway [Term] id: PW:0000214 name: polyamine metabolic pathway def: "Polyamines play important roles in cell growth, proliferation and survival. They can be derived from diet as well as via cellular and intestinal flora mediated biosynthesis." [PMID:19603518] is_a: PW:0000211 ! biogenic amines and polyamines metabolic pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001693 ! S-adenosylmethionine homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000215 name: RNA polymerase V transcription pathway def: "RNA polymerase V transcription pathway operates in plants and plays a role in heterochromatin formation." [PMID:19377477] is_a: PW:0001275 ! eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcription pathway [Term] id: PW:0000216 name: spermine metabolic pathway def: "Polyamine metabolism plays important roles in a number of cellular processes. Spermidine and spermine are formed in two consecutive reactions carried out by distinct enzymes that employ the decarboxylated form of AdoMet as an aminopropyl donor." [GO:0008215, PMID:19603518] synonym: "SMP:00445" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000214 ! polyamine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000217 name: tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic pathway def: "Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor for amino acid hydroxylases involved in the synthesis of several neurotransmitters. It can be synthesized de novo from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) or recycled via a regeneration pathway." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin] synonym: "BH4 metabolic pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000218 name: heme biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of heme - an iron-containing compound where the iron is complexed within a porphyrin heterocyclic ring. There are several kinds of heme depending on the composition of their side chain. Heme serves as a prosthetic group for several classes of proteins that include hemoglobin and myoglobin, cytochromes, peroxidases, catalases and others." [PMID:26785297] is_a: PW:0000221 ! heme metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0002633 ! iron utilization pathway [Term] id: PW:0000219 name: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD can be synthesized de novo downstream of kynurenine metabolism of tryptophan degradation, or from precursors such as nicotinamide, nicotinic acid or nicotinamide riboside, collectively known as vitamin B3 or niacin." [PMID:18020963, PMID:20007326, PMID:26785480] synonym: "NAD biosynthetic pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0002580 ! nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000220 name: pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000221 name: heme metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of heme - an iron-containing compound where the iron is complexed within a porphyrin heterocyclic ring." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme] is_a: PW:0002285 ! porphyrin metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000222 name: UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine biosynthetic pathway is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000223 name: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic pathway is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000224 name: N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmannosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid dissimilation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions leading to the decomposition of N-acetylglucosamine - an acetylated amino sugar that is an important moiety of glycoproteins, N-acetylmannosamine - the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid - the most common form of sialic acid in mammals." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000152 ! amino sugar metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000225 name: citrulline degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving citrulline. Citrulline, not a DNA coded amino acid, is a product in the urea cycle." [GO:0019241, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000226 name: putrescine metabolic pathway def: "Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are the only polyamines synthesized in mammalian cells. Putrescine, derived from L-ornithine, an important component of the urea cycle, is the substrate for the formation of spermidine, in turn the substrate for spermine." [GO:0009445, PMID:19603518] is_a: PW:0000214 ! polyamine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000227 name: G protein mediated signaling pathway via Galphas family def: "Based on sequence similarity, the Galpha genes have been grouped into four classes. Exchange of GDP to GTP promoted through binding to receptors dissociates the heterotrimeric Galpa/beta/gamma complex. GTP-bound Galpha can then interact with downstream effectors. Lipid modification of Galpha regulates membrane localization and interactions with specific effectors." [PMID:12040175, PMID:15747061] is_a: PW:0001539 ! heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000228 name: G protein mediated signaling pathway via Galphai family def: "Based on sequence similarity, the Galpha genes have been grouped into four classes. Exchange of GDP to GTP promoted through binding to receptors dissociates the heterotrimeric Galpha/beta/gamma complex. GTP-bound Galpha can then interact with downstream effectors. Lipid modification of Galpha regulates membrane localization and interactions with specific effectors." [PMID:12040175, PMID:15747061] is_a: PW:0001539 ! heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000229 name: G protein mediated signaling pathway via Galphaq family def: "Based on sequence similarity, the Galpha genes have been grouped into four classes. Exchange of GDP to GTP promoted through binding to receptors dissociates the heterotrimeric Galpha/beta/gamma complex. GTP-bound Galpha can then interact with downstream effectors. Lipid modification of Galpha regulates membrane localization and interactions with specific effectors." [PMID:12040175, PMID:15747061] is_a: PW:0001539 ! heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000230 name: G protein mediated signaling pathway via Galpha12/Galpha13 family def: "Based on sequence similarity, the Galpha genes have been grouped into four classes. Exchange of GDP to GTP promoted through binding to receptors dissociates the heterotrimeric Galpa/beta/gamma complex. GTP-bound Galpha can then interact with downstream effectors. Lipid modification of Galpha regulates membrane localization and interactions with specific effectors." [PMID:12040175, PMID:15747061] is_a: PW:0001539 ! heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000231 name: Rap1 pathways def: "A very close relative of Ras, Rap1 mediated pathway appears to control diverse processes such as modulation of growth and differentiation, secretion, integrin linked cell adhesion, morphogenesis." [PubMed:Nature Reviews\, Mol. Cell Biology\, 2001\, v2\, p369-77.] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000232 name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway def: "Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway involving PI3K class I enzymes, particularly class IA, controls various processes such as cell growth, proliferation and survival. Class IA enzymes couples to receptor tyrosine kinases or their adaptors; class IB couples to G-protein coupled receptor mainly via Galphai. The Akt family of protein kinases are activated downstream of class I PI3Ks and collectively (Akt1, 2, and 3) phosphorylate more than 70 cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates. Deregulation of the pathway has been linked to various forms of cancer." [PMID:14737178, PMID:15023437, PMID:15143962] synonym: "KEGG:04151" RELATED [] synonym: "phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200197" RELATED [] synonym: "Reactome:R-HSA-109704" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000963 ! phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class I signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000233 name: tumor necrosis factor mediated signaling pathway def: "Tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) signaling plays pivotal roles in immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by activating several pathways. NF-kB is a major pathway activated by Tnf; others include JNK and P38 MAPK. Through receptor associated adapters Tnf elicits apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway. Deregulation of Tnf signaling has been implicated in a great number of human diseases - cerebral malaria, cancer, multiple sclerosis, are a few examples." [GO:0033209, PMID:12040173, PMID:12655295, PMID:20303867, Reactome:REACT_1432.1] synonym: "PID:200102" RELATED [] synonym: "TNFalpha signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "TNF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000106 ! extrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000236 ! tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000926 ! pro-inflammatory cytokine mediated pathway [Term] id: PW:0000234 name: innate immune response pathway def: "The innate immune response - a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection - is a first line of response to various pathogens and also to damaged cells. It plays a role in stimulating adaptive immunity; molecules generated during innate responses act as second signals that can impact on both the magnitude and the nature of the adaptive response." [GO:0045087, PMID:11861602, PMID:20303867] is_a: PW:0000023 ! immune response pathway [Term] id: PW:0000235 name: adaptive immune response pathway def: "The adaptive immune response is an evolutionarily newer mechanism that provides great specificity and diversity of antigen recognition, immunological memory and specialized responses. The two types of adaptive immune response pathways are humoral and cellular or cell-mediated." [GO:0002250, MCW library:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:11861602] is_a: PW:0000023 ! immune response pathway [Term] id: PW:0000236 name: tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway def: "Members of TNF superfamily mediate autoimmunity and inflammation, cell proliferation, survival and/or apoptosis through a number of signaling mechanisms that involve activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, of caspases and/or of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). TNF superfamily has been implicated in a wide range of human diseases including tumorigenesis, septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions." [PMID:11239407, PMID:11796220, PMID:14555214] synonym: "TNF superfamily mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000828 ! cytokine mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000237 name: stress response pathway def: "The pathway(s) elicited as a physiological response to various types of insults, injuries, shocks and other situations the organism perceives as threatening." [online:http\://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/stress+response] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000238 name: insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway def: "Insulin-like growth factor signaling plays important roles in cell growth and proliferation. Produced primarily by the liver in response to stimulation by growth hormone (GH) , the proteins activate cognate receptors to prompt intracellular signaling pathways and cell growth in a variety of tissues. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with various conditions, including cancer." [GO:0048009, PMID:12169433] synonym: "PID:200100" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000239 name: type 1 diabetes mellitus pathway def: "Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. Hereditary and environmental factors are likely contributors but the exact mechanisms are not well understood. The type 1 diabetes mellitus pathway involves alterations in immune response pathways resulting in destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells." [KEGG:map04940, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "IDDM pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:04940" RELATED [] synonym: "type I diabetes mellitus pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000176 ! diabetes mellitus pathway is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000240 name: neuropsychiatric disease pathway def: "Neuropsychiatric diseases are mental disorders due to various defects in the working of the nervous system." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry] synonym: "mental disorder pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000241 name: schizophrenia pathway def: "Schizophrenia is a psychiatric diagnosis denoting a persistent, often chronic, mental illness variously affecting behavior, thinking, and emotion. The term schizophrenia comes from the Greek words schizo, (split or divide) and phrenos, (mind) and is best translated as 'shattered mind'." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000240 ! neuropsychiatric disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000242 name: bipolar disorder pathway def: "As categorized by the DSM-IV, bipolar disorder is a form of mood disorder characterized by a variation of mood between a phase of manic or hypomanic elation, hyperactivity and hyper imagination, and a depressive phase of inhibition, slowness to conceive ideas and move, and anxiety or sadness. Together these form what is commonly known as manic depression. Manic depression, with its two principal sub-types, bipolar disorder and major depression, was first clinically described near the end of the 19th century by psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin, who published his account of the disease in his Textbook of Psychiatry. DSM-IV is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is the handbook used most often in diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and other countries." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000240 ! neuropsychiatric disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000243 name: vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway def: "The VEGF family plays key roles in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Through their receptors, VEGFs can initiate a diverse and complex network of signaling cascades. Deregulation of VEGFs mediated pathways, mostly through upregulation of VEGFs expression, has been implicated in a number of conditions, primarily cancer." [GO:0048010, KEGG:map04370, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:15544039, PMID:15563310, Reactome:REACT_12529.1] synonym: "KEGG:04370" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200109" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200188" RELATED [] synonym: "VEGF signaling pathways" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000244 name: angiotensin II signaling pathway def: "Angiotensin II signaling pathways play a critical role in the control of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis. Angiotensin II pathway can also contribute to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and heart failure." [PMID:15638741, PMID:15883759] is_a: PW:0000245 ! angiotensin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000245 name: angiotensin signaling pathway def: "Angiotensin peptides Ang II, Ang III, Ang IV and Ang (1-7) generated from a single precursor protein - angiotensinogen - regulate an array of physiological and pathophysiological processes." [PMID:12676163, PMID:12676165, PMID:15638741] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000492 ! renin-angiotensin cascade pathway [Term] id: PW:0000246 name: Rheb mediated signaling pathway def: "The Rheb family of proteins plays an essential role in the regulation of cell growth and cell cycle. Rheb could be a mediator of the mTOR signaling pathway. The results have been shown for Drosophila but remained to be established for mammals." [PMID:15240005] is_a: PW:0000158 ! Ras family mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000247 name: transforming growth factor-beta Smad independent signaling pathway def: "TGF-beta can activate signaling cascades other than the Smad-mediated ones, including MAPK pathways such as Erk, p38 and JNK. The mechanisms of MAPK pathway activation by TGF-beta are not well understood." [PMID:14534577] synonym: "TGF-beta Smad independent signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000206 ! transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000248 name: isoprenoid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of isoprenoids or terpenoids - a large class of organic biomolecules. Isoprenoids are precursors of sterols such as cholesterol and its derivative and also of non-sterols molecules many of which are used in the post-translational modification of proteins. Plant isoprenoids are among the most commonly found and have a broad range of uses and applications in plants and beyond." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009, PMID:20015036, PMID:21746700, PMID:22442388] synonym: "terpenoid metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000249 name: lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides, also known as lipoglycans, found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond. In host cells they act as endotoxins which are recognized by members of the Toll-like receptors to elicit strong immune responses." [GO:0009103, KEGG:map00540, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "lipoglycan biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "LPS biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000876 ! bacterial polysaccharide metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000250 name: peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan - a high molecular weight polymer that forms the tough, rigid structure of bacterial cell walls. It is made up of three parts: (1) a backbone, composed of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid; (2) a set of identical tetrapeptide side-chains attached to N-acetylmuramic acid; and (3) a set of identical peptide cross-bridges. The backbone is the same in all bacterial species; however, the tetrapeptide side-chains and the peptide cross-bridges vary from species to species." [GO:0009252, KEGG:map00550, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "murein biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000876 ! bacterial polysaccharide metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000251 name: diterpenoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of diterpenoid. Terpenoids are a large class of naturally-occurring organic chemicals. They are derived from five-carbon units and are modifed in manifold ways." [GO:0016102, KEGG:map00904, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00904" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000184 ! terpenoid biosynthetic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000252 name: monoterpenoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of monoterpenoid. Terpenoids are a large class of naturally-occurring organic chemicals. They are derived from five-carbon units and are modifed in manifold ways." [] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000253 name: indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of indole and ipecac. Indole is a heterocyclic compound, obtained from coal tar, and produced by the decomposition of tryptophan in the intestine, being partly responsible for the peculiar odor of the feces. It is also found in cultures of Vibrio cholerae and other bacteria; a color test for its production is used in classifying enteric bacteria. Ipecac is derived from the dried rhizome and roots of Cephaelis ipecacuanha or of C. acuminata. It is a mixture of alkaloids, primarily emetine and cephaelin." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000254 name: penicillins and cephalosporins biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of penicillin and cephalosporins. The former is the best known antibiotic which blocks the cross linking reaction in peptidoglycan synthesis, thus destroying the bacterial cell wall. The latter represents a broad class of antibiotics similar to penicillin, both chemically and in mode of action." [KEGG:map00311, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000255 name: beta-Lactam resistance pathway def: "Those pathways that confer to an organism resistance to the action of beta-lactams - a class of broad spectrum antibiotics that are structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins and cephalosporins." [KEGG:map00312, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000256 name: polyketides biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of polyketides. Polyketides are a group of secondary metabolites made by microorganisms that possess a broad range of pharmacologically important activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumor." [Internet:http\://linux1.nii.res.in/~pksdb/polyketide.html] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000257 name: polyketide sugar biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000258 name: tetracycline biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of tetracycline - any of a group of biosynthetic antibiotics. Some are isolated from certain species of Streptomyces and others are produced semisynthetically." [GO:0043644, KEGG:map00253, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000259 name: clavulanic acid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid. Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by a bacterium of the genus Streptomyces (S. clavuligerus) that is a beta-lactamase inhibitor and is usually used in the form of its clavulanate salt of potassium especially in combination with amoxicillin" [GO:0033050, Internet:Google, KEGG:map00331] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000260 name: puromycin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of puromycin - an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces alboniger, which has been used experimentally as an antineoplastic because of its ability to inhibit protein synthesis; it also has trypanosomicidal and amebicidal activity and was formerly used in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and amebic dysentery." [GO:0043638, KEGG:map00231, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000261 name: neuronal secretory pathway def: "The unique morphology of the neuron defies the classical organization of secretory pathways. The neuronal secretory pathway represents the intracellular trafficking route for proteins involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity and for lipids necessary for growth and remodeling of neurites. Neurons possess both somatic and dendritic Golgi compartments." [PMID:15232591, PMID:26500481] is_a: PW:0001251 ! regulatory pathway pertinent to the brain [Term] id: PW:0000262 name: altered metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant metabolic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways, underlie many conditions, disorders and/or diseases." [PW Dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000263 name: altered regulatory pathway def: "Those regulatory pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant regulatory pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie many conditions, disorders and/or diseases." [PW Dictionary:InHouse Dictionary] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000264 name: altered signaling pathway def: "Those signaling pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant signaling pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie many conditions, disorders and/or diseases." [PW Dictionary:InHouse Dictionary] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000265 name: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease pathway def: "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - a rare prion disease, associated with a number of different mutations of the prion protein gene, existing in sporadic, familial (as an autosomal dominant), and infectious forms, with onset usually in middle life, and having a wide variety of clinical and pathological features. The most commonly seen are varying degrees of spongiform degeneration of neurons, neuronal loss, gliosis, and amyloid plaque formation, accompanied by rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, motor disturbances." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "CJD" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000019 ! prion disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000266 name: Gerstmann-Strussler syndrome, Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker syndrome pathway def: "Gerstmann-Strussler syndrome, Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker syndrome - a group of rare prion diseases, of autosomal dominant inheritance but linked to different mutations of the prion protein gene. Common characteristics include cognitive and motor disturbances, the presence of multicentric amyloid plaques in the brain. Its manifestations include cerebellar ataxia and dementia, rigidity, tremor, memory loss and others, depending on the form of the condition." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000019 ! prion disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000267 name: fatal familial insomnia pathway def: "Fatal familial insomnia - an inherited prion disease, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, affecting primarily the ventral and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus and characterized by progressive insomnia, hallucinations, stupor, and coma ending in death within 6 months to 3 years of onset; autonomic and motor disturbances are also present." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000019 ! prion disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000268 name: kuru def: "Kuru - an infectious form of prion disease with a long incubation period, found only among the Fore and neighboring peoples of New Guinea. It is thought to be associated with ritual cannibalism. Its manifestations include truncal and limb ataxia, tremor, others; ends invariably in death. Amyloid plaques are present in about two thirds of affected individuals." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000019 ! prion disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000269 name: protein folding pathway def: "Those reactions and molecular interactions underlying the folding of a protein into its functional three-dimensional structure. Folding takes place in the cytoplasm and, in the case of secreted proteins, in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are checked (quality control) for proper folding and misfolded proteins are targeted for degradation." [GO:0006457, PMID:17686625, PMID:21495850] is_a: PW:0000181 ! pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation is_a: PW:0001756 ! peptide and protein metabolic process relationship: part_of PW:0000280 ! protein secretory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000270 name: presynaptic differentiation pathway def: "The major events in presynaptic terminal differentiation are the formation of the active zone and the clustering of synaptic vesicles. Cytoskeletal and membrane specializations within the presynapse are necessary to for the regulated exo- and endocytosis of synaptic vesicles." [PMID:15194107, PMID:25654254] is_a: PW:0002422 ! synaptic differentiation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000271 name: postsynaptic differentiation pathway def: "The factors and components involved in, and the elements that regulate them and together shape and modulate the formation of the postsynaptic differentiation." [PMID:20832286] is_a: PW:0002422 ! synaptic differentiation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000272 name: neuron-to-neuron signaling pathways is_a: PW:0000059 ! signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system [Term] id: PW:0000273 name: neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the electrical synapse def: "A simpler pathway of neuron-to-neuron signaling involving the direct flow of ionic currents. It is a reciprocal pathway involving membrane-to-membrane apposition known as gap junction." [PMID:24955544] is_a: PW:0000272 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathways [Term] id: PW:0000274 name: neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse def: "A neurotransmitter-releasing pathway of neuron-to-neuron communication. It involves fusion of neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane, activation of postsynaptic receptors. It also involves recycling and re-release of synaptic vesicles." [PubMed:Annu. Rev. Neursci. 2003\, v26\, 701-28., Reactome:REACT_13477.2] synonym: "Neurotransmission pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000272 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathways [Term] id: PW:0000275 name: cell death pathway def: "A cell death pathway represents the particular series of events leading to the demise of a whole cell or parts of its contents. It plays an essential role in cellular and tissues homeostasis. Biochemical and morphological characteristics are used in the classification of various form of cell death. Deregulation of cell death can contribute to the development of cancer and neurodegeneration." [PMID:12196263, PMID:18414491, PMID:20211164, PMID:21760595] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000276 name: non-apoptotic cell death pathway def: "Non-apoptotic cell death pathway refers collectively to those types of cell death whose functional and/or morphological features are different from the apoptotic cell death. Cellular autophagy is an example." [PMID:12196263, PMID:18414491] is_a: PW:0001557 ! programmed cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000277 name: cellular senescence pathway def: "Cellular senescence, also known as replicative senescence, results from cells ceasing to divide. Generally, it is a state of steady cell cycle arrest induced by stresses such as DNA damage, toxins and/or oncogene activation." [PMID:24449267] is_a: PW:0000276 ! non-apoptotic cell death pathway is_a: PW:0000651 ! aging pathway [Term] id: PW:0000278 name: autophagy pathway def: "Autophagic pathway involves the sequestration of misfolded or long-lived proteins and of defective organelles within double membrane vesicles, delivery of the cargo to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. It is also known as the macroautophagy, or bulk autophagy." [PMID:20034776, PMID:20089931, PMID:20211164, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy] synonym: "KEGG:04140" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002402 ! cellular autophagy pathway [Term] id: PW:0000279 name: necrosis pathway def: "Necrosis represents the sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell death and caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes; it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ. There are many causes of necrosis including injury, infection, cancer, infarction, inflammation, others. There are several distinctive morphologic patterns of necrosis." [Onelook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001558 ! non-programmed cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000280 name: protein secretory pathway def: "The secretory pathway is the route by which secreted proteins travel from sites of biosynthesis and folding, modification and sorting, to their final destinations. It involves ER insertion where folding and quality control of folding take place, move to Golgi and trans-Golgi Network (TGN) where sorting and final modifications take place, exit from Golgi and vesicular transport and delivery to plasma membrane and extracellular space or the endosomal system via constitutive or regulated exocytosis." [PMID:17686625, PMID:18216874, PMID:18354421, PMID:21907200] is_a: PW:0000181 ! pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation [Term] id: PW:0000281 name: endocytosis pathway def: "The endocytic pathway allows for recycling of cargo delivered via the exocytic or secretory routes, uptake of nutrients, internalization of receptors and also, the engulfing of dying cells or of material foreign to the cell. Endocytosis can be subdivided into four pathways: clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, micropinocytosis and phagocytosis. Endosomes and lysosomes are central endocytic components responsible for sorting, recycling, or degradation of cargo, as necessary." [GO:0006897, PMID:16882731, PMID:16985500, PMID:18354421] synonym: "KEGG:04144" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002395 ! cellular trafficking cycle pathway [Term] id: PW:0000282 name: benzoate degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of benzoate - a salt of benzoic acid or benzene carboxylic acid, a fungistatic compound widely used as a food preservative." [GO:0043639, InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000283 name: altered glycan metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic pathways involving glycan that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant glycan metabolic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways, underlie various diseases." [PMID:15459677] is_a: PW:0000146 ! glycan metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000262 ! altered metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000284 name: altered glycosaminoglycan pathway def: "Those metabolic pathways involving glycosaminoglycans that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant glycosaminoglycan pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [PMID:15459677] is_a: PW:0000157 ! glycosaminoglycan metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000283 ! altered glycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000285 name: altered heparan sulfate pathway def: "Those metabolic pathways involving heparan sulfate (HS) that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant HS pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways may be involved in diseases. An example is the potential role of HS in Alzheimer's disease." [PMID:14530380] is_a: PW:0000284 ! altered glycosaminoglycan pathway is_a: PW:0000524 ! heparan sulfate biosynthetic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000286 name: integrin mediated signaling pathway def: "Integrins signal bi-directionally across the plasma membrane and provide an example of mechanotransduction. Inside-out signaling modulates their interaction with ligands to regulate cell adhesion and ECM organization. Ligand binding initiates and shapes many signaling events and links to the cytoskeleton. Via protein clustering and ECM organization integrins synergize with and/or modulate various growth factor pathways. Integrin signaling regulates multiple processes including gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation and survival." [GO:0007229, KEGG:map04510, PMID:11842240, PMID:14570568, PMID:15009204, PMID:15276463, Reactome:REACT_13552.1] is_a: PW:0000648 ! cell adhesion signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001502 ! mechanotransduction pathway [Term] id: PW:0000287 name: altered apoptotic cell death pathway def: "Those apoptotic pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant pathways of programmed cell death, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [PW:InHouse] is_a: PW:0000009 ! apoptotic cell death pathway is_a: PW:0001559 ! altered programmed cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000288 name: altered intrinsic apoptotic pathway def: "An intrinsic apoptotic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant intrinsic apoptotic pathway, alone or in combination with other pathways underlies various diseases." [PW:InHouse] is_a: PW:0000104 ! intrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000287 ! altered apoptotic cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000289 name: altered cell death pathway def: "Those pathways of cell death that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant pathways of cell death, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [PW:Inhouse] is_a: PW:0000263 ! altered regulatory pathway is_a: PW:0000275 ! cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000290 name: altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis def: "Those pathways involved in and/or controlling DNA replication, cell cycle, DNA repair and preservation of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis that deviate from what their normal course should be. Such aberrant pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [PW:Inhouse] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis is_a: PW:0000263 ! altered regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000292 name: altered DNA repair pathway def: "Those pathways of DNA repair that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant pathways of DNA repair, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [PW:InHouse] is_a: PW:0000099 ! DNA repair pathway is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis [Term] id: PW:0000293 name: altered pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation def: "Those pathways of protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant protein pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [PW:InHouse] is_a: PW:0000181 ! pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation is_a: PW:0000263 ! altered regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000294 name: altered ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway def: "An ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrations in the pathway have been implicated in a number of diseases. Examples include certain malignancies, disorders of the immune and inflammatory responses and neurodegeneration." [PMID:14556719] is_a: PW:0000144 ! ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway is_a: PW:0000418 ! altered ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000295 name: altered integrin mediated signaling pathway def: "An integrin signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant integrin signaling pathway, alone or in combination with other pathways underlies various diseases. An example is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that involves integrins and the synergy between integrins and growth factors. Aberrant integrin signaling has also been correlated with tumor progression in several cancers." [PMID:15276463] is_a: PW:0000286 ! integrin mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000671 ! altered cell adhesion signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000296 name: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pathway def: "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is a disease of the myocardium (the muscle of the heart) in which a portion of the myocardium is thickened. Many physiological and pathological conditions as well as many pathways underlie the hypertrophic response." [KEGG:map05410, OneLook:www.onelook.org, PMID:15276462] synonym: "HCM pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05410" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000022 ! cardiomyopathy pathway [Term] id: PW:0000297 name: platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway def: "PDGF signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth and survival." [GO:0048008, PMID:14515146, PMID:26153649, Reactome:REACT_16888.1] synonym: "PDGF signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200149" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200162" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200201" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000298 name: altered growth factor signaling pathway def: "Those growth factor mediated signaling pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant growth factor mediated pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [PW:InHouse3] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000299 name: myocardial infarction pathway def: "Myocardial infarction, commonly known as heart attack, is a serious, sudden heart condition characterized by varying degrees of chest pain, weakness, sweating, nausea and vomiting, sometimes causing loss of consciousness. It occurs when parts of the heart muscle die because they are not supplied with enough blood." [OneLook:www.onelook.org] synonym: "heart attack pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "myocardial infarct pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000020 ! cardiovascular system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000300 name: kidney disease pathway def: "The congenital and acquired diseases affecting the kidney." [PW:InHouse] synonym: "nephropathy pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001700 ! urologic disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000301 name: kidney failure pathway def: "Renal failure implies the loss of kidney function. It can be acute and rapidly progressing, or chronic with slow progression. Chronic renal failure may involve a number of kidney diseases and end-stage renal failure is the ultimate consequence." [Onelook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "renal failure pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000300 ! kidney disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000302 name: glomerulonephritis pathway def: "Glomerulonephritis is accompanied by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute, and chronic forms and may be secondary to hemolytic streptococcal infection. Evidence also supports possible immune or autoimmune mechanisms." [Onelook:www.onelook.org] is_a: PW:0000300 ! kidney disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000303 name: p53-dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint pathway def: "The p53-dependent pathway of G1 arrest in response to damaged DNA." [InHouse:PW dictionary, Reactome:REACT_85.1] synonym: "ATM pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000095 ! G1/S DNA damage checkpoint pathway [Term] id: PW:0000304 name: p53-independent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint pathway def: "The p53-independent pathway of G1/S arrest in response to damaged DNA." [InHouse:PW dictionary, Reactome:REACT_1208.1] is_a: PW:0000095 ! G1/S DNA damage checkpoint pathway [Term] id: PW:0000305 name: altered carbohydrate metabolic pathway def: "Those pathways of carbohydrate metabolism that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant carbohydrate metabolic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways, underlie various diseases." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000262 ! altered metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000306 name: altered galactose metabolic pathway def: "Those pathways of galactose metabolism that deviate from what their normal course should be. An aberrant galactose metabolic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlies various diseases. One example is the involvement of aberrant galactose catabolism in cancer." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000042 ! galactose metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000305 ! altered carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000307 name: coagulative necrosis pathway def: "Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic environments. Cell outlines remain after cell death and can be observed by light microscopy (e.g. myocardial infarction, infarct of the spleen)." [Onelook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000279 ! necrosis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000308 name: liquefactive necrosis pathway def: "Liquefactive necrosis is associated with cellular destruction and pus formation (e.g. pneumonia)." [onelook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000279 ! necrosis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000309 name: caseous necrosis pathway def: "Caseous necrosis is a mix of coagulative necrosis and liquefactive necrosis (e.g. tuberculosis)." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000279 ! necrosis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000310 name: fatty necrosis pathway def: "Fatty necrosis results from the action of lipases on fatty tissues (e.g. acute pancreatitis)." [Onelook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000279 ! necrosis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000311 name: fibrinoid necrosis pathway def: "Fibrinoid necrosis involves the deposition of fibrin and other plasma proteins in the walls of afferent renal arterioles in malignant hypertension, often accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate within the walls and thrombosis of the vessel lumen. " [Onelook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000279 ! necrosis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000312 name: stress-regulated MAPK signaling pathway def: "MAPK signaling pathways that are responding to stress or injury as well as inflammatory cytokines" [PMID:10209154, PMID:14570565, PMID:17229475, PMID:17306385] synonym: "SAPK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000007 ! mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000313 name: c-Jun N-terminal kinases MAPK signaling pathway def: "A stress induced MAPK pathway that regulates an array of processes such as gene expression, cell migration, cytoskeletal organization, apoptosis." [GO:0007254, KEGG:map04010, PMID:15102441] synonym: "JNK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000312 ! stress-regulated MAPK signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000314 name: calcium/calmodulin dependent signaling pathway def: "Those signaling pathways that are mediated through the binding of calmodulin - a multifunctional calcium transducer - to its target effectors." [PMID:10884684, PMID:14671000] synonym: "Ca/CaM dependent signaling pathways" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001140 ! calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000315 name: calcineurin signaling pathway def: "Calcineurin - a calcium/calmodulin dependent serine/threonine phosphatase - plays important regulatory roles in cardiac muscle growth and differentiation, memory processes and apoptosis." [PMID:15232210] is_a: PW:0000314 ! calcium/calmodulin dependent signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000653 ! serine/threonine-specific phosphatase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000316 name: calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase signaling pathway def: "The multifunctional calcium/calmodulin dependent serine/threonine kinases (CAMKs) play important regulatory roles in the cardiac, muscle, nervous and immune tissues. They are represented by CAMK2 whose Ca2+/CaM binding leads to autophosphorylation and activation and the CAMK cascades that depend on an upstream CAMK kinase (CAMKK) for phosphorylation of an 'activation loop' and subsequent activation. CAMK1 and CAMK4 are the two CAMK signaling cascades." [PMID:21529938] synonym: "CaMK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000314 ! calcium/calmodulin dependent signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000317 name: nuclear factor of activated T-cells signaling pathway def: "Members of the NFAT family of transcription factors, once de-phosphorylated by calcineurin translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where they induce the transcription of genes involved in the immune response, cell-cell interactions. NFAT signaling is believed to play important roles in the development and function of the cardiovascular system." [GO:0033173, PMID:11983154, PMID:12975316] synonym: "NFAT signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000318 name: altered calcium/calmodulin dependent signaling pathway def: "Those calcium/CaM dependent pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant calcium/CaM dependent pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie many diseases. One example is the potential role disruptions within these pathways play in cardiac hypertrophy." [PW dictionary:InHouse PW] synonym: "altered Ca/CaM dependent pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000314 ! calcium/calmodulin dependent signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001169 ! altered calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000319 name: altered calcineurin signaling pathway def: "A calcineurin signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant calcineurin pathway, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases. One example is the role a constitutively active calcineurin plays in cardiac hypertrophy, via the NFAT pathway." [PMID:15276472] is_a: PW:0000315 ! calcineurin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000318 ! altered calcium/calmodulin dependent signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001197 ! altered serine/threonine-specific phosphatase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000320 name: novobiocin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of novobiocin, an aminocoumarin antibiotic. It is also known as albamycin or cathomycin and is produced by an actinomycete of the order Actinobacteria." [GO:0043642, KEGG:map00401, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000321 name: altered Hedgehog signaling pathway def: "A Hedgehog signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant Hedgehog signaling pathway has been involved in a number of human cancers." [PMID:12495844, PMID:15205520] is_a: PW:0000122 ! Hedgehog signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000322 name: ephrin - ephrin receptor bidirectional signaling axis def: "Ephrins and their receptors constitute a bidirectional signaling pathway transducing forward signals through the receptors and reverse signals through the ephrins that influence the behavior of both interacting cells. The Eph/ephrin axis plays important roles in cell morphology, adhesion and migration. Its disruption has been implicated in several human cancers." [GO:0048013, PMID:15093606] synonym: "eph/ephrin receptor bidirectional signaling axis" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200052" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200059" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200142" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200204" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200216" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000332 ! cell-cell signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000323 name: altered ephrin - ephrin receptor bidirectional signaling pathway def: "An Eph/ephrin bidirectional axis that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant Eph/ephrins axis has been implicated in a number of human cancers." [PMID:15561600] is_a: PW:0000322 ! ephrin - ephrin receptor bidirectional signaling axis is_a: PW:0000336 ! altered cell-cell signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000324 name: altered Notch signaling pathway def: "A Notch signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant Notch signaling pathway has been implicated in a number of human cancers." [PMID:11549580, PMID:14988924, PMID:15288257] is_a: PW:0000204 ! Notch signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000336 ! altered cell-cell signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000669 ! altered glycoprotein signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000325 name: protein degradation pathway def: "Those pathways involved in the degradation of proteins." [GO:0030163, InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000181 ! pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation [Term] id: PW:0000326 name: altered protein degradation pathway is_a: PW:0000293 ! altered pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation is_a: PW:0000325 ! protein degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000327 name: protein disulphide bond formation pathway def: "The pathways involved in the formation, reduction and isomerization of disulphide bonds in proteins. Disulphide bonds are essential for the stability of proteins that are secreted or are localized to organelles of the secretory pathway." [PMID:10754564] is_a: PW:0000269 ! protein folding pathway [Term] id: PW:0000328 name: fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "The family of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) comprises 22 ligands classified into seven phylogenetic subfamilies and three groups by mode of action: the intracellular intracrine and the extracellular paracrine or canonical and endocrine or hormone-like groups. The paracrine subfamilies signal via the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). The endocrine subfamily is FGFR-dependent but the affinity towards the receptors is low and it relies on the Klotho family of transmembrane proteins. The intracrine subfamily is FGFR-independent. Overall, the pathway plays important roles during embryonic and postnatal development, neuromodulation, mineral metabolism and homeostasis. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with neoplastic and metabolic diseases." [GO:0007173, PMID:19379279, PMID:19601767, PMID:20940169, PMID:22298654, Reactome:REACT_9470.2] synonym: "FGF signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200220" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000329 name: transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway def: "The TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors regulates a broad spectrum of processes such as angiogenesis, embryonic development, cell differentiation, proliferation, wound healing. Binding to two types of serine/threonine receptors and activation of Smad proteins is a common theme. However, ligand-receptor interaction and the identity of the activated Smad protein(s) appear to be member specific." [KEGG:map04350, PMID:15473857] synonym: "KEGG:04350" RELATED [] synonym: "TGF-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000330 name: Bone morphogenetic proteins signaling pathway def: "The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are related to TGF-beta and activins and are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. The BMP signaling pathway plays important roles in induction and patterning of the mesoderm. BMP pathway cross-talks to other pathways such as TGF-beta, Wnt, MAPK, Notch, JAK-STAT and others." [GO:0030509, PMID:15368350, Reactome:REACT_12034.1] synonym: "BMP signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200144" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000329 ! transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000331 name: activin signaling pathway def: "Activins are members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. The pathway plays important roles in embryonic development, inflammation, reproductive biology. Deregulation of activin signaling contributes to a number of pathological conditions." [GO:0032924, PMID:16885529, PMID:16997617, PMID:19273500] synonym: "PID:200029" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000329 ! transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000332 name: cell-cell signaling pathway def: "Cell-cell signaling pathway conveys information between cells using cell adhesion molecules." [RGD:InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000648 ! cell adhesion signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000333 name: cadherin mediated signaling pathway def: "Cadherins represent a large protein superfamily with many and important roles in cell adhesion and signaling. Cadherins are characterized by the presence of the extracellular cadherin, calcium-binding repeat. The number and structural similarities of repeats across families vary." [PMID:11171368, PMID:18848899] is_a: PW:0000332 ! cell-cell signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000334 name: connexin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000332 ! cell-cell signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000335 name: altered transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway def: "Those TGF-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Alone or in combination with other pathways they underlie many conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and various types of cancer." [PMID:18313409] synonym: "altered TGF-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000298 ! altered growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000329 ! transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000336 name: altered cell-cell signaling pathway def: "Those cell-cell signaling pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be." [PW dictionary:InHouse PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000332 ! cell-cell signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000671 ! altered cell adhesion signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000337 name: selectin signaling pathway def: "Selectins represent a small family of lectin-like adhesion receptors that mediate cell-cell interactions via calcium-dependent recognition of sialylated glycans. The exact role of this signaling pathway is not well known." [] is_a: PW:0000332 ! cell-cell signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000338 name: altered cadherins mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000333 ! cadherin mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000339 name: altered connexins mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000334 ! connexin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000340 name: altered Notch signaling pathway involving the main players def: "An altered Notch signaling pathway due to mutation(s) in the main players. They include receptor(s), ligand(s), and members of the CSL complex." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000324 ! altered Notch signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000341 name: altered Notch signaling pathway involving the macromolecules modifying the main players def: "An altered Notch signaling pathway due to mutation(s) in the enzymes, macromolecules that act upon the main players. They include proteases, elements of the proteo- and glucosaminoglycan metabolic pathways, ubiquitin ligases, other proteins that modulate availability, sensitivity, endocytosis of ligands/receptors." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000324 ! altered Notch signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000342 name: altered Notch signaling pathway involving target gene(s) def: "An altered Notch signaling pathway due to mutation(s) in the target gene(s). They may include members of the HES and HERP families of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional repressors." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000324 ! altered Notch signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000343 name: altered Notch signaling pathway involving promoters def: "An altered Notch signaling pathway due to mutation(s) in the promoters of target gene(s)." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000324 ! altered Notch signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000344 name: cerebrovascular disease pathway is_a: PW:0000020 ! cardiovascular system disease pathway is_a: PW:0001412 ! nervous system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000345 name: cerebral arterial diseases pathway is_a: PW:0000344 ! cerebrovascular disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000346 name: CADASIL pathway def: "CADASIL - cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy - a disease of the small cerebral arteries characterized by subcortical stroke and vascular dementia. It is associated with mutations in the Notch3 gene. More than fifty mutations are clustered within the first EGF repeats and involve the gain or loss of a cysteine." [PMID:14667809, PMID:14986825] is_a: PW:0000345 ! cerebral arterial diseases pathway [Term] id: PW:0000347 name: cardiovascular abnormalities pathway is_a: PW:0000020 ! cardiovascular system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000348 name: congenital heart defects pathway is_a: PW:0000347 ! cardiovascular abnormalities pathway [Term] id: PW:0000349 name: Alagille syndrome pathway def: "Alagille syndrome is a developmental disease characterized by defects in heart, as well as liver, skeleton and eye. Abnormalities of the central nervous system are also found. The disease is associated with mutations across the entire Jag1 gene." [PMID:14986825] is_a: PW:0000348 ! congenital heart defects pathway [Term] id: PW:0000350 name: altered vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway def: "A VEGF mediated pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant VEGF mediated pathways have been implicated in a number of human cancers. Upregulation of VEGF expression is associated with cancer and tumor growth." [PMID:15563310] synonym: "altered VEGF signaling pathways" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000243 ! vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000298 ! altered growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001538 ! altered cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000351 name: altered vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway involving the main players def: "An altered VEGF signaling pathway due to mutation(s) in the main players. They include the various VEGF molecules and VEGF receptors." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] synonym: "altered VEGF signaling pathway involving the main players" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000350 ! altered vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000352 name: altered vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway involving the macromolecules modifying the main players def: "An altered VEGF signaling pathway due to mutation(s) in the enzymes that process VEGF, such as the plasmin and furin-like proteases." [InHouse:In House PW dictionary] synonym: "altered VEGF signaling pathway involving the macromolecules modifying the main players" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000350 ! altered vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000353 name: altered vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway involving proteins affecting its expression def: "An altered VEGF signaling pathway due to mutation(s), any activity change in the proteins that regulate VEGF expression. They include transcription factors such as the hypoxia-inducible factor and the many proteins impacting on the stability and/or activity of these factors." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] synonym: "altered VEGF signaling pathway involving proteins affecting its expression" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000350 ! altered vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000354 name: glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glycerophospholipids, also known as phospholipids. They are key components of membranes and some are also involved in signaling." [GO:0006650, KEGG:map00564, MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] synonym: "KEGG:00564" RELATED [] synonym: "phospholipid metabolic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00025" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000355 name: homeostasis pathway def: "Those pathways involved in the maintenance of the internal environment of an organism, the adequate levels of substances and nutrients, the stability of normal body states and the feedback regulatory mechanisms that control them." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000356 name: oxygen homeostasis pathway def: "The pathways involved in responding to changes in and maintenance of adequate oxygen levels." [GO:0032364, PMID:11181957, PMID:12603312, PMID:14597660, PMID:15031665] is_a: PW:0001692 ! inorganic chemical homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000357 name: energy homeostasis pathway def: "Those pathways involved in the balance between energy uptake and energy expenditure. Disturbance of this equilibrium has been linked to various conditions including obesity." [PMID:11239410, PMID:15703762] is_a: PW:0000355 ! homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000358 name: altered homeostasis pathway def: "Those homeostatic pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant homeostatic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways, underlie many conditions, disorders and/or diseases." [PW dictionary:PW InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000263 ! altered regulatory pathway is_a: PW:0000355 ! homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000359 name: altered energy homeostasis pathway def: "Those pathways of energy homeostasis that deviate from what their normal course should be. Obesity in particular has been associated with disturbances in the control of energy balance." [PMID:11239410, PMID:15703762] is_a: PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000358 ! altered homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000360 name: hypoxia inducible factor pathway def: "The hypoxia inducible transcription factor is activated in response to hypoxic conditions to promote the expression of many genes that play important roles in glucose and energy metabolism, angiogenesis and erythropoiesis." [PMID:11181957, PMID:12603312, PMID:14597660, PMID:15031665] synonym: "HIF pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200036" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200202" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling relationship: part_of PW:0000356 ! oxygen homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000361 name: altered oxygen homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000356 ! oxygen homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001833 ! altered inorganic chemical homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000362 name: the ion channels pathway def: "The acute hypoxic response is mediated through the activity of excitable cells via oxygen-sensing ion channels." [PMID:11181957] relationship: part_of PW:0000356 ! oxygen homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000363 name: leptin system pathway def: "Leptin acts on two populations of hypothalamic neurons that express orexigenic (feeding inducing) and anorexigenic genes, respectively. Leptin reduces the expression of genes from the former and enhances the expression of genes from the latter neurons. Leptin mediated response acts primarily via Jak-dependent activation of STAT." [GO:0033210, PMID:11239410, PMID:12079865] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000364 name: altered leptin system pathway is_a: PW:0000359 ! altered energy homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000363 ! leptin system pathway is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000365 name: melanocortin system pathway def: "The melanocortin dependent system is involved in a diverse number of pathways such as pigmentation, steroidogenesis, sexual function, energy homeostasis. Its implication in energy homeostasis is of particular interest as alterations of this system have been associated with obesity." [PMID:11874690, PMID:12556347, PMID:15189116] synonym: "SMP:00310" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000366 name: altered melanocortin system pathway def: "A melanocortin dependent system pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in the prohormone gene PMOC and the modifying enzyme PC1 are linked to obesity. Mutations in MC2R receptor and its accessory protein MRAP have been associated with type 1 and 2 familial glucocorticoid deficiency, respectively." [PMID:11874690, PMID:19028547] is_a: PW:0000359 ! altered energy homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000365 ! melanocortin system pathway is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000367 name: altered Jak-Stat signaling pathway def: "Jak-Stat signaling pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be." [InHouse:PW InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000209 ! Jak-Stat signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001537 ! altered tyrosine-specific protein kinase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001543 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to immunity [Term] id: PW:0000368 name: Non-Stat, Jak dependent pathway def: "Those pathways dependent on activation by JAK kinases but independent of Stat proteins." [PMID:12884916] is_a: PW:0001195 ! tyrosine-specific protein kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000369 name: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 signaling pathway def: "Nuclear factor, 2 like 2 (Nfe2l2, also known as Nrf2) signaling pathway is one of the most important regulator of antioxidant and/or electrophilic stress responses. Upon activation, Nfe2l2 induces the expression of antioxidant, xenobiotic metabolism, and cytoprotective genes, among others. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with various conditions, including neurodegeneration and cancer." [PMID:15252150, PMID:20486759, PMID:20815789, PMID:22874821, PMID:26122708] synonym: "Nfe2l2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Nrf2 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway is_a: PW:0000378 ! oxidative stress response pathway is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000370 name: aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway def: "The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor whose ligands include a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons and which regulates the expression of phase I and phase II drug- and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Phase I enzymes convert otherwise inactive hydrocarbons into active metabolites with potential carcinogenic effects, thus rendering AhR a player in tumor initiation." [PMID:15451023, PMID:15627472, PMID:20106901, PMID:20868221] synonym: "AhR signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001371 ! basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000371 name: calcium homeostasis pathway def: "The maintenance of adequate intracellular calcium levels are crucial in order to assure the availability of this important ion and, at the same time prevent against the damage its high concentration can cause. Pumps and exchangers move the calcium ions into organelles or outside the cell, channels of many types allow for its transient flow inside the cell. Calcium transport, which maintains and controls the calcium gradient, and calcium signaling, which the gradient promotes, are inextricably connected in the fabric of calcium homeostasis." [PMID:17574670, PMID:18083096] is_a: PW:0000589 ! metal homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000372 name: altered calcium homeostasis pathway def: "Dysfunction of calcium homeostasis has been implicated in several human neural, neurodegenerative and cardiac conditions." [PMID:21170867, PMID:21698698, PMID:22435804] is_a: PW:0000358 ! altered homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000371 ! calcium homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001832 ! altered metal homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000373 name: glutathione conjugation pathway def: "The glutathione conjugation of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds represents a major pathway phase II biotransformation. The glutathione conjugates may either be excreted or undergo further processing." [MCW - book:QV 600 C335t 2001, PMID:17482904, Reactome:REACT_6959.3] synonym: "phase II biotransformation" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000378 ! oxidative stress response pathway is_a: PW:0000858 ! phase II biotransformation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000374 name: alternate pathways of glutathione conjugates processing def: "Pathways of glutathione conjugates processing other than the mercapturic acid pathway." [InHouse dictionary:PW InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000373 ! glutathione conjugation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000375 name: phase I biotransformation pathway via cytochrome P450 def: "The major phase I biotransformation pathway for the activation of endogenous and exogenous substances carried out by members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily." [Book:QV 600 C335t 2001, PMID:17482904, PMID:19835560, Reactome:REACT_13705.1] synonym: "KEGG:00980" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:00982" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000857 ! phase I biotransformation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000376 name: cytochrome P450-independent phase I biotransformation pathway def: "A minor phase I biotransformation pathway for the activation of endogenous and exogenous substances carried by flavin-containing monooxygenases." [PMID:19835560] is_a: PW:0000857 ! phase I biotransformation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000377 name: glutathione conjugates processing - the mercapturic acid pathway def: "The mercapturic acid pathway of glutathione conjugates processing involves the sequential cleavage of glutamyl and glycine residues of glutathione followed by cysteine N-acetylation." [MCW book:QV 600 C335t 2001] is_a: PW:0000373 ! glutathione conjugation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000378 name: oxidative stress response pathway def: "Oxidative stress occurs when the redox balance between pro- and anti-oxidants is upset due to an increase in endogenous or exogenous pro-oxidant stimuli. The response triggers the upregulation of antioxidant and detoxification systems. Oxidants can also act as second messengers to trigger a variety of cellular signaling pathways." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_stress] is_a: PW:0000237 ! stress response pathway [Term] id: PW:0000379 name: endoplasmic reticulum stress - the unfolded protein response pathway def: "Inhibition of protein folding or its disruption by mutant proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum triggers a signal transduction response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR increases the biosynthetic capacity while decreasing the biosynthetic burden of the secretory pathway through up- and downregulation of gene expression." [GO:0030968, PMID:15603751, PMID:15952902] synonym: "ER stress - UPR pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000237 ! stress response pathway [Term] id: PW:0000380 name: transport pathway for the elimination of drugs, endogenous or exogenous compounds and metabolites def: "Drugs, endogenous and/or exogenous compounds processed through the phase I and II of bioactivation, biotransformation pathways are eliminated via phase III transport pathway carried out by several transporter families." [PMID:17220560] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway is_a: PW:0000378 ! oxidative stress response pathway is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000381 name: multidrug resistance-associated protein mediated transport pathway synonym: "MRP mediated pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000380 ! transport pathway for the elimination of drugs, endogenous or exogenous compounds and metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000382 name: multidrug resistance protein mediated transport pathway synonym: "MDR mediated pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000380 ! transport pathway for the elimination of drugs, endogenous or exogenous compounds and metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000383 name: multispecific organic anion transporter mediated transport pathway synonym: "OAT mediated pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000380 ! transport pathway for the elimination of drugs, endogenous or exogenous compounds and metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000384 name: G2/M DNA damage checkpoint pathway def: "The G2M checkpoint pathways assure the genome is replicated only once per cell cycle. The checkpoints control for damaged and un-replicated DNA. Various DNA damage checkpoints lead to inhibition of the cyclin- dependent kinases that regulate the next cell cycle point." [InHouse:PW dictionary, Reactome:REACT_897.2] is_a: PW:0000096 ! G2/M checkpoint pathway [Term] id: PW:0000385 name: G2/M DNA replication checkpoint pathway def: "Those pathways that assure the genome is replicated only once per cell cycle. The checkpoints control for damaged and un-replicated DNA. Un-replicated DNA signals to block the cell cycle from proceeding. The mechanism by which the cell detects un-replicated DNA is not known." [InHouse:PW dictionary, Reactome:REACT_1846.2] is_a: PW:0000096 ! G2/M checkpoint pathway [Term] id: PW:0000386 name: Rap1 mediated signaling pathway def: "A very close relative of Ras, Rap1 mediated pathway appears to control diverse processes such as modulation of growth and differentiation, secretion, integrin linked cell adhesion, morphogenesis." [PMID:11331911] is_a: PW:0000158 ! Ras family mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000387 name: Arf family mediated signaling pathway def: "Arf family mediated signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicle trafficking. In particular they appear to control early events such as vesicle budding." [GO:0032011, PMID:11152757] synonym: "PID:200195" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000006 ! Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000388 name: Reelin signaling pathway def: "The reelin signaling pathway regulates neuronal positioning and may also play a role in synaptic plasticity. The reelin gene appears to be downregulated in schizophrenic brains but the link between the reelin pathway and the disease remains to be established." [PMID:12764038, PMID:14715136, PMID:14993361] synonym: "PID:200062" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000059 ! signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000656 ! glycoprotein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000389 name: altered signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000059 ! signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000390 name: altered Reelin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000388 ! Reelin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000389 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000669 ! altered glycoprotein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000391 name: altered Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway synonym: "altered monomeric G protein mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000006 ! Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001541 ! altered G protein mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000392 name: altered Ras mediated signaling pathway def: "A Ras mediated signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant Ras mediated signaling pathways have been implicated in a number of human cancers and deregulation of Ras has been reported even in the absence of mutations." [PMID:11027944] is_a: PW:0000525 ! Ras mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001540 ! altered Ras family mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000393 name: altered mTOR signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000180 ! mTOR signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis is_a: PW:0000359 ! altered energy homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000394 name: dopamine signaling pathway def: "Dopamine signaling plays important roles in processes such as motivation, learning and movement. It also plays several roles in the periphery as a modulator of renal, cardiovascular and the endocrine systems. Dopamine signals to a family of at least 5 receptors that are classified into two subfamilies that couple to distinct G proteins to elicit diverse downstream events. Deregulation of the pathway has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders." [GO:0007212, PMID:17408758, PMID:18353279] synonym: "dopaminergic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:04728" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse is_a: PW:0000798 ! catecholamine signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000395 name: altered dopamine signaling pathway synonym: "altered dopaminergic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000389 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000394 ! dopamine signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000396 name: spermidine metabolic pathway def: "Polyamine metabolism plays important roles in a number of cellular processes. Spermidine and spermine are formed in two consecutive reactions carried out by distinct enzymes that employ the decarboxylated form of AdoMet as an aminopropyl donor." [GO:0008216, PMID:19603518] synonym: "SMP:00445" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000214 ! polyamine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000397 name: cobalamin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving cobalamin, known as vitamin B12 - a water-soluble vitamin. Cobalamin which important roles in a number of metabolic pathways. There are several related compounds whose synthesis occurs in bacteria but whose conversion can be carried out in higher organisms." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12] synonym: "Vitamin B12 metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000398 name: homocysteine metabolic pathway def: "Homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism is at the intersection of two pathways: the remethylation pathway that regenerates methionine and thus the methionine cycle and the transsulfuration pathway that gives rise to cysteine and derivatives. The Hcy pathway also engages choline, folate, vitamin(s) metabolism and links to the metabolism of other amino acids and compounds." [PMID:20814827] synonym: "Hcy metabolism" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids relationship: part_of PW:0001693 ! S-adenosylmethionine homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000399 name: remethylation pathway of homocysteine metabolism - cobalamin dependent def: "The predominant route of homocysteine remethylation to methionine that requires the 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate 1 carbon donor and as such, engages folate metabolism." [PMID:20814827] relationship: part_of PW:0000398 ! homocysteine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000400 name: transsulfuration pathway of homocysteine metabolism def: "The transulfuration pathway is one of the two routes of homocysteine metabolism. It allows for the transfer of sulfur from methionine to cysteine. 70% of cysteine is then converted to glutathione and the remainder ends up as either taurine or pyruvate and sulfate." [PMID:20162368, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsulfuration_pathway] synonym: "SMP:00455" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000398 ! homocysteine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000401 name: remethylation pathway of homocysteine metabolism - cobalamin independent, betaine dependent def: "The route of homocysteine remethyation to methionine that mainly occurs in the liver and requires betaine as the methyl donor." [PMID:20814827] synonym: "SMP:00123" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000398 ! homocysteine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000402 name: altered metabolic pathway of other amino acids def: "Those metabolic pathways of amino acids other than the common amino acids that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant metabolic pathways of other amino acids, alone or in combination with other pathways, underlie various diseases." [InHouse:PW InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids is_a: PW:0000262 ! altered metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000403 name: altered amino acid metabolic pathway def: "Those pathways of amino acid metabolism that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant amino acid metabolic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways, underlie various diseases." [InHouse:PW InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000011 ! amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000262 ! altered metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000404 name: creatine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving creatine. Officially methyl guanidino-acetic acid formed from arginine and glycine and the methyl group of methionine, creatine supplies energy to muscle cells." [GO:0006600, Onelook:www.onelook.com, PMID:10893433, Reactome:REACT_813.2] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids [Term] id: PW:0000405 name: synaptic vesicle exocytosis - neurotransmitter release pathway def: "Release of neurotransmitters is mediated through the exocytosis of neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles. Synaptic vesicle trafficking cycle is composed of a number of steps that culminate in calcium-triggered fusion and release." [PMID:10488439, PMID:15217342] is_a: PW:0001072 ! synaptic vesicle cycle pathway [Term] id: PW:0000406 name: metabolic pathway pertinent to the brain is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000407 name: neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000406 ! metabolic pathway pertinent to the brain [Term] id: PW:0000408 name: acetylcholine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of acetylcholine - an ester of choline and acetic acid that acts as a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000212 ! choline metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000436 ! amine neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000409 name: dopamine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of dopamine that acts as a neurotransmitter and a neurohormone. Dopamine has multiple functions in the brain." [PMID:19342614] is_a: PW:0000443 ! catecholamine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000410 name: serotonin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of serotonin - an amine neurotransmitter that is believed to play important roles in a number of conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000444 ! indoleamine and related compounds metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000411 name: histamine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of histamine - a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter and is also involved in the local immune responses." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000444 ! indoleamine and related compounds metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000412 name: gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "GABA metabolism" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000446 ! inhibitory neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000413 name: heme degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of heme - an iron-containing compound where the iron is complexed within a porphyrin heterocyclic ring, There are several kinds of hemes depending on the composition of their side chain. Heme serves as a prosthetic group for a number of proteins." [PMID:24782769] is_a: PW:0000221 ! heme metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000414 name: protein degradation pathway via the 'core' 20S proteasome pathway def: "The 'core' 20S proteasome degrades oxidized and/or unfolded proteins in an ATP and ubiquitin independent manner. The association with the 19S regulatory cap yields the 26S proteasome which has substrate selectivity and ATP and ubiquitin-dependent activity." [PMID:9212076;] is_a: PW:0000325 ! protein degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000415 name: proteasome degradation pathway involving cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligases def: "A proteasome degradation pathway mediated by cullins. Cullins are components of E3 ligase complexes and substrates for Nedd8 - a ubiquitin-like molecule. Neddylation is thought to modulate the activity of cullins." [PMID:10806345, PMID:15021886] is_a: PW:0000144 ! ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000416 name: sumoylation pathway def: "A pathway of protein modification via conjugation with SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier). SUMOylation does not target proteins to the proteasome, rather it targets proteins to particular cellular compartments." [PMID:10806345, PMID:15808504, PMID:23328396, PMID:23416108] synonym: "SUMO modification pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000433 ! protein modification pathway via conjugation with ubiquitin and ubiqutin-like molecules [Term] id: PW:0000417 name: ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like/proteasome degradation pathway def: "The pathway for the ATP-dependent non-lysosomal proteolysis catalyzed by the 26S proteasome and for which ubiquitination, the post-translational covalent conjugation of ubiquitin, or ubiquitin-like, to target proteins is a key signal." [PMID:10993052] is_a: PW:0000325 ! protein degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000418 name: altered ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like degradation pathway is_a: PW:0000326 ! altered protein degradation pathway is_a: PW:0000417 ! ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like/proteasome degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000419 name: water transport pathway def: "The pathways by which water flows into and out of the cell and into and out of sub-cellular compartments for multi-cellular organisms and mediated by members of the aquaporin family of water channels (WCP). The 13 members identified in mammals are grouped into three subfamilies: aquaporins, selective for water; aquaglyceroporins, permeable to both water and small molecules; superaquaporins, the sub-cellular aquaporins. WCPs belong to the superfamily of major intrinsic proteins (MIPs)." [GO:0006833, PMID:19165894] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000420 name: altered c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK signaling pathway synonym: "altered JNK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000313 ! c-Jun N-terminal kinases MAPK signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000422 ! altered stress-regulated MAPK signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000421 name: altered mitogen activated protein kinase pathway def: "A mitogen activated protein kinase pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered MAPK pathways have been linked to a spectrum of conditions." [PW InHouse dictionary:InHouse] synonym: "altered MAPK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000007 ! mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001199 ! altered serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000422 name: altered stress-regulated MAPK signaling pathway synonym: "altered SAPK pathways" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000312 ! stress-regulated MAPK signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000421 ! altered mitogen activated protein kinase pathway [Term] id: PW:0000423 name: surfactant homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000355 ! homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000424 name: altered surfactant homeostasis pathway def: "A surfactant homeostatic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in surfactant proteins and in ABCA3 - a member of the ABC transporters have been implicated in the altered pathway and associated with conditions such as Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) in newborns and lung diseases in infants." [PMID:15985750] is_a: PW:0000358 ! altered homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000423 ! surfactant homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000425 name: diabetic retinopathy pathway def: "High glucose-mediated oxidative stress effects on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and insulin-like growth factor, triggering of polyol metabolic pathway and activation of protein kinase c (PKC) signaling are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy." [PMID:16026270, PMID:24373831, PMID:24563789] is_a: PW:0001496 ! sensory system disease pathway is_a: PW:0001549 ! diabetic angiopathy pathway [Term] id: PW:0000426 name: protein sorting pathway def: "In the secretory pathway, protein sorting, mainly in trans-Golgi Network (TGN), but also in other compartments, underlies cargo recognition by various carriers to assure the specificity of final localization." [PMID:17686625, PMID:18216874, PMID:18354421] is_a: PW:0000181 ! pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation relationship: part_of PW:0000280 ! protein secretory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000427 name: molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic pathway def: "Molybdenum cofactor is a complex between molybdopterin and an oxide of molybdenum and is required for the activity of several enzymes." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000428 name: altered molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000427 ! molybdenum cofactor biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000429 ! altered metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients [Term] id: PW:0000429 name: altered metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients is_a: PW:0000262 ! altered metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000430 name: killed term is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000431 name: another killed term is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000432 name: protein modification pathway def: "Protein modification pathway exerts a central role in the regulation of protein function and the pathways these function impinge upon. It is also used to target protein for degradation. In the more special aspect of protein modification in the secretory pathway, it involves the final modification of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans as well as processing of proteins to their mature forms." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000181 ! pathway pertinent to protein folding, sorting, modification, translocation and degradation [Term] id: PW:0000433 name: protein modification pathway via conjugation with ubiquitin and ubiqutin-like molecules def: "Conjugation of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules proceeds via a cascade-like, enzyme-driven mechanism with diverse functionality." [PMID:10806345] is_a: PW:0000432 ! protein modification pathway [Term] id: PW:0000434 name: ubiquitination pathway def: "A pathway of protein modification via conjugation with ubiquitin. Ubiquitination is well known for targeting proteins for degradation. However, ubiquitination is also used as a tag that modulates the signaling outcomes of modified substrates." [PMID:10806345, PMID:21135871, PMID:22420778] is_a: PW:0000433 ! protein modification pathway via conjugation with ubiquitin and ubiqutin-like molecules [Term] id: PW:0000435 name: neddylation pathway def: "A pathway of protein modification via conjugation with Nedd8 - a ubiquitin-like protein. All Nedd8 targets appear to be members of the cullin family. Cullins participate in the assembly of various E3 ligase complexes. Neddylation pathway is important for embryogenesis and cell cycle control in metazoa, embryonic development in animals." [PMID:10806345, PMID:15021886] is_a: PW:0000433 ! protein modification pathway via conjugation with ubiquitin and ubiqutin-like molecules [Term] id: PW:0000436 name: amine neurotransmitter metabolic pathway def: "The prominent examples of biogenic amines are histamine, serotonin, the catecholamine and the choline derived acetylcholine, all acting as neurotransmitters involved in a wide range of processes." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic_amine] is_a: PW:0000407 ! neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000437 name: amino acid neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000407 ! neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000438 name: alanine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of alanine. Alanine is a non-essential amino acid with roles in glucose and protein metabolism." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "SMP:00055" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000439 name: aspartic acid/aspartate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of aspartic acid/aspartate. Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid with roles in glucose, protein and nucleotide metabolism. In the brain, it can act as a neurotransmitter." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "SMP:00067" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000445 ! excitatory neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000440 name: glycine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glycine, a non-essential amino acid. Glycine has the simplest structure with a hydrogen atom as its side chain. The amino acid is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000446 ! inhibitory neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000441 name: epinephrine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of epinephrine - a catecholamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. It acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter." [PMID:19342614] synonym: "adrenaline metabolism" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000443 ! catecholamine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000442 name: norepinephrine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of norepinephrine - a catecholamine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. It acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter." [PMID:19342614] synonym: "noradrenaline metabolism" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000443 ! catecholamine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000443 name: catecholamine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of catecholamines - chemical compounds derived from tyrosine. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine are among the most abundant and are produced primarily from the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system." [OneLook:www\,onelook.com, PMID:19342614] is_a: PW:0000211 ! biogenic amines and polyamines metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000436 ! amine neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000444 name: indoleamine and related compounds metabolic pathway def: "Any of a number of indole derivatives containing an amine group." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000211 ! biogenic amines and polyamines metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000436 ! amine neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000445 name: excitatory neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000437 ! amino acid neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000446 name: inhibitory neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000437 ! amino acid neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000447 name: peptide neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000407 ! neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000448 name: neuropeptide Y metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of neuropeptide Y." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000447 ! peptide neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000449 name: enkephalin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of enkephalin, a pentapeptide involved in the regulation of nociception." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000447 ! peptide neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000450 name: neurotensin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of neurotensin." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000447 ! peptide neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000451 name: beta-endorphin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of beta-endorphine - a peptide neurotransmitter that may play a role in depression." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000447 ! peptide neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000452 name: substance P metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of substance P - a short-chain polypeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator." [OneLook:www\,onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000447 ! peptide neurotransmitter metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000453 name: isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of an isoprenoid. Isoprenoids are precursors of both sterols and non-sterol derivatives." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] synonym: "steroid alcohol" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000248 ! isoprenoid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000454 name: cholesterol biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, an essential sterol component of mammalian cell membrane. Cholesterol is the precursor of all steroid hormones." [GO:0006695, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Reactome:REACT_9405.2] synonym: "SMP:00023" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001152 ! steroid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001304 ! cholesterol metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000455 name: excitatory synaptic transmission pathway def: "Synaptic transmission, or neurotransmission is the pathway of neuron-to-neuron signaling via the chemical synapse and mediated by neurotransmitters. Their effect can be excitatory or inhibitory and many neurotransmitters can exert either effect. The major excitatory neurotransmitter is the amino acid glutamate." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "excitatory neurotransmission pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse [Term] id: PW:0000456 name: Inhibitory synaptic transmission pathway def: "Synaptic transmission, or neurotransmission is the pathway of neuron-to-neuron signaling via the chemical synapse and mediated by neurotransmitters. Their effect can be excitatory or inhibitory and many neurotransmitters can exert either effect. The major inhibitory neurotransmitter is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "Inhibitory neurotransmission pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse [Term] id: PW:0000457 name: angiotensin III signaling pathway def: "Angiotensin III is derived from angiotensin II through the action of aminopeptidase A and in turn is cleaved by aminopeptidase N to generate angiotensin IV. Angiotensin III appears to function in a manner similar to angiotensin II. It plays a role in vasoconstriction and the control of arterial blood pressure. Angiotensin III may be the effective angiotensin peptide in the central nervous system." [PMID:10961935, PMID:11295571] is_a: PW:0000245 ! angiotensin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000458 name: angiotensin IV signaling pathway def: "Angiotensin IV is derived from angiotensin III through the action of aminopeptidase N. The receptor for angiotensin IV has been shown to be the insulin-regulated membrane aminopeptidase. Studies suggest that angiotensin IV signaling activates a number of intracellular second messenger systems and plays a role in vascular remodeling and memory." [PMID:12591177, PMID:15549174] is_a: PW:0000245 ! angiotensin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000459 name: apelin signaling pathway def: "Apelin signaling pathway plays a role in the vascular, cardiac, bone and digestive systems as well as the brain." [GO:0060183, PMID:15601620, PMID:15907343] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000460 name: arachidonic acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or conversion of arachidonic acid - a polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid. It is a precursor in the production of eicosanoids and can also be converted to other metabolites, collectively known as the arachidonic acid cascade." [GO:0019369, KEGG:map00590, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:15896353] synonym: "arachidonic acid cascade" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:00590" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00075" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000058 ! fatty acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000461 name: cyclooxygenase mediated pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism def: "The cyclooxygenase pathway is one of the three major routes of arachidonic acid oxygenation." [PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000460 ! arachidonic acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000462 name: lipoxygenase mediated pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism def: "Lipoxygenase pathway is one of three major routes of arachidonic acid oxygenation" [PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000460 ! arachidonic acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000463 name: cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mediated pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism def: "Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase pathway is one the three major routes of arachidonic acid oxygenation." [PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000460 ! arachidonic acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000464 name: leukotriene metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving leukotrienes - a class of eicosanoids whose effects include vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009, PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000462 ! lipoxygenase mediated pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism is_a: PW:0000485 ! eicosanoid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000465 name: hormone signaling pathway def: "Hormones are a class of molecules that are used as messengers between cells and serve as signals to the target cell. Vertebrate hormones belong to three classes: amine and amino acid derived, peptide and protein hormones, and lipid and phospholipid derived hormones." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000466 name: amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000465 ! hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000467 name: peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000465 ! hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000468 name: steroid hormone signaling pathway def: "steroid hormones - steroids that act as hormones - can be grouped into several categories depending on the receptor to which they bind." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000469 ! lipid hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000469 name: lipid hormone signaling pathway def: "The main categories of lipid hormones are the eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid metabolism and the cholesterol derived steroid hormones. The signaling they initiate plays important roles in metabolism, inflammation and immunity, in the cardiovascular, nervous, renal and reproductive systems." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000465 ! hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000470 name: natriuretic peptide signaling pathway def: "The natriuretic peptide family consists of three peptide hormones of diverse roles in cardiovascular as well as neuroendocrine and renal functions." [PMID:15246247, PMID:15758553, PMID:15911062] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000471 name: atrial natriuretic peptide signaling pathway def: "Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone pathway plays important roles in the regulation of body fluid volume and blood pressure." [PMID:15246247, PMID:15758553, PMID:15911062] synonym: "ANP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000470 ! natriuretic peptide signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000472 name: brain natriuretic peptide signaling pathway def: "brain natriuretic peptide signaling pathway appears to elicit cardiovascular, renal and endocrine functions similar to those elicited by the atrial natriuretic peptide." [PMID:1524624, PMID:15758553, PMID:15911062] synonym: "BNP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000470 ! natriuretic peptide signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000473 name: C-type natriuretic peptide signaling pathway def: "The role of the C-type signaling pathway is not well established. The receptor for the C-type natriuretic peptide, unlike the receptors for the other two types of peptides, is non-guanylyl cyclase receptor that appears to couple to adenylyl cyclase inhibition/phospholipase C activation via Gi family of G-protein." [PMID:15246247, PMID:15758553, PMID:15911062, PMID:15911072] synonym: "CNP signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "C-type brain natriuretic peptide signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000470 ! natriuretic peptide signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000474 name: coagulation cascade pathway def: "The coagulation cascade is the series of events proceeding via the tissue factor (extrinsic) or the contact activation (intrinsic) pathway and converging in the formation of fibrin clots. Several anticoagulation systems are in place to modulate the pathway. The coagulation cascade and the complement pathway of immune responses are connected in a cross talk." [PMID:26018600, PMID:26149013] synonym: "KEGG:04610" RELATED [] synonym: "secondary hemostasis" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000475 ! hemostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000475 name: hemostasis pathway def: "Hemostasis is the response to blood vessel injury to prevent blood loss via platelet mediated primary homeostasis and the secondary homeostasis of coagulation. The latter is a complex cascade which is triggered by the innate immune response and inflammation." [PMID:26018600] synonym: "haemostasis pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Reactome:R-HSA-109582" EXACT [] relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000476 name: cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000355 ! homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000477 name: natural anticoagulant pathway def: "The endogenous routes of inhibiting the coagulation cascade, collectively known as the natural anticoagulant pathways." [PMID:23031460] relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000478 name: tissue factor pathway inhibitor def: "Tissue factor pathway inhibitor isoforms alpha and beta are the main anticoagulants targeting the extrinsic coagulation cascade factors F7a and F7a-dependent F10a." [PMID:24620349, PMID:25377319] synonym: "TFPI" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000477 ! natural anticoagulant pathway [Term] id: PW:0000479 name: heparin-antithrombin pathway def: "Antithrombin (AT) affects the activity of many coagulation factors in the intrinsic and common coagulation cascade. Heparin, though not essential, is an important AT cofactor. increasing the activity of AT by ~1,000-fold." [PMID:23031460] is_a: PW:0000477 ! natural anticoagulant pathway [Term] id: PW:0000480 name: protein C anticoagulant pathway def: "Activated protein C, with the aid of protein S, inhibits F8a and F5a - the important cofactors of the intrinsic tenase and thrombinase complexes, respectively, of coagulation cascade." [PMID:23809128] is_a: PW:0000477 ! natural anticoagulant pathway [Term] id: PW:0000481 name: fibrinolysis pathway def: "The steps leading to the activation of plasminogen and the subsequent breaking down of a fibrin clot - the product of coagulation cascade." [PMID:26149056] relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000482 name: lipoprotein metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of lipoproteins - any of the protein-lipid complexes. In the blood lipoproteins carry fats essential for the cell. Genetic variability and environmental (nongenetic) factors contribute to alterations in the homeostasis of lipid metabolic pathways and constitute cardiovascular disease risk." [GO:0042157, PMID:16011471, Reactome:REACT_6823.1] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000483 name: altered lipid metabolic pathway def: "Those lipid metabolic pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant lipid metabolic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie a number of diseases." [InHouse:PW InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000262 ! altered metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000484 name: altered lipoprotein metabolic pathway def: "Those lipoprotein metabolic pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Aberrant lipoprotein metabolic pathways, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie several diseases." [In House:PW In House dictionary] is_a: PW:0000482 ! lipoprotein metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000483 ! altered lipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000485 name: eicosanoid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are derived from omega-6 or omega-3 fatty acids and derivatives. Examples include the leukotriene and the prostanoid classes, the latter represented by several families. Eicosanoids play important roles in the immune and vascular systems." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000486 name: class I major histocompatibility complex pathway def: "Peptides generated from proteolytic degradation of cytosolic proteins are translocated to the ER where they associate with class I MHC molecules. Peptide-class I MHC complexes move through the Golgi and are transported to the cell surface to be recognized by CD8+ T cells." [MCW:Handbook on cellular nad molecular immunology, PMID:16181325] synonym: "class I MHC pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "MHC class I antigen presentation pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000825 ! antigen processing and presentation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000487 name: class II major histocompatibility complex pathway def: "Peptides generated from enzymatic degradation of proteins internalized in late endosomes or lysosomes bind to class II MHC molecules. Peptide-class II MHC complexes are delivered to the cell surface to be recognized by CD4+ T cells." [MCW:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:16181322] synonym: "class II MHC pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000825 ! antigen processing and presentation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000488 name: antigen processing pathway def: "Antigen processing pathway engages the proteosomal machinery in the cytosol, ER specific proteases as well as chaperones for loading the HMC class I molecules with the 8-10 amino acid peptides" [PMID:16181325] is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000489 name: angiopoietin signaling pathway def: "Angiopoietin signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of angiogenic remodeling. Recent studies suggest that the pathway may also be involved in lymphangiogenesis and possibly in the development of hematopoietic system." [PMID:16225862] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000490 name: transforming growth factor-beta Smad dependent signaling pathway def: "Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling is one of the best characterized module of the Tgf-b superfamily pathways. Binding to the type II receptor leads to activation of the type I receptor and subsequent activation of Smad pathway. Nuclear translocation of Smad(s) and interaction with transcription factors leads to activation or repression of many genes." [PMID:16678165] synonym: "PID:200227" RELATED [] synonym: "TGF-beta Smad dependent signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000206 ! transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000491 name: vasopressin signaling pathway def: "The hormone vasopressin plays central roles in cardiovascular and water homeostasis by signaling via two receptor types, G-protein coupled receptors coupling to particular G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins." [PMID:14624682, PMID:18431594] synonym: "arginine-vasopressin signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Avp signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000492 name: renin-angiotensin cascade pathway def: "The renin-angiotensin cascade (RAS) generates a number of bioactive peptides with diverse physiological and pathophysiological functions. RAS exerts vasoconstriction, vasodilation or vascular remodeling, cell proliferation or anti-proliferation effects, depending on which angiotensin peptide generates the signaling. Some of these features are also shared by the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS); the two systems can interact and cross-talk." [KEGG:ko04614, PMID:12676165, PMID:12793984, PMID:15638741, PMID:15883759, PMID:16816138] synonym: "KEGG:04614" RELATED [] synonym: "RAS system signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001757 ! peptide and protein hormone metabolic process relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000493 name: corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway def: "Corticotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus in response to stress or fear and signaling through its receptors stimulates secretion of corticotropic (adrenocorticotropic, ACTH) hormone by the anterior pituitary. ACTH is one of the cleavage products of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)." [PMID:20132811] synonym: "CRH" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000494 name: oxytocin signaling pathway def: "The peptide hormone oxytocin plays a central role in parturition, lactation and sexual behavior." [PMID:14624682] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000495 name: Gas6 - Axl signaling axis def: "Gas6, a vitamin K-dependent growth factor signals through the Axl subfamily of tyrosine kinase receptors. The Gas6-Axl axis appears to be involved in growth and survival of various cell types as well as in tissue remodeling and regeneration. Deregulation of the axis is involved in a number of conditions, particularly renal." [PMID:11290560, PMID:16285961, PMID:16362042] synonym: "Gas6-Axl signaling system" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000496 name: exogenous pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000482 ! lipoprotein metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000497 name: endogenous pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000482 ! lipoprotein metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000498 name: reverse cholesterol transport pathway def: "Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is the pathway by which cholesterol from extrahepatic cells/tissue is transported to the liver for excretion. The pathway may prevent the development of atherosclerosis by reducing the accumulation of cholesterol in the wall of arteries." [GO:0043691, PMID:16258026] synonym: "RCT pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "selective cholesterol uptake pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001346 ! cholesterol transport pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000482 ! lipoprotein metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000499 name: nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway def: "NF-kB signaling plays an essential role in the mammalian immune system. The classical/canonical pathway, downstream but not exclusively of tumor necrosis factor/receptor 1 signaling, is regarded as a paradigm of NF-kB signaling. The classical and the non-classical pathway downstream of a subset of Tnf receptor superfamily, share similar sets of core components, albeit in distinct ways. Collectively they regulate the expression of a vast array of genes." [PMID:15371334, PMID:17072321, PMID:18267068] synonym: "KEGG:04064" RELATED [] synonym: "NF-kappaB signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "NF-kB signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200021" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200031" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200048" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000500 name: tyrosine-based hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000466 ! amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000501 name: thyroid hormone signaling pathway def: "Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling pathway plays important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. The TH receptors are nuclear receptors that once activated act as transcription factors. Low levels of TH stimulate the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, in turn stimulating the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary whose signaling then triggers TH production. TRH, TSH and TH signaling pathways are part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis for which TH itself provides a negative regulatory loop." [PMID:20015660, PMID:20872316, PMID:22759379] synonym: "TH signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000059 ! signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000500 ! tyrosine-based hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000502 name: complement system pathway def: "The complement system is an important effector of innate and also of humoral adaptive immunity. It consists of three biochemical cascades that are differently initiated but share similar late steps and effector functions. The complement pathway and the coagulation cascade are connected in a cross talk." [PMID:11287977, PMID:26149013] synonym: "KEGG:04610" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000234 ! innate immune response pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000823 ! humoral immunity pathway [Term] id: PW:0000503 name: classical complement pathway def: "The classical complement pathway is one of the three biochemical pathways of the complement system. It is activated by antigen-bound antibodies." [KEGG:map04610, PMID:11287977] synonym: "classical pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000502 ! complement system pathway [Term] id: PW:0000504 name: lectin complement pathway def: "The lectin pathway is one of the three biochemical pathways of the complement system. It is activated by microbial polysaccharides binding to circulating lectins." [GO:0001867, KEGG:map04610, PMID:11287977] synonym: "lectin pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "mannose-binding lectin pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000502 ! complement system pathway [Term] id: PW:0000505 name: alternative complement pathway def: "The alternative pathway is one of the three biochemical pathways of the complement system. Stable activation of the alternative pathway occurs on microbial cell surfaces." [GO:0006957, KEGG:map04610, PMID:11287977] synonym: "alternative pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000502 ! complement system pathway [Term] id: PW:0000506 name: endothelin signaling pathway def: "Endothelins represent a family of three vasoconstrictor peptides that play a role in several intracellular signaling pathways and have been associated with hypertension, heart failure and myocardial infarction." [PMID:15124920, PMID:16269952] synonym: "PID:200005" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000507 name: estrogen signaling pathway def: "Estrogens are C18 steroid hormones that constitutes the females sex hormones. Estrogen signals via the estrogen receptor which ones activated drive the expression of target genes." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:14993442, PMID:19996532] is_a: PW:0000567 ! sex steroids signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000508 name: platelet aggregation pathway def: "The pathway involving the attachment of platelets to one another and leading to the formation of a thrombus. Platelets attachment can be induced by a variety of agents." [GO:0070527\, PubMed, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "primary hemostasis" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000475 ! hemostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000509 name: altered hormone signaling pathway def: "A hormone signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [] is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000465 ! hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000510 name: altered insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000238 ! insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000511 name: altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000509 ! altered hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000512 name: Interleukin mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000828 ! cytokine mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000513 name: interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway def: "The interleukin-10 family comprises several interleukins, including members of the interferon type III also known as interferon lambda or interferon-like type, that carry out various immunomodulatory functions." [PMID:11929132, PMID:20454917, PMID:21112807] synonym: "Il-10 family mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000514 name: interleukin-6 family mediated signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-6 family includes several members involved in a wide range of biological processes such as immune regulation, inflammation, hematopoiesis and oncogenesis. All members share a common signal transducer, gp130 which activates Jak-Stat and Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathways." [PMID:20410258, PMID:21715184] synonym: "Il-6 family mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000515 name: Interleukin-10 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-10 signaling is involved in various immunomodulatory functions. It promotes the release of immune mediators and antigen presentation exerting important anti-inflammatory effects that may primarily characterize this family member. Signaling by Il-10 and the other members of the family activate the intracellular Jak-Stat cascade." [PMID:20454917, PMID:21115385] synonym: "Il-10 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000516 name: interleukin-6 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-6 signaling is involved in a wide range of biological processes such as immune regulation, inflammation, hematopoiesis and oncogenesis. A signal transducer common to all family members, gp130 activates Jak-Stat and Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathways." [PMID:20303867, PMID:20410258, PMID:21715184] synonym: "Il-6 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200146" RELATED [] synonym: "Reactome:R-HSA-1059683" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000514 ! interleukin-6 family mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000926 ! pro-inflammatory cytokine mediated pathway [Term] id: PW:0000517 name: arterial occlusive disease pathway def: "A pathway leading to a general or specific artery occlusion." [MeSH:Medical Subject Headings] is_a: PW:0000020 ! cardiovascular system disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000518 name: atherosclerosis pathway def: "A pathway leading to the thickening of medium and large arteries. While lipoprotein related pathways are of interest, monogenic conditions such as those linked to mutations in the laminin gene may also provide clues regarding atherosclerosis pathways." [PMID:15205220] is_a: PW:0000517 ! arterial occlusive disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000519 name: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of DDT - a chlorinated organic insecticide and environmental pollutant. Although it is banned in the United States, it is still widely used in developing countries." [GO:0046701, KEGG:http\://umbbd.msi.umn.edu/ddt/ddt_map.html, KEGG:map00351] synonym: "DDT degradation pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000520 name: 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of 2,4-dichlorobenzoate - a key intermediate in the aerobic degradation of over 200 polychlorinated biphenyls." [GO:0046298, KEGG:http\://umbbd.msi.umn.edu/dcb/dcb_map.html, KEGG:map00623] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000521 name: 1,2-dichloroethane degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane - a moderately reactive alkylating compound." [KEGG:http\://umbbd.msi.umn.edu/dce/dce_map.html, KEGG:map00631] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000522 name: flavonoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids - a class of plant secondary metabolites generally known for their antioxidant activity." [GO:0009813, KEGG:map00941, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000523 name: linoleic acid metabolic pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization or degradation of linoleic acid - an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that humans and other animals cannot synthesize and must obtain from diet." [GO:0043651, KEGG:map00591, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00591" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00018" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000058 ! fatty acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000524 name: heparan sulfate biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate. Heparan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan occurring in the cell membrane of most cells. It consists of repeating disaccharide units in specific linkage, each composed of a glucosamine residue linked to an uronic acid, either glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid, which may be sulfated." [GO:0030210, KEGG:map00534, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00534" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000157 ! glycosaminoglycan metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000525 name: Ras mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000158 ! Ras family mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000526 name: kallikrein-kinin cascade pathway def: "The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) cascade generates several bioactive kinins with roles in vasodilation, release of inflammatory mediators and stimulation of sensory neurons. Kinins also play a role in the renal handling of sodium and water metabolism. In the latter case, the system parallels renin-angiotensin (RAS); the two systems can cross-talk." [GO:0002255, PMID:12558525, PMID:12676165, PMID:12793984, PMID:16177542] synonym: "KKS system signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity is_a: PW:0001536 ! sensory system signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001756 ! peptide and protein metabolic process relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000527 name: angiotensin II signaling pathway via AT1 receptor def: "Angiotensin II signaling through the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) activates downstream signaling pathways and elicits a broad range of physiological responses. It is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and volume, water and electrolyte balance and exerts a potent vasoconstrictive effect." [PMID:10977869, PMID:12676164, PMID:16141358] is_a: PW:0000244 ! angiotensin II signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000528 name: angiotensin II signaling pathway via AT2 receptor def: "Angiotensin II signaling through the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2) is less well understood and rather controversial. It appears to counteract AT1 receptor function and promote apoptosis. Alternatively, it may complement the effects of AT1 receptor with deleterious consequences in cardiac pathologies. AT2 receptor appears to function in a G-protein dependent as well as independent manner." [PMID:10977869, PMID:12734384, PMID:15158138, PMID:16286568] is_a: PW:0000244 ! angiotensin II signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000529 name: angiotensin (1-7) signaling pathway def: "Angiotensin (1-7) is derived from angiotensin II through the action of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or from angiotensin I through the action of neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Angiotensin (1-7) signaling appears to have a vasodilatory effect but the exact action of this peptide in humans remains to be established." [PMID:15687842, PMID:15962175, PMID:16520407] is_a: PW:0000245 ! angiotensin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000530 name: angiotensin III signaling pathway via AT1 receptor def: "Angiotensin III, like angiotensin II, binds to the type 1 and 2 receptors and triggers downstream signaling pathways. In rats, angiotensin III signaling through the receptor type 1 (AT1) can modulate noradrenergic transmission via phospholipase C activation." [PMID:11100981] is_a: PW:0000457 ! angiotensin III signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000531 name: angiotensin III signaling pathway via AT2 receptor def: "The role of angiotensin type 2 receptor is less well understood. In rats, angiotensin III can mediate natriuresis through the activation of receptor type 2." [PMID:16380540] is_a: PW:0000457 ! angiotensin III signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000532 name: glycogen biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions leading to the biosynthesis of glycogen, a highly branched polysaccharide. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in the cell; it represents an energy reserve that can be mobilized when and where there is a need for glucose." [GO:00005978, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Reactome:REACT_1736.2] synonym: "glycogenesis" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000533 ! glycogen metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000557 ! glucose storage pathway [Term] id: PW:0000533 name: glycogen metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glycogen, a highly branched polysaccharide that constitutes the major form of glucose storage in the cell." [InHouse:www.rgd.mcw] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000534 name: glycogen degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate can then be dephosphorylated to glucose or it can be utilized via glycolysis for energy production; an alternative pathways of G6P utilization is the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate shunt. A small percentage of glucose-6-phosphate can be converted to hexosamines." [GO:0005980, OneLook:www.onelook.com, Reactome:REACT_1008.1] synonym: "glycogenolysis" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000533 ! glycogen metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000685 ! glucose biosynthesis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000535 name: protein transport pathway def: "The pathway that mediates the transport of proteins to their proper destination and the trafficking of proteins between organelles. Notable examples are the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and the mitochondrial protein import pathways." [PMID:26172624] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000536 name: constitutive protein secretory pathway def: "In the constitutive secretory pathway, common to all cell types, newly synthesized proteins are sorted into transport vesicles and targeted to their destination in the absence of a signal." [GO:0045054, PMID:21907200, PMID:23182824] is_a: PW:0000636 ! protein exocytosis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000537 name: regulated protein secretory pathway def: "In the regulated secretory pathway, secreted proteins are sorted into secretory vesicles which are stored intracellularly and move to the final destination upon receiving a signal. It is a salient feature of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells." [GO:0045055, PMID:21907200] is_a: PW:0000636 ! protein exocytosis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000538 name: nuclear protein transport pathway def: "The import-export cycle that underlies the shuttling of proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus." [PMID:26172624] is_a: PW:0000535 ! protein transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000539 name: ghrelin system pathway def: "Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone secreted primarily from the stomach in response to fasting that can downregulate energy expenditure and lead to weight increase." [PMID:16550252, PMID:17202582] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000540 name: obesity pathway def: "Obesity, usually defined as 20% or more excess body weight, constitutes a major public health problem and an independent risk factor for a number of conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. Deregulation of energy homeostasis, of various metabolic and signaling pathways, genetic and environmental aspects, all can contribute to the development of an obese state." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "obesity disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001601 ! nutritional disorder pathway [Term] id: PW:0000541 name: signaling pathway involving second messengers is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000542 name: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway def: "AMPK senses changes in cellular energy as ATP/AMP ratio. AMP binding allosterically activates AMPK; subsequent phosphorylation events lead to repression of energy consuming pathways. One target of AMPK is mTOR signaling pathway. AMPK activates the inhibitory Tsc2 while inhibiting mTorc1 complex." [PMID:15509864, PMID:16885148] synonym: "5'AMP-activated protein kinase" RELATED [] synonym: "AMPK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000541 ! signaling pathway involving second messengers relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000543 name: protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway def: "Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling is a widely used intracellular pathway and the major route for channeling the cAMP signal. cAMP is regulated by adenylyl cyclases that produce it and phosphodiesterases that hydrolyze it. Compartmentalization of PKA signaling is mediated by the AKAP family of scaffold proteins that bring together the kinase, cAMP modulators and sometimes the targets." [GO:0010737, PMID:14715913, PMID:16214430, Reactome:REACT_15530.1] synonym: "cAMP/PKA signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "cAMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000541 ! signaling pathway involving second messengers is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000544 name: altered reverse cholesterol transport pathway def: "An impaired pathway of reverse cholesterol transport and efflux can pose a risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. This varies in severity and manifestation depending on which gene in the pathway is affected." [PMID:16258026] synonym: "altered RCT pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000484 ! altered lipoprotein metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000498 ! reverse cholesterol transport pathway is_a: PW:0001347 ! altered cholesterol transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000545 name: altered transport pathway is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway is_a: PW:0000263 ! altered regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000546 name: mRNA decay pathway def: "The pathways of mRNA quality control thereby erroneous mRNA is degraded in the nucleus or cytoplasm, or normal mRNA accumulated in the nucleus is degraded." [GO:0006402, KEGG:map03018, PMID:15933735] synonym: "KEGG:03015" RELATED [] synonym: "mRNA quality control pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "mRNA surveillance pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001161 ! RNA degradation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000547 name: exosome mediated RNA decay pathway def: "The nuclear exosome pathway degrades erroneous mRNA as well as normal mRNA that has accumulated in the nucleus. The nucleolar exosome is involved in the processing of rRNA." [PMID:15933735, PMID:18786828, PMID:20097077] synonym: "exosome mediated mRNA degradation pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000546 ! mRNA decay pathway is_a: PW:0001641 ! rRNA decay pathway [Term] id: PW:0000548 name: nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway def: "The nonsense-mediated decay pathway (NMD) degrades mRNA that contains a premature translation termination codon (PTC) and is one of the best characterized systems in eukaryotes." [GO:0000184, PMID:15933735, PMID:17010613, PMID:22664987] synonym: "NMD pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000546 ! mRNA decay pathway [Term] id: PW:0000549 name: nonstop mRNA decay pathway def: "The nonstop mRNA decay pathway degrades mRNA that lacks a translation termination codon." [GO:0070481, PMID:15933735, PMID:22664987] synonym: "NSD pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000546 ! mRNA decay pathway [Term] id: PW:0000550 name: Staufen-mediated mRNA decay pathway def: "Staufen-mediated mRNA decay pathway (SMD) is a rather novel pathway identified in mammals. Staufen (Stau1) is thought to be involved in mRNA localization and it has recently been shown to be involved in mRNA decay. It shares some of the features of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway (NMD) but does not require components essential for NMD." [PMID:15680326, PMID:15809649, PMID:15933735] synonym: "SMD pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000546 ! mRNA decay pathway [Term] id: PW:0000551 name: altered mRNA decay pathway def: "An mRNA decay pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. An aberrant mRNA decay pathway would lead to the translation of erroneous mRNA with potentially serious consequences." [InHouse PW:InHouse PW] is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis is_a: PW:0000546 ! mRNA decay pathway [Term] id: PW:0000552 name: brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of brassinosteroids or brassins, a group of plant hormones released in response to low oxygen and sugar, or to root stresses." [GO:0016132\, KEGG, KEGG:map00905, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites [Term] id: PW:0000553 name: glucose homeostasis pathway def: "Those pathways involved in the balanced maintenance of glucose levels, transport and processing as demanded by the needs of the cells, tissues and organs. Glucose is an important and the most efficient fuel source. Disruption of glucose homeostasis underlies many complex disorders." [GO:0042593, PMID:15466941] is_a: PW:0000355 ! homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000554 name: glucose transport pathway def: "Glucose diffusion into cells requires specific transporter proteins. Two families of hexose transporters facilitate glucose transport down its concentration gradient." [GO:0015758, PMID:15449578, PMID:15466941, Reactome:REACT_212.3] is_a: PW:0000575 ! sugar transport pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000555 name: glucose utilization pathway def: "The various pathways thereby glucose is oxidized to produce energy, is converted to other molecules or is stored for further use." [PMID:15466941] relationship: part_of PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000556 name: glucose oxidation pathway def: "The various pathways thereby glucose is converted to other compounds to yield primarily ATP. The final oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water produces a net of 38 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose." [PMID:15466941] is_a: PW:0000555 ! glucose utilization pathway [Term] id: PW:0000557 name: glucose storage pathway def: "Glycogen is the major form of glucose storage. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen - a highly branched polysaccharide. When glucose is rapidly needed, glycogen can be broken down via glycogenolysis." [PMID:15466941] is_a: PW:0000555 ! glucose utilization pathway [Term] id: PW:0000558 name: glucose conversion pathway is_a: PW:0000555 ! glucose utilization pathway [Term] id: PW:0000559 name: hexosamine biosynthetic pathway def: "The formation of nucleotide hexosamines, primarily UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, constitutes the final step in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway which provides substrates for the O-linked glycosylation of proteins. Glycoproteins that are either secreted from the cell or inserted into the plasma membrane undergo N-linked glycosylation. The O-linked glycosylation of nuclear and/or cytosolic proteins confers a signaling dimension to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway." [PMID:15466941, PMID:16885148] is_a: PW:0000558 ! glucose conversion pathway is_a: PW:0000570 ! hexosamine metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000560 name: facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway def: "The GLUT family contains 14 members in mammals which can be grouped into 3 classes based on sequence similarities. The members of group I (best characterized) and of group III transporters facilitate glucose transport." [PMID:15449578, PMID:15466941, PMID:17717074, PMID:18171430, PMID:18570632] synonym: "GLUT mediated glucose transport pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000554 ! glucose transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000561 name: sodium-glucose cotransporter mediated glucose transport pathway def: "The sodium-glucose or the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters are characterized by the presence of 14 transmembrane alpha-helices. The N- and C-termini are responsible for permeating sodium and sugar, respectively." [PMID:15449578, PMID:15466941] synonym: "SGLT mediated glucose transport pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000554 ! glucose transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000562 name: growth hormone signaling pathway def: "The growth hormone signaling pathway is an important regulator of postnatal development. However, despite many years of research, the molecular mechanism underlying its many actions are incompletely understood. It is believed that its actions involve direct and indirect routes. An example of the latter is the role the pathway plays in stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factor." [GO:0060396, PMID:19407495, PMID:8853443] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000563 name: adiponectin signaling pathway def: "Adiponectin signaling, a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue, impacts on metabolic pathways such as glucose and lipid metabolism, possibly via activation of AMPK pathway. Its deregulation has been linked to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and metabolic syndrome." [GO:0033211, PMID:16634986, PMID:16823476, PMID:17140553] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000564 name: androgen signaling pathway def: "Androgens are C19 steroids that constitutes the male sex hormones. They are also the precursors of female sex hormones, the estrogens. Testosterone and its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone bind to androgen receptors to then translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of target genes. Many regulators, both activators and repressors, have been identified. Upregulation of receptor activity has been implicated in prostate cancer." [PMID:17163421, PMID:18657355] synonym: "PID:200105" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000567 ! sex steroids signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000565 name: eicosanoid signaling pathway alt_id: PW:0001294 def: "Eicosanoids, derived from omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids, are represented by the leukotriene and prostanoid classes of which the latter is represented by several families. Some can act as endogenous ligands for members of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated nuclear receptors (PPARs). Once activated, PPARs heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and modulate the expression of target genes." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "PID:200082" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000469 ! lipid hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000959 ! lipid signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000566 name: corticosteroid signaling pathway def: "Corticosteroids group together glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, C21-steroid hormones derived from cholesterol. They control a wide range of physiological and cellular responses. Synthetic drugs mimicking their effects are used in the treatment of many conditions. Side effects, long-term use and/or natural deficiencies have been associated with various disorders." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000468 ! steroid hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000567 name: sex steroids signaling pathway def: "Sex steroid mediated signaling pathways have important roles in the development and/or maintenance of sex-specific characteristics or attributes." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000468 ! steroid hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000568 name: aldosterone signaling pathway def: "Aldosterone signaling through the mineralocorticoid receptor plays an important role in the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Its biosynthesis is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and potassium ions concentration." [PMID:16002531, PMID:17293689] synonym: "KEGG:04960" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000783 ! mineralocorticoid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000569 name: cortisol signaling pathway def: "Cortisol, also known as hydrocortison, is the most important glucocorticoid. Cortisol signaling, via binding to the glucocorticoid receptor present in almost every animal cell, is essential for many cellular and physiological functions." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "PID:200030" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000782 ! glucocorticoid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000570 name: hexosamine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of hexosamines, amino sugars created by adding an amino group to a hexose. Hexosamines, particularly N-acetylglucosamine, are used to modify proteins." [Onelook:www.onelook.com\, PubMed] is_a: PW:0000152 ! amino sugar metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000571 name: neurotrophic factor signaling pathway def: "Signaling pathways activated by members of the neurotrophic family of growth factors are involved in differentiation of progenitor cells, survival and differentiation of neural cells. They exert their effects by engaging specific tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptors." [PMID:25221473] synonym: "KEGG:04722" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000059 ! signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000572 name: brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway def: "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway plays important roles in the growth, differentiation and survival of neurons, particularly the striatal neurons. BDNF signals via the tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB) to activate PKC, PI3K-AKT and MAPK/ERK intracellular pathways. Impaired BDNF signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of conditions such as Huntington Disease (HD) and psychiatric disorders. Upregulation on the other hand, is associated with several malignancies." [PMID:23670594, PMID:25221473] synonym: "BDNF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000571 ! neurotrophic factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000573 name: pentose phosphate pathway - oxidative phase def: "The oxidative (linear) phase of the pentose phosphate pathway involves the oxidation and decarboxylation of glucose-6-phosphate to produce the 5 carbon sugar ribulose-5-phosphate and the generation of NADPH." [GO:0009051, OneLook:www.oneloook.com, PubMed:http\://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez] is_a: PW:0000556 ! glucose oxidation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000045 ! pentose phosphate pathway [Term] id: PW:0000574 name: pentose phosphate pathway - non-oxidative phase def: "The non-oxidative (circular) phase of the pentose phosphate pathway involves conversion of ribulose-5-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate, important in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acid, or to 3 or 6 carbon sugars." [GO:0009052, OneLook:www.oneloook.com, PubMed:http\://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez] relationship: part_of PW:0000045 ! pentose phosphate pathway [Term] id: PW:0000575 name: sugar transport pathway def: "Those pathways that mediate the transport of sugars across the cell membrane. Transport of glucose, one of the major energy sources in the cell, is an important aspect of sugar transport pathway." [Pubmed:http\://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/] synonym: "carbohydrate transport pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000576 name: facilitative sugar transporter mediated sugar transport pathway def: "The GLUT family contains 14 members in mammals which can be grouped into 3 classes based on sequence similarities. These transporters are characterized by the presence of 12 transmembrane alpha helices. Of the 14 members of the GLUT family, 11 have been shown to be involved in sugar transport pathway." [PMID:15449578, PMID:15466941] synonym: "GLUT mediated sugar transport pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000575 ! sugar transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000577 name: cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway def: "Cytokines are small proteins released by the cell and acting as intercellular mediators. Chemokines are a subset of cytokine that can attract and activate leukocytes. They are characterized by a small size and the presence of four cysteines whose location is important for their structural folding. Cytokines or chemokines binding to cognate receptors triggers numerous downstream signaling cascades." [MCW library:Handbook on molecular and cellular immunology] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000578 name: scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway def: "Scatter factor/hepatocyte signaling impacts on various biological processes such as proliferation and survival, morphogenesis and motility. SF/HGF and its receptor c-Met have also been implicated in tumor growth and angiogenesis." [GO:0048012, PMID:16212809, PMID:16778093, PMID:18175071] synonym: "SF/HGF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000579 name: somatostatin signaling pathway def: "Somatostatin signaling through its receptors regulates processes such as proliferation, secretion and motility via inhibition of growth hormone and factor. The potential anti-tumor activity of somatostatin has led to the development and clinical use of its analogs." [PMID:15078190, PMID:15153426, PMID:15853632, PMID:16625838] synonym: "somatotropin release inhibitory factor" RELATED [] synonym: "SRIF" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000580 name: translation initiation pathway def: "Translation initiation is the first, the rate-limiting and the most regulated step of translation. It involves the formation of a scanning competent small subunit. Upon finding the initiation codon, scanning is stopped, the large 60S subunit joins and an elongation competent 80S ribosome is formed." [GO:0006413, PMID:17680008, PMID:22815232, PMID:24499181] relationship: part_of PW:0000101 ! translation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000581 name: translation elongation pathway def: "Translation elongation involves sampling of aminoacyl-tRNAs until a cognate tRNA is found followed by peptidyl transfer and translocation reactions. The iterative step continues until a stop codon is read or other events stall the ribosome." [GO:0006414, PMID:17680008, PMID:23746255, PMID:25514765] relationship: part_of PW:0000101 ! translation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000582 name: translation termination pathway def: "Translation termination occurs when a stop codon is read, followed by splitting of the ribosomal subunits and their recycling. Ribosome recycling also happens in the case of aberrantly stalled ribosomes due to features of mRNA, absence of a stop codon or its premature presence. In this case mRNA surveillance mechanisms trigger appropriate mRNA decay pathways." [GO:0006415, PMID:17680008, PMID:22751155, PMID:23031510] relationship: part_of PW:0000101 ! translation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000583 name: orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway def: "The orexin/hypocretin signaling appears to play a role in the stimulation of food intake. Alterations of the system are associated with the narcolepsy sleep disorder." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17299454] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000584 name: altered orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway def: "An orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway have been linked to narcolepsy. It may also play a role in obesity." [PMID:17299454] is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000583 ! orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000585 name: orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway via orexin/hypocretin receptor 1 def: "Orexin/hypocretin signaling through receptor 1 couples to Galphaq class of G proteins. Orexin/hypocretin receptor 1 primarily binds orexin A. Orexin A and B are derived from prepro-orexin precursor." [PMID:17299454] is_a: PW:0000583 ! orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000586 name: orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway via orexin/hypocretin receptor 2 def: "Orexin/hypocretin signaling through receptor 2 couples to Galphaq and the inhibitory Galphai classes of G proteins. Orexin/hypocretin receptor 2 binds both orexin A and B derived from the prepro-orexin precursor." [PMID:17299454] is_a: PW:0000583 ! orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000587 name: narcolepsy pathway def: "Narcolepsy is a neurological condition characterized by excessive day sleep, an inability to maintain awake states. Dysfunction of the orexin/hypocretin signaling pathway has been linked to this condition." [PMID:17299454] synonym: "narcolepsy disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000178 ! neurological disorder pathway [Term] id: PW:0000588 name: altered adiponectin signaling pathway def: "An adiponectin signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Deregulation of adiponectin signaling have been linked to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and metabolic syndrome." [PMID:16634986, PMID:16823476, PMID:17140553] is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000563 ! adiponectin signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000589 name: metal homeostasis pathway def: "Those pathways involved in the proper balance of metal ion levels, uptake and transport, utilization and storage as demanded by the needs of cells, tissues and organs. Disruption of metal ion homeostasis can have toxic and harmful consequences." [InHouse:PW-InHouse] is_a: PW:0001692 ! inorganic chemical homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000590 name: iron homeostasis pathway def: "Those pathways involved in the proper balance of iron levels, uptake and transport, utilization and storage as needed by cells, tissues and organs. Iron is essential for many life processes but its reactivity makes it potentially dangerous." [GO:0055072, PMID:17014365, PMID:17194590, PMID:17367269] is_a: PW:0000589 ! metal homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000591 name: iron transport pathway def: "The uptake and efflux routes of iron transport. Several systems mediate uptake of recycled and dietary iron. One system is involved in the efflux." [PMID:25661197, PMID:26437604] is_a: PW:0000593 ! metal ion transport pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000590 ! iron homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000592 name: iron storage pathway def: "The main storage system for iron is represented by ferritin. The iron entering the cell is in its ferrous Fe(II) form. It is oxidized to the stored ferric Fe(III) by the oxidase activity of ferritin heavy chain. Neuromelanin pigment, abundant in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, is known as a metal chelator and is the storage form of iron in these cells." [PMID:25661197, PMID:26455458] relationship: part_of PW:0000590 ! iron homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000593 name: metal ion transport pathway def: "Those pathways that mediate the uptake and transport of metal ions. Metal ion transport pathways are important aspects of metal ion homeostasis." [InHouse:PW-InHouse] is_a: PW:0001348 ! ion transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000594 name: altered glucose homeostasis pathway def: "The pathways involved in the balanced maintenance of glucose levels, transport and processing as demanded by the needs of the cells, tissues and organs assure the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Disruption in these pathways alter glucose homeostasis and underlie many complex disorders - type 2 diabetes and its associated complications is one example." [PMID:15466941] is_a: PW:0000358 ! altered homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000595 name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway def: "Phosphatidylinositol kinases represent a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' position of the inositol ring in target substrates. They are grouped into three classes: class I further subdivided into subclass A and B, class II and class III. By far the best known and characterized is class I, particularly IA that signals downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and engages the Akt family of kinases." [PMID:16847462, PMID:17052169, PMID:17641274] synonym: "KEGG:04070" RELATED [] synonym: "phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PI3K signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000541 ! signaling pathway involving second messengers [Term] id: PW:0000596 name: altered insulin signaling pathway def: "An insulin signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Deregulation of insulin signaling can have profound health consequences due to its potential to alter glucose and energy homeostasis." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000143 ! insulin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000359 ! altered energy homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000594 ! altered glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000597 name: Wnt signaling, non-canonical pathway def: "The non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway groups the various Wnt signaling routes that are beta-catenin independent." [PMID:16019432, PMID:18432252] synonym: "beta-catenin independent Wnt signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200020" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000008 ! Wnt signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000598 name: altered Wnt signaling pathway def: "A Wnt signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Deregulation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in several cancers as well as diseases other than cancer." [PMID:18188179, PMID:18432252] is_a: PW:0000008 ! Wnt signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000669 ! altered glycoprotein signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000599 name: altered Wnt signaling, canonical pathway def: "A canonical Wnt signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in core components of the canonical pathway have been implicated in several types of cancer as well as diseases other than cancer." [PMID:18188179, PMID:18432252] is_a: PW:0000201 ! Wnt signaling, canonical pathway is_a: PW:0000598 ! altered Wnt signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000600 name: altered Wnt signaling, non-canonical pathway def: "A non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Deregulation of the beta-catenin independent pathway appears to play a role in the biology of tumors." [PMID:18271916] is_a: PW:0000597 ! Wnt signaling, non-canonical pathway is_a: PW:0000598 ! altered Wnt signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000601 name: altered p38 MAPK signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000198 ! p38 MAPK signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000422 ! altered stress-regulated MAPK signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000602 name: altered extracellular signal-regulated Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway def: "A Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant Raf/Mek/Erk signaling has been implicated in many types of cancer." [PMID:17126425, PMID:17229475] is_a: PW:0000102 ! the extracellular signal-regulated Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000421 ! altered mitogen activated protein kinase pathway [Term] id: PW:0000603 name: Erk5 MAPK signaling pathway def: "Erk5 pathway, also known as the big MAP kinase, is activated by various stresses but not by inflammatory cytokines. In HeLa and PC12 cells, the pathway can be activated by growth factors." [GO:0070375, KEGG:map04010, PMID:17229475, PMID:17306385, Reactome:REACT_12020.1] synonym: "Bmk1 MAPK signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000007 ! mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000604 name: altered Erk5 MAPK signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000421 ! altered mitogen activated protein kinase pathway is_a: PW:0000603 ! Erk5 MAPK signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000605 name: cancer pathway def: "Cancer, or malignant neoplasm, represents a category of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and avoidance of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Deregulation of many pathways - signaling, regulatory, metabolic and combination of them, have been implicated in susceptibility to or development of these conditions. Generally, cancer is classified according to the tissue or organ affected." [PMID:10647931] synonym: "neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway [Term] id: PW:0000606 name: urogenital cancer pathway def: "Urogenital cancer groups those malignancies that affect the urinary system and reproductive organs. Deregulation of several pathways along with genetic damage accumulated over time can lead to the development of these conditions." [InHouse:InHouse PW dictionary] synonym: "genitourinary cancer pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "urinogenital cancer pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000607 name: ovarian cancer pathway def: "Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Several susceptibility genes have been identified and they have a role to play in pathways involved in or regulating proliferation, DNA repair and apoptosis." [PMID:12413930, PMID:12886939, PMID:15111296] synonym: "ovarian neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000606 ! urogenital cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000608 name: cervical cancer pathway def: "Cervical cancer affects the cervical area and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the condition. A number of HPV proteins interact with and affect the function of several host proteins that play a role in apoptoptic pathway and/or those involved in cell proliferation." [PMID:10471054, PMID:11486705] synonym: "cervical neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000606 ! urogenital cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000609 name: prostate cancer pathway def: "Prostate cancer is a frequent form of cancer in men over the age of fifty. It is usually asymptomatic but when in an advanced stage, it may spread to other parts of the body, causing symptoms others than those sometimes observed. Several susceptibility as well as defective genes have been identified." [KEGG:map05215, PMID:12878745, PMID:14752525, PMID:15149739] synonym: "familial prostate cancer pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hereditary prostate cancer pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05215" RELATED [] synonym: "malignant tumor of the prostate pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "prostate neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "prostatic cancer pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000606 ! urogenital cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000610 name: urinary bladder cancer pathway def: "Bladder cancer groups several types of malignant tumors of the urinary bladder. It is more prevalent in men than in women and combines both risk factors such as tobacco and exposure to certain carcinogens and genetic factors. Mutations in genes involved in a number of signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of these conditions." [KEGG:map05219, PMID:16474624, PMID:17158541] synonym: "bladder cancer pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "bladder neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:05219" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000606 ! urogenital cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000611 name: endometrial cancer pathway def: "Endometrial cancer affects the lining of the uterus, or endometrium. Hormonal and genetic alterations play a role in the development of this carcinoma type. Mutations in genes acting in several pathways have been associated with the condition and its types." [KEGG:map05213, PMID:12583434, PMID:15947972, PMID:16508724] synonym: "endometrial neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:05213" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000606 ! urogenital cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000612 name: colorectal cancer pathway def: "Colorectal cancer are malignant tumors of the colon and rectum. Both risk factors usually relating to life style such as physical exercise or use of tobacco and genetics contribute to the development of the condition. Mutations in the components of canonical Wnt and Smad-dependent TGF-beta signaling and of DNA mismatch repair pathways have been associated with the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer pathway." [KEGG:map05210, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "colorectal neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:05210" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000627 ! gastrointestinal cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000613 name: altered transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway def: "A trasforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered Tgf-b signaling, primarily the well characterized SMAD dependent pathway, has been implicated in numerous conditions." [PMID:16678165, PMID:18313409] synonym: "altered TGF-beta signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000206 ! transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000335 ! altered transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000614 name: altered transforming growth factor-beta Smad dependent signaling pathway def: "A transfoming growth factor-beta Smad dependent signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered TGF-beta Smad dependent signaling has been implicated in vascular conditions and tumorigenesis." [PMID:18313409] synonym: "altered TGF-beta Smad dependent signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000490 ! transforming growth factor-beta Smad dependent signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000613 ! altered transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000615 name: altered bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway def: "A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered BMP signaling has been implicated in cardiovascular condition, pulmonary hypertension, the juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS)." [PMID:18313409] synonym: "altered BMP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000330 ! Bone morphogenetic proteins signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000335 ! altered transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000616 name: altered tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway def: "Those tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated pathways that deviate from what their normal course should be. Altered tumor necrosis factor superfamily pathways have been implicated in a spectrum of conditions ranging from septic shock and tumorigenesis to diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and various inflammatory diseases." [PMID:11239407, PMID:11796220, PMID:14555214] synonym: "altered TNF superfamily signaling pathay" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000236 ! tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000617 ! altered cytokine mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000617 name: altered cytokine mediated signaling pathway def: "A cytokine mediated signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant cytokine signaling pathway, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000828 ! cytokine mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000618 name: altered tumor necrosis factor mediated signaling pathway def: "A tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered Tnf signaling has been implicated in many human diseases - cerebral malaria, cancer, multiple sclerosis - are a few examples." [PMID:12040173, PMID:12655295, PMID:14504472] synonym: "altered TNF-alpha signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "altered TNF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000233 ! tumor necrosis factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000616 ! altered tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000680 ! altered extrinsic apoptotic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000619 name: altered nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway def: "A nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered NF-kB signaling has been implicated in a number of conditions including immunodeficiency, inflammation and several forms of cancer." [PMID:17072330, PMID:17072331] synonym: "altered NF-kappaB signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "altered NF-kB signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000499 ! nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling is_a: PW:0001543 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to immunity [Term] id: PW:0000620 name: altered signaling pathway involving second messengers def: "Those signaling pathways involving second messengers that deviate from what their normal course should be. Deregulation of these pathways can have far reaching consequences." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000541 ! signaling pathway involving second messengers [Term] id: PW:0000621 name: altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000595 ! phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000620 ! altered signaling pathway involving second messengers [Term] id: PW:0000622 name: altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway def: "A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway has been implicated in several forms of cancer. The components of the pathway are attractive targets for the development of therapeutics." [PMID:17952368, PMID:18288939, PMID:18288941, PMID:18473732] is_a: PW:0000232 ! phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000964 ! altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class I signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001199 ! altered serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000623 name: altered scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway def: "A scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant Hgf signaling via Met receptor has been implicated in numerous forms of cancer." [PMID:18175071] synonym: "altered HGF/SF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000298 ! altered growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000578 ! scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000624 name: breast cancer pathway def: "Breast cancer or neoplasm is the most common cancer among women and the second worldwide after lung cancer. Deregulated pathways such estrogen or PI3K-Akt signaling have been implicated in breast cancer. In many cases, the disease is estrogen-dependent and it is possible that dysregulation of miRNA may correlate with the expression of estrogen receptor. Mutations in a number of other genes such as Brca1, 2 and 3 or p53 have also been associated with breast cancer." [OMIM:114480, PMID:17275086, PMID:20739888] synonym: "breast neoplasm" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000625 name: digestive system cancer pathway def: "A general term grouping neoplastic pathways of the biliary tract, liver, pancreas and the gastrointestinal system." [MeSH:http\://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi, OMIM:OMIM] synonym: "digestive system neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "gastrointestinal neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000626 name: pancreatic cancer pathway def: "Pancreatic cancer, a malignant tumor of the pancreas, has both genetic and predisposing factors. Deregulated pathways, such as TGF-B, PI3K-Akt or RAF/MEK/ERK, have been implicated in the development of pancreatic cancer." [KEGG:map05212, PMID:17898532, PMID:18662538] synonym: "KEGG:05212" RELATED [] synonym: "malignant neoplasm of pancreas pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "pancreatic neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000625 ! digestive system cancer pathway is_a: PW:0000700 ! endocrine gland cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000627 name: gastrointestinal cancer pathway def: "A general term grouping neoplastic pathways of the esophagus, gastric or stomach and intestinal system." [MeSH:MeSH, OMIM:OMIM] synonym: "gastrointestinal neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000625 ! digestive system cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000628 name: intestinal cancer pathway synonym: "intestinal neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000627 ! gastrointestinal cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000629 name: gastric cancer pathway def: "Gastric cancer is the fourth most common form of cancer worldwide and has a high death rate. Deregulated pathways, such as Wnt, PI3K-Akt or RAF/MEK/ERK, have been implicated in the development of gastric cancer." [PMID:17203201] synonym: "gastric neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "stomach cancer pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "stomach neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000627 ! gastrointestinal cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000630 name: liver cancer pathway synonym: "hepatic cancer pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "hepatic neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "liver neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000625 ! digestive system cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000631 name: head and neck cancer pathway def: "A general term grouping neoplastic pathways of the upper aerodigestive system. Deregulated pathways, such as TGF-B, PI3K-Akt or epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, have been implicated in the of head and neck cancer." [MeSH:MeSH, OMIM:OMIM, PMID:18662538] synonym: "head and neck neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000632 name: bone cancer pathway synonym: "bone neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000633 name: skin cancer pathway def: "A general term grouping together neoplastic pathways of the sweat and sebaceous gland or of neuroectodermal and neuroendocrine origins." [MeSH:MeSH] synonym: "skin neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway [Term] id: PW:0000634 name: altered Wnt signaling, the planar cell polarity pathway def: "A planar cell polarity Wnt signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered planar cell polarity Wnt signaling has been implicated in a number of conditions including gastric and pancreatic cancer." [PMID:17203201] synonym: "altered PCP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000200 ! Wnt signaling, the planar cell polarity pathway is_a: PW:0000600 ! altered Wnt signaling, non-canonical pathway [Term] id: PW:0000635 name: altered Wnt/calcium signaling pathway synonym: "altered Wnt/Ca(II) signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000199 ! the Wnt/calcium signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000600 ! altered Wnt signaling, non-canonical pathway [Term] id: PW:0000636 name: protein exocytosis pathway def: "The protein exocytosis pathway involves trafficking of protein-containing vesicles to their final destination. It consists of several steps: budding, transport mediated by microtubule and actin associated molecular motors, tethering/docking and fusion with target membrane. Members of the Arf and Rab family of Ras superfamily are involved in the control of exit from Golgi and exocytic route, respectively. These are two main types of protein exocytosis which also represented in the more general exocytosis thereby material is delivered outside the cell." [PMID:16882731, PMID:21907200] relationship: part_of PW:0000280 ! protein secretory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000637 name: protein modification pathway in the secretory pathway def: "In the secretory pathway, the protein modification pathway involves the appropriate modification of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. It also provides for processing of the pro-forms of proteins into their mature form." [PMID:18354421] is_a: PW:0000432 ! protein modification pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000280 ! protein secretory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000638 name: Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated degradation pathway def: "In the endoplasmic reticulum correctly folded proteins are targeted for further export whereas misfolded proteins are retained and targeted for degradation." [GO:0030433, PMID:18075753, PMID:18216874, PMID:22535891] synonym: "ERAD pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:04141" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000325 ! protein degradation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000280 ! protein secretory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000639 name: insulin responsive facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway def: "The GLUT family contains 14 members in mammals which can be grouped into 3 classes based on sequence similarities. The members of group I (best characterized) and of group III transporters facilitate glucose transport. Of the three members of group I, Slc2a4 (Glut4), is involved in insulin-mediated uptake of glucose in the heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The response - central to glucose homeostasis - brings together several signaling and trafficking events." [PMID:15449578, PMID:15466941, PMID:17717074, PMID:18171430, PMID:18570632] synonym: "PID:200196" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000560 ! facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway [Term] id: PW:0000640 name: glycolysis pathway def: "The glycolytic pathway converts the six-carbon glucose to two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. The ten reactions of glycolysis can be subdivided into an energy consuming 'stage I' and an energy generating 'stage II'. The net energy yield is two molecules of ATP. Pyruvate can further be oxidized via the citrate cycle, converted to lactose under anaerobic conditions or back to glucose via gluconeogenesis." [PMID:15466941, PMID:3306346] synonym: "Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:00010" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00040" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000025 ! glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway is_a: PW:0000556 ! glucose oxidation pathway [Term] id: PW:0000641 name: gluconeogenesis pathway def: "The gluconeogenic pathway involves the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. They include the glycolysis products pyruvate and lactate, citric acid cycle intermediates and the carbon skeletons of many amino acids." [PMID:15466941, PMID:6311081] synonym: "KEGG:00010" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00128" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000025 ! glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway is_a: PW:0000685 ! glucose biosynthesis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000642 name: fatty acid degradation pathway def: "Fatty acid degradation occurs primarily via beta oxidation in the mitochondrion. It also occurs via the alpha degradation in peroxisomes and the omega degradation which is an alternative pathway. Other pathways include the degradation of branched-chain, unsaturated and odd-chain fatty acids." [PMID:21156023] is_a: PW:0000058 ! fatty acid metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000643 name: altered glycogen metabolic pathway def: "A glycogen metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant glycogen metabolism has been associated with several glycogen storage diseases." [MCW libraries:Biochemistry Handbook] is_a: PW:0000305 ! altered carbohydrate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000533 ! glycogen metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000644 name: altered glycogen biosynthetic pathway def: "A glycogen biosynthetic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant glycogen metabolism has been associated with several glycogen storage diseases." [MCW libraries:Biochemistry Handbook] is_a: PW:0000532 ! glycogen biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000643 ! altered glycogen metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000645 name: altered glycogen degradation pathway def: "A glycogen degradation pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant glycogen metabolism has been associated with several glycogen storage diseases." [MCW libraries:Biochemistry Handbook] is_a: PW:0000534 ! glycogen degradation pathway is_a: PW:0000643 ! altered glycogen metabolic pathway [Term] id: PW:0000646 name: cell-extracellular matrix signaling pathway def: "Cell-extracellular matrix signaling pathway conveys information between cells and components of the extracellular matrix using cell adhesion molecules." [RGD:InHouse dictionary] synonym: "cell-ECM signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:04512" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000648 ! cell adhesion signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000647 name: forkhead signaling pathway def: "Forkhead proteins represent a large family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation and survival as well as organ development and speech acquisition." [PMID:10702024, PMID:12801727, PMID:15492844, PMID:15516968, PMID:17275054, PMID:18174472, PMID:19274050] synonym: "forkead box signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "FOX signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling [Term] id: PW:0000648 name: cell adhesion signaling pathway def: "Cell adhesion signaling pathway conveys information between cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) using cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). While many CAMs appear to be specialized for either cell-cell or cell-ECM communication, integrin family of receptors mediates both types of signaling." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000649 name: is_obsolete: true [Term] id: PW:0000650 name: signaling pathway pertinent to development def: "Those signaling pathways that are involved in or mediate the various aspects of development." [] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000651 name: aging pathway def: "Aging or the overall deteriorating change of function can be at the cellular level as well as the whole organism level. Cellular aging or senescence underlies organismal aging." [PMID:24319642, PMID:24449267] is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway [Term] id: PW:0000652 name: phosphatase mediated signaling pathway def: "Phosphatases are essential components of biological pathways. Phosphorylaton by protein kinases and dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases exert major regulatory roles. In addition, they can also initiate signaling cascades." [PMID:16132230, PMID:19099538] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000653 name: serine/threonine-specific phosphatase mediated signaling pathway def: "Serine/threonine-specific phosphatase mediated signaling presents an interesting case. If the number of tyrosine kinases and of tyrosine phosphatases is similar (~100 in mammals), serine/threonine kinases have diversified to some 400 members in the course of evolution while the serine/threonine phosphatases count to about 25. The functional versatility is conferred through the diversity of regulatory subunits with which they interact. The holoenzyme dictates the role the protein complex plays in signaling pathways." [PMID:15780597, PMID:17079133, PMID:19099538] is_a: PW:0000652 ! phosphatase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000654 name: tyrosine-specific phosphatase mediated signaling pathway def: "The protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily exerts essential roles in signaling pathways. The coordinated interplay of tyrosine kinase mediated phosphorylation and tyrosine phosphatase mediated dephosphorylation of substrates shapes the functional topology of signaling networks. The PTP superfamily is composed of four families." [PMID:15186772, PMID:15817824, PMID:17057753, PMID:19099538] is_a: PW:0000652 ! phosphatase mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000655 name: glycoconjugated protein signaling pathway def: "Those signaling pathways mediated or initiated by oligosaccharide or polysaccharide linked proteins." [OneLook:www\,onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000656 name: glycoprotein signaling pathway def: "Those pathways initiated or mediated by glycoproteins. Glycoproteins have oligosaccharides attached to their amino acid side chains via N- or O-glycosylation. Glycoproteins represent a large category of proteins encompassing a wide range of functionalities." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000655 ! glycoconjugated protein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000657 name: proteoglycan signaling pathway def: "Those pathways initiated or mediated by proteoglycans - heavily glycosylated proteins that have glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s) linked to their protein cores. GAGs are long unbranched polysaccharides of repeating disaccharide units. Proteoglycans are categorized by the nature of the GAG chain or by their size." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000655 ! glycoconjugated protein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000658 name: glypican signaling pathway def: "Glypicans are heparan sulfate proteoglycans represented by six families in mammals. They impact on a number of signaling pathways; the effect on signaling can be either inhibitory or stimulatory, depending on the context. They also appear to integrate directional cues important for neuronal migration, axon guidance and synapse formation." [PMID:16937008, PMID:18505598] synonym: "PID:200026" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200126" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200225" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000657 ! proteoglycan signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000659 name: syndecan signaling pathway def: "Syndecan family of proteoglycans appears to be involved in cell-adhesion, particularly cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling and to integrate with the integrin pathway. They also appear to integrate directional cues important for neuronal migration, axon guidance and synapse formation." [PMID:16937008, PMID:17971838] synonym: "PID:200134" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200156" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200192" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200198" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000646 ! cell-extracellular matrix signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000657 ! proteoglycan signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000660 name: hematopoiesis pathway def: "Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cellular components. All components are derived from the hematopoietic stem cells residing in the marrow. A great amount of new blood cells needs to be produced daily to maintain steady state levels of circulation." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000661 name: single-strand DNA repair pathway def: "A DNA repair pathway responsible for removing one or several damaged nucleotides or of nucleotide mismatched during DNA replication in one of the DNA strands. Several excision pathways are available for correcting single-strand damage." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17129767, PMID:23085398] is_a: PW:0000099 ! DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000662 name: mismatch repair pathway def: "Mismatch repair pathway assures the maintenance of normal Watson-Crick base pairing. Bases incorrectly matched during DNA replication are removed and replaced with the correct ones." [GO:0006298, KEGG:map03430, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:03430" RELATED [] synonym: "MMR pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000661 ! single-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000663 name: double-strand DNA repair pathway alt_id: PW:0000131 alt_id: PW:0000291 alt_id: PW:0000664 alt_id: PW:0000665 def: "A pathway dealing with repair of double-strand breaks of the DNA or of strand damage such interstrand cross links." [PMID:23085398, PMID:24326623] is_a: PW:0000099 ! DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000666 name: altered single-strand DNA repair pathway def: "A single-strand DNA repair pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant single-strand repair pathways have been linked to several diseases." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000292 ! altered DNA repair pathway is_a: PW:0000661 ! single-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000667 name: altered double-strand DNA repair pathway def: "Defective repair pathway(s) of double-strand breaks can lead to chromosomal rearrangements, genomic instability and oncogenic activation." [PMID:22027614] is_a: PW:0000292 ! altered DNA repair pathway is_a: PW:0000663 ! double-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000668 name: altered mismatch repair pathway def: "A mismatch repair pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in several genes in the pathway have been implicated in cases of colorectal cancer, primarily the inherited forms. To a lesser extent they are found in other types of cancer, such as for instance type 1 endometrial." [PubMed:Several articles] synonym: "altered MMR pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000662 ! mismatch repair pathway is_a: PW:0000666 ! altered single-strand DNA repair pathway [Term] id: PW:0000669 name: altered glycoprotein signaling pathway def: "A glycoprotein signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000656 ! glycoprotein signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000670 ! altered glycoconjugated protein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000670 name: altered glycoconjugated protein signaling pathway def: "A glycoconjugated protein signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000655 ! glycoconjugated protein signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000671 name: altered cell adhesion signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000648 ! cell adhesion signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000672 name: altered cell-extracellular matrix signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000671 ! altered cell adhesion signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000673 name: altered signaling pathway pertinent to development is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development [Term] id: PW:0000674 name: insulin secretion pathway def: "Insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells is an important aspect of glucose homeostasis. A major component of glucose stimulated insulin secretion is represented by the route dependent on the ATP sensitive potassium channels. However, other contributions are also likely to promote insulin secretion." [GO:0030073, PMID:18728221, PMID:18774732, Reactome:REACT_18325.2] relationship: part_of PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000675 name: glucagon secretion pathway def: "Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic alpha cell; the mechanisms of its release in response to low glucose levels are poorly understood." [PMID:18522828, PMID:18600596, PMID:18647881] relationship: part_of PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000676 name: glucagon signaling pathway def: "Glucagon signaling responds to low levels of circulating glucose to stimulate its release. The action of glucagon signaling is counter-regulatory to the action of insulin and it plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis." [PMID:12626323] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway [Term] id: PW:0000677 name: altered insulin secretion pathway def: "An insulin secretion pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered insulin secretion has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Multiple defects are thought to underle malfunctions of insulin secretion; the exact molecular mechanisms are only partially understood." [PMID:18640585] is_a: PW:0000594 ! altered glucose homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000674 ! insulin secretion pathway [Term] id: PW:0000678 name: altered glucagon secretion pathway def: "A glucagon secretion pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Elevated serum glucagon has been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. The pathway of glucagon secretion is not well understood and this complicates the understanding of how the pathway may falter." [PMID:17623014] is_a: PW:0000594 ! altered glucose homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000675 ! glucagon secretion pathway [Term] id: PW:0000679 name: altered glucagon signaling pathway def: "A glucagon signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Glucagon signaling counteracts the signaling of insulin and the potential exists that an alteration of glucagon signaling has a role to play in diabetes type 2. Serum glucagon is elevated in patients with the disease; the mechanisms leading to and the consequences of elevated glucagon remain to be established." [PMID:17623014] is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000594 ! altered glucose homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000676 ! glucagon signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000680 name: altered extrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000106 ! extrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000287 ! altered apoptotic cell death pathway [Term] id: PW:0000681 name: FasL mediated signaling pathway def: "Fas ligand binding to its receptor triggers a conformational change that allows the receptor to assemble a signaling complex known as DISC, followed by recruitment of pro-caspase-8 and activation of caspase-3 and -7. It is believed that Fas mediated signaling to elicit apoptosis follows two routes." [PubMed:14744432, Reactome:REACT_900.1] synonym: "PID:200080" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000106 ! extrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000236 ! tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000682 name: Trail mediated signaling pathway def: "Trail mediated signaling leads to apoptosis via assembly of the DISC complex (Death-Inducing Signaling Complex) downstream of its receptors." [PMID:14744432, Reactome:REACT_402.1] synonym: "PID:200068" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000106 ! extrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000236 ! tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway [Term] id: PW:0000683 name: integrin mediated cell-cell signaling pathway def: "A cell-cell signaling pathway mediated by integrins, a family of receptors that convey both 'outside-in' and 'inside-out' signals." [RGD:InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000286 ! integrin mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000332 ! cell-cell signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-08-03T02:43:27Z [Term] id: PW:0000684 name: integrin mediated cell-extracellular matrix signaling pathway def: "A cell-extracellular matrix signaling pathway mediated by integrins, a family of receptors that convey both 'outside-in' and 'inside-out' signals." [RGD:InHouse] synonym: "integrin mediated cell-ECM signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000286 ! integrin mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000646 ! cell-extracellular matrix signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-08-03T02:45:17Z [Term] id: PW:0000685 name: glucose biosynthesis pathway def: "The metabolic pathways for generating glucose to meet the body's glucose needs. Gluconeogenesis in the liver and to some extent in kidney is the major pathway of glucose production; glycogenolysis is another route for generating glucose in these tissues." [MCW Libraries:ISBN-13 978-0470-12930-2] relationship: part_of PW:0000553 ! glucose homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-08-05T08:54:36Z [Term] id: PW:0000686 name: altered vasopressin signaling pathway def: "A vasopressin signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered vasopressin signaling manifests clinically as problems associated with water and sodium balance." [PMID:17761027, PMID:18431594] is_a: PW:0000491 ! vasopressin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000511 ! altered peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001538 ! altered cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-08-27T09:07:02Z [Term] id: PW:0000687 name: altered sugar transport pathway def: "A sugar transport pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in sugar transport, particularly glucose, can potentially have very harmful consequences." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000545 ! altered transport pathway is_a: PW:0000575 ! sugar transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-07T11:59:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000688 name: altered facilitative sugar transporter mediated sugar transport pathway def: "A facilitative sugar transporter mediated sugar transport pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in sugar transport, particularly glucose, can potentially have very harmful consequences." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000576 ! facilitative sugar transporter mediated sugar transport pathway is_a: PW:0000687 ! altered sugar transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-07T12:05:27Z [Term] id: PW:0000689 name: altered glucose transport pathway def: "A glucose transport pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in glucose transport can potentially have very harmful consequences." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000554 ! glucose transport pathway is_a: PW:0000594 ! altered glucose homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000687 ! altered sugar transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-07T12:08:39Z [Term] id: PW:0000690 name: altered facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway def: "A facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in glucose transport can potentially have very harmful consequences." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000560 ! facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway is_a: PW:0000689 ! altered glucose transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-07T12:12:44Z [Term] id: PW:0000691 name: altered sodium-glucose cotransporter mediated glucose transport pathway def: "A sodium-glucose cotransporter mediated glucose transport pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in glucose transport can potentially have very harmful consequences." [InHouse:PW] is_a: PW:0000561 ! sodium-glucose cotransporter mediated glucose transport pathway is_a: PW:0000689 ! altered glucose transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-07T12:21:13Z [Term] id: PW:0000692 name: altered insulin responsive facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway def: "An insulin responsive facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in the pathway can manifest in insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes." [PMID:17629673] is_a: PW:0000639 ! insulin responsive facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway is_a: PW:0000690 ! altered facilitative sugar transporter mediated glucose transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-07T12:24:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000693 name: biphenyl degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of biphenyl, an aromatic hydrocarbon used as a starting material for the production of polychlorinated biphenyls or as an intermediate for the production of a variety of organic compounds." [KEGG:map00621, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-20T08:59:23Z [Term] id: PW:0000694 name: geraniol degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of geraniol, a monoterpenoid and an alcohol, used in perfumes and in flavors." [KEGG:map00281, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000107 ! xenobiotics biodegradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-20T09:30:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000695 name: is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-20T10:20:07Z [Term] id: PW:0000696 name: zeatin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of zeatin - a plant hormone derived from adenine. It induces plant growth and has been reported to have anti-aging effects on human skin fibroblasts." [GO:0033398, KEGG:map00908, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-20T10:23:22Z [Term] id: PW:0000697 name: carotenoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of carotenoids, organic pigments found in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. Some can act as antioxidants." [GO:0016120, KEGG:map00906, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-10-20T10:29:04Z [Term] id: PW:0000698 name: thyroid cancer pathway def: "Thyroid cancer refers to one of several types of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland of which papillary thyroid cancer is the most frequent, accounting for almost 80% of all cases. The other types include follicular, medullary and anaplastic." [KEGG:map05216, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05216" RELATED [] synonym: "malignant neoplasm of thyroid gland pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "malignant tumor of thyroid gland pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "thyroid neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000631 ! head and neck cancer pathway is_a: PW:0000700 ! endocrine gland cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T01:33:42Z [Term] id: PW:0000699 name: parathyroid cancer pathway def: "Parathyroid cancer is a rare type of cancer whose causes are unknown. There are four parathyroid glands, each of the two lobes of the thyroid gland houses two." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000631 ! head and neck cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T01:39:16Z [Term] id: PW:0000700 name: endocrine gland cancer pathway def: "A general term grouping neoplastic pathways of the adrenal gland, ovaries and pancreas, pituitary and thyroid." [MeSH:http\://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi] synonym: "endocrine gland neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T01:48:29Z [Term] id: PW:0000701 name: thoracic cancer pathway def: "A general term grouping neoplastic pathways of the heart, respiratory tract and thymus." [MeSH:http\://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi] synonym: "thoracic neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T01:55:10Z [Term] id: PW:0000702 name: respiratory tract cancer pathway synonym: "respiratory tract neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000701 ! thoracic cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T01:57:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000703 name: lung cancer pathway def: "Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in men but is also very common in women. The main types are represented by small cell and non-small cell lung carcinomas. The former tends to respond better to chemotherapy; the latter is at times treated surgically." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "lung neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000702 ! respiratory tract cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T02:00:27Z [Term] id: PW:0000704 name: small cell lung carcinoma pathway def: "Small cell lung cancer is an aggressive type of lung cancer. Several pathways appear to be deregulated and they include the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling and changes in oncogene transcription factors such as Myc and p53." [KEGG:map05222, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05222" RELATED [] synonym: "oat cell carcinoma of lung pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SCLC pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "small cell carcinoma of lung pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "small cell lung cancer pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "small cell lung neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000703 ! lung cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T02:00:59Z [Term] id: PW:0000705 name: non-small cell lung carcinoma pathway def: "Non-small cell lung carcinoma groups together several non-small cell lung carcinomas. The main types are represented by squamous cell, adeno- and large-cell carcinoma. Alterations in Ras and epidermal growth factor signaling, among others, have been implicated in the condition." [KEGG:map05223, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05223" RELATED [] synonym: "non-small cell lung cancer pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "non-small cell lung neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "NSCLC pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000703 ! lung cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T02:45:27Z [Term] id: PW:0000706 name: leukemia pathway def: "Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. The term covers a broad spectrum of conditions subdivided by proliferation type - acute and chronic, and by cell type - myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia." [OneLook:www.onelook..com] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T03:34:16Z [Term] id: PW:0000707 name: myeloid leukemia pathway def: "Myeloid leukemia affects cells of the myeloid lineage and their precursors and in turn is subdivided by proliferation type." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000706 ! leukemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T03:55:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000708 name: lymphoid leukemia pathway def: "Lymphoid leukemia affects lymphoid tissues and there are increase numbers of circulating lymphoblasts and lymphocytes." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "lymphocytic leukemia pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000706 ! leukemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T04:33:38Z [Term] id: PW:0000709 name: acute myeloid leukemia pathway def: "Acute myeloid leukemia is a common type of leukemia among adults. Abnormal cells are present inside the bone marrow that grow very vast and replace healthy blood cells. Several signaling pathways are disrupted and/or constitutively activated." [KEGG:map05221, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05221" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000707 ! myeloid leukemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T04:39:13Z [Term] id: PW:0000710 name: chronic myeloid leukemia pathway def: "Chronic myeloid leukemia, a slowly progressing condition, is a type of leukemia where too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow." [KEGG:map05220, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05220" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000707 ! myeloid leukemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-28T04:39:38Z [Term] id: PW:0000711 name: glioma pathway def: "Gliomas are tumors of the brain categorized by the type of cell they are associated with, their location and grade. Several pathways appear to be deregulated via amplifications, overexpression, mutations or loss." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05214" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001550 ! nervous system and nerve tissue cancer pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-10-29T04:24:22Z [Term] id: PW:0000712 name: vasopressin signaling pathway via receptor type 1 def: "Vasopressin signaling via receptor type 1 couples to Gq alpha subunit leading to stimulation of phospholipase C beta, subsequent generation of second messengers and increase in intracellular calcium resulting in vasoconstriction." [PMID:11091117, PMID:14624682] is_a: PW:0000491 ! vasopressin signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-11-03T08:25:33Z [Term] id: PW:0000713 name: vasopressin signaling pathway via receptor type 2 def: "Vasopressin signaling via receptor type 2 plays a central role in water homeostasis by regulating the translocation of Aqp2 channel. The receptor couples to Gs alpha subunit leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase, production of cyclic AMP and triggering of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. PKA regulates both the translocation and the expression of the channel." [PMID:11091117, PMID:14624682, PMID:17761027, PMID:18431594] synonym: "KEGG:04962" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00322" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000491 ! vasopressin signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-11-03T08:39:15Z [Term] id: PW:0000714 name: altered vasopressin signaling pathway via receptor type 1 def: "A vasopressin, receptor type 1 mediated signaling pathway, that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in this pathway might relate to septic shock." [PMID:17133186] is_a: PW:0000686 ! altered vasopressin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000712 ! vasopressin signaling pathway via receptor type 1 created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-11-03T08:51:23Z [Term] id: PW:0000715 name: altered vasopressin signaling pathway via receptor type 2 def: "A vasopressin, receptor type 2 mediated signaling pathway, that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in the pathway have been associated with Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI) caused by mutations in the receptor or, more rarely, in aquaporin channel 2." [PMID:17761027] is_a: PW:0000686 ! altered vasopressin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000713 ! vasopressin signaling pathway via receptor type 2 created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2009-11-03T09:09:09Z [Term] id: PW:0000716 name: transcription factor mediated signaling pathway def: "Transcription factors mediated signaling are components of transcription that, by controlling the expression of target genes, impact upon a wide range of processes." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-11-30T01:34:55Z [Term] id: PW:0000717 name: forkhead class O signaling pathway def: "The signaling pathway mediated by the FoxO subgroup of forkhead family of transcription factors regulates cell cycle and survival via the expression of its target genes. FoxO pathway is negatively regulated by PI3K-Akt pathway downstream of insulin signaling. It is positively regulated by the Jnk pathway of stress activated MAPK cascade." [PMID:10702024, PMID:17275054, PMID:19274050, PMID:23325358] synonym: "FoxO signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000647 ! forkhead signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-11-30T01:42:57Z [Term] id: PW:0000718 name: p53 signaling pathway def: "p53 transcription factor is a tumor suppressor frequently mutated in cancer. p53 is at the hub of many signaling and regulatory pathways. In response to various stresses, it promotes apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and other defense pathways via transcription dependent as well as independent routes. A key regulator of p53 is Mdm2. Mdm2 is a transcriptional target of p53 thus providing a negative feedback loop." [PMID:18783169, PMID:18927276, PMID:19007744, PMID:19407794, PMID:19776744] synonym: "KEGG:04115" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200206" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000237 ! stress response pathway is_a: PW:0000303 ! p53-dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint pathway is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-11-30T03:01:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000719 name: altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway def: "A transcription factor mediated signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Deregulation of such pathways has been linked to cancer and various other diseases." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-11-30T03:40:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000720 name: altered p53 signaling pathway def: "A p53 signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Due to its central role at the intersection of many cellular pathways, disturbance of p53 network can have far-reaching negative consequences. The tumor suppressor Tp53 gene is frequently mutated in cancer." [PMID:19776744] is_a: PW:0000718 ! p53 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling is_a: PW:0001545 ! altered stress response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2009-11-30T03:43:14Z [Term] id: PW:0000721 name: nicotine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of nicotine, an alkaloid found in tobacco and other plants. It is an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and exerts stimulatory roles. It is also responsible for tobacco dependence. Prolonged exposure and high levels of nicotine can have toxic effects. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA162355621] is_a: PW:0000923 ! nervous system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-18T03:34:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000722 name: warfarin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of warfarin. Warfarin is used as anticoagulant that antagonizes the vitamin K dependent clotting pathway. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin] is_a: PW:0002325 ! vitamin K antagonist drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-18T03:34:31Z [Term] id: PW:0000723 name: anti-diabetic drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-diabetic drugs such as repaglinide, nateglinide and sulfonylurea - inhibitors of ATP-dependent potassium channel. By blocking the channel they stimulate insulin secretion to lower blood glucose level. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/, PMID:11259325, PMID:12919179] is_a: PW:0000921 ! alimentary tract and metabolism drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-18T03:43:49Z [Term] id: PW:0000724 name: statin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of statin. Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol. They act as inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes an early rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0000920 ! cardiovascular system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-19T10:48:44Z [Term] id: PW:0000725 name: potassium channel inhibitors pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of anti-diabetic drugs-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to them. Repaglinide, nateglinide and sulfonylurea are used as inhibitors of ATP-dependent potassium channel. By blocking the channel they stimulate insulin secretion to lower blood glucose level. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] synonym: "SMP:00453" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00454" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000723 ! anti-diabetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-20T12:12:30Z [Term] id: PW:0000726 name: repaglinide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of repaglinide. The drug is used as an inhibitor of ATP-dependent potassium channel. By blocking the channel it stimulates insulin secretion to lower blood glucose level. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/, PMID:12919179] is_a: PW:0000723 ! anti-diabetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-20T12:14:07Z [Term] id: PW:0000727 name: nateglinide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of nateglinide. The drug is used as an inhibitor of ATP-dependent potassium channel. By blocking the channel it stimulates insulin secretion to lower blood glucose level. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/, PMID:11259325] is_a: PW:0000723 ! anti-diabetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-20T12:15:46Z [Term] id: PW:0000728 name: statin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of statins-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol. They act as inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes an early rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] synonym: "SMP:00082" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00089" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00092" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00099" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00111" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00119" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00131" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000724 ! statin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-20T12:21:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000729 name: statin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of statin. Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol. They act as inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes an early rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0000724 ! statin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-20T12:22:12Z [Term] id: PW:0000730 name: warfarin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of warfarin. Warfarin is used as anticoagulant that antagonizes the vitamin K dependent clotting pathway. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin] is_a: PW:0000722 ! warfarin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-20T12:42:35Z [Term] id: PW:0000731 name: warfarin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of warfarin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Warfarin is used as anticoagulant that antagonizes the vitamin K dependent clotting pathway. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfarin] synonym: "SMP:00268" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000722 ! warfarin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-01-20T12:42:55Z [Term] id: PW:0000732 name: thromboxane metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving thromboxanes - a family of prostanoid eicosanoids whose effects include vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0001240 ! prostanoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T11:26:21Z [Term] id: PW:0000733 name: glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glycosphingolipids - glycolipids with sugar(s) attached to the ceramide core. Based on the sequences of the core carbohydrate residues, they are classified into a number of series such as lacto- and neolacto-, globo-, ganglio- or muco-series." [GO:0006687, MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009, PMID:15207828, PMID:17976918, PMID:18845618] synonym: "glycolipid metabolic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "GSL metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000197 ! sphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T02:03:36Z [Term] id: PW:0000734 name: cerebroside metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of cerebroside, sphingolipids in which the sugar is a monosaccharide." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000733 ! glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T02:05:26Z [Term] id: PW:0000735 name: altered sphingolipid metabolic pathway def: "A sphingolipid metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered sphingolipid metabolism has been associated with several lysosomal storage diseases and most appear to be fatal." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009, PW dictionary:InHouse dictionary] is_a: PW:0000197 ! sphingolipid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000483 ! altered lipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T02:08:31Z [Term] id: PW:0000736 name: triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway def: "The de novo synthesis of triacylglycerol, the common form of fatty acid transport and storage. Most triacylglycerols are synthesized in the liver and stored in the adipose tissue." [GO:0019432, MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] synonym: "lipogenesis pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000153 ! triacylglycerol metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T02:15:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000737 name: triacylglycerol degradation pathway def: "The degradation pathway of triacylglycerols when the energy reserves are low such as in the fasting state, during exercise or in response to stress. Triacylglycerols are the common form of fatty acid transport and storage." [GO:0019433, MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] synonym: "lipolysis pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000153 ! triacylglycerol metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T02:19:06Z [Term] id: PW:0000738 name: fatty acid beta degradation pathway def: "Fatty acid degradation via beta oxidation, the most common fatty acid degradation pathway, occurs in four reactions resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and a fatty acyl-CoA two carbon shorter than the one that began the cycle. Acetyl-CoA can undergo further oxidation via the Krebs cycle or can be converted to ketone bodies." [PMID:10816122, PMID:14728673] synonym: "fatty acid beta oxidation pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00052" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00480" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00481" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00482" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000642 ! fatty acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T02:50:24Z [Term] id: PW:0000739 name: fatty acid alpha degradation pathway def: "The degradation of branched-chain fatty acids is carried out by the alpha oxidation pathway. In humans, this pathway occurs in peroxisomes." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] synonym: "fatty acid alpha oxidation pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000642 ! fatty acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T03:02:55Z [Term] id: PW:0000740 name: unsaturated fatty acid degradation pathway def: "The pathway of unsaturated fatty acids requires additional enzymes." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000642 ! fatty acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-17T03:06:21Z [Term] id: PW:0000741 name: altered ganglioside metabolic pathway def: "A ganglioside metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. For instance, Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme that degrades ganglioside GM2. This and other conditions involving impaired sphingolipid metabolism are collectively known as sphingolipid storage disease." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000164 ! ganglioside metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000742 ! altered glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T12:39:44Z [Term] id: PW:0000742 name: altered glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway def: "A glycoshingolipid metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered glycosphingolipid metabolism has been associated with several lysosomal storage diseases and most appear to be fatal." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000733 ! glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000735 ! altered sphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T01:03:56Z [Term] id: PW:0000743 name: galactocerebroside metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of galactocerebroside, a cerebroside in which the monosaccharide is galactose." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000734 ! cerebroside metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T01:15:17Z [Term] id: PW:0000744 name: glucocerebroside metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glucocerebroside, a cerebroside in which the monosaccharide is glucose." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000734 ! cerebroside metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T01:15:47Z [Term] id: PW:0000745 name: sphingomyelin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of sphingomyelin - a sphingolipid found abundantly in the myelin sheath of nerve cells." [GO:0006684, MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000197 ! sphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T01:28:17Z [Term] id: PW:0000746 name: altered sphingomyelin metabolic pathway def: "A sphingomyelin metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. For instance, Niemann-Pick disease is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme that degrades sphingomyelin. This and other conditions involving impaired sphingolipid metabolism are collectively known as sphingolipid storage disease." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000735 ! altered sphingolipid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000745 ! sphingomyelin metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T01:34:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000747 name: altered galactocerebroside metabolic pathway def: "A galactocerebroside metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. For instance, Krabbe's disease is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme that degrades galactocerebroside. This and other conditions involving impaired sphingolipid metabolism are collectively known as sphingolipid storage disease." [MCW library:QU4 M235b] is_a: PW:0000743 ! galactocerebroside metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000748 ! altered cerebroside metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T01:41:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000748 name: altered cerebroside metabolic pathway def: "A cerebroside metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered cerebroside metabolism has been associated with several lysosomal storage diseases and most appear to be fatal." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000734 ! cerebroside metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000742 ! altered glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T01:45:45Z [Term] id: PW:0000749 name: altered glucocerebroside metabolic pathway def: "A glucocerebroside metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. For instance, Gaucher's disease is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme that degrades glucocerebroside. This and other conditions involving impaired sphingolipid metabolism are collectively known as sphingolipid storage disease." [MCW library:QU4 M235b 2009] is_a: PW:0000744 ! glucocerebroside metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000748 ! altered cerebroside metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2010-02-18T02:02:09Z [Term] id: PW:0000750 name: altered isoprenoid metabolic pathway def: "An isoprenoid metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant isoprenoid metabolism, as evidenced in alterations in cholesterol metabolism, has been associated with a variety of conditions." [MCW library:QU85 B615 2008, PMID:16876788] is_a: PW:0000248 ! isoprenoid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000483 ! altered lipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-23T03:06:26Z [Term] id: PW:0000751 name: altered isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway def: "An isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, as evidenced in altered cholesterol biosynthesis has been associated with several conditions." [MCW library:QU85 B615 2008, PMID:16876788] is_a: PW:0000453 ! isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000750 ! altered isoprenoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-23T03:12:58Z [Term] id: PW:0000752 name: altered cholesterol biosynthetic pathway def: "A cholesterol biosynthetic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant cholesterol biosynthesis involves defects in enzymes of both early and later steps leading to several disorders." [MCW library:QU 85 B615 2008, PMID:16876788] is_a: PW:0000454 ! cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001306 ! altered steroid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-23T03:18:14Z [Term] id: PW:0000753 name: sterol regulatory element-binding protein signaling pathway def: "The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway has important roles in the control of lipid and cholesterol metabolism. SREBPs are sterol regulated transcription factors that belong to the bHLH family." [PMID:17303406] synonym: "SREBP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling is_a: PW:0001371 ! basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-02-24T10:47:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000754 name: drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics pathway elicited by the administration of specific drugs. The systems involved in drug processing and responses are also those handling exogenous, xenobiotic compounds in the cellular detoxification pathway. The distinction between a random encounter with a foreign compound and the processing of a substance administered for treatment along with the importance of genetic variation for the individual responses to particular drugs warrant their separate consideration." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg/, PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0000001 ! pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-15T11:01:15Z [Term] id: PW:0000755 name: benzodiazepine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of benzodiazepines, a class of drugs acting upon the central nervous system. The drugs are administered as sedatives and also as antiepileptics. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0002295 ! antiepileptic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-15T11:26:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000756 name: benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepine represent a class of drugs used as sedatives. They act as ligands for the GABA-A receptor to stimulate its inhibitory activity. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0000755 ! benzodiazepine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-15T11:30:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000757 name: benzodiazepine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of benzodiazepine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs used as sedatives. They act as ligands for the GABA-A receptor to stimulate its inhibitory activity. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0000755 ! benzodiazepine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-15T11:31:43Z [Term] id: PW:0000758 name: gemcitabine pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of gemcitabine, a cytidine analogue that is administered as a prodrug for the treatment of certain types of cancer. The diphosphate form is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductases, essential enzymes of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-17T08:04:55Z [Term] id: PW:0000759 name: gemcitabine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of gemcitabine. Gemcitabine is a cytidine analogue administered as a prodrug for the treatment of certain cancers. The diphosphate form is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductases, essential enzymes of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA2036, SMPDB:http\://pathman.smpdb.ca/pathways/SMP00446/pathway] synonym: "SMP:00603" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000758 ! gemcitabine pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-17T08:18:10Z [Term] id: PW:0000760 name: gemcitabine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of gemcitabine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Gemcitabine is a cytidine analogue that is administered as a prodrug for the treatment of certain types of cancer. The diphosphate form is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductases, essential enzymes of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA2036] synonym: "SMP:00446" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000758 ! gemcitabine pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-17T08:27:03Z [Term] id: PW:0000761 name: celecoxib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor used for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:www.pharmgkb.org/] synonym: "celebrex pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-17T08:51:56Z [Term] id: PW:0000762 name: celecoxib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of celecoxib - a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2 used for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA152241951, SMPDB:http\://pathman.smpdb.ca/pathways/SMP00096/pathway] synonym: "celebrex pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00644" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000761 ! celecoxib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-17T09:03:48Z [Term] id: PW:0000763 name: celecoxib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of celecoxib-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Celecoxib is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2 used for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA152241951] synonym: "celebrex pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00096" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000761 ! celecoxib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-17T09:14:56Z [Term] id: PW:0000764 name: ifosfamide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of ifosfamide, am antitumor agent used in the treatment of certain cancers. It is administered as a prodrug that has to be converted to the active form. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/, SMPDB:http\://pathman.smpdb.ca/pathways/SMP00448/pathway] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-22T01:04:43Z [Term] id: PW:0000765 name: ifosfamide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of ifosfamide, a prodrug used against solid tumors. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA2037, SMPFB:http\://pathman.smpdb.ca/pathways/SMP00448/pathway] synonym: "SMP:00605" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000764 ! ifosfamide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-22T01:13:38Z [Term] id: PW:0000766 name: ifosfamide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ifosfamide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Ifosfamide is administered as a prodrug and is widely used as an alkylating agent for the treatment of certain cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/search/pathway/ifos/ifos-pd.jsp, SMPDB:http\://pathman.smpdb.ca/pathways/SMP00448/pathway] synonym: "SMP:00448" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000764 ! ifosfamide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-22T01:21:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000767 name: omeprazole drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor. Omeprazole is the representative compound of a class of such inhibitors that are administered for the treatment of acid-related disorders. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0000918 ! proton pump inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-22T01:39:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000768 name: omeprazole pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of omeprazole, a representative compound of a class of proton pump inhibitors. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA152530846] synonym: "SMP:00613" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000767 ! omeprazole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-22T01:44:57Z [Term] id: PW:0000769 name: omeprazole pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of omeprazole-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Omeprazole is a representative compound of a class of proton pump inhibitors used in the treatment of acid-related disorders. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/search/pathway/proton-pump/proton-pump-pd.jsp] synonym: "SMP:00226" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000767 ! omeprazole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-03-22T01:50:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000770 name: C19-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of C19-steroid hormones. Pregnenolone, a C21 steroid derived from cholesterol, and progesterone, to which pregnenolone can be converted, provide the starting material for the C21, C19 and C18 steroid hormones. The C19 class is represented by androgens such as testosterone." [PMID:17926129, PMID:18720009] synonym: "androgen biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000040 ! steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-04-20T03:43:21Z [Term] id: PW:0000771 name: mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Mineralocorticoids are a group of C21 steroid hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex and so named because of their effects on the concentration of sodium as well as potassium and chloride. The group is best exemplified by aldosterone." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000070 ! C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-04-20T04:01:52Z [Term] id: PW:0000772 name: glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Glucocorticoids are a group of C21 steroid hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex and so named because of their effects on glucose metabolism. They also play a role in developmental processes and the immune system. The group is best exemplified by cortisol." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000070 ! C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-04-20T04:31:54Z [Term] id: PW:0000773 name: aldosterone biosynthetic pathway def: "Aldosterone is a C21 mineralocorticoid produced in the outer zone, the zona glomerulosa, of the adrenal cortex from the cholesterol precursor. It plays important roles in the regulation of water and salt balance." [PMID:17926129] is_a: PW:0000771 ! mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-04-20T04:49:31Z [Term] id: PW:0000774 name: cortisol biosynthetic pathway def: "Cortisol is a C21 glucocorticoid produced in the middle zone, the zona fasciculata, of the adrenal cortex from the cholesterol precursor. It plays important roles in carbohydrate and other nutrients metabolism." [PMID:17926129] is_a: PW:0000772 ! glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-04-20T04:49:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000775 name: altered epidermal growth factor/neuregulin signaling pathway def: "An epidermal growth factor/neuregulin signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Deregulation of the pathway, mostly as upregulation due to the increased expression or amplification of ligands and/or receptors, or mutations leading to such increases, has been linked to numerous forms of cancer, such as pancreatic, lung, endometrial and breast." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000170 ! epidermal growth factor/neuregulin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000298 ! altered growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-04-26T10:53:15Z [Term] id: PW:0000776 name: ketone bodies biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate also known as ketone bodies although only acetoacetate is a ketone. Generally, the acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acids oxidation enters the citrate cycle. In the liver, a substantial fraction of acetyl-CoA is converted to ketone bodies which are then released into the blood stream for supply to peripheral tissues." [GO:0042181, KEGG:map00072, MCW Libraries:QU4 V876f 2008, Reactome:REACT_1464.3] is_a: PW:0000069 ! ketone bodies metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-20T01:06:48Z [Term] id: PW:0000777 name: ketone bodies degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions that convert acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate back to acetyl-CoA which then can enter the citrate cycle for energy production. The ketone bodies are synthesized in the liver and released into to blood stream to supply fuel to peripheral tissues, heart and skeletal muscle in particular and during starvation, the brain." [GO:0046952, KEGG:map00072, MCW Libraries:QU4 V876f 2008] is_a: PW:0000069 ! ketone bodies metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-20T01:23:02Z [Term] id: PW:0000778 name: testosterone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of testosterone, a C19-steroid hormone secreted primarily in the testes and ovaries and to a lesser extend by the adrenal glands." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000770 ! C19-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-20T02:21:52Z [Term] id: PW:0000779 name: dehydroepiandrosterone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone, a C19 steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex and a primary precursor of estrogens." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "DHEA biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000770 ! C19-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-20T02:25:04Z [Term] id: PW:0000780 name: C18-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of C18-steroid hormones. Pregnenolone, a C21 steroid derived from cholesterol, and progesterone, to which pregnenolone can be converted, provide the starting material for the C21, C19 and C18 steroid hormones. The C18 class is represented by estrogens. The major natural estrogens are beta-estradiol - the primary estrogen, the estrone of menopause and the estriol of pregnancy." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17926129] synonym: "estrogen biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000040 ! steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-20T02:42:49Z [Term] id: PW:0000781 name: estradiol biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of estradiol, the major C18 steroid hormone. The term generally refers to the 17 beta isomer, the most potent form of estrogen." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "17beta-estradiol biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000780 ! C18-steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-20T03:08:05Z [Term] id: PW:0000782 name: glucocorticoid signaling pathway def: "Glucocorticoids, C21-steroid hormones, initiate signaling by binding to their specific nuclear receptor to regulate metabolism, development and immune response. The major glucocorticoid is cortisol." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000566 ! corticosteroid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-21T01:43:39Z [Term] id: PW:0000783 name: mineralocorticoid signaling pathway def: "Mineralocorticoids, C21 steroid hormones, initiate signaling by binding to their cognate receptor to regulate water and mineral levels. The main endogenous mineralocorticoid is aldosterone." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000566 ! corticosteroid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-05-21T02:05:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000784 name: altered androgen signaling pathway def: "An androgen signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered androgen signaling, due to upregulation of the androgen receptor, has been implicated in prostate cancer." [PMID:17163421, PMID:18657355] is_a: PW:0000564 ! androgen signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000787 ! altered sex steroids signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-01T09:36:38Z [Term] id: PW:0000785 name: altered lipid hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000469 ! lipid hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000509 ! altered hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-02T09:54:05Z [Term] id: PW:0000786 name: altered steroid hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000468 ! steroid hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000785 ! altered lipid hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-02T09:54:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000787 name: altered sex steroids signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000567 ! sex steroids signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000786 ! altered steroid hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-02T09:55:15Z [Term] id: PW:0000788 name: glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide signaling pathway def: "Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide signaling plays an important role in promoting insulin secretion. Gip is secreted from the K intestinal cells in response to nutrient ingestion. It signals via a G-protein coupled receptor to increase calcium and cAMP and activate downstream signaling pathways." [PMID:19074620] synonym: "GIP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T02:32:43Z [Term] id: PW:0000789 name: glucagon-like peptide-1 signaling pathway def: "Glucagon-like peptide-1 signaling pathway plays an important role in promoting insulin secretion. GLp-1 is secreted from the L intestinal cells in response to nutrient ingestion. It signals via a G-protein coupled receptor to increase calcium and cAMP and activate numerous downstream signaling pathways." [PMID:19074620] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T02:44:07Z [Term] id: PW:0000790 name: epinephrine signaling pathway def: "Epinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The alpha receptor 1 and 2 couple to the Galphaq and Galphai subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, respectively. The three beta receptors couple to the Galphas subunit." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse is_a: PW:0000798 ! catecholamine signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:39:46Z [Term] id: PW:0000791 name: norepinephrine signaling pathway def: "Norepinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The alpha receptor 1 and 2 couple to the Galphaq and Galphai subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, respectively. The three beta receptors couple to the Galphas subunit." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse is_a: PW:0000798 ! catecholamine signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:50:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000792 name: epinephrine signaling pathway via adrenergic receptor alpha 1 def: "Epinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The alpha 1 receptors couple to the Galphaq subunit." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000790 ! epinephrine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:54:56Z [Term] id: PW:0000793 name: epinephrine signaling pathway via adrenergic receptor alpha 2 def: "Epinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The alpha 2 receptors couple to the Galphai subunit." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000790 ! epinephrine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:55:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000794 name: epinephrine signaling pathway via adrenergic receptor beta def: "Epinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The beta receptors couple to the Galphas subunit. Beta 2 receptor may also couple to Galphai." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000790 ! epinephrine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:56:07Z [Term] id: PW:0000795 name: norepinephrine signaling pathway via adrenergic receptor alpha 1 def: "Norepinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The alpha 1 receptors couple to the Galphaq subunit." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000791 ! norepinephrine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:58:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000796 name: norepinephrine signaling pathway via adrenergic receptor alpha 2 def: "Norepinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The alpha 2 receptors couple to the Galphai subunit." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000791 ! norepinephrine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:59:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000797 name: norepinephrine signaling pathway via adrenergic receptor beta def: "Norepinephrine acts as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It promotes various actions by signaling via various adrenergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptor type. The beta receptors couple to the Galphas subunit. Beta 2 receptor may also couple to Galphai." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000791 ! norepinephrine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T03:59:44Z [Term] id: PW:0000798 name: catecholamine signaling pathway def: "Catecholamines act as hormones and neurotransmitters. The major catecholamines are dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are derived from tyrosine and are not to be confused with tyrosine-based hormones." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000466 ! amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-18T04:09:20Z [Term] id: PW:0000799 name: adrenergic beta receptor drug pathway - beta-agonist and beta-blocker def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of adrenergic beta receptors drugs - beta-agonists and blockers. Adrenergic beta receptors, in response to epinephrine or norepinephrine couple to the Gs alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G protein to elicit several responses. Beta-agonists are used to stimulate while beta-blocker antagonists are used to inhibit these responses, as necessary. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:19874988] is_a: PW:0000920 ! cardiovascular system drug pathway is_a: PW:0000924 ! respiratory system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-06-30T10:47:27Z [Term] id: PW:0000800 name: adrenergic beta receptor agonist and beta-blocker pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of beta adrenergic receptor drugs. The beta-agonists are used to stimulate while the beta-blockers are used to inhibit the action of adrenergic beta receptors, as necessary. Adrenergic beta receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that in response to epinephrine or norepinephrine elicit various sympathetic responses important for proper cardiac function and in the case of beta2 receptor, smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:19874988] is_a: PW:0000799 ! adrenergic beta receptor drug pathway - beta-agonist and beta-blocker created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-07-01T08:56:44Z [Term] id: PW:0000801 name: adrenergic beta receptor agonist and beta-blocker pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of beta adrenergic drug-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The beta-agonists are used to stimulate while the beta-blockers are used to inhibit the action of adrenergic beta receptors, as necessary. Adrenergic beta receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that in response to epinephrine or norepinephrine elicit various sympathetic responses important for proper cardiac function and in the case of beta2 receptor, smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:19874988] synonym: "SMP:00296" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00297" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000799 ! adrenergic beta receptor drug pathway - beta-agonist and beta-blocker created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-07-01T09:12:37Z [Term] id: PW:0000802 name: dopamine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of dopamine." [PMID:19342614] is_a: PW:0000409 ! dopamine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001235 ! catecholamine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-08-13T02:17:38Z [Term] id: PW:0000803 name: epinephrine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of epinephrine. Epinephrine is primarily synthesized in adrenal chromaffin cells in response to specific stresses that activate the sympatho-adreno-medullary system." [PMID:19342614] is_a: PW:0000441 ! epinephrine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001235 ! catecholamine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-08-13T02:18:06Z [Term] id: PW:0000804 name: norepinephrine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is primarily synthesized in sympathetic neurons in response to stresses such as cold or pain." [PMID:19342614] is_a: PW:0000442 ! norepinephrine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001235 ! catecholamine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-08-13T02:18:28Z [Term] id: PW:0000805 name: altered Trail mediated signaling pathway def: "A Trail mediated signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations with the death domain of the receptors or deletions within the region containing the receptor genes have been reported for certain types of lymphomas." [PMID:18813321, PMID:20336667] is_a: PW:0000680 ! altered extrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000682 ! Trail mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-09-10T04:41:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000806 name: altered FasL mediated signaling pathway def: "A FasL mediated signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [PMID:10712254] is_a: PW:0000680 ! altered extrinsic apoptotic pathway is_a: PW:0000681 ! FasL mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-09-10T05:12:24Z [Term] id: PW:0000807 name: altered transcription pathway def: "A transcription pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant transcription can have devastating consequences. Altered signaling mediated by various transcription factors has been implicated in a spectrum of human diseases." [] is_a: PW:0000100 ! transcription pathway is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-08T11:40:35Z [Term] id: PW:0000808 name: microRNA pathway def: "MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of small RNAs involved in the post transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The biogenesis and function of miRNA is subject to complex control. Deregulation of miRNA expression has been linked to many diseases including cancer." [PMID:20471939, PMID:20661255, PMID:20885409] synonym: "miRNA pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000809 ! small non-coding RNA pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-08T12:35:16Z [Term] id: PW:0000809 name: small non-coding RNA pathway def: "The small non-coding RNA pathways have emerged as potent regulators of gene expression. Three major classes have been identified of which the microRNA (miRNA) system is the better understood one." [PMID:19165215, PMID:20484662] is_a: PW:0001334 ! non-coding RNA pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-15T02:16:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000810 name: endogenous small interfering RNA pathway synonym: "endo-siRNA" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000809 ! small non-coding RNA pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-15T03:37:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000811 name: Piwi-interacting RNA pathway def: "Piwi-RNA (piRNAs) are believed to play a role in gene silencing, particularly the silencing of transposons as many" [Cell:new article] synonym: "piRNA pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000809 ! small non-coding RNA pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-15T03:48:40Z [Term] id: PW:0000812 name: altered small non-coding RNA pathway def: "A small non-coding RNA pathway that deviates from what its normal course should. For instance, alterations in miRNA pathway have been associated with many diseases including various types of cancer." [PMID:19882673, PMID:20885409] is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis is_a: PW:0000809 ! small non-coding RNA pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-15T03:53:29Z [Term] id: PW:0000813 name: altered microRNA pathway def: "A microRNA pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. An altered miRNA pathway has been implicated in many diseases including various forms of cancer." [PMID:20885409] synonym: "altered miRNA pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000808 ! microRNA pathway is_a: PW:0000812 ! altered small non-coding RNA pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-15T04:05:12Z [Term] id: PW:0000814 name: Toll-like receptor signaling pathway def: "Toll-like receptors represent a large and the better understood family of pattern recognition receptors that sense an array of exogenous structures and recent evidence shows they can also recognize defective endogenous molecules. The intracellular signaling cascades they set in motion lead to the expression of inflammatory mediators." [PMID:20303867, PMID:20303872] synonym: "KEGG:04620" RELATED [] synonym: "TLR signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000925 ! pattern recognition receptor mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T11:29:27Z [Term] id: PW:0000815 name: C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway def: "C-type lectin receptors represent one of four classes of pattern recognition receptors. The intracellular signaling cascades they set in motion lead to the expression of inflammatory mediators." [PMID:20303867, PMID:20303872] is_a: PW:0000925 ! pattern recognition receptor mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T11:38:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000816 name: Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG) I-like receptor signaling pathway def: "This family of pattern recognition receptors are cytoplasmic proteins that recognize exogenous cytoplasmic DNA. The signaling cascades they set in motion lead to the expression of inflammatory mediators." [PMID:20303867, PMID:20303872] synonym: "KEGG:04622" RELATED [] synonym: "RLR signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000925 ! pattern recognition receptor mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T11:43:26Z [Term] id: PW:0000817 name: NOD-like receptor signaling pathway def: "NOD-like receptors are cytosolic proteins that recognize components of bacterial peptidoglycans. The signaling cascades they set in motion lead to the expression of inflammatory mediators." [PMID:20303867, PMID:20303872] synonym: "KEGG:04621" RELATED [] synonym: "NLR signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000925 ! pattern recognition receptor mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T11:45:03Z [Term] id: PW:0000818 name: signaling pathway pertinent to immunity def: "Those signaling pathways that are involved in or mediate the various aspects of immune responses." [MCW library:Cellular and molecular immunology\, by Abbas\, Abul K] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T03:08:21Z [Term] id: PW:0000819 name: signaling pathway in the innate immune response is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T03:09:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000820 name: signaling pathway in the adaptive immune response is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T03:09:29Z [Term] id: PW:0000821 name: T cell receptor signaling pathway def: "T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in developing thymocytes is important for the establishment of CD4 and CD8 lineages. Mature T cells express either CD4 or CD8 co-receptors which are essential for the interaction with peptide-bound class II or class I MHC complexes to elicit CD4 T helper (Th) or CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, respectively. In either case, T cells initiated signaling activates the expression of genes whose products mediate these responses." [MCW library:Handbook of cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:16448548, PMID:20537906] synonym: "KEGG:04660" RELATED [] synonym: "TCR signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000820 ! signaling pathway in the adaptive immune response relationship: part_of PW:0000824 ! cell-mediated immunity pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T03:28:43Z [Term] id: PW:0000822 name: B cell receptor signaling pathway def: "Antigen recognition by B cell receptors initiates signaling cascades that activate the expression of genes whose products are important for B cell functional responses." [MCW library:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:19827951, PMID:20591989] synonym: "BCR signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:04662" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000820 ! signaling pathway in the adaptive immune response relationship: part_of PW:0000823 ! humoral immunity pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-10-27T04:44:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000823 name: humoral immunity pathway def: "Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by the B cell lymphocytes. Antibodies recognize antigens of extracellular microbes and act to neutralize and eliminate them. Activation of B cells can occur in a T cell dependent or independent manner." [MCW library:Textbook on cellular and molecular immunology] is_a: PW:0000235 ! adaptive immune response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-01T01:49:11Z [Term] id: PW:0000824 name: cell-mediated immunity pathway def: "Cell-mediated immune response pathways are carried out by T cell lymphocytes. T cells receptors recognize peptides bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the antigen presenting cell. Depending on whether the co-receptor is CD4 or CD8, the receptors will interact with MHC class II or class I to elicit distinct responses against intracellular pathogens." [MCW library:Handbook of cellular and molecular immunology] is_a: PW:0000235 ! adaptive immune response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-01T01:49:42Z [Term] id: PW:0000825 name: antigen processing and presentation pathway def: "The pathways of antigen processing and presentation assure the generation of peptides that have the structural attributes necessary for the association with and their placement near major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Protein antigen present in vesicular compartments generate class II peptides, those in cytosol class I." [MCW library:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology] synonym: "KEGG:04612" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000824 ! cell-mediated immunity pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-01T05:17:15Z [Term] id: PW:0000826 name: T cell receptor signaling pathway in CD4+ T cells def: "T cells that express the CD4 co-receptor, also called T helper cells, recognize class II MHC presented antigens derived from internalized microbes to initiate a signaling cascade that results in enhanced microbicidal capacity of phagocytes. T helper cells can be further subdivided into subsets of CD4+ T cells based on the distinct cytokines they produce and effector functions they perform." [MCW:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology] is_a: PW:0000821 ! T cell receptor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-03T10:24:41Z [Term] id: PW:0000827 name: T cell receptor signaling pathway in CD8+ T cells def: "T cells that express the CD8 co-receptor, also called cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells, recognize class I MHC presented antigens derived from cytosolic proteins to initiate a signaling cascade that results in killing of the target cell." [MCW:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology] is_a: PW:0000821 ! T cell receptor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-03T10:44:22Z [Term] id: PW:0000828 name: cytokine mediated signaling pathway def: "Cytokine initiated signaling pathways play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis." [MCW library:Handbook on molecular and cellular immunology] synonym: "KEGG:04060" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000577 ! cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-03T03:48:57Z [Term] id: PW:0000829 name: chemokine mediated signaling pathway def: "Chemokine initiated pathways play important roles in the innate and adaptive immunity. They are also involved in development and tissue maintenance. The presence and localization of four cysteines is important for structural folding and is also the basis for chemokine classification. The spacing between the first two cysteine residues divides the family members into four groups. Most mammalian chemokines belong to the CC and CXC families. Chemokines signal via G-protein coupled receptors to engage distinct G protein signaling and downstream cascades." [MCW library:Handbook on molecular and cellular immunology, PMID:15062643] synonym: "KEGG:04062" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000577 ! cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-03T04:27:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000830 name: CXC chemokine mediated signaling pathway def: "The CXC family members are characterized by the presence of two cysteine resides separated by one amino acid. CXC and CC are the two most prominent families. This family of chemokines is also subdivided into two subgroups: the one with the ELR motif - ELR (+) and the one without - ELR(-), respectively. Generally, ELR(+) and ELR(-) members bind to distinct chemokine, G-coupled protein, receptors. The effects of their signaling is for the most part angiogenic or angiostatic, respectively." [MCW:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:15062643, PMID:18579287] is_a: PW:0000829 ! chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-04T11:30:26Z [Term] id: PW:0000831 name: CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway def: "The CC family members are characterized by the presence of two adjacent cysteine residues. The CC and the CXC family are the two most prominent families. Chemokines signal via G-protein coupled receptors to engage distinct G protein signaling and downstream cascades." [MCW:Handbook on cellular and molecular biology] is_a: PW:0000829 ! chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-04T11:30:33Z [Term] id: PW:0000832 name: C chemokine mediated signaling pathway def: "The C family of chemokine is small and its members have two rather than four cysteines residues. Chemokines signal via G-protein coupled receptors to engage distinct G protein signaling and downstream cascades." [MCW:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:15062643] is_a: PW:0000829 ! chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-04T11:32:38Z [Term] id: PW:0000833 name: CX3C chemokine mediated signaling pathway def: "The CX3X family of chemokine is small and characterized by the presence of three residues separating the first two cysteines. Currently, only one member is known in mammals. Chemokines signal via G-protein coupled receptors to engage distinct G protein signaling and downstream cascades." [MCW:Handbook on cellular and molecular immunology, PMID:15062643] is_a: PW:0000829 ! chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-11-12T05:03:05Z [Term] id: PW:0000834 name: bile acid transport pathway def: "Bile acid absorption by the intestinal epithelium and hepatic recycling collectively group the transport pathway of the important molecules of cholesterol catabolism." [PMID:17404808, PMID:18837078] synonym: "KEGG:04976" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2010-12-22T02:05:33Z [Term] id: PW:0000835 name: anti-estrogen drug pathway def: "Breast cancer is a major cause of death among Western women and many breast tumors are estrogen-dependent. Pharmacologically two major therapies have been developed: one targets the estrogen receptors via antagonists and selective modulators (SERM) and the second targets estrogen synthesis via aromatase inhibitors." [PMID:20644568] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-01-06T02:11:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000836 name: aromatase inhibitor pathway def: "Aromatase inhibitors block the last step of estrogen biosynthesis. They can be classified into first-, second- and third-generation drugs. Depending on whether they inactivate the aromatase complex irreversibly or reversibly, they can be further subdivided into type I and II, respectively. Currently, third generation drugs are being used." [PMID:12402060, PMID:14513434] is_a: PW:0000835 ! anti-estrogen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-01-07T05:07:46Z [Term] id: PW:0000837 name: tamoxifen drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of tamoxifen - one of the most widely used anti-estrogen drug that targets the estrogen receptor. The drug is a modulator than acts as an antagonist in breast cancer cells but can be an agonist in bone and the cardiovascular system. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:19629072] is_a: PW:0000835 ! anti-estrogen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-01-17T01:05:40Z [Term] id: PW:0000838 name: tamoxifen pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of tamoxifen - a SERM anti-estrogen drug. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug. For instance, variation in CYP2D6, an important enzyme for the production of a primary drug metabolite, impacts on the available concentration of the drug." [PMID:19629072] synonym: "SMP:00606" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000837 ! tamoxifen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-01-17T01:06:28Z [Term] id: PW:0000839 name: tamoxifen pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of tamoxifen-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. In breast cancer cells, tamoxifen binding antagonizes estrogen binding and the subsequent conformational changes necessary for co-activators recruitment. It may also prompt the recruitment of co-repressor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:19629072] synonym: "SMP:00471" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000837 ! tamoxifen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-01-17T01:06:59Z [Term] id: PW:0000840 name: protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway def: "Protein kinase C constitutes a family of serine/threonine kinases activated by diacylglycerol (DAG) and calcium whose signal transduction plays important roles in many cellular processes. Ligand activated G protein-coupled receptors, via Galphaq pathway, stimulate phospholipase C which cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3. IP3 promotes calcium release." [GO:0070528, PMID:19934406] is_a: PW:0000541 ! signaling pathway involving second messengers is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T10:02:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000841 name: acetylcholine signaling pathway def: "Acetylcholine signaling plays important roles in the central and peripheral nervous system and exerts both excitatory and inhibitory effects. It is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline by choline O-acetyltransferase." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17786266] synonym: "ACh signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:04725" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T11:08:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000842 name: acetylcholine signaling pathway via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor def: "Activation of the pentameric ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor leads to membrane depolarization and subsequent excitatory transmission. A salient feature of presynaptic signaling is promoting the release of various neurotransmitters depending on the neuron expressing the receptors." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:21130117, PMID:22925690, PMID:23040810] is_a: PW:0000841 ! acetylcholine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T11:18:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000843 name: acetylcholine signaling pathway via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor def: "Acetylcholine signaling via the metabotropic muscarinic receptors exerts important roles in the central and peripheral nervous system, the autonomic nervous system and also in non-neuronal cells. The five G protein-coupled receptors can be classified according to the G proteins they engage. Receptors M1, M3 and M5 predominantly couple to Galphaq whereas receptors M2 and M4 predominantly couple to Galphai mediated pathways. The signaling effects can be either excitatory or inhibitory." [GO:0007213, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17786266, PMID:18082893, PMID:23759942] is_a: PW:0000841 ! acetylcholine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T11:29:22Z [Term] id: PW:0000844 name: glutamate signaling pathway def: "Glutamate signaling via the ionotropic AMPA or NMDA and several metabotropic receptors plays important roles in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, long term depression or potentiation, and in learning and memory." [GO:0007215, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:04724" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000455 ! excitatory synaptic transmission pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T11:57:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000845 name: glutamate signaling pathway via NMDA receptor def: "Glutamate signaling via the ionotropic NMDA glutamate receptor plays important roles in synaptic plasticity and in learning and memory. The receptor is ligand-gated and voltage-dependent and requires glycine as a co-agonist." [GO:0035235, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000844 ! glutamate signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T12:10:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000846 name: glutamate signaling pathway via AMPA receptor def: "Glutamate signaling via the ionotropic AMPA receptor plays important roles in long-term potentiation (LTP). The AMPA receptors are both receptors and cation channels." [GO:0035235, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000844 ! glutamate signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T12:24:02Z [Term] id: PW:0000847 name: glutamate signaling pathway via metabotropic glutamate receptor def: "Glutamate signaling via the various metabotropic, G protein-coupled receptors plays important roles in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Based on their structure and physiological function, the receptors have been classified into three groups. Group I receptors couple to Galphaq, group II and III couple to Galphai" [GO:0007216, OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000844 ! glutamate signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T01:06:26Z [Term] id: PW:0000848 name: gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway def: "Gamma-aminobutyric acid signals at inhibitory synapses via the type A receptor, which is part of a ligand-gated ion channel and the type B receptors which are metabotropic, G protein-coupled receptors." [GO:0007214, OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:04727" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000456 ! Inhibitory synaptic transmission pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T02:10:16Z [Term] id: PW:0000849 name: glutamate signaling pathway via group I metabotropic glutamate receptor is_a: PW:0000847 ! glutamate signaling pathway via metabotropic glutamate receptor created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T03:02:04Z [Term] id: PW:0000850 name: glutamate signaling pathway via group II or III glutamate receptor is_a: PW:0000847 ! glutamate signaling pathway via metabotropic glutamate receptor created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T03:03:07Z [Term] id: PW:0000851 name: dopamine signaling pathway via D1 family of receptors def: "Dopamine signaling via D1-like receptors engages the Galphas family of G proteins leading to activation of adenylyl cyclases and increase in intracellular cAMP. Dopamine receptors 1 and 5 belong to this family." [GO:0007212, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17413183] synonym: "SMP:00308" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000394 ! dopamine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T03:15:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000852 name: dopamine signaling pathway via D2 family of receptors def: "Dopamine signaling via D2-like family of receptors engages the Galphai family of G proteins leading to inhibition of adenylyl cyclases and reduction of intracellular cAMP. Dopamine receptors 2, 3 and 4 belong to this family." [GO:0007212, OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:17413183] is_a: PW:0000394 ! dopamine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T03:22:26Z [Term] id: PW:0000853 name: histamine signaling pathway, neuronal def: "Histamine signaling is important for the central and to some extent the peripheral nervous systems and is also involved in the immune responses. Histamine signaling engages four G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). In the brain, it involves receptors H1 and H3 that couple to Galphaq and Galphai, respectively." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse is_a: PW:0002120 ! histamine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T03:53:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000854 name: serotonin signaling pathway def: "Serotonin signaling exerts many roles, from regulation of appetite, mood and sleep to involvement in learning and memory and in muscle contraction. Serotonin signals via several receptors known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT receptors. With one exception, 5-HT receptors are G protein-coupled receptors engaging distinct G protein signaling to elicit distinct, both inhibitory and excitatory responses." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:18571247, PMID:18676031, PMID:20925600] synonym: "KEGG:04726" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse is_a: PW:0000466 ! amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-03-09T04:11:20Z [Term] id: PW:0000855 name: acetylcholine signaling pathway via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors engaging G alphaq protein family def: "Acetylcholine signaling via receptor type M1, M3 and M5 primarily engages G alphaq protein family resulting in activation of phospholipase C and mobilization of intracellular calcium. The receptors are expressed in various areas of the brain and the cell membrane of effector tissues." [PMID:17786266, PMID:18082893, PMID:23759942] is_a: PW:0000843 ! acetylcholine signaling pathway via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-04-01T10:31:48Z [Term] id: PW:0000856 name: acetylcholine signaling pathway via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors engaging G alphai protein family def: "Acetylcholine signaling via receptor type M2 and M4 primarily engages G alphai protein family resulting in inhibition of adenylate cyclases and reduction of intracellular cAMP. The receptors are expressed in various areas of the brain and the cell membrane of effector tissues. A special feature is their role as autoreceptors at the presynapse of cholinergic neurons." [PMID:17786266, PMID:18082893, PMID:23759942] is_a: PW:0000843 ! acetylcholine signaling pathway via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-04-01T11:01:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000857 name: phase I biotransformation pathway def: "Phase I biotransformation pathway involves the conversion of exogenous substances to more polar metabolites. Members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily and to a lesser extent, flavin containing monooxygenases mediate the reactions." [PMID:19835560] is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-04-04T04:25:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000858 name: phase II biotransformation pathway def: "Phase II biotransformation pathway involves the conjugation of phase I products to various hydrophilic moieties that renders them more suitable for excretion. Various enzyme superfamilies are involved in carrying out the specific conjugation of metabolites." [PMID:19835560, PMID:20668491] is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-04-04T04:37:36Z [Term] id: PW:0000859 name: glucuronidation conjugation pathway def: "Glucuronidation of phase I products by members of the UDP-glucuronosyltranferase superfamily represents the major phase II conjugation pathway." [PMID:20668491] is_a: PW:0000858 ! phase II biotransformation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-04-04T05:03:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000860 name: sulfonation conjugation pathway def: "The sulfonation of phase I products by members of the sulfotransferase family represents a major route of phase II biotransformation, second to the glucuronidation pathway." [PMID:20668491] is_a: PW:0000858 ! phase II biotransformation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-04-04T05:12:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000861 name: pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. A major route for pyrimidine synthesis is the novo pathway. However, an alternate pathway, the salvage pathway, converts nucleosides generated by DNA or RNA breakdown back to nucleotide monophosphates which can then re-enter the biosynthetic pathway." [PMID:15096496, PMID:16098809] is_a: PW:0000032 ! pyrimidine metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2011-06-03T03:33:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000862 name: de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway def: "In the de novo biosynthetic pathway, pyrimidines are synthesized from simple precursors. Six reactions carried out by three genes in higher eukaryotes result in the formation of UMP, the precursor of all other pyrimidine nucleotides." [PMID:15096496, PMID:16098809] is_a: PW:0000861 ! pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2011-06-03T03:58:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000863 name: pyrimidine salvage pathway def: "The salvage pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis, mostly used in resting and differentiated cells, allows for the synthesis of pyrimidines from intermediates derived from DNA and RNA degradation pathways." [PMID:15096496, PMID:16098809] is_a: PW:0000861 ! pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2011-06-03T04:12:23Z [Term] id: PW:0000864 name: pyrimidine degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation of pyrimidines." [PMID:16098809] is_a: PW:0000032 ! pyrimidine metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2011-06-03T04:46:14Z [Term] id: PW:0000865 name: purine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the synthesis of purine nucleotides. A major route for purine synthesis is the novo pathway. However, an alternate pathway, the salvage pathway, can also be used." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000031 ! purine metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-06T04:49:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000866 name: purine degradation pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the degradation pathway of purines. Several enzymes are involved in the breakdown of adenine and guanine to uric acid. Primates, birds and other animal excrete uric acid. In other species uric acid is further metabolized to allantoin." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, RGD library:Lehringer Principles of Biochemistry] is_a: PW:0000031 ! purine metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-06T04:49:30Z [Term] id: PW:0000867 name: de novo purine biosynthetic pathway def: "De novo purine biosynthesis requires ten enzymatic reactions to produce inosine monophosphate (IMP). Both adenine and guanine are then derived from IMP via several reactions. Purines are synthesized as nucleosides, i.e., as bases attached to ribose. Purines can also be created synthetically." [PMID:18712276] is_a: PW:0000865 ! purine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-06T04:50:02Z [Term] id: PW:0000868 name: purine salvage pathway is_a: PW:0000865 ! purine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-06T04:50:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000869 name: gefitinib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of gefitinib. Gefitinib is the first selective inhibitor of EGFR whose mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain have been associated with hyperactive epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung cancers. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:19657272, PMID:21196393] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-09T05:30:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000870 name: gefitinib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of gefitinib. Gefitinib is the first selective inhibitor of EGFR whose mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain have been associated with hyperactive epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung cancers. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA152325160&objCls=Pathway, PMID:15801543] is_a: PW:0000869 ! gefitinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-09T05:30:58Z [Term] id: PW:0000871 name: gefitinib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of gefitinib-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Gefitinib is the first selective inhibitor of EGFR whose mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain have been associated with hyperactive epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21388312] synonym: "SMP:00473" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000869 ! gefitinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-09T05:31:16Z [Term] id: PW:0000872 name: erlotinib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of erlotinib. Erlotinib is the second (after gefitinib) selective inhibitor of EGFR whose mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain have been associated with hyperactive epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung cancers. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:19657272, PMID:20072828] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-14T03:33:11Z [Term] id: PW:0000873 name: erlotinib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of erlotinib. Erlotinib is the second (after gefitinib) selective inhibitor of EGFR whose mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain have been associated with hyperactive epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung cancers. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA154426903&objCls=Pathway, PMID:19657272] is_a: PW:0000872 ! erlotinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-14T03:33:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000874 name: erlotinib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of erlotinib-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Erlotinib is the second (after gefitinib) selective inhibitor of EGFR whose mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain have been associated with hyperactive epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:20072828] synonym: "SMP:00472" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000872 ! erlotinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-06-14T03:34:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000875 name: deoxyribonucleotide metabolic pathway def: "Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis occurs via the de novo pathway mediated by ribonucleotide reductase or via the salvage pathway. The de novo pathway is responsible for the bulk of dNTP during the S phase of cell cycle whereas the salvage pathway mostly operates in the quiescent state of the cell. Several cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes are responsible for the initial steps of the salvage pathway in the two compartments and for the reverse reactions that control the size of the dNTP pool." [PMID:15158709, PMID:16756507, PMID:17525869, PMID:20561600] is_a: PW:0000012 ! nucleotide metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-07-01T10:58:55Z [Term] id: PW:0000876 name: bacterial polysaccharide metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reaction involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of polysaccharides that are components of bacterial cell wall. They may also act as virulence factors." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000146 ! glycan metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-07-11T09:36:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000877 name: cytosine monophosphate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of cytosine monophosphate, the only nucleotide sugar in the monophosphate form." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000055 ! nucleotide sugar metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-07-11T10:29:49Z [Term] id: PW:0000878 name: phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic pathway def: "Phosphatidylcholine is the predominant phospholipid of eukaryotic membranes. Of the three known biosynthetic pathways, two are found in eukaryotes and one, the CDP-choline, is the best characterized." [PMID:15749057] is_a: PW:0001307 ! phosphatidylcholine metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-07-11T10:44:15Z [Term] id: PW:0000879 name: altered cortisol signaling pathway def: "A cortisol signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor have been associated with rare, sporadic or familial, glucocorticoid resistance." [PMID:21448414] is_a: PW:0000569 ! cortisol signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000881 ! altered glucocorticoid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-08-23T09:15:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000880 name: altered corticosteroid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000566 ! corticosteroid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-08-23T09:19:49Z [Term] id: PW:0000881 name: altered glucocorticoid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000782 ! glucocorticoid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000880 ! altered corticosteroid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-08-23T09:20:35Z [Term] id: PW:0000882 name: interleukin-1 family mediated signaling pathway def: "The interleukin-1 family mediated signaling plays important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. The best characterized member of the family is interleukin-1 followed by interleukin-18 and the more recently identified interleukin-33. Other family members are less well characterized." [PMID:20081871] synonym: "Il-1 family mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-08-29T11:08:06Z [Term] id: PW:0000883 name: interleukin-1 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-1 signaling, primarily via interleukin-1beta, plays important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Binding of the processed cytokine to its receptor, allows for the recruitment of several accessory and adaptor proteins leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling cascades. A natural receptor antagonist and a decoy receptor act as regulators of interleukin 1alpha and beta." [PMID:20081871, PMID:20303867, PMID:21219179] synonym: "Il-1 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200089" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000882 ! interleukin-1 family mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000926 ! pro-inflammatory cytokine mediated pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-08-29T11:15:28Z [Term] id: PW:0000884 name: interleukin-18 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-18 signaling plays important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. In the central nervous system (CNS), Il-18 and its receptors have been shown to play a role in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes as well as behavior and homeostasis. In addition, Il-18 may be a mediator of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis." [PMID:20081871, PMID:20113500, PMID:21864160] synonym: "Il-18 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000882 ! interleukin-1 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-08-29T11:16:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000885 name: interleukin-33 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-33 is the most recently discovered member of the interleukin-1 family. Like with the other members of the family, signaling by interleukin-33 plays important roles in inflammation and immunity and may be critical for the development of inflammatory and immune diseases." [PMID:20081871, PMID:21934731] synonym: "Il-33 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000882 ! interleukin-1 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-08-29T11:16:46Z [Term] id: PW:0000886 name: interleukin-19 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T09:28:03Z [Term] id: PW:0000887 name: interleukin-20 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T09:37:36Z [Term] id: PW:0000888 name: interleukin-22 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-22 signaling triggers the Jak-Stat intracellular cascade resulting in the activation of various T helper (Th) cells." [PMID:11929132, PMID:20127093] synonym: "Il-22 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T09:38:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000889 name: interleukin-24 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T09:39:50Z [Term] id: PW:0000890 name: interleukin-26 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T09:40:28Z [Term] id: PW:0000891 name: interleukin-28A signaling pathway synonym: "interferon lambda2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T10:26:15Z [Term] id: PW:0000892 name: interleukin-28B signaling pathway synonym: "interferon lambda3 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T10:29:31Z [Term] id: PW:0000893 name: interleukin-29 signaling pathway synonym: "interferon lambda1 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000513 ! interleukin-10 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T10:30:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000894 name: interferon mediated signaling pathway def: "The interferons represent a subset of cytokines whose signaling is involved in various aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Based on the type of receptors they employ, interferons have been classified into type I and II. A third type, the lambda interferons, are members of the interleukin 10 family." [PMID:17502369, PMID:20712454] is_a: PW:0000828 ! cytokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T10:46:23Z [Term] id: PW:0000895 name: type I interferon signaling pathway def: "Type I interferon, which includes all but one of the seven known human genes, binds to distinct receptors that activate the Jak-Stat signaling pathway." [PMID:17502369] is_a: PW:0000894 ! interferon mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T10:58:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000896 name: type II interferon signaling pathway def: "Type II interferon, of which there is only one in humans, binds to distinct receptors that activate Jak-Stat signaling pathway. It is known as the interferon gamma signaling." [PMID:17502369] synonym: "interferon gamma signaling" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200129" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000894 ! interferon mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T11:07:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000897 name: interleukin-17 family mediated signaling pathway def: "The interleukin-17 family mediated signaling plays important roles in inflammation and the development of autoimmunity as well as in the host defense against fungal and bacterial infections." [PMID:21349428] synonym: "Il-17 family mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T11:23:23Z [Term] id: PW:0000898 name: interleukin-17E signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-17E signaling, also known as interleukin-25, induces the production of Th2 cell cytokine leading to enhancement of Th2 cell responses." [PMID:21349428] synonym: "Il-17E signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Il-25 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000897 ! interleukin-17 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T02:31:33Z [Term] id: PW:0000899 name: interleukin-17A signaling pathway def: "Of the six family members of interleukin-17 family, interleukin-17A is the founding member and the better characterized system. While interleukin-17A binds the same receptor as interleukin-17F and can also heterodimerize with it, its signaling elicits distinct and broader responses." [PMID:21349428] synonym: "Il-17A signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000897 ! interleukin-17 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T02:31:40Z [Term] id: PW:0000900 name: interleukin-17F signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-17F binds the same receptor as interleukin-17A and can also heterodimerize with it. However, its signaling while sharing features of interleukin-17A pathway also elicits distinct responses." [PMID:21349428] is_a: PW:0000897 ! interleukin-17 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T02:41:48Z [Term] id: PW:0000901 name: altered interleukin mediated signaling pathway def: "An interleukin mediated signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant interleukin signaling pathway, alone or in combination with other pathways underlie various diseases." [InHouse:PW dictionary] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000617 ! altered cytokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2011-12-06T03:18:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000902 name: interleukin-11 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000514 ! interleukin-6 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-01-23T04:17:23Z [Term] id: PW:0000903 name: leukemia inhibitory factor signaling pathway synonym: "LIF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000514 ! interleukin-6 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-01-23T04:19:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000904 name: ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling pathway synonym: "C" RELATED [] synonym: "CNTF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000514 ! interleukin-6 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-01-23T04:21:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000905 name: oncostatin M signaling pathway synonym: "OSM signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000514 ! interleukin-6 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-01-23T04:22:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000906 name: interleukin-2 family mediated signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-2 family of cytokines, also known as gamma(c) family because of the shared gamma(c) receptor, plays crucial roles in the regulation of T cells." [PMID:19543225, PMID:21889323] synonym: "Il-2 family mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T12:26:10Z [Term] id: PW:0000907 name: interleukin-2 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-2 is the prototypical member of the interleukin-2 family of cytokines. The signaling pathway initiated by Il-2 and the other family members activates the Jak-Stat intracellular cascade to regulate T cell, innate and adaptive immune responses." [PMID:19543225, PMID:21889323] synonym: "Il-2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200098" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000906 ! interleukin-2 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T12:33:40Z [Term] id: PW:0000908 name: interleukin-7 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000906 ! interleukin-2 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T12:38:11Z [Term] id: PW:0000909 name: interleukin-9 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000906 ! interleukin-2 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T12:39:11Z [Term] id: PW:0000910 name: interleukin-15 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000906 ! interleukin-2 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T12:39:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000911 name: interleukin-21 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000906 ! interleukin-2 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T12:39:52Z [Term] id: PW:0000912 name: interleukin-4 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-4 is a member of interleukin 2 family of cytokine whose signaling is important for the differentiation of naive T helper cells." [PMID:21889323] synonym: "Il-4 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200022" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000906 ! interleukin-2 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T12:48:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000913 name: interleukin-12 family mediated signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-12 family members of heterodimeric cytokines are produced by antigen presenting cells. The signaling they initiate triggers the Jak-Stat intracellular cascade and plays important roles in the regulation of T helper (Th) cell differentiation." [PMID:20885915] synonym: "Il-12 family mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T03:39:11Z [Term] id: PW:0000914 name: interleukin-12 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-12 signaling activates the Jak-Stat intracellular cascade and promotes the differentiation and proliferation of Th1 cells and the production of interferon-gamma." [PMID:20885915, PMID:21553332] synonym: "Il-12 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200045" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000913 ! interleukin-12 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T03:43:43Z [Term] id: PW:0000915 name: interleukin-23 signaling pathway synonym: "Il-23 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200154" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000913 ! interleukin-12 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T03:49:27Z [Term] id: PW:0000916 name: interleukin-27 signaling pathway synonym: "Il-27 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200028" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000913 ! interleukin-12 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T03:49:45Z [Term] id: PW:0000917 name: interleukin-35 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000913 ! interleukin-12 family mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-23T03:50:45Z [Term] id: PW:0000918 name: proton pump inhibitor drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), a class of compounds that block the acid secretion from parietal cells in the stomach. A representative PPI compound is omeprazole. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/] is_a: PW:0000921 ! alimentary tract and metabolism drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-28T02:13:39Z [Term] id: PW:0000919 name: antineoplastic and immunomodulatory drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used as antineoplastic or as immunomodulatory agents. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-28T02:35:45Z [Term] id: PW:0000920 name: cardiovascular system drug pathway alt_id: PW:0002488 def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used for the treatment of various cardiovascular conditions. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] synonym: "dermatological drug pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-28T02:45:12Z [Term] id: PW:0000921 name: alimentary tract and metabolism drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used for the treatment of alimentary tract and metabolism-related conditions. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-28T02:49:20Z [Term] id: PW:0000922 name: blood and blood forming organs drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used for the treatment of conditions associated with blood and blood forming organs. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-28T02:55:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000923 name: nervous system drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used for the treatment of conditions associated with the nervous system. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-03-28T02:58:10Z [Term] id: PW:0000924 name: respiratory system drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used for the treatment of conditions associated with the respiratory system. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-05T03:45:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000925 name: pattern recognition receptor mediated signaling pathway def: "Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) respond to a diverse array of exogenous molecules and also several endogenous ones. PRR's 'sensing' of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) or damage-associated (DAMP) prompts signaling cascades leading to the expression of pro-inflammatory genes." [MCW library:Cellular and molecular immunology\, by Abbas\, Abul K, PMID:20303867, PMID:20303872] is_a: PW:0000024 ! inflammatory response pathway is_a: PW:0000819 ! signaling pathway in the innate immune response created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-24T11:34:22Z [Term] id: PW:0000926 name: pro-inflammatory cytokine mediated pathway def: "An early response of the innate immunity is the secretion of cytokines critical for the acute inflammatory response. The major pro-inflammatory cytokines are tumor necrosis factor alpha and the interleukins 1 and 6." [MCW library:Cellular and molecular immunology\, by Abbas\, Abul K, PMID:20303867] is_a: PW:0000024 ! inflammatory response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-24T11:43:45Z [Term] id: PW:0000927 name: anti-tumor necrosis factor drug pathway def: "Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The inhibitors are recombinant proteins that bind the soluble and membrane-associated TNF and inhibit the effects of this pro-inflammatory cytokine." [PMID:21039421] synonym: "anti-TNF drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002369 ! immunosuppressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-26T02:36:43Z [Term] id: PW:0000928 name: tocilizumab drug pathway def: "Tocilizumab is a humanized anti-interleukin 6 (Il-6) receptor antibody used in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease or juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Tocilizumab binds to the soluble and membrane associated interleukin-6 receptor and competitively blocks binding of interleukin-6 to its receptor(s) and inhibits the effects of this potent cytokine." [PMID:21419125] synonym: "Actemra drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002369 ! immunosuppressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-26T03:00:42Z [Term] id: PW:0000929 name: anakinra drug pathway def: "Anakinra is a recombinant, non-glycosylated version of the human interleukin-1 (Il-1) receptor antagonist used for the treatment of inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Like the natural antagonist, anakinra competitively inhibits binding of interleukin-1 to its receptor and the subsequent effects of this potent pro-inflammatory cytokine." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakinra] synonym: "kineret drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002369 ! immunosuppressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-26T03:26:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000930 name: methotrexate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methotrexate (MTX), a polyglutamatable antifolate used in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases. The impact of MTX on cancer and rheumatoid arthritis is thought to arise through distinct mechanisms and pharmacodynamics pathways. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA2039] synonym: "MTX drug pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway is_a: PW:0002369 ! immunosuppressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-27T01:27:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000931 name: methotrexate pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of methotrexate (MTX), a folate analogue used in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug and It is believed that variability in MTX pharmacokinetics is linked to genetic variations in transporter proteins." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165816349] synonym: "MTX pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000930 ! methotrexate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-27T01:46:47Z [Term] id: PW:0000932 name: methotrexate pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of methotrexate-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The impact of MTX on cancer and rheumatoid arthritis is thought to arise through distinct mechanisms and pharmacodynamics pathways. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA2039] synonym: "MTX pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00432" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000930 ! methotrexate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-04-27T02:16:39Z [Term] id: PW:0000933 name: tumor necrosis factor member 14 signaling pathway def: "Tumor necrosis factor member 14, also known as Light, binds the lymphotoxin beta receptor and the tumor necrosis receptor member 14 known as Hvem of the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily to elicit important responses for the dendritic (DC) and T cells of the immune system." [PMID:11239407, PMID:12787557, PMID:2169337] synonym: "Tnfsf14 (Light) signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Tnfsf14 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000236 ! tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T10:26:22Z [Term] id: PW:0000934 name: tumor necrosis factor member 13 signaling pathway def: "Tumor necrosis factor member 13 also known as April, binds the tumor necrosis factor receptor member 13B known as Taci and receptor member 17 known as Bcma of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily to elicit important responses for the B cells of the immune system." [PMID:11239407, PMID:12787557, PMID:2169337] synonym: "Tnfsf13 (April) signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Tnfsf13 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000236 ! tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T11:00:20Z [Term] id: PW:0000935 name: tumor necrosis factor member 13b signaling pathway def: "The tumor necrosis factor member 13b known as Baff binds to three receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily - the receptor member 13B known as Taci and member 17 known as Bcma to which member 13 of the ligand superfamily also binds, and additionally to member 13C of the receptor superfamily to elicit important responses for the B cells of the immune system." [PMID:11239407, PMID:12787557, PMID:2169337] synonym: "Tnfsf13b (Baff) signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Tnfsf13b signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000236 ! tumor necrosis factor superfamily mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T11:11:44Z [Term] id: PW:0000936 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 1 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (Ccr8) and together with other CC chemokines is classified as a member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl1 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:12:50Z [Term] id: PW:0000937 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 1 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (Ccr2) and together with other CC chemokines is classified as a member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:20:28Z [Term] id: PW:0000938 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 3 signaling pathway engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptors 2 and 5 (Ccr2 and Ccr5) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the pro-inflammatory subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl3 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:30:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000939 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 4 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (Ccr5) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the pro-inflammatory subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl4 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:34:32Z [Term] id: PW:0000940 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 5 signaling engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptors 1, 3 and 5 (Ccr1, Ccr3 and Ccr5) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the pro-inflammatory subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl5 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:39:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000941 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 6 signaling is known to act in rodents and does not appear to have a human equivalent. Ccl6, together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the pro-inflammatory subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl6 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:43:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000942 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 7 signaling engages chemokine (C-C) motif receptors 1, 2, and 3 (Ccr1, Ccr2, Ccr3) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl7 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:51:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000943 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 8 signaling engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptors 3 and 5 (Ccr3 and Ccr5) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl8 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T02:54:39Z [Term] id: PW:0000944 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 11 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 (Ccr3) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl11 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "eotaxin signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:09:44Z [Term] id: PW:0000945 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 12 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 12 signaling is known to act in rodents and does not appear to have a human equivalent. Ccl12, together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl12 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:16:03Z [Term] id: PW:0000946 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 13 signaling engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptors 2 and 3 (Ccr2 and Ccr3) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl13 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:17:54Z [Term] id: PW:0000947 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 17 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 (Ccr4) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the developmental subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl17 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:23:46Z [Term] id: PW:0000948 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 22 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 (Ccr4) and together with other chemokines is classified as member of the developmental subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl22 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:26:56Z [Term] id: PW:0000949 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 25 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 25 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9 (Ccr9) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the developmental subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl25 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:31:08Z [Term] id: PW:0000950 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 24 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 (Ccr3) and together with other chemokines is classified as member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl24 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "eotaxin-2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:37:14Z [Term] id: PW:0000951 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 26 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 (Ccr3) and together with other chemokines is classified as member of the allergenic subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl26 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "eotaxin-3 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-01T03:39:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000952 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 14 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 14 signaling engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptors 1 and 5 (Ccr1 and Ccr5) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the HCC (hemofiltrate CC chemokine) subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl14 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-02T03:16:19Z [Term] id: PW:0000953 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 15 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 15 signaling engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptors 1 and 3 (Ccr1 and Ccr3) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the HCC (hemofiltrate CC chemokine) subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl15 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-02T03:32:48Z [Term] id: PW:0000954 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 16 signaling engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptors 1 and 2 (Ccr1 and Ccr2) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the HCC (hemofiltrate CC chemokine) subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl16 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-02T03:34:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000955 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 23 signaling engages the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 (Ccr1) and together with other chemokines is classified as a member of the HCC (hemofiltrate CC chemokine) subgroup." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl23 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2012-05-02T03:37:10Z [Term] id: PW:0000956 name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 27 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine ligand 27 signaling engages chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 10 (Ccr10) and does not appear to be a member of any of the chemokines subgroups." [PMID:15062643] synonym: "Ccl27 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000831 ! CC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-15T01:08:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000957 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 1belongs to the growth-related oncogene (GRO) subgroup whose signaling engages receptor 2 and promotes chemotaxis of neutrophils." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl1 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Gro alpha signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000971 ! CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-15T01:23:49Z [Term] id: PW:0000958 name: forkhead class A signaling pathway def: "The signaling pathway mediated by the FoxA subgroup of forkhead family of transcription factors plays important roles in development and in modulating steroid hormone signaling. Three FoxA genes carry out overlapping yet distinct functions. FOXA1 appears to modulate steroid receptor activity in breast and prostate cancer." [PMID:19274050, PMID:20591647, PMID:21934649] synonym: "FoxA signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200087" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200226" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000647 ! forkhead signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-17T11:10:35Z [Term] id: PW:0000959 name: lipid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-17T01:09:58Z [Term] id: PW:0000960 name: sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling pathway def: "Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid metabolite, can signal intracellularly as a second messenger or extracellularly as a ligand for five G protein coupled receptors. S1P pathway plays important roles in processes such as cell migration, proliferation and survival. The five receptors engage similar G proteins but their expression varies." [PMID:18552276, PMID:22159476] synonym: "PID:200046" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200054" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200076" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200085" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200123" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200211" RELATED [] synonym: "S1P signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000541 ! signaling pathway involving second messengers is_a: PW:0000959 ! lipid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-17T01:10:40Z [Term] id: PW:0000961 name: ceramide signaling pathway def: "Ceramide signaling can act as a lipid second messenger or as a mediator of various cellular signaling pathways by promoting receptor clustering. The pathway plays important roles in apoptosis." [PMID:20607622] synonym: "KEGG:05212" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200119" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000541 ! signaling pathway involving second messengers is_a: PW:0000959 ! lipid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-17T01:43:41Z [Term] id: PW:0000962 name: visual phototransduction pathway def: "The signaling pathway initiated by light induced isomerization of 11-cis retinal and subsequent activation of its photoreceptors in rods and cones." [PMID:18514002, PMID:22074921] synonym: "KEGG:04744" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001008 ! photosignal transduction pathway is_a: PW:0001116 ! vitamin A and metabolites signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001536 ! sensory system signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001007 ! vitamin A homeostasis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-17T05:16:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000963 name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class I signaling pathway def: "Phosphatidylinositol kinases represent a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' position of the inositol ring in target substrates. They are grouped into three classes: class I further subdivided into subclass A and B, class II and class III. By far the best known and characterized is class I, particularly IA that signals downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and engages the Akt family of kinases." [PMID:16847462, PMID:17052169, PMID:17641274] synonym: "PID:200116" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000595 ! phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-18T10:40:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000964 name: altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class I signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000621 ! altered phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-18T10:41:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000965 name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class II signaling pathway def: "Phosphatidylinositol kinases represent a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' position of the inositol ring in target substrates. They are grouped into three classes: class I further subdivided into subclass A and B, class II and class III. By far the best known and characterized is class I, particularly IA that signals downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and engages the Akt family of kinases." [PMID:16847462, PMID:17052169, PMID:17641274] is_a: PW:0000595 ! phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-18T10:50:58Z [Term] id: PW:0000966 name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III signaling pathway def: "Phosphatidylinositol kinases represent a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' position of the inositol ring in target substrates. They are grouped into three classes: class I further subdivided into subclass A and B, class II and class III. By far the best known and characterized is class I, particularly IA that signals downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and engages the Akt family of kinases." [PMID:16847462, PMID:17052169, PMID:17641274] is_a: PW:0000595 ! phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-18T10:53:38Z [Term] id: PW:0000967 name: interleukin-3/interleukin-5/GM-CSF mediated signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-3, interleukin 5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors family of hemopoietic cytokine mediate overlapping and distinct signals. Collectively they regulate the production and activation of hemopoietic cells." [PMID:19436055] synonym: "hemopoietic cytokine family mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Il-3/Il-5/GM-CSF family mediated signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000512 ! Interleukin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T11:30:25Z [Term] id: PW:0000968 name: interleukin-3 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-3 signaling plays important roles in the function of hematopoietic cells." [PMID:11312115] synonym: "Il-3 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200145" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000967 ! interleukin-3/interleukin-5/GM-CSF mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T11:43:49Z [Term] id: PW:0000969 name: interleukin-5 signaling pathway def: "Interleukin-5 signaling plays important roles in the function of hematopoietic cells." [PMID:11312115] synonym: "Il-5 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200107" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000967 ! interleukin-3/interleukin-5/GM-CSF mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T11:44:14Z [Term] id: PW:0000970 name: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway def: "GM-CSF signaling, like the other hemopoietic cytokines, is involved in the production and activation of hemopoietic cells. The GM-CSF pathway acts on monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes and is also involved in the regulation of T and dendritic cells functions." [PMID:19436055] synonym: "GM-CSF signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200019" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000967 ! interleukin-3/interleukin-5/GM-CSF mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T11:44:40Z [Term] id: PW:0000971 name: CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway def: "The CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling primarily engages receptor 2 to promote angiogenic effects." [PMID:18579287] is_a: PW:0000830 ! CXC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T02:49:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000972 name: CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway def: "CXC chemokine (ELR-) subgroup mediated signaling primarily engages receptor 3 to promote angiostatic effects." [PMID:18579287] is_a: PW:0000830 ! CXC chemokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T02:49:59Z [Term] id: PW:0000973 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 2 belongs to the growth-related oncogene (GRO) subgroup whose signaling engages receptor 2 to promote chemotaxis of neutrophils." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl2 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Gro beta signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000971 ! CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:26:21Z [Term] id: PW:0000974 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 3 belongs to the growth-related oncogene (GRO) subgroup whose signaling engages receptor 2 to promote chemotaxis of neutrophils." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl3 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Gro gamma signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000971 ! CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:29:34Z [Term] id: PW:0000975 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 5 signaling engages receptor 2 to exert potent chemotactic functions in neutrophil activation." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl5 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Ena-78 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000971 ! CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:37:57Z [Term] id: PW:0000976 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C0) ligand 6 engages receptors 1 and 2 to promote chemoattraction of neutrophils and angiogenic effects, respectively." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl6 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000971 ! CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:42:45Z [Term] id: PW:0000977 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000971 ! CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:48:29Z [Term] id: PW:0000978 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 8, also known as interleukin-8 (Il-8), although a chemokine, engages receptor 1 and 2 to promote angiogenic effects." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl8 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Il-8 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200136" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000971 ! CXC chemokine ELR(+) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:49:12Z [Term] id: PW:0000979 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 4 signaling engages receptor 3 to promote angiostatic effects." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl4 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:55:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000980 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 9 engages receptor 3 to promote angiostatic effects." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl9 signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Mig signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T03:57:41Z [Term] id: PW:0000981 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 10 signaling engages receptor 3 to promote angiostatic effects." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl10 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T04:00:20Z [Term] id: PW:0000982 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 signaling pathway def: "Chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 11 signaling engages receptor 3 to promote angiostatic effects." [PMID:18579287] synonym: "Cxcl11 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T04:10:07Z [Term] id: PW:0000983 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T05:01:33Z [Term] id: PW:0000984 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T05:02:28Z [Term] id: PW:0000985 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T05:03:13Z [Term] id: PW:0000986 name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000972 ! CXC chemokine ELR(-) subgroup mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-22T05:04:00Z [Term] id: PW:0000987 name: erythropoietin signaling pathway def: "Erythropoietin (EPO) signaling is crucial for the production of blood cell or erythropoiesis and also plays important roles in wound healing and responses to neural injury. EPO is a glycoprotein hormone and also a cytokine whose receptor belongs to type I cytokine receptor. The pathway engages the Jak-Stat intracellular cascade." [OneLook:www.onelook.com, PMID:21307776] synonym: "EPO signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PID:200183" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000828 ! cytokine mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-24T02:57:05Z [Term] id: PW:0000988 name: classical cadherin signaling pathway def: "Classical cadherins, such as E- or N-cadherin are single-span transmembrane proteins with five extracellular cadherin repeats and a conserved cytoplasmic tail. Their interaction with many cytoskeletal and signaling molecules underlies the calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion and signaling. While E- and N-cadherin share some of the interacting partners, they have different localization and impact on distinct cellular events." [PMID:11171368, PMID:21444749] is_a: PW:0000333 ! cadherin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T10:07:46Z [Term] id: PW:0000989 name: desmosomal cadherin signaling pathway def: "Desmosomal cadherins, which can be further subdivided into two subgroups, possess the five cadherin repeats but have distinct cytoplasmic tails." [PMID:11171368] is_a: PW:0000333 ! cadherin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T10:37:23Z [Term] id: PW:0000990 name: protocadherin signaling pathway def: "Protocadherin represent a very large family which can be further subdivided into two groups. The protocadherin are predominantly expressed in the nervous system. They have up to seven cadherin repeats but distinct and even divergent cytoplasmic regions." [PMID:11171368, PMID:17936607] is_a: PW:0000333 ! cadherin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T10:37:53Z [Term] id: PW:0000991 name: atypical cadherin signaling pathway def: "The atypical, or unconventional group includes the seven transmembrane (7TM), GPCR-like cadherins with up to nine cadherin repeats along with EGF-like and laminin motifs, the large FAT and the t-Cadherin proteins." [PMID:11171368] is_a: PW:0000333 ! cadherin mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T10:38:11Z [Term] id: PW:0000992 name: E-cadherin signaling pathway def: "E-cadherin or the epithelial cadherin encoded by the Cdh1 gene, is a member of the classical cadherin family and among the best studied cadherin pathway. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with several forms of cancer." [PMID:11171368, PMID:21444749] synonym: "Cdh1 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200124" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200147" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200182" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000988 ! classical cadherin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T10:51:52Z [Term] id: PW:0000993 name: N-cadherin signaling pathway def: "N-cadherin, or neuronal cadherin, is predominantly expressed in the brain. The pathway plays important roles in learning and memory." [PMID:11171368, PMID:21444749] synonym: "Cdh2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PID:200209" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000988 ! classical cadherin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T10:52:18Z [Term] id: PW:0000994 name: altered classical cadherin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000338 ! altered cadherins mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000988 ! classical cadherin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T11:18:01Z [Term] id: PW:0000995 name: altered E-cadherin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000992 ! E-cadherin signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000994 ! altered classical cadherin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T11:18:51Z [Term] id: PW:0000996 name: anti-infective drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used as anti-infective agents. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T11:37:29Z [Term] id: PW:0000997 name: nucleoside and nucleotide mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T11:48:24Z [Term] id: PW:0000998 name: adenosine signaling pathway def: "Adenosine signaling is involved in the regulation of several physiological processes. It uses four receptors of the GPCR family that activate the Gaphas or Galphai types of G proteins to increase or decrease the levels of cAMP. The adenosine receptors are a class of purinergic or purinoreceptors." [PMID:21185259, PMID:21622100] synonym: "SMP:00320" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00321" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000997 ! nucleoside and nucleotide mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T11:53:37Z [Term] id: PW:0000999 name: adenosine triphosphate signaling pathway def: "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) extracellular signaling activates the P2X ligand-gated ion channels that are permeable to sodium, potassium and calcium ions. There are several P2X subtypes that are involved in a range of physiological processes. ATP along with other nucleotide also engages a class of metabotropic purinergic receptors known as P2Y that couple to either the Galphaq or to G alphai subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. ATP is the sole ligand of P2Y 11 receptor." [PMID:21586365, PMID:22535247] synonym: "ATP signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000997 ! nucleoside and nucleotide mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T12:03:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001000 name: nucleotide signaling via the purinergic P2Y receptors. def: "The P2Y receptors are a class of purinergic or purinoreceptors, Gprotein-coupled receptors that respond to ADP, ATP, UDP, UTP and UDP-glucose to activate either the Galphaq or the Galphai mediated signal transduction pathways." [PMID:16968944, PMID:20594935] is_a: PW:0000997 ! nucleoside and nucleotide mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-25T12:11:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001001 name: adenosine triphosphate signaling via the P2X ligand-gated ion channel synonym: "ATP signaling via the P2X ligand-gated ion channel" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000999 ! adenosine triphosphate signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-30T02:32:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001002 name: copper homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000589 ! metal homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-05-31T04:20:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001003 name: retinoid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving the fat-soluble vitamin A and its metabolites. Vitamin A, retinol and vitamin A activities of metabolites such as retinal and retinoic acids are essential for visual transduction as well as for neuro and immune system functions and epithelial differentiation. Plants and microorganisms can synthesize vitamin A de novo while higher organisms derive it from diet as precursors carotenoids or retinyl esters." [PMID:21554983] synonym: "vitamin A metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients is_a: PW:0000406 ! metabolic pathway pertinent to the brain relationship: part_of PW:0001007 ! vitamin A homeostasis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-04T10:52:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001004 name: retinoic acid metabolic pathway def: "The reactions involved in deriving retinoic acid (RA) from retinal and its further processing to more polar derivatives. Retinoic acid engages several retinoic acid receptors; its actions are important for the neuro and immune system functions and energy balance. Deregulation of proper RA activity has been associated with obesity and cancer." [PMID:21621639] synonym: "RA metabolic pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001003 ! retinoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-04T11:05:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001005 name: retinoid cycle metabolic pathway def: "The series of reactions involved in the regeneration of the visual chromophore 11-cis retinal from the all-trans retinal released from the light -activated rhodopsin." [PMID:21447403] synonym: "visual cycle metabolic pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001003 ! retinoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-04T11:19:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001006 name: vitamin homeostasis def: "Those pathways involved in the proper balance of vitamin levels, uptake and transport, utilization and storage, as demanded by the needs of cells tissues and organs. Disruption of vitamin homeostasis can have harmful consequences. Collectively they represent a class of organic chemicals that the organism cannot synthesize or does not in adequate quantities." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin] is_a: PW:0001691 ! organic chemical homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-04T01:28:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001007 name: vitamin A homeostasis def: "The pathways involved in the balanced maintenance of vitamin A and vitamin A metabolites uptake and transport, utilization and storage, as demanded by the needs of cells, tissues and organs. 11-cis retinal is the visual chromophore while retinoic acid signaling through its nuclear receptors transcription factors exerts the rest and manifold functions of vitamin A." [PMID:21554983, PMID:21586336, PMID:21621639] is_a: PW:0001006 ! vitamin homeostasis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-04T01:30:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001008 name: photosignal transduction pathway is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-05T10:44:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001009 name: ascorbic acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving ascorbic acid, known as vitamin C, a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin C is an essential antioxidant that is derived from glucose. Unlike many animals, humans do not have the ability to produce it. Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C] synonym: "vitamin C metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-05T11:40:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001010 name: niacin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving niacin, also known as vitamin B3 or vitamin PP - a water-soluble vitamin. Niacin represents an essential nutrient and is also a precursor of NAD through a salvage pathway. Niacin is among the few vitamins humans can synthesize." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin] synonym: "KEGG:00760" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00048" RELATED [] synonym: "vitamin B3 metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-05T11:44:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001011 name: vitamin D metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving vitamin D - a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin D represents a group of fat-soluble compounds that can be synthesized from cholesterol and exposure to sunlight. In view of the latter source, it is not considered a true vitamin. One of its metabolites, calcitriol acts in a hormone-like manner as a signaling molecule." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-05T12:01:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001012 name: vitamin and vitamin metabolites signaling pathway def: "Vitamin and metabolites of vitamin in addition to representing important nutrients and aid in cellular metabolism can also, in a hormone-like manner, acts as signaling molecules." [PMID:22020178, PMID:22318625, PMID:22614789] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-05T12:07:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001013 name: vitamin D signaling pathway def: "The active vitamin D metabolite plays important roles in cell growth and differentiation and in immunity. Its receptor is a transcription factor nuclear receptor." [PMID:22213316] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001012 ! vitamin and vitamin metabolites signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-05T12:13:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001014 name: retinoic acid signaling pathway def: "Retinoic acid, a vitamin A-derived metabolite plays important roles in development and cell differentiation. all-trans retinoic acid (RA) binds to nuclear RA (RARs) and X (RXRs) receptor subtypes that once activated act as transcription factors." [PMID:22020178, PMID:22318625] synonym: "RA signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001116 ! vitamin A and metabolites signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling relationship: part_of PW:0001007 ! vitamin A homeostasis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-05T12:22:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001015 name: vitamin E metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving vitamin E - a fat-soluble vitamin which represents a class of chemical compounds known as tocopherols. The alpha- and gamma-tocopherols appear to be the main dietary forms. Vitamin E is best known for its antioxidant properties." [PMID:15256801] synonym: "tocopherol metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-11T01:34:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001016 name: vitamin K metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving vitamin K - a fat-soluble vitamin which represents a group of related compounds. K1 form is found in plants, other forms are synthesized by bacteria, including species present in the microflora of the human gut. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor in the modification reaction of vitamin K-dependent proteins." [PMID:24489112] synonym: "SMP:00464" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-06-11T01:46:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001017 name: renal cell carcinoma pathway def: "Renal cell cancer, although representing a small percentage of human neoplasms, has one of the highest rates of mortality amongst genitourinary cancers. Several mutated genes and associated altered pathways have been implicated in the condition but many more remain to be elucidated." [PMID:22112490] synonym: "adenocarcinoma of kidney pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hypernephroma pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05211" RELATED [] synonym: "RCC pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "renal cell cancer pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000606 ! urogenital cancer pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-03T01:03:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001018 name: immune system disease pathway is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-03T01:17:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001019 name: rheumatoid arthritis pathway def: "Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition characterized by persistent inflammation. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are over-activated." [PMID:22357455] synonym: "atrophic arthritis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05323" RELATED [] synonym: "rheumatic arthritis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "rheumatic polyarthritis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "rheumatoid arthritis disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001440 ! arthritis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-03T01:18:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001020 name: basal cell carcinoma pathway def: "Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer that is mostly sporadic. Hedgehog signaling pathway via sonic hedgehog appears to be constitutively active. Mutations in Tp53 are also frequent." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05217" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000633 ! skin cancer pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-10T12:40:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001021 name: melanoma pathway def: "Melanoma is a form of skin cancer which, despite being less common than other forms of skin malignancies, can be dangerous if not detected earlier, and accounts for the highest percentage if skin cancer related deaths. Oncogenic Nras and other mutations in downstream pathways appear to be associated with it." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05218" RELATED [] synonym: "malignant melanoma pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "nevocarcinoma pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000633 ! skin cancer pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-10T12:47:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001022 name: asthma pathway def: "Asthma, a complex condition with many phenotypic manifestations, is primarily characterized by inflammation of the airways. Environmental and genetic factors contribute to it through complex and incompletely understood interactions." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "asthma disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05310" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway is_a: PW:0001308 ! respiratory system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-10T01:39:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001023 name: systemic lupus erythematosus pathway def: "Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune condition that can affect many parts of the body and which, although treatable, does not have a cure. Activation of complement and deregulations of immune regulatory and signaling pathways contribute in ways that are incompletely understood." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05322" RELATED [] synonym: "SLE pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-10T01:48:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001024 name: autoimmune thyroiditis pathway def: "Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) groups several conditions that are generally relatively mild but that can progress to serious symptoms." [localhealth:http\://www.localhealth.com] synonym: "AITD pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "autoimmune thyroid disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05320" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-10T01:56:40Z [Term] id: PW:0001025 name: allograft rejection pathway def: "Allograft or transplant rejection results from the recipient's autoimmune response to non-self antigens." [OneLook:www.onelook.com] synonym: "chronic allograft dysfunction pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05330" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T10:38:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001026 name: graft-versus-host disease pathway def: "Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication following transplantation of cells, tissues or organs from a genetically non-identical donor in which the donor T cells attack the host cells. Several pro-inflammatory pathways are activated as a result of damage in the host tissue induced by the procedure. GVHD is commonly associated with stem cell or bone marrow transplant." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "GVHD pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05332" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T10:43:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001027 name: primary immunodeficiency pathway def: "Primary immunodeficiency groups disorders that result from the immune system malfunctioning that affect both cell-mediated and humoral immunity pathways." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05340" RELATED [] synonym: "primary immunodeficiency disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T10:56:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001028 name: infectious disease pathway def: "Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens that have gained access to the host organism and have managed to avoid the host defense mechanisms while taking over some of the host pathways." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "communicable disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "transmissible disease pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T11:07:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001029 name: substance dependence pathway synonym: "substance dependence disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T11:08:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001030 name: cocaine addiction pathway def: "Prolonged use of cocaine results in cardiovascular and brain damage. Cocaine is thought to bind to the dopamine reuptake transporter thus blocking the reuptake of dopamine into nerve terminals. The resulting higher concentration of dopamine in synapses leads to overactivation of dopamine receptors such as D1 and of signaling pathways downstream of it overall believed to be critical in mediating the behavioral responses to cocaine." [KEGG:map05030, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05030" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001029 ! substance dependence pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T11:18:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001031 name: amphetamine addiction pathway def: "Amphetamine is believed to promote an elevation in extracellular dopamine. Higher and high levels of the drug lead to overactivation of transcription factors and cofactors." [KEGG:map\:05031, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05031" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001029 ! substance dependence pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T11:31:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001032 name: morphine addiction pathway def: "Morphine, an effective pain killer drug, can also be extremely addictive. Activation of dopamine neurons and reduction of inhibitory synaptic transmission might be associated with the effects or morphine. Changes in neuronal responses and communication may underlie the addictive behavior." [KEGG:map05032, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05032" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001029 ! substance dependence pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T11:41:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001033 name: nicotine addiction pathway def: "Nicotine, like the other addictive substances, impacts on the dopaminergic and mesolimbic reward circuitries. Nicotine is also a ligand for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors which are ligand-gated ion channels." [KEGG:map05033, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05033" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001029 ! substance dependence pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T11:46:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001034 name: alcoholism pathway def: "The mechanisms of alcohol dependence, or alcoholism, are not well understood. Like in the case of other substances of abuse, alcohol may lead to stimulation of dopamine release and overactivation of dopamine-related circuitries." [KEGG:map05034, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "alcohol dependence pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05034" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001029 ! substance dependence pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T11:57:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001035 name: arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy pathway def: "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) represents an inherited heart muscle condition leading to arrhythmia and heart failure that could results in death. Mutations in several genes and disruption of associated pathways have been implicated in the condition." [KEGG:map05412, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "ARVC pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05412" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000022 ! cardiomyopathy pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T12:12:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001036 name: dilated cardiomyopathy pathway def: "Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart is weakened and enlarged resulting in inefficient blood pumping. Although mostly occurring in adults, it can also affect children." [KEGG:map05414, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "DCM pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05414" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000022 ! cardiomyopathy pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T12:20:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001037 name: myocarditis pathway def: "Myocarditis is a condition associated with inflammation of the heart muscle that can have both infectious and non-infectious etiologies, with the former being the primary cause. Viral proteins, once inside the host cells, interfere with the function of host gene and they can either avoid or appropriate host pathways." [KEGG:map05416, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05416" RELATED [] synonym: "myocardial inflammation pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000022 ! cardiomyopathy pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T12:29:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001038 name: maturity-onset diabetes of the young pathway def: "Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) represents any of a number of hereditary, monogenic forms of diabetes caused by mutations in several genes." [KEGG:map04950, OneLoook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:04950" RELATED [] synonym: "Mason-type diabetes pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "maturity onset diabetes of the young pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "MODY pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000176 ! diabetes mellitus pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T12:37:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001039 name: Vibrio cholerae infection pathway def: "Vibrio cholerae disease is an infection of the small intestine resulting in dehydration and electrolyte imbalance which in some cases can cause death. Cholera toxin, is one the main virulence factors of the Gram-negative Vibrio cholerae bacterium which, together with other virulence factors can invade the host." [KEGG:map05110, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05110" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T12:46:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001040 name: Salmonella infection pathway def: "Salmonella, a Gram-negative bacterium of which many species exist, in humans can cause gastroenteritis or the more severe typhoid fever. Salmonella enters the host via the digestive tract; bacteria that escape the host defense machinery can survive and replicate in Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) whose maturation they control." [KEGG:map05132, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05132" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T12:59:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001041 name: pathogenic Escherichia coli infection pathway def: "The pathogenic Escherichia coli strains EPEC and EHEC (enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli, respectively) can cause sever food poisoning in humans. The non-pathogenic strains are part of the gut normal flora with beneficial contributions for the host." [KEGG:map05130, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05130" RELATED [] synonym: "pathogenic E. coli infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T01:23:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001042 name: Shigella infection pathway def: "Shigella, a Gram-negative bacterium that is related to Salmonella and to Escherichia coli, is a disease causing agent in humans and primates. Shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery or Marlow syndrome is due to colonization of the intestinal epithelium and the subsequent evasion of the host defense machinery and use of host intracellular pathways by the bacteria." [KEGG:map05131, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "bacillary dysentery pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "KEGG:05131" RELATED [] synonym: "Marlow syndrome pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Shigellosis pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T01:44:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001043 name: Bordetella pertussis infection pathway def: "The Gram-negative Bordetella pertusis Gram-negative is the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. One of its main virulence factors, pertussis toxin blocks the interaction of Galphai subunit of heterotrimeric G protein with its partner receptors. This results in unrestrained adenylyl cyclase activity and subsequent increased concentration of cAMP which affects normal intracellular signaling." [KEGG:map05133, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05133" RELATED [] synonym: "pertussis pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T03:37:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001044 name: Legionella infection pathway def: "Legionella, a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that includes species such as legionella pneumophila, causes several respiratory infections of which Legionnaires' disease is potentially fatal. L. pneumophila can grow within lung macrophages and is known to subvert several host pathways." [KEGG:map05134, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05134" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T04:04:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001045 name: Staphylococcus aureus infection pathway def: "Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacteria of which there are many species, usually colonizes the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms and are mostly harmless. However, they can also cause a range of infections of which some can be extremely severe." [KEGG:map05150, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05150" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T04:18:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001046 name: tuberculosis pathway def: "Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of most forms of tuberculosis. Once in the lung, the bacteria interfere with a number of intracellular pathways and processes." [KEGG:map05152, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05152" RELATED [] synonym: "Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-11T04:31:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001047 name: Leishmaniasis pathway def: "Leishmania is a protozoan parasite and a number of its species can infect mammals, including humans. While cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form, others such as visceral or mucosal have also been reported. The infection results in alterations in a number of host signaling pathways." [KEGG:map5140, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05140" RELATED [] synonym: "Leishmania infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T11:53:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001048 name: trypanosomiasis pathway def: "Trypanosoma is a protozoan parasite of which T brucei and cruzi are responsible for causing the sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, respectively. Several host signaling and regulatory pathways are altered in the infection." [KEGG:map5142, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05142" RELATED [] synonym: "Trypanosoma infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T12:03:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001049 name: sleeping sickness pathway def: "Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of sleeping sickness, also known as the African trypanosomiasis, as its vector is the tsetse fly common to sub-Saharan Africa. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines are overactivated. The neurological damage the infection causes is irreversible and the disease is fatal." [KEGG:map5143, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "African sleeping sickness pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "African trypanosomiasis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05143" RELATED [] synonym: "Trypanosoma brucei infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001048 ! trypanosomiasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T12:14:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001050 name: Chagas disease pathway def: "Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of the Chagas disease, also known as the American trypanosomiasis, as it occurs primarily in poor areas of the Americas, mostly Central and South America. Infection interferes with a number of intracellular pathways and it appears to activate calcium signaling." [KEGG:map05142, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "American trypanosomiasis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Chagas' disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Chagas-Mazza disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05142" RELATED [] synonym: "South American trypanosomiasis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Trypanosoma cruzi infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001048 ! trypanosomiasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T12:26:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001051 name: malaria pathway def: "Several species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium can infect humans and cause malaria. Severe malaria, which is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum, can lead to death and the fatalities are mostly children. Deregulated induction of cytokines appears to play a role in the infection." [KEGG:map05144] synonym: "KEGG:05144" RELATED [] synonym: "malaria infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Plasmodium infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T12:36:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001052 name: toxoplasmosis pathway def: "Toxoplasma gondii, whose hosts include various warm-blooded species including humans, is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. The infection interferes with a number of host pathways; in its most severe manifestations it can be fatal." [KEGG:map05145, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05145" RELATED [] synonym: "Toxoplasma gondii infection pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T01:00:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001053 name: Entamoebiasis pathway def: "Entamoeba histolyca is a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of amoebiasis which affects the intestinal tissue leading to severe dysentery and ulcerations. It can also infect other tissues such as the liver and to a lesser extent the brain, lungs and spleen." [KEGG:map5146, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "amoebiasis infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Entamoeba histolyca infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05146" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T01:13:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001054 name: influenza A pathway def: "The influenza A virus is the causative agent of seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of influenza which affects the respiratory system." [KEGG:map05164] synonym: "influenza A virus infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05164" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T01:21:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001055 name: hepatitis C pathway def: "The hepatitis C virus is the causative agent of hepatitis C, a chronic liver disease in humans. The virus interferes with several signaling and regulatory pathways in the host cells." [KEGG:map05160, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "chronic hepatitis C pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hepatitis C infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hepatitis C virus infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hepatitis nonA nonB pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05160" RELATED [] synonym: "NANBH pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Viral hepatitis C pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-13T01:22:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001056 name: Herpes simplex virus infection pathway synonym: "KEGG:05168" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-16T01:24:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001057 name: Epstein-Barr virus infection pathway synonym: "KEGG:05169" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-16T01:26:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001058 name: measles pathway def: "The measles virus (MV) of the genus Morbillivirus is the causative agent of the condition that bears its name. The condition causes immunosuppression and several MV proteins are thought to interfere with the normal host immune responses." [KEGG:map05162, OneLook:http\://wwwonelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:05162" RELATED [] synonym: "measles infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "morbilli pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Rubeola pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-16T01:37:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001059 name: oxidative phosphorylation pathway def: "Oxidative phosphorylation is the coupling of the electron transport chain and the ATP biosynthetic pathways. The electron transfer chain generates an electrochemical gradient that drives the phosphorylation of ADP. Under certain circumstances the two may be uncoupled." [GO:0006119, KEGG:map00190, PMID:19760284, PMID:21625217] synonym: "KEGG:00190" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000357 ! energy homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-18T09:38:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001060 name: primary bile acid biosynthetic pathway def: "Primary bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, are derived from cholesterol in the liver. Upon conjugation with glycine or taurine they can be secreted into the intestine." [KEGG:map00120, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00120" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000039 ! bile acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-18T10:47:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001061 name: secondary bile acid biosynthetic pathway def: "Secondary bile acids, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids, are synthesized from the primary ones by intestinal bacteria. like the primary bile acids, they need to be conjugated to glycine or taurine prior to secretion." [KEGG:map00121, OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0000039 ! bile acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-18T10:54:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001062 name: lacto-series glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of lacto-series type of glycosphingolipids." [PMID:1 7976918] synonym: "KEGG:00601" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000733 ! glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-19T01:18:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001063 name: lipoic acid metabolic pathway def: "The metabolic reactions involving lipoic acid, a compound derived from octanoic acid that contains two sulfur centers. Lipoic acid is a co-factor for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex responsible for the irreversible decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA." [PMID:17052205] synonym: "KEGG:00785" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-19T01:37:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001064 name: phosphonate and phosphinate metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving phosphonate and phosphinate, organic compounds that contain carbon-phosphorus bonds and which can be synthesized by bacteria and protists." [KEGG:mapp00440] is_a: PW:0000132 ! metabolic pathway of other amino acids created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-23T03:43:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001065 name: interstrand cross link repair pathway def: "Interstrand cross links (ICL) of DNA can be induced by both endogenous and exogenous ligands. ICL if not repaired will lead to cell death. ICL repair pathway, also known as Fanconi anemia pathway is the cellular response to this type of DNA damage." [PMID:19061902, PMID:20713514, PMID:21605559] synonym: "Fanconi anemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "ICL repair pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:03460" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000663 ! double-strand DNA repair pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-24T09:31:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001066 name: ribosome biogenesis pathway def: "The pathway of ribosome biogenesis starts with the transcription of rRNA precursors, involves the co-transciptional events of pre-rRNA processing and the assembly of pre-ribosomal particles. The maturation of pre-40S and pre-60S particles follows independent routes. Once in the cytoplasm, additional steps yield the mature, translation competent, ribosome. Alterations in the pathway result in specific phenotypes collectively known as ribosomopathies." [PMID:20194897, PMID:20875629] synonym: "KEGG:03008" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000101 ! translation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-25T03:15:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001067 name: altered ribosome biogenesis pathway def: "Alterations in the pathway result in specific phenotypes collectively known as ribosomopathies." [PMID:20194897] is_a: PW:0001066 ! ribosome biogenesis pathway is_a: PW:0001068 ! altered translation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-25T04:19:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001068 name: altered translation pathway is_a: PW:0000101 ! translation pathway is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-25T04:21:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001069 name: gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway def: "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway induces the synthesis and secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones from the pituitary." [PMID:22024993] synonym: "GnRH signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:04912" RELATED [] synonym: "luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-30T11:02:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001070 name: luteinizing hormone signaling pathway def: "Lutenizing hormone signaling is important for the normal development and function of the ovaries and testes. It acts synergistically with the follicle-stimulating hormone." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone] synonym: "SMP:00338" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-30T11:12:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001071 name: follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway def: "Follicle-stimulating hormone signaling is important for the normal development and function of the ovaries and testes. It acts synergistically with the lutenizing hormone." [PMID:21372710, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone] synonym: "FSH signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00333" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-30T11:13:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001072 name: synaptic vesicle cycle pathway def: "The cycle of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and neurotransmitter release and the subsequent endocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles at nerve terminals." [PMID:15217342] synonym: "KEGG:04721" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000274 ! neuron-to-neuron signaling pathway via the chemical synapse created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-30T03:31:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001073 name: spliceosome pathway def: "The spliceosome is a multimegadalton ribonucleoprotein complex that removes the exons to produce the mature mRNA, including several mature mRNAs from a single RNA transcript via alternative splicing. A complex assembly/disassembly pathway mediates the two chemical steps of a splicing event. lncRNAs are also frequently spliced." [PMID:21441581, PMID:22010274, PMID:22480731, PMID:22975042] synonym: "KEGG:03040" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001569 ! mRNA maturation pathway is_a: PW:0001580 ! lncRNA maturation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T09:43:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001074 name: hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving hydrophobic, uncharged amino acids. Hydrophobic amino acids include alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and methionine with hydrocarbon side chains and the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan with bulky, aromatic side chains." [MCE library:Handbooks of biochemistry] is_a: PW:0000011 ! amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T10:30:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001075 name: hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving hydrophilic, polar amino acids. The hydrophilic amino acids include the negatively charged (acidic) aspartic acid and glutamic acid whose salts are glutamate and aspartate, respectively, the positively charged (basic) lysine and arginine and the uncharged polar asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, serine and threonine. Histidine, whose side chain contains an imidazole can shift from positively charged to neutral." [MCW library:Handbooks of biochemistry] is_a: PW:0000011 ! amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T10:39:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001076 name: special amino acid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving special amino acids. The special amino acids include cysteine whose side chain contains a sulfhydryl group, glycine whose side chain is a hydrogen atom and proline whose side chain bends to form a ring and hose rigidity limits the folding abilities of proteins around proline residues." [MCW library:Nahdbooks of biochemistry] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T10:47:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001077 name: amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) def: "Those metabolic reactions involving amino acids as listed in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg/] is_a: PW:0000011 ! amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T10:56:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001078 name: cysteine and methionine metabolic pathway synonym: "KEGG:00270" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001077 ! amino acid metabolic pathway (KEGG) created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:04:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001079 name: proline metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of proline, a non-essential amino acid that could be essential in certain cases. Its side chain bends to form a ring and its rigidity limits the folding abilities of proteins around proline residues." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:05:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001080 name: valine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of valine, an essential amino acid. Valine, along with leucine and isoleucine is a branched-chain amino acid." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:06:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001081 name: lysine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of lysine, an essential amino acid." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:07:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001082 name: arginine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of arginine, a non-essential amino acid that could be essential in certain cases." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:08:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001083 name: asparagine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of asparagine, a non-essential amino acid." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:08:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001084 name: serine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of serine, a non-essential amino acid that could be essential in certain cases." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:10:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001085 name: threonine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of threonine, an essential amino acid." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:11:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001086 name: glutamine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glutamine, a non-essential amino acid that could be essential in certain cases." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:12:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001087 name: isoleucine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of isoleucine, an essential amino acid." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:18:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001088 name: leucine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of leucine, an essential amino acid." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-07-31T11:18:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001089 name: serotonin signaling pathway via receptors engaging G alphai protein family def: "Serotonin signaling via receptor family 1 and 5 primarily engages G alphai protein family resulting in inhibition of adenylate cyclases and reduction of intracellular cAMP. There are five receptors subtypes in family 1 and one in the human family 5." [PMID:20945968] is_a: PW:0000854 ! serotonin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-01T03:14:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001090 name: serotonin signaling pathway via receptors engaging G alphaq protein family def: "Serotonin signaling via receptor family 2 engages G alphaq protein family resulting in activation of phospholipase C, mobilization of calcium ions and production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). There are three receptors subtypes in family 2." [PMID:20945968] is_a: PW:0000854 ! serotonin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-01T03:20:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001091 name: serotonin signaling pathway via receptors engaging G alphas protein family def: "Serotonin signaling via receptor family 4, 6, and 7 engages G alphas protein family resulting in activation of adenylyl cyclases and increased concentration of cAMP. There are seven receptor subtypes in family 4 and only one in families 6 and 7." [PMID:20945968] synonym: "SMP:00309" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00311" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00312" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000854 ! serotonin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-01T03:28:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001092 name: serotonin signaling via receptor family 3 def: "Serotonin family 3 receptor is a ligand-gated Na+/K+ channel with two receptor subtypes and their heterodimerization is believed to be necessary for their function. Serotonin signaling results in depolarization of plasma membrane." [PMID:20945968] is_a: PW:0000854 ! serotonin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-01T03:33:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001093 name: bile acid signaling pathway def: "Bile acid binds to and activates several nuclear receptors such as the farnesoid X and liver X receptors as well as a cell surface G-protein coupled receptor." [PMID:22414897, PMID:22521118] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000959 ! lipid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T10:23:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001094 name: altered estrogen signaling pathway def: "Disregulated estrogen signaling is associated with the growth and development of breast cancers; estrogen mediated transcription is constitutively active in more than 50% of cases." [PMID:9608332] is_a: PW:0000507 ! estrogen signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000787 ! altered sex steroids signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T10:51:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001095 name: zidovudine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of zidovudine, an anti-viral drug used for the treatment of HIV infection. It belongs to the family of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org] synonym: "ZDV drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T11:18:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001096 name: zidovudine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of zidovudine, a drug used for the treatment of HIV. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org] is_a: PW:0001095 ! zidovudine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T11:23:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001097 name: zidovudine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of zidovudine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Zidovudine is a drug used for the treatment of HIV infection. Zidovudine, in its active triphosphate form, inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:www.pharmgkb.org] is_a: PW:0001095 ! zidovudine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T11:25:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001098 name: tramadol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of tramadol, an analgesic used for the treatment of moderate to moderately severe pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com, PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T11:37:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001099 name: tramadol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of tramadol, an analgesic used in the treatment of pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "SMP:00637" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001098 ! tramadol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T11:41:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001100 name: tramadol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of tramadol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Tramadol is an analgesic used for the treatment of pain. The drug and its o-desmethyl metabolite are weak, but selective opiate receptor 3 (OP3) agonists. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org] synonym: "SMP:00671" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001098 ! tramadol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-08-03T11:41:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001101 name: viral carcinogenesis pathway def: "A number of human viruses have been shown to be associated/contribute to approximately 10 to 15% of cancers. The viral particles encode oncogenes whose escape from the host defense system impacts on many cellular pathways and promotes tumor development." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com, PMID:20971551, PMID:21102637, PMID:21445966] synonym: "KEGG:05203" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-09-06T16:03:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001102 name: altered hypoxia inducible factor pathway def: "A hypoxia inducible pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (Vhl), the E3 ubiquitin ligase which targets Hif alpha for degradation under normoxic conditions, lead to a constitutively active pathway regardless the levels of oxygen. Mutations in Vhl and a number of other genes have been implicated in renal cancers." [PMID:22406000] is_a: PW:0000360 ! hypoxia inducible factor pathway is_a: PW:0000361 ! altered oxygen homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T11:04:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001103 name: acid-base homeostasis pathway def: "The pathways that respond to and control the levels of protons, bicarbonate and carbon dioxide and of ammonia the cells. Several sensing pathways, i.e., prompting intracellular signaling cascade, and transport have been identified as critical players. The kidneys play a major role along with the respiratory system." [PMID:22362904] is_a: PW:0000355 ! homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T12:58:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001104 name: pH sensing signaling pathway def: "The pathway that respond to increases or decreases in protons, or pH levels and whose signaling aim at restoring systemic acid-base balance. Several G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) and ion channel mediated signaling have been reported in the literature." [PMID:20683624] synonym: "proton-activated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001105 ! acid and base sensing signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001103 ! acid-base homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T13:14:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001105 name: acid and base sensing signaling pathway def: "The signaling pathway elicited by changes in pH and bicarbonate levels." [PMID:20683624] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T13:39:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001106 name: bicarbonate sensing signaling pathway def: "The signaling pathway elicited by increased levels of bicarbonate. Bicarbonate results from the instantaneous dissociation of carbonic acid, the end product of carbonic anhydrase hydration of exogenous or metabolically produced carbon dioxide." [PMID:20683624] is_a: PW:0001105 ! acid and base sensing signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001103 ! acid-base homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T13:43:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001107 name: sorafenib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor used in the treatment of cancer, in particular for advanced renal cell carcinoma. The drug binds to the intracytoplasmic domain of tyrosine kinase receptors blocking the downstream signaling cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21419641, PMID:22263843] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:24:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001108 name: sorafenib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of sorafenib. The drug was the first oral multikinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165959537, PMID:21419641] synonym: "SMP:00648" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001107 ! sorafenib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:30:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001109 name: sorafenib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of sorafenib-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Sorafenib is the first multikinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. The drug binds to the intracytoplasmic domain of tyrosine kinase receptors blocking the downstream signaling cascade. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165959584, PMID:21419641] is_a: PW:0001107 ! sorafenib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:31:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001110 name: sunitinib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of sunitinib, a multikinase inhibitor used in the treatment of cancer, in particular for advanced renal cell carcinoma. The drug binds to the intracytoplasmic domain of tyrosine kinase receptors blocking the downstream signaling cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22328304] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:54:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001111 name: tocilizumab pharmacokinetics pathway is_a: PW:0000928 ! tocilizumab drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:57:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001112 name: tocilizumab pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0000928 ! tocilizumab drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:57:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001113 name: sunitinib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of sunitinib. The drug is a multikinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:22328304] is_a: PW:0001110 ! sunitinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:58:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001114 name: sunitinib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of sunitinib-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Sunitinib is a multikinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. The drug binds to the intracytoplasmic domain of tyrosine kinase receptors blocking the downstream signaling cascade. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:2232830] is_a: PW:0001110 ! sunitinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-04T15:58:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001115 name: non-visual phototransduction pathway def: "A signaling cascade triggered by light in the visible and red spectrum whose sensor appears to be cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the electron transfer chain, and which relies on a retrograde mitochondrion-to-nucleus pathway that translates in the upregulation of various genes. Unlike the visual phototransduction, this pathway does not require vitamin A metabolites." [PMID:20681024] is_a: PW:0001008 ! photosignal transduction pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-11T09:27:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001116 name: vitamin A and metabolites signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001012 ! vitamin and vitamin metabolites signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-11T10:05:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001117 name: retinol mediated signaling pathway def: "A signaling pathway mediated by a signaling complex for which retinol or vitamin A appears to be an essential docking molecule and redox sensor. The pathway may play an important role in regulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by mechanisms that are still to be elucidated." [PMID:21763457] is_a: PW:0001116 ! vitamin A and metabolites signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-11T10:06:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001118 name: altered energy metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000262 ! altered metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-12T16:31:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001119 name: altered citric acid cycle pathway def: "Defects in components of the citrate cycle have been shown to relate to several types of cancer. For instance, mutations in fumarate hydratase are associated with renal cancer, in succinate dehydrogenase in renal as well as paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase have also been implicated in several types of cancer. Defects in this central metabolic network result in unwanted activation of hypoxia inducible factor whose target genes are involved in angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, glycolysis, among others." [PMID:21764377, PMID:23001348] is_a: PW:0000026 ! citric acid cycle pathway is_a: PW:0000359 ! altered energy homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001118 ! altered energy metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-12T16:32:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001120 name: bevacizumab drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits VEGF activity. It is used for the treatment of several types of advanced cancers. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22594892] is_a: PW:0002370 ! monoclonal antibody drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-15T08:49:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001121 name: bevacizumab pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bevacizumab, a VEGF inhibitor used in the treatment of several types of tumors. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:22594892\:] is_a: PW:0001120 ! bevacizumab drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-15T08:56:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001122 name: bevacizumab pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of bevacizumab-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an inhibitor of VEGF and is used in the treatment of several types of cancers such as for instance renal cell carcinoma. VEGF is a target of hypoxia inducible factor pathway, which is constitutively active in the condition. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22594892] synonym: "SMP:00420" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001120 ! bevacizumab drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-15T08:57:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001123 name: axitinib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of axitinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma as well as other tumors. Angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial or platelet derived growth factors are direct and indirect targets of hypoxia inducible factor pathway, constitutively active in renal cell carcinoma. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22170007] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T11:46:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001124 name: axitinib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of axitinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and other tumors. Axitinib is a selective second generation inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2 and 3. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:22170007] is_a: PW:0001123 ! axitinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T11:49:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001125 name: axitinib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of axitinib-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Axitinib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma as well as other tumors. Axitinib is a selective second generation inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2 and 3. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22170007] is_a: PW:0001123 ! axitinib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T11:50:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001126 name: everolimus drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of everolimus, an inhibitor of mTOR pathway used in the treatment of several types of tumors, including renal cell carcinoma. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway is constitutively active in the disease; mTOR regulates the translation of HIF-alpha gene. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway is_a: PW:0002369 ! immunosuppressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T13:54:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001127 name: everolimus pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of everolimus, an inhibitor of mTOR pathway used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and other tumors. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:20456985, PMID:22624503] is_a: PW:0001126 ! everolimus drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T15:41:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001128 name: everolimus pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of everolimus-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an inhibitor of mTOR pathway and is used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and other types of tumors. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0001126 ! everolimus drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T15:45:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001129 name: temsirolimus drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of temsirolimus, an inhibitor of mTOR pathway used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and other types of tumors. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway is constitutively active in renal cell carcinoma; HIF-alpha translation is under the control of mTOR pathway. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T16:04:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001130 name: temsirolimus pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of temsirolimus, an inhibitor of mTOR pathway used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and other tumors. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0001129 ! temsirolimus drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T16:12:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001131 name: temsirolimus pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of temsirolimus-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an inhibitor of mTOR pathway and is used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and other types of tumors. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0001129 ! temsirolimus drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T16:12:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001132 name: pazopanib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of pazopanib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma as well as other tumors. Angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial or platelet derived growth factors are direct and indirect targets of hypoxia inducible factor pathway, constitutively active in renal cell carcinoma. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T16:13:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001133 name: pazopanib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "he pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of pazopanib. The drug is a multikinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0001132 ! pazopanib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T16:13:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001134 name: pazopanib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of pazopanib-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Pazopanib is a selective multikinase inhibitor approved for the treatment or renal cell carcinoma. The drug binds to the intracytoplasmic domain of tyrosine kinase receptors blocking the downstream signaling cascade. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:20456985] is_a: PW:0001132 ! pazopanib drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-10-19T16:14:15Z [Term] id: PW:0001135 name: parathyroid hormone signaling pathway def: "Parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling is important for calcium and phosphate homeostasis in bone and kidney. It acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood, has both anabolic and catabolic effects in the bone and regulates calcium and phosphate reabsorption in the kidney. It also plays important roles in vitamin D metabolism." [PMID:19857544, PMID:21777186, PMID:23060860] synonym: "PTH signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001180 ! parathyroid hormone family signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000371 ! calcium homeostasis pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001182 ! phosphate homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-01T09:32:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001136 name: fatty acid elongation pathway def: "The C16 palmitate product of fatty acid biosynthetic pathway can be esterifed to triacylglycerol or converted to longer chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules by elongases and desaturases, depending on the needs of the cell. The elongation pathway takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum or in the mitochondrion. Longer chain fatty acids are present in certain specialized tissues; for instance, myelin contains large amounts of C22 and C24 molecules." [PMID:22984005] synonym: "KEGG:00062" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00054" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000029 ! fatty acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-02T15:26:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001137 name: unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway def: "The C16 palmitate product of fatty acid biosynthetic pathway can be esterifed to triacylglycerol or converted to longer chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid molecules by elongases and desaturases, depending on the needs of the cell. Unsaturated fatty acids are essential membrane components." [KEGG:map01040] synonym: "KEGG:01040" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000029 ! fatty acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-02T15:40:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001138 name: ether lipid metabolic pathway alt_id: PW:0001157 def: "Those metabolic reactions involving ether lipids, lipid molecules in which one or several of the carbons on glycerol has an ether linkage to an alkyl chain. Ether lipids are constituents of cell membrane; some metabolites could act as signaling second messengers or carry out antioxidant functions." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether_lipid] synonym: "KEGG:00565" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-02T16:17:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001139 name: calcium transport pathway def: "Calcium is pumped into organelles or outside the cell by pumps and exchangers to maintain the low calcium concentration necessary for cell viability. Many type of channels, some calcium-selective, others of lower selectivity or calcium-permeant, allow for the flow of calcium from external sources or internal stores into the cell to initiate many signaling events. The movement of calcium ions, which controls and maintains the calcium gradient, and calcium signaling, which the gradient promotes, are inextricably connected in the fabric of calcium homeostasis." [PMID:12838335, PMID:18083096] is_a: PW:0000593 ! metal ion transport pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000371 ! calcium homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-05T09:59:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001140 name: calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway def: "Calcium signaling impacts on a large and diverse spectrum of cellular processes such as gene expression and cell death, proliferation, muscle contraction and energy metabolism, learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Calcium acts in signal transduction as a first as well as a second messenger. Calcium transport, which controls and maintains the calcium gradient, and calcium signaling, which the gradient promotes, are inextricably connected in the fabric of calcium homeostasis." [PMID:12838335, PMID:17574670, PMID:18083096, PMID:19243429] synonym: "KEGG:04020" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000371 ! calcium homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-05T10:53:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001141 name: calcium signaling pathway via the calcium-sensing receptor def: "Calcium signaling through the calcium-sensing receptor inhibits the secretion of parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid glands and controls calcium absorption and water balance in the kidneys. Calcium is considered the main physiological agonist but other cations and various agonists can activate the receptor. The G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is believed to engage several types of Galpha proteins and to have many other interacting partners. The pathway leads to activation of MAPK cascades, particularly the one mediated by Erk1/2. Casr signaling is cell specific; many of its molecular details are not fully understood. Many mutations, both inactivating and activating the receptor, have been identified." [PMID:20729338] is_a: PW:0001140 ! calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-07T13:22:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001142 name: clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway def: "The clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway involves clathrin-coated vesicles used for the engulfment of material." [PMID:16985500, Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocytosis] is_a: PW:0000281 ! endocytosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-08T15:18:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001143 name: caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway is_a: PW:0000281 ! endocytosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-08T15:40:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001144 name: micropinocytosis pathway is_a: PW:0000281 ! endocytosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-08T15:41:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001145 name: phagocytosis pathway def: "Phagocytosis pathway is used for the removal of unwanted material such as dying cells and also of foreign material. As such is also part of the immune response. Various receptors on the surface of a phagocytic cell will recognize/bind material and induce signaling cascades." [PMID:16985500, PMID:9039775] synonym: "KEGG:04145" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000281 ! endocytosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-08T15:41:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001146 name: Fc gamma receptor mediated signaling pathway def: "The signaling cascade initiated by an activated Fc gamma receptor. Fc receptors are classified by the type of antibody they recognize; thus, Fc gamma receptors bind IgG, the most common type of antibody. Fc gamma receptors belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily." [PMID:15466916] synonym: "KEGG:04666" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001145 ! phagocytosis pathway is_a: PW:0001150 ! Fc receptor mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-08T16:04:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001147 name: eicosanoid signaling pathway via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma synonym: "eicosanoid signaling pathway via PPARG" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:03320" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000565 ! eicosanoid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-08T16:29:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001148 name: hepatitis B virus infection pathway def: "Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the causative agent of hepatitis B, an inflammatory condition of the liver affecting people in parts of Asia and Africa. The virus interferes with a number of regulatory and signaling pathways in the host." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B] synonym: "KEGG:05161" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T08:47:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001149 name: human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection pathway def: "The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus causing a type of cancer known as adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma and a demyelinating condition referred to as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). A viral regulatory protein known as Tax, which is a transcriptional co-factor, interferes with a number of signaling pathways in the host." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus] synonym: "HTLV-1 infection pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05166" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001028 ! infectious disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T09:00:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001150 name: Fc receptor mediated signaling pathway def: "Fc receptors mediated signaling exerts important regulatory and modulatory roles in immunity. Fc receptors are classified by the type of antibody they recognize. They are widely expressed on immune system cells and a number of other cell types. With one exception, they mediate activating signaling cascades." [PMID:17981207] is_a: PW:0000235 ! adaptive immune response pathway is_a: PW:0000820 ! signaling pathway in the adaptive immune response created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T10:50:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001151 name: Fc epsilon receptor mediated signaling pathway def: "The signaling cascade initiated by an activated Fc epsilon receptor. Fc receptors are classified by the type of antibody they recognize; thus, Fc epsilon receptors bind IgE antibody." [PMID:17981207] synonym: "KEGG:04664" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00358" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001150 ! Fc receptor mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T11:02:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001152 name: steroid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of steroids. Notable examples include cholesterol and steroid hormones." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid] synonym: "KEGG:00100" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000453 ! isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001303 ! steroid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T15:05:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001153 name: caffeine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of caffeine, a xanthine alkaloid found in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of certain plants that humans use as a stimulant." [KEGG:00232, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine] synonym: "KEGG:00232" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T15:14:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001154 name: glycosaminoglycan degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans." [KEGG:00531] synonym: "KEGG:00531" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000157 ! glycosaminoglycan metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T15:21:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001155 name: butirosin and neomycin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of butirosin and neomycin -aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by Bacillus circulans and Streptomyces fradiae, respectively." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00524" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T15:34:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001156 name: glycerolipid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of glycerolipids which are composed of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted glycerols. Triacylglycerol, or triglyceride, is the best known example." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com] synonym: "KEGG:00561" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00039" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000010 ! lipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T15:42:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001157 name: ether lipid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of ether lipids. On these molecules one or more of the carbon atoms of glycerol is bonded to an alkyl group via an ether linkage." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether_lipid] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T15:51:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001158 name: alpha-linoleic acid metabolic pathway def: "Those enzymatic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization or degradation of alpha-linoleic acid - an unsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. Alpha-linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that humans and other animals cannot synthesize and must obtain from diet." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid] synonym: "KEGG:00592" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00018" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000058 ! fatty acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T16:06:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001159 name: aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathway def: "Aminoacyl-tRNA, or transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to ribosomes and is part of the translation pathway. tRNAs are specific for the amino acids with which they are associated. Their synthesis involves adenylation of the amino acid followed by its transfer; both steps require ATP." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl-tRNA] synonym: "KEGG:00970" RELATED [] relationship: part_of PW:0000101 ! translation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-09T16:13:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001160 name: RNA transport pathway def: "The pathway whereby various RNA molecules synthesized in the nucleus are exported to the cytoplasm to be further processed such as protein-coding mRNA or to fulfill particular functions." [PMID:15519698, PMID:21776079] synonym: "KEGG:03013" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-12T15:25:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001161 name: RNA degradation pathway def: "The turnover of RNA molecules produced by the three eukaryotic polymerases and those resulting from their processing and/or assembly. It includes the degradation of defective molecules, of excess molecules, or of defective components by the RNA surveillance or decay pathway." [PMID:19239894] synonym: "KEGG:03018" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001567 ! RNA processing pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-12T15:38:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001162 name: chemical compound signaling pathway def: "The signaling pathway initiated by a chemical entity. It could be an organic or inorganic molecule." [] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-13T09:02:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001163 name: cannabinoid signaling pathway def: "Cannabinoids are a class of rather diverse chemical compounds of which some, like endocannabinoids are naturally produced by the body in humans and other animals, while others are found in plants or are synthesized. Signaling is mediated by the cannabinoid receptors that are G protein coupled (GPCR) receptors. The endogenous cannabinoids are lipids and the signaling route is referred to as retrograde as it travels 'backwards' from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic cell." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid] is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-13T09:02:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001164 name: endocannabinoid signaling pathway def: "The signaling pathway initiated by the endogenous cannabinoids that activate the G protein coupled (GPCR) cannabinoid receptors and utilize a retrograde route from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic neuron." [PMID:21531987] synonym: "KEGG:04723" RELATED [] synonym: "retrograde endocannabinoid signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000959 ! lipid signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001163 ! cannabinoid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-13T09:19:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001165 name: lipid neurotransmitter metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000407 ! neurotransmitter metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-13T09:46:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001166 name: endocannabinoid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001165 ! lipid neurotransmitter metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2012-11-13T09:47:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001167 name: parathyroid hormone-like hormone signaling pathway def: "Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHLH) signaling exerts pleiotropic roles, unlike the related parathyroid hormone whose specific role is in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Initially identified as a molecule produced by certain cancers, it is now known that it is important for normal physiological functions, mostly related to development and organogenesis." [PMID:22549910] synonym: "parathyroid hormone related peptide signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "PTHrP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001180 ! parathyroid hormone family signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-04T11:32:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001168 name: altered calcium signaling pathway via the calcium-sensing receptor def: "Altered calcium signaling due to mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor has been associated with a number of conditions. To date, more than 250 mutations have been identified of which more than half reside in the extracellular part of the receptor." [Casrdb:http\://www.cardb.mcgill.ca/, PMID:19484257] is_a: PW:0001141 ! calcium signaling pathway via the calcium-sensing receptor is_a: PW:0001169 ! altered calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-04T15:17:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001169 name: altered calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001140 ! calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-04T15:22:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001170 name: musculo-skeletal system drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used for the treatment of conditions associated with the musculo-skeletal system. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-21T15:17:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001171 name: tuberoinfundibular 39 residues peptide signaling pathway def: "Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (Tip39) is encoded by the parathyroid hormone 2 gene, weakly homologous to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHrP). Tip39 is an endogenous ligand for the parathyroid hormone receptor 2, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), initially considered an orphan receptor. Signaling, mostly in the brain but also in the pancreas, testis and renal tissues, appears to involve elevation in cAMP." [PMID:19857544] synonym: "PTH2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Tip39 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001180 ! parathyroid hormone family signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-28T14:00:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001172 name: altered fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling involves more than 20 proteins involved in embryonic and postnatal development and for some members, also acting as hormones in the adult. Deregulation of the pathway has been implicated in a number of neoplastic and metabolic conditions." [PMID:20940169] synonym: "altered FGF signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000298 ! altered growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000328 ! fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-29T09:20:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001173 name: intracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "The fibroblast growth factors (FGF) also known as FGF homologous factors belong to the phylogenetic subfamily FGF11/12/13/14. They signal intracellularly and independent of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). The pathway plays important neuromodulatory roles. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders." [PMID:20940169, PMID:23040813] synonym: "intracellular FGF signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "intracellular fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "intracrine FGF signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000328 ! fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-29T11:11:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001174 name: paracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "Paracrine fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are represented by five phylogenetic subfamilies whose signaling, also referred to as canonical, is involved in the well known role of FGF in embryonic and postnatal development. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with several conditions." [PMID:20940169] synonym: "canonical fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "paracrine FGF signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000328 ! fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-29T11:20:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001175 name: endocrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "The endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGF) also known as hormone-like belong to the 15/19/21/23 phylogenetic subfamily, also referred to as FGF19 subfamily. They have low affinity for the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) and rely on the Klotho family members to bind the receptors under physiological conditions. In particular, FGF23 signaling via Klotho, also known as the FGF23/Klotho axis plays a central role in vitamin D metabolism and renal phosphate homeostasis. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with several conditions." [PMID:20730630, PMID:20940169, PMID:22298654] synonym: "endocrine FGF signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "fibroblast growth factor subfamily 19 signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000328 ! fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-29T11:20:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001176 name: altered endocrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "Deregulation of endocrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway has been associated with several paraneoplastic and metabolic diseases that include renal failure, Cushing's syndrome, type 2 diabetes and obesity, among others." [PMID:20940169] synonym: "altered endocrine FGF signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001172 ! altered fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001175 ! endocrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-29T13:42:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001177 name: altered intracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "Deregulation of the intracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway has been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders and also with mental retardation." [PMID:20940169] synonym: "altered intracrine FGF signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001172 ! altered fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001173 ! intracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-29T13:47:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001178 name: altered paracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway def: "Deregulation of the paracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway has been associated with several congenital disorders." [PMID:20940169] synonym: "altered canonical fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "altered paracrine FGF signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development is_a: PW:0001172 ! altered fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001174 ! paracrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-01-29T13:58:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001179 name: fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling pathway def: "Fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling, a member of the endocrine subfamily of fibroblast growth factor family plays important roles in phosphate homeostasis. It is also important in vitamin D metabolism. The pathway is also referred to as the FGF23-Klotho axis, Klotho representing the obligatory co-receptor family for this subfamily with low affinity for the FGF receptors." [PMID:20059333] synonym: "FGF23/Klotho axis" RELATED [] synonym: "FGF23 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001175 ! endocrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001182 ! phosphate homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-04T09:00:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001180 name: parathyroid hormone family signaling pathway def: "The parathyroid hormone family consists of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-like hormone that employ the same parathyroid hormone receptor type 1, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) of family B of GPCRs. Despite signaling through the same receptor, the two hormones elicit distinct functions. Receptor type 2 has been considered an orphan receptor, but a specific ligand has been identified, a 39 residues peptide with weaker amino acid sequence similarity to the two hormones." [PMID:22745236] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-04T09:25:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001181 name: altered fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling pathway synonym: "altered FGF23/Klotho axis" RELATED [] synonym: "altered FGF23 signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001176 ! altered endocrine fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001179 ! fibroblast growth factor 23 signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-04T09:48:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001182 name: phosphate homeostasis pathway def: "Phosphate is an essential element with many important roles in biology, from skeletal development and integrity to metabolism and cellular signaling. The greatest amount of phosphate is found in bone and teeth. The major regulator of phosphate homeostasis is the kidney. Maintenance of proper phosphate levels is assured by an interplay of transport and signaling pathways. Sodium phosphate co-transporters, primarily type 2 and 3 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signaling are essential components." [PMID:22552885] is_a: PW:0001692 ! inorganic chemical homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-04T10:04:15Z [Term] id: PW:0001183 name: phosphate transport pathway def: "The pathway that assures the proper transport of phosphate in the body. Kidney plays a major role in the filtration and reabsorption of phosphate while the bone is a principal form of storage. Several types of sodium phosphate cotransporters are involved; the role of type 2 and 3 has been established. Renal phosphate transport is under the control of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signaling." [PMID:21778753] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001182 ! phosphate homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-04T10:05:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001184 name: altered phosphate homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001182 ! phosphate homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-04T10:06:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001185 name: calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase 2 signaling pathway def: "Calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase 2 (CAMK2) signaling plays important roles in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart and long-term potentiation (LPT) and memory in the brain." [PMID:21529938, PMID:23091085] synonym: "CAMK2 signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "CAMKII signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000316 ! calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-11T11:37:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001186 name: calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase signaling cascade def: "The calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase signaling cascade require an upstream CAMK kinase (CAMKK) for activating phosphorylation." [PMID:21529938] synonym: "CAMK signaling cascade" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000316 ! calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-11T11:50:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001187 name: calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase 1 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001186 ! calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase signaling cascade created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-11T11:55:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001188 name: calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase 4 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001186 ! calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase signaling cascade created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-02-11T11:55:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001189 name: altered folate metabolic pathway def: "A folate metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Impairment of folate cycle and/or folate mediated one-carbon pathways is associated with an increased risk for several conditions and developmental anomalies." [PMID:15298442] is_a: PW:0000140 ! folate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000429 ! altered metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-11T11:53:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001190 name: altered hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000403 ! altered amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-11T13:58:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001191 name: altered methionine cycle/metabolic pathway def: "A methionine cycle/metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Impaired methionine metabolism and/or altered levels of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and alcoholic liver disease." [PMID:23073625] is_a: PW:0000048 ! methionine cycle/metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001190 ! altered hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-11T13:59:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001192 name: altered homocysteine metabolic pathway def: "A homocysteine metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Enzyme and/or vitamin deficiencies or defects in folate metabolism can give rise to the abnormal levels of homocysteine in homocysteinuria or hyperhomocystenemia and the consequences related to them." [PMID:22418620] is_a: PW:0000398 ! homocysteine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000402 ! altered metabolic pathway of other amino acids created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T10:18:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001193 name: kinase mediated signaling pathway def: "Kinases are essential components of biological pathways. Phosphorylaton by protein kinases and dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases exert major regulatory roles. In addition, they can also initiate intracellular signaling cascades. Kinases represent a significant fraction of eukaryotic genes and prominent amongst them are the serine/threonine kinases." [PMID:16132230] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T10:32:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001194 name: serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway def: "Serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling include essential intracellular pathways such as those involving the mitogen-activated (MAPK), Akt (also known as Pkb), protein kinase A and protein kinase C, to name a few. Serine/threonine-specific kinases represent the largest class." [OneLook:http\://www.onelook.com, PMID:16132230] is_a: PW:0001193 ! kinase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T10:37:15Z [Term] id: PW:0001195 name: tyrosine-specific protein kinase mediated signaling pathway def: "The non-receptor tyrosine-specific kinases are represented by members of Src, Jak, Syk and other families. Some, such as Jak, function as initiators of intracellular pathways, others are components of several pathways. Tyrosine-specific kinases are also represented by receptor tyrosine kinases activated by growth factors and hormones. These kinases are components of the pathways the specific growth factors and hormones initiate." [PMID:16132230] is_a: PW:0001193 ! kinase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T10:37:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001196 name: altered phosphatase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000652 ! phosphatase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T11:55:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001197 name: altered serine/threonine-specific phosphatase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000653 ! serine/threonine-specific phosphatase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001196 ! altered phosphatase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T11:56:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001198 name: altered kinase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001193 ! kinase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T12:09:21Z [Term] id: PW:0001199 name: altered serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001198 ! altered kinase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-12T12:10:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001200 name: thyroid-stimulating hormone signaling pathway def: "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) signaling stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone. Its own secretion is dependent upon activation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the hypothalamus by low levels of thyroid hormone (TH). TRH, TSH and TH signaling pathways are part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis for which TH itself provides a negative regulatory loop." [PMID:22759379] synonym: "thyrotropin signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "TSH signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-26T10:29:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001201 name: thyrotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway def: "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH or TRF) signaling stimulates the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary, which in turn stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone (TH). TRH, TSH and TH signaling pathways are part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis for which TH itself provides a negative regulatory loop." [PMID:22759379] synonym: "thyrotropin-releasing factor signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "TRF signaling pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "TRH signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-26T10:47:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001202 name: genito-urinary system and sex hormones drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used for the treatment of genito-urinary system conditions or as sex hormones derivatives and analogs. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-26T11:29:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001203 name: systemic hormones drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hormonal preparations that may contain natural hormones or are synthetic hormonal analogs and their derivatives. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08303.keg] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-26T12:01:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001204 name: thyromimetics drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thyroid hormone analogs, many of which have tissue specific thyroid hormone action." [PMID:21504761] is_a: PW:0001203 ! systemic hormones drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-26T12:24:40Z [Term] id: PW:0001205 name: sobetirome drug pathway def: "Sobetirome, also known as GC-1, is a one of the best characterized thyromimetics with high affinity for the beta thyroid receptor. It has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol in animal model studies." [PMID:21504761] is_a: PW:0001204 ! thyromimetics drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-26T12:31:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001206 name: eprotirome drug pathway def: "Eprotirome is a thyromimetics that in addition for being selective for the beta tyrosine receptor is also highly liver-selective with minimal uptake in non-hepatic tissues. In overweight and hypercholesterolemic patients, its administration lead to lowering of total and LDL-cholesterol while stimulating bile acid biosynthesis." [PMID:21504761] is_a: PW:0001204 ! thyromimetics drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-03-26T12:36:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001207 name: folate cycle metabolic pathway def: "The folate cycle metabolic pathway sums up the uptake and transport of folates, the processing and interconversion reactions of folate compounds. The folate cycle and the folate mediate one-carbon transfer pathways are part of folate metabolism." [PMID:11001804, PMID:15166809, PMID:15298442] relationship: part_of PW:0000140 ! folate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-02T09:58:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001208 name: altered folate cycle metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001189 ! altered folate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001207 ! folate cycle metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-02T10:06:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001209 name: altered folate mediated one-carbon metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000189 ! folate mediated one-carbon metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001189 ! altered folate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-02T10:07:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001210 name: plevitrexed drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of plevitrexed, a non-polyglutamatable antifolate quinazoline derivative and thymidylate synthase inhibitor used in the treatment of cancers. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [NCI:http\://www.cancer.gov] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:15:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001211 name: plevitrexed pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of plevitrexed, an antifolate used in the treatment of cancer. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [NCI:NCI, wikipedia:www.cancer.gov] is_a: PW:0001210 ! plevitrexed drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:18:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001212 name: plevitrexed pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of plevitrexed-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antifolate that targets thymidylate synthase and is used in the treatment of several cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [NCI:NCI, wikipedia:www.cancer.gov] is_a: PW:0001210 ! plevitrexed drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:19:15Z [Term] id: PW:0001213 name: pemetrexed drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of permetrexed, an antifolate originally designed as a thymidylate synthase inhibitor but which also has inhibitory effects on other enzymes involved in the folate cycle and/or folate mediated one-carbon transfer reactions. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemetrexed] synonym: "Alimta drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:21:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001214 name: pemetrexed pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of pemetrexed-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antifolate that targets thymidylate synthase and other enzymes of the folate cycle and folate mediated one-carbon transfer reactions and is used in the treatment of several cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemetrexed] synonym: "Alimta pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001213 ! pemetrexed drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:27:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001215 name: pemetrexed pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of pemetrexed, an antifolate used in the treatment of cancer. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemetrexed] synonym: "Alimta pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001213 ! pemetrexed drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:27:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001216 name: pralatrexate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pralatrexate, a polyglutamatable antifolate used as an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme of folate cycle. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralatrexate] synonym: "Folotyn drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:34:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001217 name: pralatrexate pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of pralatrexed, an antifolate used in the treatment of cancer. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [NCI:www.cancer.gov] synonym: "Folotyn pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001216 ! pralatrexate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:38:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001218 name: pralatrexate pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of pralatrexed-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antifolate that targets dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and is used in the treatment of some cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [NCI; wikipedia:www.cancer.gov] synonym: "Folotyn pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001216 ! pralatrexate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-05T09:39:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001219 name: hydrogen sulfide mediated signaling pathway def: "Hydrogen sulfide can act as a signaling molecule with roles in the heart, brain and smooth muscle." [PMID:20067586, PMID:22546339, PMID:22781905] synonym: "H2S signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001221 ! gasotransmitter mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-16T11:11:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001220 name: nitric oxide mediated signaling pathway def: "Nitric oxide (NO) signaling, well known for its vasodilation effects, exerts multiple roles that include the immune and nervous system." [PMID:26028569, PMID:26364456] synonym: "NO mediated signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity is_a: PW:0001221 ! gasotransmitter mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001764 ! radical mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-16T11:14:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001221 name: gasotransmitter mediated signaling pathway def: "Those signaling pathway elicited by gases such as carbon monoxide, nitric oxide or hydrogen sulfide." [PMID:22546339, PMID:22781905] is_a: PW:0000059 ! signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-04-16T11:20:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001222 name: forkhead class C signaling pathway synonym: "FoxC signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000647 ! forkhead signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-02T09:37:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001223 name: forkhead class P signaling pathway synonym: "FoxP signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000647 ! forkhead signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-02T09:38:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001224 name: irinotecan drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of irinotecan an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I used in the treatment of several types of cancer. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-03T10:54:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001225 name: irinotecan pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of irinotecan, a drug used in the treatment of several types of cancer. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA2001] synonym: "SMP:00600" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001224 ! irinotecan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-03T10:58:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001226 name: irinotecan pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of irinotecan-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Irinotecan is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor used in the treatment of several types of cancer. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA2029] synonym: "SMP:00433" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001224 ! irinotecan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-03T10:59:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001227 name: Stem Cell Factor signaling pathway def: "The Stem Cell Factor (SCF) signaling plays important roles in cell migration, proliferation and survival. SCF activates the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase which then prompts several intracellular signaling pathways. Deregulation of the pathway has been associated with several conditions including cancer." [PMID:23073628] synonym: "SCF signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Steel factor signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000168 ! growth factor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-03T11:24:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001228 name: ACE inhibitor drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that target the angiotensin converting enzyme ACE. In the renin-angiotensin cascade, several bioactive peptides are derived from the precursor angiotensinogen. ACE converts angiotensin I to the potent angiotensin II. The various ACE inhibitors are grouped based on their molecular structure, the dicarboxylate-containing agents represent the largest group. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor] is_a: PW:0001789 ! renin-angiotensin system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-03T11:54:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001229 name: xenobiotic metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the uptake, modification and elimination of chemical compounds that are foreign to the biological system. This includes the biotransformation pathways organisms use to detoxify the system and the degradation of toxic pollutants by microorganisms. Many of the compounds that enter the cell are inactive and the transformation pathways aim to increase their hydrophilicity and ease the elimination. In the process, some of the intermediates may give rise to toxic metabolites and effects. The transformation pathways are also important for the pharmacokinetics aspect of drug metabolism. The distinction is that a drug is a foreign compound intentionally administered. In the case of the degradation pathway, microoganismal enzymes have the ability to degrade otherwise resistant compounds." [] is_a: PW:0000002 ! classic metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-03T15:29:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001230 name: ACE inhibitor pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of ACE inhibitors. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor] is_a: PW:0001228 ! ACE inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-07T16:04:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001231 name: ACE inhibitor pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ACE inhibitor-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drugs are used for the treatment of hypertension and also for other cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor] is_a: PW:0001228 ! ACE inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-07T16:05:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001232 name: arylamine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-07T16:22:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001233 name: benzo(a)pyrene metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reaction involved in handling this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon whose metabolites are mutagenic and carcinogenic." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo%28a%29pyrene] is_a: PW:0001438 ! polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-07T16:24:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001234 name: biogenic amine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of biogenic amines." [PMID:12641342] is_a: PW:0000211 ! biogenic amines and polyamines metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T08:31:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001235 name: catecholamine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of catecholamines. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine are among the most abundant and are produced primarily from the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system." [PMID:19342614] synonym: "SMP:00012" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000443 ! catecholamine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001234 ! biogenic amine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T08:33:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001236 name: histamine biosynthetic pathway def: "Histamine is derived from the amino acid histidine via a decarboxylation reaction carried out by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine] is_a: PW:0000051 ! histidine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0000411 ! histamine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001238 ! indoleamine and related compounds biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T08:38:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001237 name: serotonin biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000410 ! serotonin metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001238 ! indoleamine and related compounds biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T08:38:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001238 name: indoleamine and related compounds biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000444 ! indoleamine and related compounds metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001234 ! biogenic amine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T08:39:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001239 name: eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reaction involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids, molecules that play important roles in the immune and vascular systems. They are derived from either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids, with the route provided by the conversion of arachidonic acid, better known." [PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000485 ! eicosanoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T09:54:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001240 name: prostanoid metabolic pathway def: "Prostanoids are a class of eicosanoids that contains the prostaglandins, the thromboxanes and prostacycline." [PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000485 ! eicosanoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T10:04:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001241 name: prostacyclin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving prostacycline - a family of prostanoid eicosanoids with important functions in the cardiovascular system." [PMID:15896353, PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0001240 ! prostanoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T10:09:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001242 name: leukotriene biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of leukotriene, a class of eicosanoids, molecules exerting important roles in the immune and vascular systems." [PMID:15896353] is_a: PW:0000464 ! leukotriene metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001239 ! eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T10:16:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001243 name: prostanoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of prostanoids, a class of eicosanoids that includes several families and which exert important roles in the immune and vascular systems." [PMID:15896353, PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0001239 ! eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001240 ! prostanoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T10:18:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001244 name: codeine and morphine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of codeine and morphine, a class of drugs in the opiate family used as pain relievers. Both are naturally found in the poppy plant with codeine derived from the more abundant morphine, as methylated morphine. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA146123006] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T10:38:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001245 name: codeine and morphine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of codeine and morphine, a class of drug opiates used as pain relievers. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA146123006] synonym: "SMP:00621" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00622" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001244 ! codeine and morphine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T10:42:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001246 name: codeine and morphine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of codeine/morphine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drugs are potential ligands for the mu-opioid receptor, a class of opioid receptor. Opioid receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) activated by endogenous and also exogenous opioids. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA146123006] synonym: "SMP:00405" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00406" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001244 ! codeine and morphine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T10:42:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001247 name: nifedipine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker used primarily in the treatment of hypertension and angina. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:18793108] synonym: "Adalat CC drug pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "Procardia drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001894 ! dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T11:07:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001248 name: nifedipine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of nifedipine. The drug is a calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and angina. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifedipine] is_a: PW:0001247 ! nifedipine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T11:17:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001249 name: nifedipine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of nifedipine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a calcium channel blocker, particularly the L-type channel. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:17307972] synonym: "SMP:00379" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001247 ! nifedipine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T11:18:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001250 name: monoamine transport pathway def: "The pathway responsible for the transport of monoamines, biogenic amines representing various neurotransmitters. The reuptake of neurotransmitters following their release is a key element determining the duration and intensity of their signaling and is thus essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system." [PMID:12511858, PMID:16024510] synonym: "biogenic amine neurotransmitter transport pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway is_a: PW:0001251 ! regulatory pathway pertinent to the brain created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T11:50:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001251 name: regulatory pathway pertinent to the brain is_a: PW:0000004 ! regulatory pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:07:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001252 name: prolactin signaling pathway def: "Prolactin signaling pathway is important for normal reproduction. Prolactin is a peptide hormone whose signaling activates several intracellular cascades." [PMID:21664429, PMID:22684822] is_a: PW:0000467 ! peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:14:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001253 name: fatty acid omega degradation pathway def: "The omega degradation pathway is an alternative route to the common beta degradation pathway." [PMID:21156023] synonym: "fatty acid omega oxidation pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000642 ! fatty acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:38:21Z [Term] id: PW:0001254 name: amino acid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000011 ! amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:55:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001255 name: hydrophilic amino acid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001254 ! amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:55:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001256 name: hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001254 ! amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:55:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001257 name: amino acid degradation pathway is_a: PW:0000011 ! amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:56:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001258 name: hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001257 ! amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:56:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001259 name: hydrophilic amino acid degradation pathway is_a: PW:0001075 ! hydrophilic amino acid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001257 ! amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T12:57:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001260 name: arginine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of arginine. Although primarily a non-essential amino acid, its synthesis from citrulline may be insufficient and it is also energetically costly. Diet derived arginine can circumvent these aspects." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine] is_a: PW:0001082 ! arginine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001255 ! hydrophilic amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T13:06:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001261 name: arginine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of arginine. Higher organisms do not possess the enzymes involved in this catabolic pathway." [MetaCyc:http\://www.biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=AST-PWY] is_a: PW:0001082 ! arginine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001259 ! hydrophilic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T13:21:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001262 name: glutamic acid/glutamate biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reaction involved in the biosynthesis of glutamic acid/glutamate. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter." [] is_a: PW:0000027 ! glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001255 ! hydrophilic amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T13:30:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001263 name: glutamic acid/glutamate degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of glutamic acid/glutamate. There are several routes of glutamic acid/glutamate degradation. Some are found only in microorganisms and plants; others can be found in mammalian cells." [] is_a: PW:0000027 ! glutamic acid/glutamate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001259 ! hydrophilic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T13:46:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001264 name: glycine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of glycine, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine] is_a: PW:0000440 ! glycine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001256 ! hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T13:51:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001265 name: glycine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of glycine. Several routes are available of which the glycine cleavage system is the predominant one. It occurs in the mitochondria and produces 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and as such, is an important component of folate cycle pathway." [PMID:18941301, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine] is_a: PW:0000440 ! glycine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001258 ! hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T13:54:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001266 name: histidine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of histidine, an essential amino acid for humans. The biosynthesis of histidine has been extensively studied in E. coli and S. typhimurium." [PMID:8852895] is_a: PW:0000051 ! histidine metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T14:06:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001267 name: histidine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of histidine. The histidine degradation provides a source of nitrogen and is carried out in microorganisms." [PMID:24165547, PMID:24728193] is_a: PW:0000051 ! histidine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001259 ! hydrophilic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T14:13:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001268 name: isoleucine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of isoleucine, an essential amino acid for humans. Its synthesis in plants and microorganisms proceeds via several steps." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine] is_a: PW:0001087 ! isoleucine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001256 ! hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T14:24:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001269 name: isoleucine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of isoleucine." [] is_a: PW:0001087 ! isoleucine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001258 ! hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T14:37:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001270 name: leucine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of leucine, an essential amino acid for humans. In plants and microorganisms its synthesis proceeds via a number of steps." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine] is_a: PW:0001088 ! leucine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001256 ! hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T14:40:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001271 name: leucine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of leucine." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine] is_a: PW:0001088 ! leucine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001258 ! hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-08T14:44:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001272 name: RNA polymerase transcription pathway def: "The pathway of DNA transcription carried out by the prokaryotic and the several eukaryotic polymerases." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_%28genetics%29] is_a: PW:0000100 ! transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T08:54:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001273 name: prokaryotic RNA polymerase transcription pathway def: "The pathway of DNA transcription in prokaryotic organisms is carried out by a single polymerase. Five subunits constitute the core enzyme." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_%28genetics%29] is_a: PW:0001272 ! RNA polymerase transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T08:58:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001274 name: RNA polymerase II transcription initiation pathway def: "RNA polymerase II and a set of general and specific transcription factors assemble as a large pre-initiation complex which undergoes a series of transformations before transcription proceeds. Promoter recognition and subsequent initiation of transcription are dependent upon the presence of these transcription factors. Activators and repressors impact upon transcription at these early stages." [PMID:23000482] relationship: part_of PW:0000127 ! RNA polymerase II transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T09:10:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001275 name: eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcription pathway def: "The pathway of DNA transcription carried out by the eukaryotic polymerases." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_%28genetics%29] is_a: PW:0001272 ! RNA polymerase transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T09:13:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001276 name: de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), downstream of kynurenine metabolism of tryptophan degradation." [PMID:18020963, PMID:20007326, PMID:26785480] synonym: "de novo NAD biosynthetic pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000219 ! nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T09:35:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001277 name: glutathione biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of glutathione. Glutathione is a tripeptide that exerts important functions as an antioxidant and in the conjugation of xenobiotics and drugs by phase II biotransformation enzymes." [PMID:22998389, PMID:23201762] is_a: PW:0000134 ! glutathione metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T09:49:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001278 name: threonine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reaction involved in the synthesis of threonine. Threonine is an essential amino acid that human cannot synthesize. Its synthesis takes place in plants and microorganisms." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine] is_a: PW:0001085 ! threonine metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T10:35:40Z [Term] id: PW:0001279 name: threonine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of threonine, an essential amino acid for humans. There are several routes for the degradation of threonine." [] is_a: PW:0001085 ! threonine metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T10:48:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001280 name: tryptophan biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of tryptophan, an essential amino acid that human cannot synthesize. Its synthesis takes place in plants and microorganisms. In plants, the synthesis of aromatic amino acids is part of chorismate pathway, the end branch point of shikimate pathway." [PMID:20817774, wiki[pedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan] is_a: PW:0000054 ! tryptophan metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001256 ! hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001370 ! chorismate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T11:10:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001281 name: tryptophan degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of tryptophan, an essential amino acid. Tryptophan undergoes oxidative catabolism carried out by several hemeprotein enzymes. In plants, tyrosine is the precursor for several secondary metabolites." [PMID:20817774, PMID:22889220] is_a: PW:0000054 ! tryptophan metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001258 ! hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T11:18:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001282 name: kynurenine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the production of kynurenine, a product of tryptophan degradation pathway. Kynurenine and its metabolites play important roles in the nervous system and also in immunity." [PMID:21744051, PMID:22139324] is_a: PW:0001281 ! tryptophan degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T11:34:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001283 name: tyrosine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of tyrosine. In mammals, is derived from phenylalanine or from diet. In plants, is produced as part of chorismate pathway, the end branch point of shikimate pathway." [PMID:20817774, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine] is_a: PW:0000052 ! tyrosine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001256 ! hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001370 ! chorismate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T11:48:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001284 name: tyrosine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation and/or conversion of tyrosine, a non- essential amino acid. Tyrosine is the precursor of several neurotransmitters and hormones. Tyrosine can also be degraded to acetoacetate and fumarate. In plants, tyrosine is the precursor of several families of secondary metabolites." [PMID:20817774] is_a: PW:0000052 ! tyrosine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001258 ! hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T12:01:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001285 name: valine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of valine, an essential amino acid for humans. Plants synthesize valine from pyruvic acid via a number of steps." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine] is_a: PW:0001080 ! valine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001256 ! hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T12:36:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001286 name: valine degradation pathway is_a: PW:0001080 ! valine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001258 ! hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T12:40:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001287 name: phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of phenylalanine, an essential amino acid for humans. In plants, the synthesis of aromatic amino acids is part of chorismate pathway, the end branch point of shikimate pathway." [PMID:20817774] is_a: PW:0000053 ! phenylalanine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001256 ! hydrophobic amino acid biosynthetic pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001370 ! chorismate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T12:42:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001288 name: phenylalanine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation and/or conversion of phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is the precursor of tyrosine, in turn a precursor for a number of neurotransmitters and hormones. In plants, phenylalanine serve as a precursor for a large number of functional secondary metabolites." [PMID:20817774] is_a: PW:0000053 ! phenylalanine metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001258 ! hydrophobic amino acid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T12:42:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001289 name: carotene metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of carotene collectively referring to several related unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds that are synthesized by plants. Some are vitamin precursors, such as the beta-carotene precursor of vitamin A." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotene] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T12:52:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001290 name: lycopene metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved ion the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of lycopene - a carotene and phytochemical found in red fruits and vegetables." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopene] is_a: PW:0001289 ! carotene metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T13:00:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001291 name: lycopene biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of lycopene, a carotene and phytochemical found in red fruits and vegetables. Plants and bacteria have the ability to synthesize lycopene." [MetaCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?object=Lycopene-Biosynthesis] is_a: PW:0001290 ! lycopene metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001292 ! carotene biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T13:03:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001292 name: carotene biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001289 ! carotene metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T13:07:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001293 name: carotene degradation pathway is_a: PW:0001289 ! carotene metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T13:07:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001294 name: eicosanoid signaling pathway def: "Eicosanoids, derived from omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids, are represented by the leukotriene and prostanoid classes of which the latter is represented by several families. Some can act as endogenous ligands for members of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated nuclear receptors (PPARs). Once activated, PPARs heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and modulate the expression of target genes." [PMID:17132851] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-13T13:46:40Z [Term] id: PW:0001295 name: leukotriene signaling pathway def: "Leukotriene are eicosanoids derived from omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. One such source is the arachidonic metabolism via the 5-lipoxygenase mediated route." [PMID:12955468, PMID:17132851] is_a: PW:0000565 ! eicosanoid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T11:35:27Z [Term] id: PW:0001296 name: prostanoid signaling pathway def: "Prostanoids are eicosanoids derived from omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids and represented by several families. One such source is the arachidonic acid metabolism via the cyclooxygenase mediated route. Several categories of prostanoids can be generated and signaling via several receptor types elicits a range of physiological responses. Historically, they are viewed as mediators of inflammation." [PMID:12955468, PMID:17132851, PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0000565 ! eicosanoid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T12:36:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001297 name: prostaglandin signaling pathway def: "Prostaglandins are one of several families of prostanoids, eicosanoids derived from omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Of the several prostaglandins, prostaglandin E2 signaling via four distinct receptors mediates a broad range of physiological effects. Others include prostaglandin D2 with various central nervous system (CNS) activities and prostaglandin I2 or prostacyclin with important vascular functions." [PMID:12955468, PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0001296 ! prostanoid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T12:40:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001298 name: trehalose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of trehalose - a disaccharide synthesized by bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrates. It has important roles in plant development and it represents the energy storage that insects use for flight. It is believed to be involved in the ability of plants and animals to withstand long periods of desiccation or anhydrobiosis." [PMID:22140246] synonym: "mycose metabolic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "tremalose metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T12:52:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001299 name: trehalose biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved on the synthesis of trehalose, a disaccharide found in bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrates." [PMID:22140246] synonym: "mycose biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "tremalose biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001298 ! trehalose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T13:14:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001300 name: trehalose degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of trehalose. While the synthesis of trehalose does not take place in vertebrates, the catabolic route of its metabolism does occur." [SMPDB:http\://pathman.smpdb.ca/pathways/SMP00467/pathway] synonym: "mycose degradation pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00467" RELATED [] synonym: "tremalose degradation pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001298 ! trehalose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T13:20:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001301 name: methionine biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of methionine. As an essential amino acid, methionine can not be synthesized by humans. Its synthesis takes place in plants and microorganisms." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine] is_a: PW:0000048 ! methionine cycle/metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T13:45:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001302 name: methionine degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of methionine. In higher organisms methionine is either recycled via the remethylation pathways or is converted to cysteine via the transsulfuration pathway of homocysteine metabolism. In fungi, plants and bacteria, methionine can be processed to compounds such as methionol and/or 2-oxobutanoate." [MetaCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?object=METHIONINE-DEG] is_a: PW:0000048 ! methionine cycle/metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T13:56:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001303 name: steroid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of steroids." [] is_a: PW:0000248 ! isoprenoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T14:10:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001304 name: cholesterol metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of cholesterol, an essential component of cell membranes and lipid rafts and the precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids." [] is_a: PW:0001303 ! steroid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T14:11:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001305 name: steroid hormone metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of steroid hormones." [] is_a: PW:0001303 ! steroid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T14:14:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001306 name: altered steroid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0000751 ! altered isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001152 ! steroid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T14:34:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001307 name: phosphatidylcholine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of phosphatidylcholine, an essential component of the membrane." [PMID:15749057, PMID:18204095] is_a: PW:0000354 ! glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T15:31:03Z [Term] id: PW:0001308 name: respiratory system disease pathway is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-14T15:42:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001309 name: abscisic acid metabolic pathway def: "Abscisic acid is a plant isoprenoid hormone important for development and stress responses." [PMID:22442388] is_a: PW:0000248 ! isoprenoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-20T11:34:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001310 name: abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of abscisic acid, an important plant isoprenoid hormone." [PMID:22442388] is_a: PW:0001309 ! abscisic acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-20T11:45:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001311 name: sulfate assimilation pathway def: "Sulfur, mostly found as inorganic sulfate can be taken up by plants, microorganisms and algae. Upon reduction to sulfide, is then incorporated into bioinorganic compounds. The underlying reactions and interactions constitute the sulfate assimilation pathway, best characterized in plants." [PMID:19876632] is_a: PW:0000037 ! sulfur metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-20T12:47:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001312 name: Nodal signaling pathway def: "Nodal signaling pathway belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and plays important roles during vertebrate embryogenesis where is involved in pattern formation and differentiation." [PMID:16838294] is_a: PW:0000329 ! transforming growth factor-beta superfamily mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-20T14:12:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001313 name: transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling is_a: PW:0000100 ! transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-21T12:51:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001314 name: altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling is_a: PW:0000807 ! altered transcription pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-21T12:54:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001315 name: ascaroside metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving ascaroside, a glycolipid containing the sugar ascarylose, found in nematodes." [] is_a: PW:0000733 ! glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-21T13:47:21Z [Term] id: PW:0001316 name: ascaroside biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of ascaroside - a glycolipid containing the sugar ascarylose found in nematodes." [] is_a: PW:0001315 ! ascaroside metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-21T13:48:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001317 name: cell cycle pathway def: "The series of events, collectively known as the cell cycle, that underlie the replication of the genome and the segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. The mitotic cell cycle pathway underlies the generation of new cells. The meiotic cell cycle pathway is a special type of cell division that takes place in germ cells." [Handbook:Essential Cell Biology] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T09:56:40Z [Term] id: PW:0001318 name: cell cycle pathway, meiotic def: "The series of events that take place in the germ cells resulting in the production of four non-identical haploid cells from each diploid cell that enters the cycle. Meiosis involves chromosomal pairing and exchange of DNA segments or recombination." [Handbook:Essential cell Biology] is_a: PW:0001317 ! cell cycle pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T10:19:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001319 name: toxic secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of toxic secondary metabolite, known as mycotoxins, produced by some fungi, such as Fusarium. The mycotoxins they produce in cereal crops, such as species of fumonisins and trichothecenes, can affect humans and animals if present in food." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin] synonym: "mycotoxin biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001365 ! toxic secondary metabolite metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T11:17:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001320 name: fumonisin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of fumonisin mycotoxins by members of Fusarium fungi." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium] is_a: PW:0001319 ! toxic secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001367 ! fumonisin metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T11:30:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001321 name: trichothecene biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins by members of Fusarium fungi." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium] is_a: PW:0001319 ! toxic secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001368 ! trichothecene metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T11:31:27Z [Term] id: PW:0001322 name: deoxynivalenol biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of deoxynivalenol, a type B trichothecene produced by members of Fusarium fungi." [KEGG:http\://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?cpd\:C09747, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxynivalenol] synonym: "DON biosynthetic pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "vomitoxin biosynthetic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001321 ! trichothecene biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T11:36:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001323 name: mitochondrial translation pathway def: "The translation pathway that takes place in the mitochondrion. The mitochondrial translation pathway utilizes 22 tRNAs which are encoded in the mitochondrial genome. The mitochondrial genome also encodes 2 ribosomal genes. A small set of mitochondrially encoded proteins is translated in the mitochondrion. Most others are nuclear genes, synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and then targeted to the organelle." [PMID:22258151, PMID:22729854] is_a: PW:0000101 ! translation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001959 ! mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T13:11:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001324 name: mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathway def: "Aminoacyl-tRNA, or transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to ribosomes and is part of the translation pathway. tRNAs are specific for the amino acids with which they are associated. Their synthesis involves adenylation of the amino acid followed by its transfer; both steps require ATP. there are 22 tRNA genes encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Mutations in these genes have been implicated in a number of disorders and may affect various steps of tRNA biosynthesis." [PMID:22258151] relationship: part_of PW:0001323 ! mitochondrial translation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T13:16:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001325 name: mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001323 ! mitochondrial translation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T13:40:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001326 name: altered mitochondrial translation pathway is_a: PW:0001068 ! altered translation pathway is_a: PW:0001323 ! mitochondrial translation pathway is_a: PW:0001960 ! altered mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T13:59:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001327 name: altered mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathway def: "Mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA genes are associated with a number of disorders. These mutations may affect steps in the biosynthesis of tRNA." [PMID:22258151] is_a: PW:0001324 ! mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathway is_a: PW:0001326 ! altered mitochondrial translation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T14:01:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001328 name: uridine diphosphate glucose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of uridine diphosphate glucose, a nucleotide sugar." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-glucose] synonym: "UDP-glucose metabolic pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000055 ! nucleotide sugar metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T14:27:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001329 name: guanosine diphosphate mannose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of guanosine diphosphate mannose, a nucleotide sugar." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-mannose] is_a: PW:0000055 ! nucleotide sugar metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T14:32:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001330 name: receptor for advanced glycation end-products signaling pathway def: "The receptor for advanced glycation end-products is a multi-ligand receptor whose signaling engages several downstream cascades. In addition to its pro-inflammatory role in innate immunity, it is also involved in tissue homeostasis and repair. It has been associated with a range of pathological states." [PMID:23103427] synonym: "RAGE signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000024 ! inflammatory response pathway is_a: PW:0000819 ! signaling pathway in the innate immune response created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-05-22T14:54:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001331 name: RNA polymerase II transcription elongation pathway def: "RNA polymerase II transcription elongation commences when the nascent transcript reaches about 25 residues. Some general transcription factors are release and the RNA polymerase II carries out elongation of pre-mRNA transcript and proofreading. Various regulators control early elongation, proximal promoter pausing and full elongation proceedings. Nascent mRNA processing, splicing and alternative splicing are co-occurring." [PMID:22975042, PMID:23000482, PMID:23046879] relationship: part_of PW:0000127 ! RNA polymerase II transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T09:19:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001332 name: RNA polymerase II transcription termination pathway def: "Termination of transcription is important for partitioning the genome and maintaining adequate expression of neighboring genes." [PMID:21487437] relationship: part_of PW:0000127 ! RNA polymerase II transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T09:39:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001333 name: mitochondrial transcription pathway def: "The transcription of mitochondrial DNA which encodes several genes involved in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway as well as the ribosomal and transfer RNA genes involved in their translation." [PMID:23632312] is_a: PW:0000100 ! transcription pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001959 ! mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T09:44:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001334 name: non-coding RNA pathway def: "Non-coding RNA are functional RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. In addition to ribosomal and transfer RNA involved in protein translation many other small and long RNA are transcribed with important roles in the regulation of gene expression." [Cell March 2013:http\://www.cell.com/issue?pii=S0092-8674%2813%29X0007-8] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T10:07:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001335 name: long non-coding RNA pathway def: "Long non-coding RNA, of which there are several types, perform important regulatory roles whose function and mechanism are under investigation." [PMID:23463798] is_a: PW:0001334 ! non-coding RNA pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T10:15:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001336 name: CDP-choline pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis def: "CDP-choline is one of the three distinct pathways of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. A second has been better studied in yeast while the third has only been identified in certain bacteria." [PMID:15749057] synonym: "Kennedy pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000878 ! phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T11:26:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001337 name: chromatin modification/remodeling pathway def: "Chromatin modification/remodeling plays a major role in the epigenetic control of gene expression. The dynamics of chromatin structure impacts on DNA replication, transcription and repair pathways. It includes the covalent modification of histones and DNA and the actions carried out by the ATP-dependent remodelers." [PMID:21655945, PMID:22203491, PMID:23085398, PMID:23524488] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis relationship: part_of PW:0000099 ! DNA repair pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000100 ! transcription pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001360 ! DNA damage response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T13:05:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001338 name: histone modification pathway def: "The tails of histone proteins are subject to a wide array of modifications of which methylation and acetylation have been more thoroughly documented. The modified residues are recognized by particular proteins or readers, in turn acting upon their targets. The modifications are rendered reversible by the enzymes that carry out the reaction in the opposite direction, also referred to as erasers." [PMID:21655945, PMID:22203491, PMID:23085398] is_a: PW:0001403 ! chromatin modification pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001693 ! S-adenosylmethionine homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T14:06:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001339 name: chromatin remodeling pathway def: "Chromatin remodelers are large complexes that use the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to promote nucleosome sliding, ejection or repositioning, histone exchange. Currently, there are four different families of chromatin remodeling complexes." [PMID:19355820, PMID:21655945, PMID:22203491, PMID:23085398, PMID:23524488] is_a: PW:0001337 ! chromatin modification/remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T14:14:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001340 name: DNA modification pathway def: "DNA modification is a component of chromatin modification pathway. At least four DNA modification types are known. The modifications are recognized by specific readers and removed by eraser enzymes." [PMID:22894577] is_a: PW:0001403 ! chromatin modification pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001693 ! S-adenosylmethionine homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T14:57:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001341 name: altered chromatin remodeling/modification pathway def: "A chromatin remodeling/modification pathway that deviate from what its normal course should be. Aberrant chromatin remodeling and modification has been associated with various conditions, particularly cancer." [PMID:23127546, PMID:23524488] is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis is_a: PW:0001337 ! chromatin modification/remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-03T15:02:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001342 name: sucrose biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of sucrose. The disaccharide is synthesized by plants and cyanobacteria." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose] is_a: PW:0000151 ! starch and sucrose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T11:18:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001343 name: phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of phosphatidylglycerol. The molecule is a glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant." [PMID:21382416] is_a: PW:0000354 ! glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T11:47:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001344 name: cardiolipin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of cardiolipin. The molecule is derived from phosphatidylglycerol as an immature cardiolipin, further remodeled by phospholipases. Cardiolipin is important for a range of mitochondrial functions." [PMID:22014644] is_a: PW:0001343 ! phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T12:16:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001345 name: cardiolipin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of cardiolipin, a molecule important for mitochondrial function." [PMID:22014644] is_a: PW:0001344 ! cardiolipin metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T12:31:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001346 name: cholesterol transport pathway def: "The pathways involved in the absorption and efflux of cholesterol." [PMID:17495606, PMID:20809793] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T12:45:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001347 name: altered cholesterol transport pathway is_a: PW:0000545 ! altered transport pathway is_a: PW:0001346 ! cholesterol transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T12:49:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001348 name: ion transport pathway is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T12:59:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001349 name: non-metal ion transport pathway def: "The transport pathways of elements in group 1, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the periodic table." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal] is_a: PW:0001348 ! ion transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T13:21:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001350 name: chloride ion transport pathway def: "The transport pathway of chloride ion as carried out by chloride channels and transporters in cell and organelles." [PMID:20100480] is_a: PW:0001349 ! non-metal ion transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T13:30:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001351 name: altered non-metal ion transport pathway is_a: PW:0001353 ! altered ion transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T13:37:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001352 name: altered metal ion transport pathway is_a: PW:0001353 ! altered ion transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T13:37:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001353 name: altered ion transport pathway is_a: PW:0000545 ! altered transport pathway is_a: PW:0001348 ! ion transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T13:38:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001354 name: altered chloride ion transport pathway def: "A chloride ion transport pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Aberrant chloride ion transport have been implicated in diseases. For instance, mutations in the ABC type transporter that functions as both a chloride channel and as a regulator of other transport pathways, have been implicated in two genetic disorders of which one is cystic fibrosis." [PMID:20100480] is_a: PW:0001350 ! chloride ion transport pathway is_a: PW:0001351 ! altered non-metal ion transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-04T13:39:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001355 name: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway def: "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling is initiated in response to binding several compounds within classes of lipids such as the eicosanoid, leukotriene, prostagladin, among others. The receptors form heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor, bind to specific DNA elements and regulate the expression of target genes. Deregulation of the pathway has been implicated in several conditions." [PMID:17132851, PMID:17317294] synonym: "PPAR signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-05T08:45:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001356 name: altered peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway def: "Deregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling can affect innate immunity and play a role in metabolic diseases." [PMID:22704720] synonym: "altered PPAR signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling is_a: PW:0001355 ! peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-05T09:29:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001357 name: coenzyme A metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of coenzyme A, an important for fatty acids, pyruvate and citric acid metabolic pathways." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A] is_a: PW:0000167 ! pantothenic acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-06T10:13:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001358 name: coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of coenzyme A. The five step reaction pathway requires pantothenate (vitamin B5) and cysteine as precursors." [PMID:11923312] is_a: PW:0001357 ! coenzyme A metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-06T10:18:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001359 name: altered nucleotide excision repair pathway def: "A nucleotide excision repair pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Defects in this repair pathway have been associated with cancer and premature aging." [PMID:22824526] synonym: "altered NER pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000130 ! nucleotide excision repair pathway is_a: PW:0000666 ! altered single-strand DNA repair pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-10T09:38:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001360 name: DNA damage response pathway def: "The response mechanism/pathways that assure the maintenance of genomic integrity. This involves detection of DNA damage, signaling and amplification of the signal leading to activation of effectors and resulting in repair of damage, cell cycle arrest or, if necessary, cell death. Such response mechanism/pathways may operate collectively with some of their components being shared." [PMID:19847258] synonym: "DDR pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T11:03:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001361 name: ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) signaling pathway def: "The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) serine/threonine kinase mediated signaling plays a major role in the response to DNA double strand breaks (DSB). Following lesion sensing by the MRN complex, ATM gets activated. Active ATM phosphorylates itself and targets resulting in triggering of DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint and signaling pathways. While ATM signaling is best documented for its role in DSB responses, evidence accumulates that it functions in a range of other, DNA damage unrelated, responses." [PMID:23486281, PMID:23532176] synonym: "ATM signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001360 ! DNA damage response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T11:25:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001362 name: ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling pathway def: "The ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) serine/threonine kinase mediated signaling responds to several kinds of DNA damage, of which single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) exerts a key role. ssDNAs are induced by stressed replication forks. ATR acting on its substrates prevents the cell from erroneous mitotic entry, plays a key role in interstrand cross link (ICL) repair pathway and also exerts important regulatory roles in homologous recombination pathway of double-strand break repair." [PMID:20947357, PMID:21615334, PMID:22417748] synonym: "ATR signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001360 ! DNA damage response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T11:25:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001363 name: lactose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involving lactose, a disaccharide found in milk." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T13:14:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001364 name: lactose degradation pathway def: "The breaking down of lactose to its constituent sugars." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose] synonym: "SMP:00457" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001363 ! lactose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T13:17:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001365 name: toxic secondary metabolite metabolic pathway def: "Toxic secondary metabolites, also known as mycotoxins, are natural toxins produced by organisms that belong to the fungi kingdom. They can contaminate crops and if ingested, they can cause sickness or death." [PMID:18258326] synonym: "mycotoxin metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T13:37:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001366 name: aflatoxin metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, transport and/or degradation of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are potent toxic secondary metabolites that contaminate grain and nut crops. Of the four types, aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic one." [PMID:19010433] is_a: PW:0001365 ! toxic secondary metabolite metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T13:46:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001367 name: fumonisin metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001365 ! toxic secondary metabolite metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T14:09:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001368 name: trichothecene metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001365 ! toxic secondary metabolite metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-11T14:09:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001369 name: shikimate metabolic pathway def: "The shikimate pathway is the metabolic route for the production of aromatic amino acids in plants. Seven reactions catalyzed by six enzymes result in the production of chorismate, the major branch point metabolite. Chorismate is the precursor for the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine." [PMID:20817774] is_a: PW:0001074 ! hydrophobic amino acid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T09:13:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001370 name: chorismate metabolic pathway def: "Chorismate, the major branch point metabolite of shikimate pathway is the precursor for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine in plants." [PMID:20817774] is_a: PW:0001369 ! shikimate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T09:31:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001371 name: basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway def: "Basic helix-loop-helix proteins represent a large superfamily of transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in growth and development as well as environmental responses. Phylogenetically, they are classified into six clades of which the sixth, also referred to as clade F only contains plant genes." [PMID:20219281] is_a: PW:0000716 ! transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001313 ! transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T11:06:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001372 name: Inhibitor of DNA binding signaling pathway def: "The inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) family belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix superfamily of transcription factor that regulate cell growth and differentiation. They lack the DNA binding domain and exert their gene expression regulatory function through the interaction with other transcription factors. They also appear to play a role in malignant biology; in neural cancers, deregulated activity has been associated with tumor progression." [PMID:15013218, PMID:15530557] synonym: "ID signaling pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001371 ! basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T11:37:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001373 name: altered inhibitor of DNA binding signaling pathway def: "An inhibitor of DNA signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. In neural cancers, deregulated activity of the pathway has been associated with tumor progression." [PMID:15013218] is_a: PW:0001372 ! Inhibitor of DNA binding signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001374 ! altered basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T12:12:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001374 name: altered basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway def: "A basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway that deviates from its normal course should be." [] is_a: PW:0000719 ! altered transcription factor mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001314 ! altered transcription pathway via transcription factor mediated signaling is_a: PW:0001371 ! basic helix-loop-helix signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T12:21:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001375 name: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, the salvage pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from precursors such as nicotinamide, nicotinic acid or nicotinamide riboside, collectively known as vitamin B3 or niacin." [PMID:18020963, PMID:20007326, PMID:26785480] synonym: "NAD biosynthesis, the salvage pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000219 ! nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T12:47:03Z [Term] id: PW:0001376 name: formaldehyde assimilation pathway def: "Methane oxidation by metanotrophs produces formaldehyde which is assimilated to form metabolite subsequently used for the biosynthesis of multi-carbon compounds. Two pathways of formaldehyde assimilation are known. Both pathways are cyclic." [BioCyc:http\://www.biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-1861] is_a: PW:0000068 ! methane metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T12:54:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001377 name: serine pathway of formaldehyde assimilation def: "The serine pathway is one of two pathways of formaldehyde assimilation resulting in a three-carbon intermediate." [BioCyc:http\://www.biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-1861] is_a: PW:0001376 ! formaldehyde assimilation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T13:00:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001378 name: RuMP pathway of formaldehyde assimilation def: "The RuMP pathway, or RuMP cycle, is one of two pathways of formaldehyde assimilation resulting in a three-carbon intermediate." [BioCyc:http\://www.biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-1861] synonym: "RuMP cycle of formaldehyde assimilation" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001376 ! formaldehyde assimilation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T13:25:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001379 name: octane oxidation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the oxidation of octane and found in some bacteria. The final product can be utilized as a source of carbon and energy." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=P221-PWY] is_a: PW:0000033 ! energy metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T13:32:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001380 name: glutamate degradation pathway I def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the deamination pathway of glutamate degradation that is found in microorganisms and plants. It results in ammonia and the 2-oxoglutarate compound which is fed into the citric acid cycle." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=GLUTAMATE-DEG1-PWY] is_a: PW:0001263 ! glutamic acid/glutamate degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T14:06:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001381 name: glutamate degradation pathway II def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the glutamate degradation pathway II found in certain bacteria." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=GLUTDEG-PWY] is_a: PW:0001263 ! glutamic acid/glutamate degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T14:10:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001382 name: glutamate degradation pathway III def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in glutamate degradation pathway III which proceeds via 4-aminobutanoate (GABA) and is found in humans and other mammals." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=GLUTDEG-PWY] synonym: "GABA shunt pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001263 ! glutamic acid/glutamate degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T14:23:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001383 name: glutamate degradation pathway IV def: "Those metabolic reaction involved in glutamate degradation pathway IV. It proceeds via 4-aminobutanoate (GABA), like degradation pathway III, but is found in plants." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-4321] is_a: PW:0001263 ! glutamic acid/glutamate degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T14:27:40Z [Term] id: PW:0001384 name: glutamate degradation pathway V def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in glutamate degradation pathway V, a fermentation pathway of glutamate degradation. Glutamate degradation pathway V proceeds via hydroxyglutarate and is one of the major pathways of glutamate fermentation." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=P162-PWY] is_a: PW:0001385 ! glutamate fermentation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T14:35:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001385 name: glutamate fermentation pathway def: "Certain anaerobic bacteria are capable of fermenting amino acids. While at least one fermentation pathway is known for every amino acid, several have been reported for glutamate." [PMID:11759672] is_a: PW:0001263 ! glutamic acid/glutamate degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T15:15:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001386 name: glutamate degradation pathway VII def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in glutamate degradation pathway VII, a fermentation pathway of glutamate degradation. It is a methylaspartate pathway and a major route of glutamate fermentation, together with degradation pathway VI and VIII." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=GLUDEG-II-PWY] is_a: PW:0001385 ! glutamate fermentation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T15:24:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001387 name: glutamate degradation pathway VI def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in glutamate degradation pathway VI, a fermentation pathway of glutamate degradation. It is a methylaspartate pathway and a major route of glutamate fermentation, together with degradation pathway VII and VIII." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-5087] is_a: PW:0001385 ! glutamate fermentation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T15:24:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001388 name: glutamate degradation pathway VIII def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in glutamate degradation pathway VIII, a fermentation pathway of glutamate degradation. It is a methylaspartate pathway and a major route of glutamate fermentation, together with degradation pathway VI and VII." [BioCyc:http\://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-5088] is_a: PW:0001385 ! glutamate fermentation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T15:49:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001389 name: glutamate degradation pathway IX is_a: PW:0001263 ! glutamic acid/glutamate degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-19T15:55:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001390 name: starch biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of starch, a carbohydrate produced by all green plants as an energy store." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch] is_a: PW:0000151 ! starch and sucrose metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001391 ! starch and cellulose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T09:20:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001391 name: starch and cellulose metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of starch and cellulose, two similar polymers produced and used by green plants. Both are made from glucose repeat units that differ in their orientation." [Online:http\://pslc.ws/macrog/starlose.htm] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T09:24:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001392 name: cellulose biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of cellulose, an important structural components of cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and some fungus-like microorganisms." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose] is_a: PW:0001391 ! starch and cellulose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T09:32:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001393 name: starch and cellulose biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of starch and cellulose, two related polymers." [] is_a: PW:0001391 ! starch and cellulose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T09:32:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001394 name: terpene and terpenoid biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of terpene and terpenoid, large classes of related organic compounds. Modified terpenes, via oxidation or re-arrangement of the carbon skeleton, the resulting compounds are generally referred to as terpenoids." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene] is_a: PW:0001397 ! terpene and terpenoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:12:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001395 name: terpene biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of terpene, a large class or organic compounds produced by a variety of plants and some insects." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene] is_a: PW:0001394 ! terpene and terpenoid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:16:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001396 name: monoterpene biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of monoterpene, a class of terpene composed of two isoprene units." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene] is_a: PW:0001395 ! terpene biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:18:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001397 name: terpene and terpenoid metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of terpene and terpenoid, large classes of related organic compounds." [] is_a: PW:0000147 ! metabolic pathway of secondary metabolites created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:21:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001398 name: terpene and terpenoid degradation pathway is_a: PW:0001397 ! terpene and terpenoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:23:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001399 name: terpene degradation pathway is_a: PW:0001398 ! terpene and terpenoid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:24:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001400 name: terpenoid degradation pathway is_a: PW:0001398 ! terpene and terpenoid degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:24:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001401 name: diterpene biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of diterpene, a class of terpene composed of four isoprene units." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene] is_a: PW:0001395 ! terpene biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:27:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001402 name: momilactone biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of momilactone - a diterpene produced by rice. Momilactone A and B can act as potent phytoalexins and allelochemicals" [PMID:21620514, Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momilactone_B] is_a: PW:0001401 ! diterpene biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-20T14:31:15Z [Term] id: PW:0001403 name: chromatin modification pathway def: "The pathway of chromatin - DNA and constituent histones, modification mediated by writers and recognized by readers which in turn, act upon their effectors. The modifications are removed by erasers. Mutations in the writer, reader or eraser categories are known to be implicated in cancer." [PMID:22770212, PMID:22894577] is_a: PW:0001337 ! chromatin modification/remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T10:34:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001404 name: altered chromatin modification pathway def: "A chromatin modification pathway that deviate from what its normal course should be. Mutations in the writer, reader or eraser categories of chromatin modification have been implicated in cancer." [PMID:22894577] is_a: PW:0001341 ! altered chromatin remodeling/modification pathway is_a: PW:0001403 ! chromatin modification pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T10:51:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001405 name: altered chromatin remodeling pathway def: "A chromatin remodeling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in members of the various chromatin remodeling families have been implicated in cancer." [PMID:22894577] is_a: PW:0001339 ! chromatin remodeling pathway is_a: PW:0001341 ! altered chromatin remodeling/modification pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T10:58:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001406 name: SWI/SNF family mediated chromatin remodeling pathway def: "The SWI/SNF (switching defective/sucrose nonfermenting) family of remodelers has initially been purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In mammals, two complexes are comprised of one of two mutually exclusive catalytic ATPase subunits along with a set of conserved core subunits and variant subunits. The SWI/SNF is involved in nucleosome sliding and ejection. Deregulation of pathway is associated with several human cancers." [PMID:19355820, PMID:21654818, PMID:23355908] is_a: PW:0001339 ! chromatin remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T13:27:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001407 name: ISWI family mediated chromatin remodeling pathway def: "The ISWI (imitation switch) family of remodelers has initially been purified from Drosophila melanogaster. Eukaryotes assemble several ISWI complexes using one or two different catalytic subunits. Many complexes function to promote chromatin assembly and repression of transcription. Overall, the pathway is important for DNA replication and repair along with the regulation of transcription." [PMID:19355820] is_a: PW:0001339 ! chromatin remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T13:37:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001408 name: INO80 family mediated chromatin remodeling pathway def: "The INO80 (inositol requiring 80) family of remodelers has been initially purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It promotes transcriptional activation and DNA repair." [PMID:19355820] is_a: PW:0001339 ! chromatin remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T13:45:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001409 name: CHD family mediated chromatin remodeling pathway def: "The CHD (chromodomain, helicase, DNA binding) family of remodelers has initially been purified from Xenopus laevis. Some CHD remodelers are involved in sliding and ejection of nucleosome to promote transcription while others may have repressive roles." [] is_a: PW:0001339 ! chromatin remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T13:49:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001410 name: altered DNA modification pathway def: "A DNA modification pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in the writer, reader or eraser categories of DNA modification have been implicated in several developmental abnormalities and human malignancies." [PMID:22770212] is_a: PW:0001340 ! DNA modification pathway is_a: PW:0001404 ! altered chromatin modification pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T14:06:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001411 name: altered histone modification pathway def: "A histone modification pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mutations in the writer, reader or eraser categories of several types of histone modification have been implicated in various forms of cancer." [PMID:22770212] is_a: PW:0001338 ! histone modification pathway is_a: PW:0001404 ! altered chromatin modification pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-06-25T14:09:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001412 name: nervous system disease pathway def: "Any disease that affects the central or peripheral nervous system. It includes disorders of the brain, neurological, neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular disorders, syndromes, dystrophies, diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system, and others. However, mental or neuropsychiatric disorders are not included." [MeSH:D009422] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T09:53:15Z [Term] id: PW:0001413 name: liver disease pathway def: "The congenital and acquired diseases affecting the liver." [MeSH:D008107] is_a: PW:0001697 ! digestive system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T10:08:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001414 name: brain disease pathway def: "The congenital and acquired diseases affecting the brain, including but not limited to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus, brain stem, cerebellum." [MeSH:MeSH descriptor] is_a: PW:0001412 ! nervous system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T10:10:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001415 name: Zellweger syndrome pathway def: "A cerebro-hepato-renal phenotype caused by mutations in genes involved in the peroxisome biogenesis pathway." [PMID:22871920, PMID:24607700] synonym: "cerebrohepatorenal syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "congenital iron overload pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "peroxisome biogenesis disorder pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00316" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000300 ! kidney disease pathway is_a: PW:0001413 ! liver disease pathway is_a: PW:0001414 ! brain disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T10:12:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001416 name: Leigh disease pathway def: "A neurometabolic disorder affecting the central nervous system, caused by defects in mitochondrial and/or nuclear genes involved in energy metabolic pathways." [PMID:22273117, PMID:23772060] synonym: "Infantile necrotizing encephalomyelopathy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "juvenile subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Leigh syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00196" RELATED [] synonym: "subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001751 ! inborn error of pyruvate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T10:17:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001417 name: Canavan disease pathway def: "A rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by degeneration of the nervous system due to white matter vacuolization and demeylination. It results from defects in ASPA, aspartoacylase gene involved in several amino acid metabolic pathways." [PMID:16647192] synonym: "Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00175" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000014 ! neurodegenerative pathway is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T10:30:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001418 name: abciximab drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abciximab, an integrin receptor antagonist used as a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:23580774, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abciximab] is_a: PW:0002150 ! antiplatelet drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T11:09:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001419 name: abciximab pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of abciximab, a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:23580774, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abciximab] is_a: PW:0001418 ! abciximab drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T11:13:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001420 name: abciximab pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of abciximab-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Abciximab is an antagonist of the integrin alpha2b/beta3 complex found on platelets. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:23580774, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abciximab] synonym: "SMP:00265" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001418 ! abciximab drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T11:15:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001421 name: kanamycin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamycin] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T11:51:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001422 name: kanamycin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of kanamycin - an antibiotic that interferes with bacterial protein synthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamycin] is_a: PW:0001421 ! kanamycin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:02:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001423 name: kanamycin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of kanamycin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Kanamycin interferes with bacterial protein synthesis and is used in the treatment of several infections caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanamycin] synonym: "SMP:00255" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001421 ! kanamycin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:04:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001424 name: neviparine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of neviparine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV type 1. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/search/pathwaysByCategory.action#pathwayCategories\:981478748] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:10:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001425 name: neviparine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of neviparine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165950411] synonym: "SMP:00642" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001424 ! neviparine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:30:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001426 name: neviparine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of neviaparine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Neviparine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV type. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PgarmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165950411] synonym: "SMP:00743" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001424 ! neviparine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:31:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001427 name: amikacin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amikacin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It is used for the treatment of infections induced by Gram-negative bacteria. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [ATC/DDD Index:http\://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J01GB06, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikacin] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:53:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001428 name: amikacin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of amikacin, an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections induced by Gram-negative bacteria. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [] is_a: PW:0001427 ! amikacin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:55:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001429 name: amikacin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of amikacin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Amikacin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is used for the treatment of infections induced by Gram-negative bacteria. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [] synonym: "SMP:00253" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001427 ! amikacin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T12:57:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001430 name: lamivudine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lamivudine, a reverse transcriptase enzyme inhibitor used for the treatment of HIV type 1 and 2 and Hepatitis B virus. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [ATC/DDD Index:http\://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J05AF05, PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165860384] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T13:09:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001431 name: lamivudine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of lamivudine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor used for the treatment of several virally induced diseases. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165860384] synonym: "SMP:00649" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001430 ! lamivudine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T13:12:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001432 name: lamivudine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of lamivudine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Lamivudine is a a reverse transcriptase enzyme inhibitor used for the treatment of HIV typ1 and 2 and Hepatitis B. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PharmGKB:http\://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165860384] synonym: "SMP:00742" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001430 ! lamivudine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T13:17:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001433 name: gentamicin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gentamicin, an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. The drug can cause inner ear and kidney problems. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicin] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-01T13:22:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001434 name: toxin and toxicant response pathway def: "The responses triggered by exposure to a toxin or a toxicant, a poisonous substance naturally produced by an organism or made by humans, respectively. A toxicant can be a poison, such as a pesticide. It can also be a compound for use in certain applications or a drug, the exposure to which may be toxic. Inflammatory responses, various types of cell death, changes in gene and protein expression can be induced upon exposure." [Wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin] is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-10T09:32:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001435 name: nanomaterial response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to a nanomaterial. Nanomaterials, such as fullerenes and inorganic nanoparticles are increasingly being used in a broad range of applications. However, in a dose-dependent manner, they may exert toxic effects that affect cellular pathways and processes and elicit defense mechanisms." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-10T10:09:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001436 name: carbon nanotube response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to carbon nanotube (CNT), an allotrope of carbon of the fullerene structural family. CNTs have a very broad range of applications but can also exert toxic effects. Pulmonary toxicity possibly via reactive oxygen species, inhibition of potassium channels and DNA repair are some of the potential mechanisms of CNT genotoxicity. Various forms of cell death and inflammatory responses are triggered in response to CNT." [PMID:22720979, PMID:23751779, PMID:23770455] synonym: "CNT response pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001435 ! nanomaterial response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-10T10:33:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001437 name: titanium dioxide nanoparticle response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticle (nano-TiO2). Nano-TiO2 has a broad range of applications but studies indicate that under conditions of long and high dose exposure, it can exert cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Nano-TiO2 has been shown to induce inflammation, oxidative stress and MAP kinase activity." [PMID:23380242] synonym: "nano-TiO2 response pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001435 ! nanomaterial response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-10T13:08:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001438 name: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the uptake, modification and elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of compounds, members of which are potent mutagens and carcinogens. Metabolites of PAHs can form DNA adducts, considered a necessary step of their carcinogenic property." [PMID:15688365, PMID:21845152] synonym: "PAH metabolic pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001229 ! xenobiotic metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-10T13:58:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001439 name: cerium oxide nanoparticle response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to cerium oxide nanoparticles, also known as nanoceria. Like other nanoparticles, nanoceria has a broad range of applications. A peculiar feature is the anti-oxidant property; by catalytically reacting with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, it mimics the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. In addition, beneficial effects on cell differentiation and dopamine production have been shown. However, toxic effects have also been demonstrated." [PMID:19802857, PMID:21369578, PMID:23416263, PMID:23661146] is_a: PW:0001435 ! nanomaterial response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-12T10:55:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001440 name: arthritis pathway def: "Arthritis collectively describes several conditions whose primary feature is represented by joint pain resulting from inflammation." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis] synonym: "arthritis disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway is_a: PW:0001593 ! musculoskeletal disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-12T11:28:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001441 name: gout pathway def: "A metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. Elements of the gout pathway potentially contributory to the disease are urate excretion by renal transporters where mutations in these genes can increase the risk of gout, hepatic production of urate, urate crystal formation in joints and initiation of the inflammatory response." [] synonym: "gout disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001440 ! arthritis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-12T11:32:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001442 name: inflammatory bowel disease pathway def: "The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from the deregulation of the immune system to which both genetic and environmental factors contribute. Alterations in pattern recognition receptor signaling, such as Toll-like or Nod and signaling downstream of them, among others, may contribute to and/or lead to the chronic inflammation characteristic of the condition. The main forms of IBD are Crohn's and ulcerative colitis." [PMID:20001899] synonym: "IBD disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "KEGG:05321" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001018 ! immune system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-07-24T11:11:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001443 name: ezetimibe drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of ezetimibe - a drug used to lower the plasma cholesterol level. Ezetimibe is a selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor used both as monotherapy and in combination with statins. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22910633] synonym: "Zetia drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000920 ! cardiovascular system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-26T09:32:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001444 name: ezetimibe pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of ezetimibe, a selective inhibitor of cholesterol absorption. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:22910633] synonym: "Zetia pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001443 ! ezetimibe drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-26T09:33:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001445 name: ezetimibe pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ezetimibe-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Ezetimibe is a selective inhibitor of cholesterol absorption used both as monotherapy and in combination with statins. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22910633] synonym: "Zetia pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001443 ! ezetimibe drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-26T09:34:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001446 name: lomitapide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of lomitapide, a drug used to lower cholesterol levels. Lomitapide is an inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein used both as monotherapy and in combination with statins. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21846156] is_a: PW:0000920 ! cardiovascular system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-26T09:40:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001447 name: lomitapide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of lomitapide, an inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:21846156] is_a: PW:0001446 ! lomitapide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-26T09:41:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001448 name: lomitapide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of lomitapide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transport protein and used to lower cholesterol levels. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21846156] is_a: PW:0001446 ! lomitapide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-26T09:41:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001449 name: nicotine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of nicotine, an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PubMed:15734728] synonym: "SMP:00628" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000721 ! nicotine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-28T13:57:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001450 name: nicotine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of nicotine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Nicotine is an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and exerts stimulatory roles. It is also responsible for tobacco dependence. Prolonged exposure and high levels of nicotine can have toxic effects. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PubMed:23933385] synonym: "SMP:00431" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000721 ! nicotine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-28T13:58:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001451 name: valproic acid drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of valproic acid, a branched short-chain fatty acid derived from valeric acid used as a mood-stabilizing drug and in the treatment of epilepsy. More recently it has also been found to inhibit the proliferation of cancers. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22668241, PMID:23407051, Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproic_acid] synonym: "valproate drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002295 ! antiepileptic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-28T14:01:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001452 name: valproic acid pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of valproic acid, a drug used as a mood-stabilizing and for the treatment of epilepsy. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:23407051] synonym: "SMP:00635" RELATED [] synonym: "valproate pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001451 ! valproic acid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-28T14:04:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001453 name: valproic acid pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of valproic acid-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Valproic acid is used as a mood-stabilizing drug and in the treatment of epilepsy. More recently it has also been found to inhibit the proliferation of cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:23407051] synonym: "valproate pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001451 ! valproic acid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-28T14:05:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001454 name: Gaucher's disease pathway def: "Gaucher's disease is caused by defective sphingolipid metabolism and accumulation of glucosylceramide in the brain and other tissues." [PMID:23563668, PMID:25345088] synonym: "acid beta-glucosidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Gaucher disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "glocucerebrosidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "glucosylceramide beta-glucosidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "kerasin thesaurismosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "lipoid histiocytosis (kerasin type) pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00349" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002301 ! sphingolipidosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-28T14:20:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001455 name: doxorubicin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of doxorubicin, a streptomyces metabolite used as a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancers. However, its use is limited by the serious cardiotoxic side effects. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21048526] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-08-29T15:06:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001456 name: nystatin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of nystatin - a polyene antifungal drug used to treat yeast infections. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystatin] is_a: PW:0001202 ! genito-urinary system and sex hormones drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-05T17:25:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001457 name: nystatin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination -of nystatin. Nystatin is an antifungal that binds to ergosterol - a component of the fungal cell membrane, and also with cholesterol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:16890501, PMID:21482707] is_a: PW:0001456 ! nystatin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-05T17:29:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001458 name: nystatin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of nystatin-target interactions and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Nystatin interacts with both the fungal ergosterol and the host cholesterol but its afinity for ergosterol is higher. The interaction with cholesterol impacts on the uptake and activity of the anti-angiogenic endostatin." [PMID:10991881, PMID:21482707] is_a: PW:0001456 ! nystatin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-05T17:29:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001459 name: amphotericin B drug pathway is_a: PW:0001202 ! genito-urinary system and sex hormones drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-05T17:30:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001460 name: amphotericin B pharmacokinetics pathway is_a: PW:0001459 ! amphotericin B drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-05T17:31:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001461 name: amphotericin B pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0001459 ! amphotericin B drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-05T17:31:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001462 name: losartan drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Losartan is one of several angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonists and the first used on the market. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21417956, PMID:23487168] is_a: PW:0001789 ! renin-angiotensin system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-20T15:43:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001463 name: losartan pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of losartan. The drug is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:21417956] is_a: PW:0001462 ! losartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-20T15:47:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001464 name: losartan pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of losartan-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:23487168] synonym: "SMP:00162" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001462 ! losartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-09-20T15:48:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001465 name: clopidogrel drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of clopidogrel, a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:15199474] is_a: PW:0002150 ! antiplatelet drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-25T12:06:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001466 name: clopidogrel pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of clopidogrel. The drug is an inhibitor of ADP-dependent platelet activation and aggregation. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:15199474] synonym: "SMP:00610" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001465 ! clopidogrel drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-25T12:07:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001467 name: clopidogrel pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of clopidogrel-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an inhibitor of purinergic receptor P2RY12 a G-protein coupled receptor and chemoreceptor for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:15199474] synonym: "SMP:00260" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001465 ! clopidogrel drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-25T12:08:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001468 name: ibuprofen drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and is used in the treatment of inflammation and pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:9013378] is_a: PW:0000920 ! cardiovascular system drug pathway is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway is_a: PW:0001202 ! genito-urinary system and sex hormones drug pathway is_a: PW:0001546 ! analgesic and/or antipyretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-25T12:10:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001469 name: ibuprofen pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of ibuprofen. The drug is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:23218936] synonym: "SMP:00590" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001468 ! ibuprofen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-25T12:11:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001470 name: ibuprofen pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ibuprofen-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Ibuprofen is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes used in the treatment of pain and inflammation. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:19563267] synonym: "SMP:00086" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001468 ! ibuprofen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-25T12:12:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001471 name: Fabry disease pathway, cerebrovascular def: "An X-linked inherited metabolic disorder affecting the cerebrovascular system. It is caused by alterations in sphingolipid metabolic pathway." [MeSH:C567062] is_a: PW:0000344 ! cerebrovascular disease pathway is_a: PW:0002103 ! Fabry disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-25T12:14:03Z [Term] id: PW:0001472 name: metabolic disease pathway def: "Those diseases and disorders that are caused by deregulation of a metabolic pathway. It can be due to an inherited defect in an enzyme function and thus congenital, or acquired, when resulting from the failure or malfunctioning of an important metabolic organ." [MeSH:D008659] is_a: PW:0001583 ! nutritional and metabolic disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T09:47:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001473 name: lipid metabolism disease pathway def: "Those diseases and disorders that are caused by deregulation of lipid metabolic pathways. The condition(s) can be inherited or acquired." [MeSH:D052439] is_a: PW:0001472 ! metabolic disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T09:58:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001474 name: xanthomatosis pathway def: "Xanthomatosis results from deregulation of cholesterol metabolic pathways and is manifested by the formation of yellow, cholesterol-rich deposits. It is a rare, inherited condition and can affect several tissues." [MeSH:D014973] synonym: "xanthelasmatosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "xanthomatosis disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001473 ! lipid metabolism disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T10:04:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001475 name: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis pathway def: "The cerebrotendinous type of xanthomatosis is caused by mutation in the CYP27A1 gene - a sterol hydrolase involved in the oxidation of side chain sterol intermediates. It affects many tissues, predominantly the brain and lungs." [MeSH:D019294] synonym: "cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "CTX disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00315" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001474 ! xanthomatosis pathway is_a: PW:0001643 ! inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T10:12:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001476 name: congenital disease pathway def: "Those diseases present at birth and also before birth, or those that develop during the first month of life. Alteration(s) in one or several pathways can contribute to the development of the condition usually manifested in structural deformities." [MeSH:Medical Subject Headings] synonym: "congenital disorder pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T10:45:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001477 name: inborn genetic disease pathway def: "Those diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during fetal development and that may be inherited from a parent or acquired in utero. The mutations can disrupt one or several pathways that give rise to a broad spectrum of conditions affecting many types of organs and/or tissues." [MeSH:D030342] is_a: PW:0001476 ! congenital disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T10:54:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001478 name: congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway def: "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway represents a group of inherited disorders of the adrenal glands that results from defects in several enzymes involved in steroid hormone metabolic pathways." [MeSH:D000312] synonym: "congenital adrenal hyperplasia disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001477 ! inborn genetic disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T10:59:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001479 name: lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway def: "Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the most severe disorder of steroid hormone biosynthesis, is caused by a defect in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first step in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. All affected individuals are phenotypic females with a severe salt-losing syndrome that is fatal if not treated in early infancy." [OMIM:https\://www.omim.org/entry/201710] synonym: "adrenal hyperplasia 1 pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "CLAH pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "LCAH disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "lipoid CAH pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00371" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001478 ! congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-10-31T11:04:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001480 name: kinin signaling pathway def: "The active kinin peptides generated by the kallikrein-kinin cascade - bradykinin, kallidin and their C-terminal processed metabolites, signal via two G-protein coupled (GPCR) receptors. The two receptors employ similar signaling pathways but also exhibit distinct patterns. Type 1 receptor is inducible, type 2 is ubiquitous and can form heterodimers with angiotensin II receptors." [PubMed:16177542] relationship: part_of PW:0000526 ! kallikrein-kinin cascade pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-11-05T15:22:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001481 name: peripheral dopamine signaling pathway def: "The peripheral dopaminergic system is distinct from the neuronal one. In the kidney, dopamine signaling plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and accounts for ~50% of total water and sodium excretion. Both type1-like and 2-like receptors are expressed in the mammalian kidney. They couple to distinct G protein alpha subunits to elicit renal dopamine responses. Type 1-like may be responsible for many of dopamine effects." [PMID:22407378, PMID:23733636] is_a: PW:0000798 ! catecholamine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-11-08T09:04:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001482 name: altered peripheral dopamine signaling pathway def: "A peripheral dopamine signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered peripheral dopamine signaling has been associated with elevated blood pressure in rodent models and with essential hypertension in certain populations." [PMID:22407378] is_a: PW:0001481 ! peripheral dopamine signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001483 ! altered catecholamine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-11-08T09:19:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001483 name: altered catecholamine signaling pathway def: "A catecholamine signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [] is_a: PW:0000798 ! catecholamine signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001484 ! altered amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-11-08T11:04:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001484 name: altered amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway def: "An amino and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [] is_a: PW:0000466 ! amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000509 ! altered hormone signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-11-08T11:12:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001485 name: losartan-gene, gene-chemical, gene-gene interaction pathway def: "The expanded network of losartan-interacting genes." [] is_a: PW:0001462 ! losartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-11-22T14:43:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001486 name: carbon tetrachloride response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to carbon tetrachloride, an organic compound used in several application. It is one oft he most potent hepatotoxins and has been banned in consumer products. In vivo studies using animal models show that exposure to carbon tetrachloride triggers the activity of several enzymes and the production of antioxidant molecules in a dose-dependent manner." [PMID:10802213, PMID:15721980] synonym: "CCl4 response pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-12-03T10:45:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001487 name: ozone response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to ozone, a powerful oxidant with numerous industrial and consumer applications. However, it can induce tissue damage in animal and plants. Exposure to ozone induces the generation of free radicals, depletion of antioxidants and secretion of proinflammatory factors." [PMID:21824516] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-12-03T11:17:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001488 name: metformin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of metformin, an antihyperglycemic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin has also been shown to have a tumor suppressor function. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22117616, PMID:22722338] is_a: PW:0000723 ! anti-diabetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-12-17T09:44:50Z [Term] id: PW:0001489 name: metformin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of metformin, an anti-diabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin is widely distributed in various tissues. Meformin is excreted unchanged and several transporters are involved in its tissue uptake and elimination. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:22117616, PMID:22722338] is_a: PW:0001488 ! metformin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-12-17T09:49:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001490 name: metformin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of metformin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Metformin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the activation of AMPK signaling via molecular mechanisms that are not well understood. Mitochondria is the primary target of metformin which specifically inhibits complex I of the respiratory chain. The resulting change in AMP:ATP ratio can contribute to AMPK activation. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22117616, PMID:22722338] is_a: PW:0001488 ! metformin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2013-12-17T09:49:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001491 name: metformin-gene, gene-chemical, gene-gene interaction pathway def: "The expanded network of metformin-interacting genes." [] is_a: PW:0001488 ! metformin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-07T14:13:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001492 name: altered photosignal transduction pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001008 ! photosignal transduction pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-29T16:17:27Z [Term] id: PW:0001493 name: altered vitamin and vitamin metabolites signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001012 ! vitamin and vitamin metabolites signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-29T16:18:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001494 name: altered vitamin A and metabolites signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001116 ! vitamin A and metabolites signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001493 ! altered vitamin and vitamin metabolites signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-29T16:19:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001495 name: altered visual phototransduction pathway def: "Alterations in the visual phototransduction signaling have been linked to a number conditions such as retinits pigmentosa (RP), Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), macular degeneration and others. More than 200 point mutations in rhodopsin account for ~25% of the autosomal dominant type of RP." [PMID:20212494, PMID:23684651] is_a: PW:0000962 ! visual phototransduction pathway is_a: PW:0001492 ! altered photosignal transduction pathway is_a: PW:0001494 ! altered vitamin A and metabolites signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-29T16:20:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001496 name: sensory system disease pathway is_a: PW:0001412 ! nervous system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-30T14:22:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001497 name: retinitis pigmentosa pathway def: "Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a common form of photoreceptor degeneration with a varied pattern of inheritance that includes autosomal dominant and recessive and X-linked forms. Mutations in components of the visual phototransduction and visual cycle (retinoid) metabolic pathways have been associated with RP manifestations. Other genes and potential miRNAs also play a role. A fraction of RP patients also have Usher syndrome which in addition to vision loss, also involves hearing loss." [PMID:20212494, PMID:23684651] synonym: "pericentral pigmentary retinopathy pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001496 ! sensory system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-30T14:22:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001498 name: altered retinoid cycle metabolic pathway def: "Alteration in the retinoic cycle, or the visual cycle have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa and a few other forms of photoreceptor degeneration." [PMID:20212494, PMID:23684651] synonym: "altered visual cycle metabolic pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001005 ! retinoid cycle metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001499 ! altered retinoid metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-30T14:32:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001499 name: altered retinoid metabolic pathway def: "A retinoid metabolic pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [] is_a: PW:0000429 ! altered metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients is_a: PW:0001003 ! retinoid metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001501 ! altered vitamin A homeostasis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-30T14:38:48Z [Term] id: PW:0001500 name: altered vitamin homeostasis is_a: PW:0000358 ! altered homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001006 ! vitamin homeostasis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-31T12:49:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001501 name: altered vitamin A homeostasis is_a: PW:0001007 ! vitamin A homeostasis is_a: PW:0001500 ! altered vitamin homeostasis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-01-31T12:49:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001502 name: mechanotransduction pathway def: "The mechanostransduction pathway involves the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal whose processing underlies proprioception, hearing, balance and touch. Auditory and cytoskeleton mechanotransduction are examples." [PMID:11842240, PMID:21304548] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-02-12T15:58:53Z [Term] id: PW:0001503 name: auditory mechanotransduction pathway def: "The auditory mechanotransduction pathway converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signaling that are processed by the brain and account for the perception of sound, gravity and movement. The inner ear contains the cochlea and the vestibule responsible for sound and movement mechanotransduction, respectively. The auditory mechanotransduction primarily depicts the sound generated responses by the hair cells in the organ of Corti." [PMID:19804752] is_a: PW:0001502 ! mechanotransduction pathway is_a: PW:0001536 ! sensory system signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-02-12T16:05:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001504 name: altered auditory mechanotransduction pathway def: "Alterations in the auditory mechanotransduction pathway is associated with hearing impairment and deafness." [PMID:20955936] is_a: PW:0001503 ! auditory mechanotransduction pathway is_a: PW:0001505 ! altered mechanotransduction pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-02-12T16:15:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001505 name: altered mechanotransduction pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001502 ! mechanotransduction pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-02-12T16:20:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001506 name: Usher syndrome pathway def: "The Usher syndrome is characterized by both vision and hearing loss. One sixth of patients with retinitis pigmentosa also have Usher syndrome. Clinically, there are three types of Usher syndromes that vary in terms of severity and onset. The genes involved are located in inner ear hair cells and the connecting cilium of photoreceptor cells. Their associations with auditory mechanotransduction are better known but their roles in visual phototransduction and altered pathways are still to be delineated." [PMID:22311968, PMID:23701314] is_a: PW:0001496 ! sensory system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-02-14T10:52:27Z [Term] id: PW:0001507 name: platinum (Pt) containing drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of platinum (Pt) containing drugs, widely used in the treatment of cancer. These drugs introduce intra- and inter-strand DNA breaks. The DNA lesion and responses it triggers is toxic to tumor cells. However, it can also exert toxic side effects. Three Pt-containing drugs are being used and they vary in their efficacy and toxicity. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:17084534, PMID:22986709] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T10:07:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001508 name: cisplatin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of cisplatin, a platinum (Pt) containing drug widely used in the treatment of solid tumors. Cisplatin is the most potent of such drugs, it si also the one with the strongest toxic side effects. Nephorotoxicity and ototoxicity are among the primary toxic side effects. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:17084534, PMID:22986709] is_a: PW:0001507 ! platinum (Pt) containing drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T10:16:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001509 name: platinum (Pt) containing drug response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to platinum (Pt) containing drugs used in the treatment of solid tumors. The DNA lesion they introduce is toxic to the tumor cells. However, they also exert powerful toxic side effects. Cisplatin, the most potent drug is also the most toxic followed by the less potent carboplatin." [PMID:17084534, PMID:22986709] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T10:23:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001510 name: cisplatin response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to cisplatin, a widely used and very potent anti-cancer platinum containing drug. It is also the one with the most toxic side effects. Nephorotoxicity and ototoxicity are among the primary toxic side effects." [PMID:17084534, PMID:22986709] is_a: PW:0001509 ! platinum (Pt) containing drug response pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T10:28:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001511 name: bisphenol A response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to bisphenol A - a synthetic compound used in the production of plastics and certain resins. It mimics estrogen and has negative health effects with the early developmental stages being the more sensitive to its effects. It may be implicated in the etiology of several chronic diseases." [PMID:24382480] synonym: "BPA response pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T10:36:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001512 name: oxaliplatin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of oxaliplatin, a platinum (Pt) containing drug widely used in the treatment of solid tumors. While less potent than cisplatin - the most potent of the platinum containing drugs, oxaliplatin is also less toxic. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22986709, PMID:23369220] is_a: PW:0001507 ! platinum (Pt) containing drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T11:28:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001513 name: carboplatin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of carboplatin, a platinum (Pt) containing drug used in the treatment of solid tumors. It is not as effective as cisplatin and while exerting less severe side affects, it can lead to myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:17084534, PMID:22986709] is_a: PW:0001507 ! platinum (Pt) containing drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T12:00:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001514 name: carboplatin response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to carboplatin, a platinum containing drug used in the treatment of solid tumor. It is less potent than cisplatin but it can have serious toxic side effects such as myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia." [PMID:17084534, PMID:22986709] is_a: PW:0001509 ! platinum (Pt) containing drug response pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2014-02-26T12:14:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001515 name: Hippo signaling pathway def: "Hippo signaling pathway plays important roles in organ development and growth and tumor suppression. The pathway consists of a core of four kinases which once activate by upstream regulators promote the cytoplasmic sequestration of YAP/TAZ transcriptional regulators. Dysregulation of the pathway has been implicated in tumor metastasis." [PMID:23312716, PMID:23431053, PMID:26045258] is_a: PW:0000650 ! signaling pathway pertinent to development is_a: PW:0001194 ! serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-19T11:27:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001516 name: organophosphate response pathway def: "Organophosphates (OPs) represent one of the main classes of pesticides. However, they exert serious adverse effects, primarily affecting the cholinergic nervous system. OPs inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine, a major neurotransmitter in the nervous system and periphery." [PMID:16337171] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-19T11:40:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001517 name: altered Hippo signaling pathway def: "A Hippo signaling pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Deregulated Hippo signaling has been implicated in tumor metastasis." [PMID:24336504] is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development is_a: PW:0001199 ! altered serine/threonine-specific kinase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001515 ! Hippo signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-19T11:53:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001519 name: glucose reduction pathway is_a: PW:0000555 ! glucose utilization pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-20T09:04:51Z [Term] id: PW:0001520 name: polyol pathway alt_id: PW:0001518 def: "The polyol pathway is triggered by excess glucose which is reduced to sorbitol in the first step which requires NADPH as a cofactor. Sorbitol is eventually converted to fructose. Sorbitol, which is membrane impermeable and metabolites of fructose which can lead to the production of AGEs (advance glycation endproduct), along with other pathways affected by a hyperglycemic state are thought to be associated with the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. The intermediate sorbitol in the pathway is a sugar alcohol; sugar alcohols are a class of polyols - alcohol molecules with multiple hydroxyl groups." [PMID:24373831, PMID:24563789] synonym: "sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001519 ! glucose reduction pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-20T09:06:03Z [Term] id: PW:0001521 name: sugar alcohol metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of sugar alcohols. Sugar alcohols represent a class of polyols - alcohol molecules with multiple hydroxyl groups. They are used in place of table sugar and in combination with artificial sweeteners and while they can occur naturally, many are commercially produced." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_alcohol] is_a: PW:0000005 ! carbohydrate metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-20T12:30:08Z [Term] id: PW:0001522 name: dermatan sulfate biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate - a mucopolysaccharide found primarily in skin but also in tendons, lungs, heart valves and blood vessels." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatan_sulfate] is_a: PW:0000157 ! glycosaminoglycan metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-20T13:05:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001523 name: nicotine response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to nicotine, the alkaloid found in tobacco and other plants. Nicotine can act as a stimulant and is an agonist of the ionotropic acetylcholine receptors, also known as nicotinic. Sustained exposure however has an inhibitory effect resulting in muscular paralysis, seizures, hypotension and respiratory failure. Some of the symptoms are reminiscent of organophosphate poisoning; organophosphates inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase leading to uncensored stimulation of both the nicotinic and the metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors." [PubMed:19426718] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-03-28T10:56:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001524 name: paracetamol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of paracetamol, a widely used analgesic, known as acetaminophen (APAP). The analgesic effect is believed to be due to the inhibition of prostaglandins biosynthesis. Paracetamol overdose is associated with hepatic toxicity and a leading cause of liver failure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:23462933, PMID:23719833] synonym: "acetaminophen drug pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00710" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001546 ! analgesic and/or antipyretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-17T11:01:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001525 name: paracetamol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of paracetamol, a widely used analgesic known as acetaminophen. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:23462933, PMID:23719833] synonym: "acetaminophen pharmacokinetics pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00640" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001524 ! paracetamol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-17T11:18:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001526 name: paracetamol response pathway def: "A pathway triggered by exposure to paracetamol, a widely used analgesic also known as acetaminophen. Paracetamol overdose is associated with hepatic toxicity and a leading cause of liver failure." [PMID:21296090, PMID:23719833] synonym: "acetaminophen response pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-17T11:46:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001527 name: thromboxane A2 signaling pathway def: "Thromboxane is one of several families of prostanoids, eicosanoids derived from omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Of the two thromboxane molecules, only A2 has activity. Thromboxane A2 signaling exerts vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregation roles. Its actions oppose those of prostaglandin I2, the other important prostanoid for the cardiovascular system homeostasis." [PMID:12955468, PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0001296 ! prostanoid signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-18T11:05:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001528 name: prostacyclin signaling pathway def: "Prostacyclin is one of several families of prostanoids, eicosanoids derived from omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Prostacyclin, also known as prostaglandin I2 signaling engages one receptor to mediate a vasodilator effect and modulate immune responses." [PMID:12955468, PMID:23063076] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-18T11:27:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001529 name: prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway def: "Prostagladin E2 is the most abundant product of prostaglandin biosynthesis via the cyclooxygenase mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid. It exerts a plethora of functions by activating four receptors of the G-protein coupled (GPCRs) family." [PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0001297 ! prostaglandin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-22T16:58:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001530 name: prostaglandin D2 signaling pathway def: "Prostaglandin D2 signaling exerts important functions in the central nervous system (CNS) that among others, include the regulation of sleep and the perception of pain. The two D2 receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)." [PMID:23063076] synonym: "SMP:00343" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001297 ! prostaglandin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-22T16:58:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001531 name: prostaglandin I2 signaling pathway def: "Prostaglandin I2 signaling exerts potent vasodilator and anti-thrombic effects. Its actions oppose those of thromboxane A2, the other prostanoid important for the cardiovascular system homeostasis." [PMID:23063076] synonym: "prostacyclin signaling pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00354" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001297 ! prostaglandin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-22T16:59:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001532 name: prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins - a class of eicosanoid prostanoids with several members and exerting a range of important functions in the immune and cardiovascular systems." [PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0000156 ! prostaglandin metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001243 ! prostanoid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-22T17:17:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001533 name: thromboxane biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis of thromboxane - eicosanoid prostanoids essential for the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system." [PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0000732 ! thromboxane metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001243 ! prostanoid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-22T17:20:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001534 name: prostacyclin biosynthetic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of prostacyclin, also known as prostaglandin I2. Prostacyclin and thromboxane play essential roles in cardiovascular system homeostasis." [PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0001241 ! prostacyclin metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001243 ! prostanoid biosynthetic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-22T17:21:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001535 name: prostaglandin F2alpha signaling pathway def: "Prostaglandin F2alpha signaling engages one receptor and plays important roles in mammalian reproduction." [PMID:23063076] is_a: PW:0001297 ! prostaglandin signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-04-24T13:14:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001536 name: sensory system signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000059 ! signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-13T09:23:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001537 name: altered tyrosine-specific protein kinase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001195 ! tyrosine-specific protein kinase mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001198 ! altered kinase mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-13T10:53:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001538 name: altered cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000358 ! altered homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0000476 ! cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-13T14:25:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001539 name: heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway def: "The heterotrimer G proteins are transducers of G proteins coupled receptors (GPCRs). Many types of signals are received by the members of the large GPCR superfamily which then activate distinct G-proteins that route the signal to many and distinct intracellular signaling pathways." [PubMed:12040175] is_a: PW:0000125 ! G protein mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-13T15:02:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001540 name: altered Ras family mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000158 ! Ras family mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000391 ! altered Ras superfamily mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-13T15:07:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001541 name: altered G protein mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000125 ! G protein mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-13T15:11:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001542 name: organismal aging pathway def: "Organismal aging represents the sum of impaired functions and pathways. It is associated with changes in homeostatic responses and circadian rhythm, mitochondrial stress and dysfunction." [PMID:24319642, PMID:24603155] is_a: PW:0000651 ! aging pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-14T10:51:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001543 name: altered signaling pathway pertinent to immunity is_a: PW:0000264 ! altered signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-14T13:32:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001544 name: altered heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001539 ! heterotrimeric G protein mediated signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001541 ! altered G protein mediated signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-14T13:44:25Z [Term] id: PW:0001545 name: altered stress response pathway def: "Alterations in the pathways and processes elicited in response to various cues/insults the organism perceives as threatening." [] is_a: PW:0000237 ! stress response pathway is_a: PW:0000263 ! altered regulatory pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-14T13:50:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001546 name: analgesic and/or antipyretic drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used to alleviate pain and/or reduce fever. Examples include the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen and the widely used paracetamol, known as acetaminophen, among others." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipyretic] is_a: PW:0000923 ! nervous system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-14T15:55:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001547 name: endocrine system disease pathway is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-15T11:35:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001548 name: diabetes complication pathway is_a: PW:0000176 ! diabetes mellitus pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-15T11:42:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001549 name: diabetic angiopathy pathway is_a: PW:0001548 ! diabetes complication pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-15T11:48:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001550 name: nervous system and nerve tissue cancer pathway def: "A general term grouping neoplastic pathways of the brain, spinal cord or central nervous system and of nerve tissue such as neuroepithelial or neurectodermal." [MeSH:http\://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Neoplasms\,+Nerve+Tissue&field=entry#TreeC04.557.580] synonym: "nervous system and nerve tissue neoplasm pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000605 ! cancer pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-05-15T14:15:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001551 name: altered cell cycle pathway is_a: PW:0000290 ! altered pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis is_a: PW:0001317 ! cell cycle pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-07-23T13:23:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001552 name: altered cell cycle pathway, mitotic is_a: PW:0000086 ! cell cycle pathway, mitotic is_a: PW:0001551 ! altered cell cycle pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-07-23T13:24:21Z [Term] id: PW:0001553 name: altered G1/S transition pathway def: "The G1/S transition pathway defines the point when the decision to complete the cell cycle is made. Deregulation of G1/S transition is observed in many human cancers and involves important players/regulators of the pathway." [PMID:10919634, PMID:8939849] is_a: PW:0000088 ! G1/S transition pathway is_a: PW:0001552 ! altered cell cycle pathway, mitotic created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-07-23T13:25:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001554 name: altered SWI/SNF family mediated chromatin remodeling pathway def: "Alterations in the SWI/SNF family mediated pathway of chromatin remodeling are implicated in a number of human cancers that include ovarian, pancreatic and renal, among others. Many mutations are found in Smarca4, one of the two mutually exclusive, ATP-dependent, enzymatic subunits or Arid1a subunit." [PMID:23355908] is_a: PW:0001405 ! altered chromatin remodeling pathway is_a: PW:0001406 ! SWI/SNF family mediated chromatin remodeling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-07-23T15:25:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001555 name: altered homologous recombination pathway of double-strand break repair def: "Defective repair pathway(s) of double-strand breaks can lead to chromosomal rearrangements, genomic instability and oncogenic activation. Mutations in several components of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway have been implicated in several conditions in both an autosomal dominant and recessive fashion." [PMID:22027614] synonym: "altered HR pathway of double-strand break repair" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000202 ! homologous recombination pathway of double-strand break repair is_a: PW:0000667 ! altered double-strand DNA repair pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-07-29T15:45:06Z [Term] id: PW:0001556 name: altered non-homologous end joining pathway of double-strand break repair def: "Defective repair pathway(s) of double-strand breaks can lead to chromosomal rearrangements, genomic instability and oncogenic activation. Mutations in several components of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway have been implicated in several conditions." [PMID:22027614] synonym: "altered NHEJ pathway of double-strand break repair" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000203 ! non-homologous end joining pathway of double-strand break repair is_a: PW:0000667 ! altered double-strand DNA repair pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-07-29T15:51:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001557 name: programmed cell death pathway def: "Programmed cell death pathways group together several types that can be described as apoptotic or non-apoptotic, based on morphological characteristics. The common feature is their highly regulated nature, as opposed to accidental, non-programmed cell death." [PMID:11965491, PMID:21760595, PMID:23030059] is_a: PW:0000275 ! cell death pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-11T15:31:33Z [Term] id: PW:0001558 name: non-programmed cell death pathway def: "Cell death pathways that are not the result of a regulated process and may be the result of injury or trauma, such as necrosis." [Wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis] is_a: PW:0000275 ! cell death pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-11T15:49:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001559 name: altered programmed cell death pathway def: "A programmed cell death pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [] is_a: PW:0000289 ! altered cell death pathway is_a: PW:0001557 ! programmed cell death pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-11T16:09:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001560 name: pyroptosis pathway def: "Pyroptosis pathway is a form of programmed cell death triggered by microbial infection and release of cytokines. It can also occur independently of microbial virulence. Pyroptosis can have either apoptotic or necrotic morphological features." [PMID:20201017, PMID:21760595] is_a: PW:0000009 ! apoptotic cell death pathway is_a: PW:0000276 ! non-apoptotic cell death pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-11T16:31:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001561 name: necroptosis pathway def: "Necroptosis, is a programmed, or regulated form of necrosis generally triggered by DNA damage and leading to cell swelling and lysis." [PMID:21760595, PMID:23030059] synonym: "programmed necrosis pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000276 ! non-apoptotic cell death pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-12T09:32:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001562 name: altered autophagy pathway def: "An autophagy pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Altered autophagy has been implicated in a variety of conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and atherosclerosis, among others." [PMID:18039129, PMID:23030059] is_a: PW:0000278 ! autophagy pathway is_a: PW:0001563 ! altered non-apoptotic cell death pathway is_a: PW:0002403 ! altered cellular autophagy created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-12T09:44:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001563 name: altered non-apoptotic cell death pathway is_a: PW:0000276 ! non-apoptotic cell death pathway is_a: PW:0001559 ! altered programmed cell death pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-12T09:46:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001564 name: anoikis pathway def: "Anoikis is a form of apoptotic programmed cell death triggered by the absence of cell-matrix interactions." [PMID:21760595] is_a: PW:0000009 ! apoptotic cell death pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-09-12T09:54:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001565 name: doxorubicin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of doxorubicin. Doxorubicin is used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers. Its use is limited by the serious cardiotoxic side effects it exerts. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:21048526] synonym: "SMP:00650" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001455 ! doxorubicin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T13:23:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001566 name: doxorubicin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of doxorubicin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Doxorubicin is used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of many cancers. Its use is restricted by the serious cardiotoxic effects it exerts. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21048526] is_a: PW:0001455 ! doxorubicin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T13:28:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001567 name: RNA processing pathway def: "The various pathways whereby initial RNA transcripts are processed into their mature, functional form and those involved in removing excess or erroneous RNA." [PMID:23545199] is_a: PW:0000085 ! pathway pertinent to DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, maintenance of genomic integrity, RNA and protein biosynthesis created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T13:56:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001568 name: RNA maturation pathway def: "Those reactions involved in producing the mature forms of RNAs: mRNA, tRNA and rRNA." [PMID:23545199] is_a: PW:0001567 ! RNA processing pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T14:43:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001569 name: mRNA maturation pathway def: "mRNA maturation involves 5'-capping and 3' processing of pre-mRNA, splicing and alternative splicing to produce the mature mRNA molecule(s)." [PMID:23545199] is_a: PW:0001568 ! RNA maturation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000127 ! RNA polymerase II transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T15:00:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001570 name: RNA polymerase I transcription initiation pathway def: "Initiation of transcription from the bipartite rDNA repeats requires the assembly of Pol I preinitiation complex (PIC) and subsequent recruitment of the polymerase." [PMID:22960599] relationship: part_of PW:0000126 ! RNA polymerase I transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T15:19:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001571 name: RNA polymerase I transcription elongation pathway def: "Subunits of Pol I have elongation and hydrolysis capabilities. However, additional trans-acting factors are involved in pol I elongation steps." [PMID:21893173] relationship: part_of PW:0000126 ! RNA polymerase I transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T15:27:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001572 name: RNA polymerase I transcription termination pathway def: "Termination of transcription by the polymerase I system requires the recruitment of specific factors to particular DNA elements." [PMID:23092677] relationship: part_of PW:0000126 ! RNA polymerase I transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T15:39:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001573 name: tRNA maturation pathway def: "Processing of the initial tRNA transcript, including splicing of intron-containing pre-tRNAs and multiple modifications to produce the mature tRNA molecule that is exported to the cytoplasm." [PMID:21915787, PMID:23545199] is_a: PW:0001568 ! RNA maturation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000128 ! RNA polymerase III transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T15:44:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001574 name: rRNA maturation pathway def: "The reactions involved in processing the primary pol I transcribed rRNA and the 5S pre-rRNA transcribed by pol III. The large pol I transcribed pre-rRNA contains the mature 18S, 5.8S and 25S/28S rRNAs separated by internal (ITS) and flanked by external transcribed spacers (ETS). The nascent pre-rRNA associates co-transcriptionally with various factors, folds and is modified, while endo- and exo-nucleolytic cleavages sequentially remove the spacers. Cleavage at site ITS1 separates the initial 90S pre-ribosome into pre-40S and pre-60S particles whose nucleocytoplasmic processing will follow independent routes." [PMID:17509569, PMID:25346433] is_a: PW:0001568 ! RNA maturation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000126 ! RNA polymerase I transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T15:59:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001575 name: RNA polymerase III transcription initiation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000128 ! RNA polymerase III transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T16:04:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001576 name: RNA polymerase III transcription elongation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000128 ! RNA polymerase III transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T16:04:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001577 name: RNA polymerase III transcription termination pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000128 ! RNA polymerase III transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-11-07T16:05:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001578 name: 5'-end pre-mRNA capping pathway def: "5'-end capping occurs earlier in transcription and, along with phosphorylation of pol II, promotes productive elongation." [PMID:12154373, PMID:24050178] is_a: PW:0001569 ! mRNA maturation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-12-01T15:58:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001579 name: 3'-end pre-mRNA processing pathway def: "The 3'-end processing of pre-mRNA is intimately coupled to pol II transcription termination, splicing, mRNA transport and translation." [PMID:21957020] is_a: PW:0001569 ! mRNA maturation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-12-01T16:01:00Z [Term] id: PW:0001580 name: lncRNA maturation pathway def: "Long non-coding RNA transcripts are subject to processing in a manner analogous to mRNA thereby they are capped and polyadenylated, and also frequently spliced." [PMID:23827673] is_a: PW:0001568 ! RNA maturation pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000127 ! RNA polymerase II transcription pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-12-04T09:22:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001581 name: lncRNA capping pathway def: "Long non-coding RNA transcripts are subject to processing in a manner analogous to mRNA thereby they are capped and polyadenylated, and also frequently spliced." [PMID:23827673] is_a: PW:0001580 ! lncRNA maturation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-12-04T09:40:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001582 name: lncRNA polyadenylation pathway def: "Long non-coding RNA transcripts are subject to processing in a manner analogous to mRNA thereby they are capped and polyadenylated, and also frequently spliced." [PMID:23827673] is_a: PW:0001580 ! lncRNA maturation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2014-12-04T09:41:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001583 name: nutritional and metabolic disease pathway def: "Those disorders and diseases resulting from nutritional imbalances and by alterations in various aspects of metabolism." [MeSH:D009750] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-01-23T08:54:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001584 name: avitaminosis pathway def: "Those conditions caused by inadequate levels of one or more essential vitamins due to defects in their metabolism." [MeSH:D001361] synonym: "avitaminosis disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001601 ! nutritional disorder pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-01-23T09:01:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001585 name: vitamin A deficiency pathway synonym: "deficiency of vitamin A pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hypovitaminosis A pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00336" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001584 ! avitaminosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-01-23T09:29:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001586 name: Wolman disease pathway def: "A severe form of lipid storage disease in infants caused by deficiency of acid lipase." [PMID:12899707] synonym: "Acid esterase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Acid lipase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "lysosomal acid lipase deficiency pathway (Wolman type)" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00319" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00511" RELATED [] synonym: "Wolman's disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Wolman's or triglyceride storage type III disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Wolman xanthomatosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Xanthomatosis, familial pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0002347 ! cholesterol ester storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-01-23T09:52:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001587 name: mRNA nuclear export pathway def: "The pathway thereby processed, mature mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm. Two distinct export pathways are mediated by specific transport receptors. The NXF1-NXT1 heterodimer exports the bulk of mRNA whereas a subset of mRNA is exported by the CRM1 system." [PMID:23583578, PMID:25184662] is_a: PW:0001160 ! RNA transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-09T14:52:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001588 name: tRNA nuclear export pathway def: "The pathway thereby processed, mature tRNA is exported to the cytoplasm. It is dependent upon export receptors and Ran GTPases of the small G protein of the Ras superfamily." [PMID:22944664] is_a: PW:0001160 ! RNA transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-09T14:55:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001589 name: inborn error of metabolism pathway def: "Those diseases resulting from alterations in metabolic pathways that are caused by genetic mutations present during fetal development and that may be inherited from a parent or acquired in utero. The mutations can disrupt one or several pathways, giving rise to a broad spectrum of conditions affecting many types of organs and/or tissues." [MeSH:D008661] synonym: "inborn error of metabolism disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001472 ! metabolic disease pathway is_a: PW:0001477 ! inborn genetic disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-09T15:21:46Z [Term] id: PW:0001590 name: xanthinuria pathway def: "Xanthinuria is a rare genetic disorder due to alterations in the purine metabolic pathway causing accumulation of xanthine and resulting in a range of symptoms. There are two types of disorders with similar clinical manifestations." [PMID:23203137] synonym: "SMP:00220" RELATED [] synonym: "xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "xanthine oxidase deficiency" RELATED [] synonym: "xanthinuria disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001776 ! inborn error of purine-pyrimidine metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-09T15:30:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001591 name: xanthinuria type I pathway def: "Xanthinuria is a rare genetic disorder due to alterations in the purine metabolic pathway causing accumulation of xanthine and resulting in a range of symptoms. Of the two types of clinically related disorders, type I is caused by genetic defects in the xanthine dehydrogenase enzyme." [PMID:23203137] synonym: "SMP:00512" RELATED [] synonym: "xanthinuria disease pathway, type I" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001590 ! xanthinuria pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-09T15:45:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001592 name: xanthinuria type II pathway def: "Xanthinuria is a rare genetic disorder due to alterations in the purine metabolic pathway causing accumulation of xanthine and resulting in a range of symptoms. Of the two types of clinically related disorders, type II is caused by genetic defects in the xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes." [PMID:23203137] synonym: "SMP:00513" RELATED [] synonym: "xanthinuria disease pathway, type II" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001590 ! xanthinuria pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-09T15:46:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001593 name: musculoskeletal disease pathway def: "Those conditions affecting the muscular and skeletal systems and elements associated with them, arising from deregulation in a number of pathways." [MeSH:D009140] is_a: PW:0000013 ! disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T12:34:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001594 name: very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency pathway def: "VLCAD deficiency is due to alterations in fatty acid beta oxidation pathway. It is an inherited metabolic disease due to mutations in the ACADVL gene. It appears in infancy or early childhood and is manifested as lack of energy and muscle weakness." [PMID:23480858] synonym: "SMP:00540" RELATED [] synonym: "VLCAD deficiency pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001593 ! musculoskeletal disease pathway is_a: PW:0001643 ! inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T12:37:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001595 name: abacavir drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of abacavir, an anti-viral drug used for the treatment of HIV infection. It belongs to the family of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:24754315] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T13:29:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001596 name: abacavir pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of abacavir, a drug used for the treatment of HIV. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:18479171] is_a: PW:0001595 ! abacavir drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T13:39:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001597 name: abacavir pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of abacavir-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to them. Abacavir is a drug used for the treatment of HIV infection. Abacavir inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity by competing with the natural substrate dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA whose growth is then terminated. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug. A small percentage of individuals receiving the drug develop immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), those carrying a variant in the human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) gene." [PMID:23649914] synonym: "SMP:00737" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001595 ! abacavir drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T13:39:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001598 name: acenocoumarol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of acenocoumarol. Acenocoumarol is used as anticoagulant that antagonizes the vitamin K dependent clotting pathway. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22972051, PMID:23919835] is_a: PW:0002325 ! vitamin K antagonist drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T16:06:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001599 name: acenocoumarol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of acenocoumarol. Acenocoumarol is used as anticoagulant that antagonizes the vitamin K dependent clotting pathway. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:23919835] is_a: PW:0001598 ! acenocoumarol drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T16:08:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001600 name: acenocoumarol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of acenocoumarol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Acenocoumarol is used as anticoagulant that antagonizes the vitamin K dependent clotting pathway. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22972051] synonym: "SMP:00269" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001598 ! acenocoumarol drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-10T16:09:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001601 name: nutritional disorder pathway def: "Those disorders caused by nutritional imbalance." [MeSH:D009748] is_a: PW:0001583 ! nutritional and metabolic disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T09:11:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001602 name: glucose metabolism disease pathway def: "Those diseases and disorders that are caused by deregulation of glucose metabolic pathways. The condition(s) can be inherited or acquired." [MeSH:D044882] is_a: PW:0001472 ! metabolic disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T09:47:16Z [Term] id: PW:0001603 name: beta-ureidopropionase deficiency pathway def: "A rare, autosomal recessive inborn metabolic disease caused by alterations in pyrimidine metabolic pathway." [OMIM:613161] synonym: "SMP:00172" RELATED [] synonym: "ureidopropionase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001414 ! brain disease pathway is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0001611 ! movement disorder pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T10:19:22Z [Term] id: PW:0001604 name: orotic aciduria pathway def: "Alterations in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway resulting in excessive excretion of orotic acid. The inborn metabolic condition is primarily due to deficiency in the bifunctional uridine monophosphate (UMP) synthetase enzyme. Orotic aciduria is also due to ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency and its hyperammonemia." [PMID:25030255] synonym: "orotic aciduria disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001776 ! inborn error of purine-pyrimidine metabolism pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T10:34:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001605 name: orotic aciduria 1 pathway def: "The most common form of the orotic acid inborn error metabolic disease pathway is due to deficiency in the uridine monophosphate (UMP) synthase enzyme." [OMIM:258900, PMID:25030255] synonym: "orotic aciduria 1 disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00219" RELATED [] synonym: "UMP synthase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001604 ! orotic aciduria pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T10:43:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001606 name: orotic aciduria 2 pathway def: "A secondary form of the orotic acid inborn error metabolic disease pathway due to deficiency in orotidine-5-monophosphate decarboxylase (C-terminal activity of uridine monophosphate synthetase)." [PMID:25030255] synonym: "hereditary orotic aciduria type 2 pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hereditary orotic aciduria type II pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "OMPDC deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "OMP decarboxylase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "orotic aciduria II disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "orotic aciduria II pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "orotidine-5-phosphate decarboxylase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001604 ! orotic aciduria pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T10:50:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001607 name: tyrosinemia pathway def: "A group of disorders due to inborn errors of the tyrosine metabolic pathway. The three types of tyrosinemia are caused by deficiencies in distinct enzymes of the tyrosine degradation pathway and exhibit specific phenotypes." [MeSH:D020176] synonym: "tyrosinemia disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T11:13:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001608 name: tyrosinemia type I pathway def: "Type I tyrosinemia results from defects in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the tyrosine degradation pathway." [OMIM:276700, PMID:9101289] synonym: "hepatorenal tyrosinemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00218" RELATED [] synonym: "tyrosinemia type I disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001607 ! tyrosinemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T11:24:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001609 name: tyrosinemia type II pathway def: "Type II tyrosinemia results from defects in the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the tyrosine degradation pathway." [OMIM:276600, PMID:7648039] synonym: "oculocutaneous tyrosinemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Richner-Hanhart syndrome pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00369" RELATED [] synonym: "tyrosinemia type II disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001607 ! tyrosinemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T11:24:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001610 name: tyrosinemia type III pathway def: "Type III tyrosinemia results from defects in the 4-hydroxyohenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD) enzyme that catalyzes the second step in the tyrosine degradation pathway." [OMIM:276710, PMID:11916315] synonym: "SMP:00370" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00434" RELATED [] synonym: "tyrosinemia type III disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001607 ! tyrosinemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T11:24:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001611 name: movement disorder pathway def: "Abnormal and involuntary movement due degenerative, post-traumatic, inflammatory, hereditary or medication-induced conditions." [MeSH:D009069] is_a: PW:0001412 ! nervous system disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T12:59:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001612 name: Segawa syndrome pathway def: "A movement disorder caused by defects in the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme that converts tyrosine to L-DOPA, the precursor of dopamine in the dopamine biosynthetic pathway of the other two catecholamines downstream of it, norepinephrine and epinephrine." [OMIM:605407, PMID:21176768, PMID:9732974] synonym: "dopamine-responsive dystonia pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00490" RELATED [] synonym: "tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001611 ! movement disorder pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T13:10:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001613 name: acetylsalicylic acid drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of acetylasalicylic acid, known as aspirin. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used as analgesic, antipyretic and antitrombic agent. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:23435614] synonym: "aspirin drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000921 ! alimentary tract and metabolism drug pathway is_a: PW:0001546 ! analgesic and/or antipyretic drug pathway is_a: PW:0002150 ! antiplatelet drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T13:47:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001614 name: acetylsalicylic acid pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of acetylsalicylic acid, known as aspirin. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:23435614] synonym: "aspirin pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001613 ! acetylsalicylic acid drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T14:15:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001615 name: acetylsalicylic acid pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The actual targets of acetylsalicylic acid known as aspirin were discovered after the drug was marketed. It was believed that it acts upon the central nervous system, but its true mode of action is to irreversibly inhibit cuclooxygenase enzyme COX-1 and to a lesser extent COX-2, thus suppressing the downstream production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:22893199] synonym: "aspirin pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00083" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001613 ! acetylsalicylic acid drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T14:15:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001616 name: adefovir drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of adefovir, an anti-viral drug used for the treatment of hepatitis B. It is administered as adefovir dipivoxil prodrug. Once metabolized, it acts as a nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor." [PMID:12606735] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T14:35:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001617 name: adefovir pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of adefovir. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:12606735] synonym: "SMP:00629" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001616 ! adefovir drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T14:44:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001618 name: adefovir pharmacodynamics pathway def: "Adefovir is an anti-viral drug used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B." [PMID:12606735] synonym: "SMP:00418" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001616 ! adefovir drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T14:45:31Z [Term] id: PW:0001619 name: rRNA nuclear export pathway def: "The pathway thereby the pre- ribosomal particles, pre-40S and pre-60S containing three of the four rRNA genes, are exported to the cytoplasm. The two particles follow independent transport routes, embedded within ribosome biogenesis. The 5S rRNA transcribed by RNA polymerase III is independently transported to be delivered to the ribosome immediately or from a cytoplasmic pool." [PMID:17509569, PMID:21957041] is_a: PW:0001160 ! RNA transport pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-12T15:36:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001620 name: bisphosphonate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bisphoshonate drugs that help prevent the loss of bone mass and are used in the treatment of osteoporosis. The two classes - non-nitrogenous and nitrogen-containing drugs, employ different mechanisms to affect osteoclast activity. Bisphosphonates are preferentially taken up by osteoclast cells. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21555003, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphosphonate] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-16T10:18:30Z [Term] id: PW:0001621 name: nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of nitrogenous bisphosphate drugs, inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase. The disruption of geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate production affects the cell membrane localization of proteins that depend on this lipid modification for proper placement. They include the members of the small G proteins and the impact on Ras, Rho and Rac G proteins is thought to underlie the effect of drugs." [PMID:21555003, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphosphonate] is_a: PW:0001620 ! bisphosphonate drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-16T10:25:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001622 name: non-nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug pathway def: "Non-nitrogenous bisphosphonate drugs are metabolized to compounds that render the ATP molecule non-functional, thus promoting cell death." [PMID:21555003, wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphosphonate] is_a: PW:0001620 ! bisphosphonate drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-16T10:26:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001623 name: nitrogenous bisphosphanate pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of nitrogenous bisphosphonates such as alendronate, ibandronate, pamidronate or risedronate. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:21555003] is_a: PW:0001621 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-16T11:05:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001624 name: nitrogenous bisphosphonate pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of nitrogenous bisphosphonate-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to them. They include alendronate, ibandronate, pamidronate or risedronate. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:21555003] synonym: "SMP:00079" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00095" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00112" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00117" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001621 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-02-16T11:06:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001625 name: NXF1-NXT1 export pathway def: "The NXF1-NXT export pathway is involved in the trafficking of bulk mRNA. It is dependent upon the TREX/THO complex for receptor recruitment to the cargo." [PMID:23583578, PMID:25184662] is_a: PW:0001587 ! mRNA nuclear export pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-19T13:40:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001626 name: CRM1 export pathway def: "CRM1 export pathway is involved in trafficking a subset of mRNA as well as other RNA particles. Depending on the adaptor proteins that recruit CRM1 to cargo, there are several routes of export." [PMID:23583578, PMID:25184662] synonym: "XPO1 export pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001587 ! mRNA nuclear export pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-19T13:40:41Z [Term] id: PW:0001627 name: trifunctional protein deficiency pathway def: "Trifunctional protein deficiency is caused by alteration in the fatty acid beta degradation pathway. Specifically, mutations in the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the last three steps, have been linked to this inherited metabolic condition." [OMIM:609015] synonym: "SMP:00545" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001643 ! inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-19T14:03:09Z [Term] id: PW:0001628 name: triosephosphate isomerase deficiency pathway def: "The rare autosomal recessive condition is caused by mutations in the triosephosphate isomerase enzyme involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolic pathways." [OMIM:615512] synonym: "SMP:00563" RELATED [] synonym: "triose phosphate-isomerase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-19T14:43:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001629 name: transaldolase deficiency pathway def: "Transaldolase deficiency results from alteration in the pentose phosphate metabolic pathway, an alternative route of glucose oxidation that produces reducing equivalents. The condition affects many systems." [OMIM:506003] synonym: "Eyaid syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00520" RELATED [] synonym: "TALDO deficiency pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-19T15:02:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001630 name: lysosomal storage disease pathway def: "Lysosomal storage disease represents a group of rare genetic conditions resulting from deficiencies in particular lysosomal enzymes." [PMID:25275857] synonym: "lysosomal storage disorders" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-25T16:09:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001631 name: Tay-Sachs disease pathway def: "There are several forms of Tay-Sachs disease resulting from mutations in the lysosomal hexosaminidase A enzyme. The accumulation of gangliosides in nerve cells leads to loss of mental and physical abilities, neurodegeneration and eventually death." [PMID:9090523] synonym: "hexosaminidase A deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00390" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001414 ! brain disease pathway is_a: PW:0002300 ! nervous system lysosomal storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-25T16:12:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001632 name: alfentanil drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of alfentanil - a synthetic opioid used for anesthesia in surgery. The drug is short-acting but potent and classified as restricted. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfentanil] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T12:43:39Z [Term] id: PW:0001633 name: alfentanil pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of alfentanil. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfentanil] is_a: PW:0001632 ! alfentanil drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T12:51:27Z [Term] id: PW:0001634 name: alfentanil pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of alfentanil-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an agonist for mu opioid receptors, is classified as a restrictive drug and is almost exclusively used for anesthesia in surgery. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfentanil] synonym: "SMP:00413" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001632 ! alfentanil drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T12:52:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001635 name: alteplase drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of alteplase - one of several recombinant tissue plasminogen activators. Plasminogen is a key player in the fibrinolytic cascade pathway of blood clots breakdown. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:15846799] is_a: PW:0002152 ! thrombolytic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T13:08:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001636 name: alteplase pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of alteplase, one of several recombinant tissue plasminogen activators. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:15846799] is_a: PW:0001635 ! alteplase drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T13:16:15Z [Term] id: PW:0001637 name: alteplase pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of alteplase-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Alteplase is one of several recombinant tissue plasminogen activators. Alteplase is used for treatment of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, among others. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:15846799] synonym: "SMP:00280" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001635 ! alteplase drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T13:16:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001638 name: amiloride drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of amiloride - a blocker of epithelial sodium channels used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiloride] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T15:23:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001639 name: amiloride pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of amiloride. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [] is_a: PW:0001638 ! amiloride drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T15:23:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001640 name: amiloride pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of amiloride-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug blocks the epithelial sodium channels and is used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:12620920] synonym: "SMP:00133" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001638 ! amiloride drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-02-26T15:23:37Z [Term] id: PW:0001641 name: rRNA decay pathway def: "The pathways of rRNA quality control whereby non-functional rRNAs, both at the level of transcript and of mature ribosome components, are subject to degradation. Bulk ribosomes can also be degraded via autophagy." [PMID:20097077] is_a: PW:0001161 ! RNA degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-03T09:01:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001642 name: tRNA decay pathway def: "The pathways of tRNA quality control thereby erroneous tRNA is degraded or normal tRNA is cleaved under stress conditions." [PMID:20810645] is_a: PW:0001161 ! RNA degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-03T09:07:45Z [Term] id: PW:0001643 name: inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway def: "Those diseases that are caused by inborn errors of lipid metabolism. The mutations can disrupt one or several pathways." [MeSH:D008052] synonym: "inborn error of lipid metabolism disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001473 ! lipid metabolism disease pathway is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T12:51:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001644 name: inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway def: "Those diseases that are caused by inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism. The mutations can disrupt one or several pathways." [MeSH:D002239] synonym: "inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T13:16:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001645 name: inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway def: "Those diseases that are caused by inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. The mutations can disrupt one or several pathways." [MeSH:D000592] synonym: "inborn error of amino acid metabolism disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T13:23:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001646 name: inborn error of brain metabolic pathway def: "Those brain diseases that are caused by inborn metabolic errors. The mutations can disrupt one or several pathways." [MeSH:D020739] synonym: "inborn error of brain metabolic disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001414 ! brain disease pathway is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T13:26:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001647 name: sulfite oxidase deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive inherited condition resulting from alteration in sulfur metabolism. It exhibits severe neurological symptoms in the neonatal period and is possibly fatal." [OMIM:272300] synonym: "isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00532" RELATED [] synonym: "sulfocysteinuria pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T13:41:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001648 name: congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency pathway def: "A congenital disorder of sucrose metabolism resulting from mutations in the enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of dietary sugars." [OMIM:222900] synonym: "congenital sucrose intolerance pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "disaccharide intolerance I pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SI deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00557" RELATED [] synonym: "Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T13:47:13Z [Term] id: PW:0001649 name: succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency pathway def: "A rare autosomal recessive condition resulting from mutations in the enzyme involved in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA)." [OMIM:271980] synonym: "4-hydroxybutyric aciduria pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00243" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00567" RELATED [] synonym: "SSADH pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T14:42:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001650 name: Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder due to altered cholesterol metabolism." [MeSH:D019082] synonym: "Rutledge lethal multiple congenital anomaly syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Smith-Opitz-Inborn syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00389" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001643 ! inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0002102 ! inborn error of steroid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T14:51:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001651 name: antithrombotic drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of drugs that reduce or prevent the formation of blood clots. They are further classified depending on the blood clotting processes they affect. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithrombotic] synonym: "anticoagulant drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000922 ! blood and blood forming organs drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T15:12:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001652 name: antihemorrhagic drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of drugs that reduce or prevent bleeding. It is to be noted here that genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihemorrhagic] synonym: "hemostatic drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000922 ! blood and blood forming organs drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-03-04T15:26:01Z [Term] id: PW:0001653 name: aminocaproic acid drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of aminocaproic acid, an inhibitor of enzymes involved in fibrinolysis and as such, effective in the treatment of certain bleeding disorders. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia: is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-18T10:06:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001938 name: Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome pathway synonym: "HPRT deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "HPRT-related gout disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "partial hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00365" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001441 ! gout pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-18T10:10:54Z [Term] id: PW:0001939 name: methadone drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of methadone, an acyclic analog of morphine and heroin acting on the same opioid receptors and used in the management of severe, chronic pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [eikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:15:14Z [Term] id: PW:0001940 name: methadone pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of methadone. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone] synonym: "SMP:00624" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001939 ! methadone drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:17:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001941 name: methadone pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of methadone-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Methadone binds the mu-opioid receptor of sensory neurons triggering downstream cascades that activate potassium channels while inactivating calcium channels. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methadone] synonym: "SMP:00408" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001939 ! methadone drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:18:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001942 name: mercaptopurine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of mercaptopurine, an immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of leukemia, Crohn's disease and colitis. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercaptopurine] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway is_a: PW:0002369 ! immunosuppressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:28:40Z [Term] id: PW:0001943 name: mercaptopurine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of mercaptopurine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercaptopurine] synonym: "SMP:00609" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001942 ! mercaptopurine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:30:23Z [Term] id: PW:0001944 name: mercaptopurine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of mercaptopurine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used as an immunosuppressive and its cytotoxic effects result from its interference with nucleic acids synthesis and function. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercaptopurine] synonym: "SMP:00428" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001942 ! mercaptopurine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:30:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001945 name: mepivacaine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of mepivacaine, a drug used as a local anesthetic. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepivacaine] is_a: PW:0002243 ! anesthetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:49:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001946 name: mepivacaine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of mepivacaine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepivacaine] is_a: PW:0001945 ! mepivacaine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:50:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001947 name: mepivacaine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of mepivacaine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. It acts mainly as a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepivacaine] synonym: "SMP:00399" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001945 ! mepivacaine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T14:51:24Z [Term] id: PW:0001948 name: meloxicam drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to relieve pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meloxicam] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T15:10:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001949 name: meloxicam pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of piroxicam. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meloxicam] is_a: PW:0001948 ! meloxicam drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T15:11:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001950 name: meloxicam pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of meloxicam-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meloxicam] synonym: "SMP:00106" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001948 ! meloxicam drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T15:11:35Z [Term] id: PW:0001951 name: mefenamic acid drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of mefenamic acid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat mild to moderate pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefenamic_acid] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T15:17:42Z [Term] id: PW:0001952 name: mefenamic acid pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of mefenamic acid. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefenamic_acid] is_a: PW:0001951 ! mefenamic acid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T15:18:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001953 name: mefenamic acid pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of mefenamic acid-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefenamic_acid] synonym: "SMP:00109" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001951 ! mefenamic acid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-22T15:18:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001954 name: eukaryotic DNA replication pathway def: "Nuclear eukaryotic DNA replication takes place in the context of the cell cycle during the S-phase. The fast and accurate replication of DNA requires the presence and the coordinated function of a complex of proteins known as the replisome. The exact composition of the replisome in higher organisms still has to be fully determined. Mitochondria contain their own DNA. Human mtDNA is a small, circular molecule that resides in the matrix and, depending on cell type, can exist as a few to several thousands copies. mtDNA has its own replicative machinery." [PMID:19665592, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA] is_a: PW:0000098 ! DNA replication pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T12:48:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001955 name: bacterial DNA replication pathway is_a: PW:0000098 ! DNA replication pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T12:49:02Z [Term] id: PW:0001956 name: nuclear DNA replication pathway def: "Nuclear eukaryotic DNA replication takes place in the context of the cell cycle during the S-phase. The fast and accurate replication of DNA requires the presence and the coordinated function of a complex of proteins known as the replisome. The exact composition of the replisome in higher organisms still has to be fully determined." [PMID:19665592, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication] is_a: PW:0001954 ! eukaryotic DNA replication pathway relationship: part_of PW:0000089 ! S phase pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T13:01:49Z [Term] id: PW:0001957 name: mitochondrial DNA replication pathway def: "Mitochondria contain their own DNA. Human mtDNA is a small, circular molecule that resides in the matrix and, depending on cell type, can exist as a few to several thousands copies. mtDNA has its own replicative machinery." [PMID:25499735, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA] synonym: "mtDNA replication pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001954 ! eukaryotic DNA replication pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001959 ! mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T13:02:10Z [Term] id: PW:0001958 name: altered mitochondrial autophagy pathway def: "A mitophagy pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Mitochondrial damage and altered mitophagy pathway have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging, such as Parkinson, Huntington and Alzheimer diseases." [PMID:22743996] synonym: "altered mitophagy pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001563 ! altered non-apoptotic cell death pathway is_a: PW:0001842 ! mitochondrial autophagy pathway is_a: PW:0001960 ! altered mitochondria homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0002403 ! altered cellular autophagy created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T13:15:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001959 name: mitochondria homeostasis pathway def: "The various pathways and mechanisms that assure the proper function and abundance of mitochondria within cells. In addition to being the powerhouse of the cell as the place of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria are also the site of other important metabolic pathways and play essential roles in calcium storage and signaling and apoptosis, among others." [PMID:21928343, PMID:24486129] is_a: PW:0000355 ! homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T13:29:28Z [Term] id: PW:0001960 name: altered mitochondria homeostasis pathway def: "Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and aging." [PMID:21928343] is_a: PW:0000358 ! altered homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001959 ! mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T13:39:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001961 name: mitochondria dynamics pathway def: "The interplay of mitochondria fission and fusion and mitochondria trafficking to properly respond to cellular needs. Mitochondria tend to form reticular networks, regulated through the coordination of fission, fusion and redistribution." [PMID:21683788] relationship: part_of PW:0001959 ! mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T13:45:12Z [Term] id: PW:0001962 name: mitochondrial protein import pathway def: "Mitochondria are essential organelles that provide most of the ATP fuel for the cell, are the site of several important metabolic pathways and play essential roles in calcium storage, signaling and apoptosis. Of the many proteins involved, only 13 are encoded in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA. The remaining ~99% of mitochondrial proteins are translocated from the cytosol via a complex, multicomponent pathway system. Mitochondria-encoded proteins are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix into the inner mitochondrial membrane by a single system." [PMID:22178138, PMID:24561263, PMID:25633533] is_a: PW:0000535 ! protein transport pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001959 ! mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T14:05:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001963 name: lansoprazole drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor. It is administered for the treatment of acid-related disorders. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansoprazole] is_a: PW:0000918 ! proton pump inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T14:41:17Z [Term] id: PW:0001964 name: lansoprazole pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of lansoprazole, a compound in the class of proton pump inhibitors pharmacologically related to omeprazole. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansoprazole] synonym: "SMP:00614" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001963 ! lansoprazole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T14:42:36Z [Term] id: PW:0001965 name: lansoprazole pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of lansoprazole-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Lansoprazole is a compound in the class of proton pump inhibitors pharmacologically related to omperazole, used in the treatment of acid-related disorders. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansoprazole] synonym: "SMP:00227" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001963 ! lansoprazole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T14:43:07Z [Term] id: PW:0001966 name: ketorolac drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of ketorolac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketorolac] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:07:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001967 name: ketorolac pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of ketorolac. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketorolac] is_a: PW:0001966 ! ketorolac drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:11:19Z [Term] id: PW:0001968 name: ketorolac pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ketorolac-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor used for short-term management of moderate to severe pain. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketorolac] synonym: "SMP:00098" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001966 ! ketorolac drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:11:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001969 name: ketoprofen drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also has analgesic and antipyretic effects. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoprofen] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway is_a: PW:0001546 ! analgesic and/or antipyretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:23:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001970 name: ketoprofen pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of ketoprofen. The drug is used in the treatment of inflammation and pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoprofen] is_a: PW:0001969 ! ketoprofen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:27:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001971 name: ketoprofen pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ketoprofen-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Ketoprofen is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes used in the treatment of inflammation and pain. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoprofen] synonym: "SMP:00085" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001969 ! ketoprofen drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:27:52Z [Term] id: PW:0001972 name: isradipine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of isradipine, a calcium channel blocker used for the treatment of high blood pressure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isradipine] is_a: PW:0001894 ! dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:45:27Z [Term] id: PW:0001973 name: isradipine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of isradipine. The drug is a calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isradipine] is_a: PW:0001972 ! isradipine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:46:04Z [Term] id: PW:0001974 name: isradipine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of isradipine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a calcium channel blocker, particularly the L-type channel, used for the treatment of high blood pressure. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isradipine] synonym: "SMP:00378" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001972 ! isradipine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-24T15:46:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001975 name: mitochondrial unfolded protein response pathway def: "A stress response pathway to mitochondrial DNA depletion or accumulation of misfolded protein in the matrix or intermembrane space. Mitochondrial-to-nucleus signaling results in the increased expression of genes important for mitochondrial protein homeostasis. UPRmt can promote increased lifespan but the mechanisms are not well understood. Mitchondrial dysfunction contributes to normal aging. Yet, mild distress can extent life span by almost 50% in organisms ranging from yeast to worms, flies, and mice." [PMID:22445420, PMID:25857997] synonym: "UPRmt pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000237 ! stress response pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001959 ! mitochondria homeostasis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-25T09:07:21Z [Term] id: PW:0001976 name: inborn error amino acid transport disorder pathway def: "Disorders caused by alterations in the amino acid transport pathways across cell membranes." [MeSH:D020157] is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-25T10:11:59Z [Term] id: PW:0001977 name: Hartnup disease pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder caused by alterations in the transport of neutral amino acids in the intestine and proximal renal tubules. The condition is associated with psychosis and mental retardation." [MeSH:D006250, OMIM:234500] synonym: "SMP:00189" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000300 ! kidney disease pathway is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway is_a: PW:0001976 ! inborn error amino acid transport disorder pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-25T10:14:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001978 name: histidinemia pathway def: "An autosomal recessive condition resulting from alterations in the histidine metabolic pathway and characterized by increased levels of histidine in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine." [OMIM:235800] synonym: "histidinemia disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "histidinuria pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00191" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-25T10:49:47Z [Term] id: PW:0001979 name: homocarnosinosis pathway alt_id: OMIM:236130 def: "The pathway involved in a progressive neurologic disorder resulting from a deficiency of homocarnosinase." [OMIM:212200] synonym: "HOMOCARNOSINASE DEFICIENCY PATHWAY" EXACT [] synonym: "homocarnosinosis disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00385" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-25T10:57:34Z [Term] id: PW:0001980 name: hepatic porphyria pathway def: "A group of metabolic conditions due to alterations in the heme biosynthetic pathway in the liver. They are further classified depending on the enzymes that are deficient or the site." [MeSH:D017094] synonym: "hepatic porphyria disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001413 ! liver disease pathway is_a: PW:0001784 ! porphyria pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-25T11:04:44Z [Term] id: PW:0001981 name: hereditary coproporphyria pathway def: "An autosomal dominant liver porphyria due to deficiency in the coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene." [MeSH:D046349, OMIM:121300] synonym: "coproporphyrinogen oxidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hereditary coproporphyria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hereditary coproporphyria porphyria pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00342" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001980 ! hepatic porphyria pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-25T11:10:32Z [Term] id: PW:0001982 name: irbesartan drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. Irbesartan is one of several angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbesartan] is_a: PW:0001789 ! renin-angiotensin system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:08:55Z [Term] id: PW:0001983 name: irbesartan pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of irbesartan. The drug is an antagonist of angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbesartan] is_a: PW:0001982 ! irbesartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:11:18Z [Term] id: PW:0001984 name: irbesartan pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of irbesartan-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbesartan] synonym: "SMP:00161" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001982 ! irbesartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:11:43Z [Term] id: PW:0001985 name: imipramine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of imipramine, an antidepressant used in the treatment of major depression. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine] is_a: PW:0002113 ! non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:24:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001986 name: imipramine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of imipramine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine] synonym: "SMP:00625" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001985 ! imipramine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:27:29Z [Term] id: PW:0001987 name: imipramine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of imipramine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used in the treatment of major depression and its effect results from inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitter reuptake. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imipramine] synonym: "SMP:00422" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001985 ! imipramine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:28:05Z [Term] id: PW:0001988 name: ibutilide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of ibutilide, an antiarrhythmic agent. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibutilide] is_a: PW:0002336 ! antiarrhythmic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:52:56Z [Term] id: PW:0001989 name: ibutilide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of ibutilide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibutilide] is_a: PW:0001988 ! ibutilide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:54:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001990 name: ibutilide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ibutilide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antiarrhythmic agent. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibutilide] synonym: "SMP:00332" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001988 ! ibutilide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-28T15:55:26Z [Term] id: PW:0001991 name: glycogen storage disease pathway def: "A group of inherited metabolic disorders resulting from alterations in the glycogen metabolic pathway." [MeSH:D006008] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-29T15:05:20Z [Term] id: PW:0001992 name: glycogen storage disease type Ia pathway def: "One of the two forms of the type I glycogen storage disease pathway involving glucose-6-phosphate, here due to mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase. It is characterized by the accumulation of glycogen in particular organs and tissues." [OMIM:232200] synonym: "glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "glycogen storage disease pathway, type IA" EXACT [] synonym: "hepatorenal glycogen storage disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00374" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00581" RELATED [] synonym: "Von Gierke disease pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001991 ! glycogen storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-29T15:12:57Z [Term] id: PW:0001993 name: glycogen storage disease type Ib pathway def: "One of the two forms of the type I glycogen storage disease pathway involving glucose-6-phosphate, here due to mutations affecting the glucose-6-phosphate transporter. It is characterized by the accumulation of glycogen in particular organs and tissues." [OMIM:232220] synonym: "glucose-6-phosphate transport defect pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "glycogen storage disease pathway, type IB" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00573" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001991 ! glycogen storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-29T15:19:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001994 name: glycogen storage disease type III pathway def: "A type of glycogen disease pathway that involves the glycogen debranching enzyme. There are further subdivisions, to delineate the clinical manifestations." [OMIM:232400] synonym: "amylo 1,6 glucosidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Cori disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "deficiency of debranching enzyme pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "deficiency of dextrin pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "glycogen storage disease pathway, type III" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00553" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001991 ! glycogen storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-29T15:37:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001995 name: glycogen storage disease type IV pathway def: "A type of glycogen storage disease pathway involving glycogen branching enzyme 1." [OMIM:232500] synonym: "amylopectinosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Andersen disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "brancher deficiency glycogenosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Branching-transferase deficiency glycogenosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "deficiency of 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "glycogen storage disease pathway, type IV." EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00554" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001991 ! glycogen storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-29T15:47:11Z [Term] id: PW:0001996 name: glycogen storage disease type VI pathway def: "A type of glycogen storage disease pathway involving the liver phosphorylase." [OMIM:232700] synonym: "glycogen storage disease pathway, type VI" EXACT [] synonym: "hepatic glycogen phosphorylase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hepatophosphorylase deficiency glycogenosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Hers disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00555" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001991 ! glycogen storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-29T15:50:38Z [Term] id: PW:0001997 name: glycogen storage disease type VII pathway def: "A type of glycogen storage disease pathway involving muscle phosphofructokinase." [OMIM:232800] synonym: "glycogen storage disease pathway, type VII" EXACT [] synonym: "muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "phosphofructokinase myopathy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00531" RELATED [] synonym: "Tarui disease pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001991 ! glycogen storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-09-29T15:55:27Z [Term] id: PW:0001998 name: mitochondria fission pathway def: "The events leading to fission of mitochondria. Fission allows mitochondria to divide and grow and also to isolate and remove defective organelles." [PMID:21683788] relationship: part_of PW:0001961 ! mitochondria dynamics pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T14:42:58Z [Term] id: PW:0001999 name: mitochondria fusion pathway def: "The events leading to fusion of mitochondria." [PMID:21683788] relationship: part_of PW:0001961 ! mitochondria dynamics pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T14:43:29Z [Term] id: PW:0002000 name: ibandronate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of ibandronate - a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug used to treat bone diseases. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibandronic_acid] is_a: PW:0001621 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T14:58:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002001 name: ibandronate pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of ibandronate, a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibandronic_acid] is_a: PW:0001623 ! nitrogenous bisphosphanate pharmacokinetics pathway is_a: PW:0001624 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0002000 ! ibandronate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:00:55Z [Term] id: PW:0002002 name: ibandronate pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ibandronate-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Ibandronate is a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug used to treat bone diseases. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibandronic_acid] synonym: "SMP:00079" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002000 ! ibandronate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:01:20Z [Term] id: PW:0002003 name: hydrochlorothiazide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of hydrochlorothiazide, a drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:18:39Z [Term] id: PW:0002004 name: hydrochlorothiazide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of hydrochlorothiazide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide] is_a: PW:0002003 ! hydrochlorothiazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:25:14Z [Term] id: PW:0002005 name: hydrochlorothiazide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of hydrochlorothiazide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug reduces sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephron. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide] synonym: "SMP:00100" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002003 ! hydrochlorothiazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:25:40Z [Term] id: PW:0002006 name: gliclazide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of gliclazide, a second generation sulfonylurea anti-diabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliclazide] is_a: PW:0000723 ! anti-diabetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:51:04Z [Term] id: PW:0002007 name: gliclazide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of gliclazide, an anti-diabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliclazide] is_a: PW:0002006 ! gliclazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:51:42Z [Term] id: PW:0002008 name: gliclazide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of gliclazide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliclazide] synonym: "SMP:00461" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002006 ! gliclazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-01T15:52:31Z [Term] id: PW:0002009 name: glyburide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of glyburide, a second generation sulfonylurea anti-diabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The drug is also known as glibenclamide. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibenclamide] synonym: "glibenclamide drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000723 ! anti-diabetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T12:51:10Z [Term] id: PW:0002010 name: glyburide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of glyburide, an anti-diabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The drug is also known is glibenclamide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibenclamide] synonym: "glibenclamide pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002009 ! glyburide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T12:53:26Z [Term] id: PW:0002011 name: glyburide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of glyburide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glyburide is also known as glibenclamide. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibenclamide] synonym: "glibenclamide pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00460" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002009 ! glyburide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T12:54:21Z [Term] id: PW:0002012 name: gentamicin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of gentamicin - an antibiotic that interferes with bacterial protein synthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicin] is_a: PW:0001433 ! gentamicin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:01:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002013 name: gentamicin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of gentamicin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Gentamicin interferes with bacterial protein synthesis and is used in the treatment of several infections caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentamicin] synonym: "SMP:00254" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001433 ! gentamicin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:01:25Z [Term] id: PW:0002014 name: furosemide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of furosemide - a blocker of luminal sodium-potassium-chloride symporter used for the treatment of hypertension and edema. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:13:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002015 name: furosemide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of furosemide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide] is_a: PW:0002014 ! furosemide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:13:30Z [Term] id: PW:0002016 name: furosemide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of furosemide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug blocks the luminal sodium-potassium-chloride symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Furosemide is used in the treatment of hypertension and edema. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide] synonym: "SMP:00115" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002014 ! furosemide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:13:35Z [Term] id: PW:0002017 name: acute intermittent porphyria pathway def: "A rather common autosomal dominant porphyria resulting from defects in hydroxymethybilane synthase in the heme biosynthetic pathway." [OMIM:176000] synonym: "acute intermittent porphyria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00344" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001980 ! hepatic porphyria pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:27:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002018 name: glycerol kinase deficiency pathway def: "A rare metabolic disease due to alterations in the glycerol metabolic pathway resulting from defects in the glycerol kinase enzyme." [OMIM:307030] synonym: "GK deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "GKD pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "glycerol kinase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "hyperglycerolemia disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hyperglycerolemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00187" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:36:38Z [Term] id: PW:0002019 name: glutathione synthase deficiency pathway def: "A condition resulting from alterations in the glutathione biosynthesis pathway." [OMIM:266130] synonym: "5-oxoprolinemia disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "5-oxoprolinuria disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "pyroglutamic aciduria pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00143" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00337" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:41:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002020 name: nervous system lysosomal storage disease pathway def: "The lysosomal storage disease pathways affecting the nervous system." [] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:53:10Z [Term] id: PW:0002021 name: Krabbe disease pathway def: "An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of galactosylceramidase leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as galactosylceramides and psychosine." [] synonym: "beta galactocerebrosidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "diffuse globoid body sclerosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "globoid cell leukodystrophy disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "globoid cell leukodystrophy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Krabbe's disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Krabbe's leukodystrophy pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00348" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002300 ! nervous system lysosomal storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-02T13:56:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002022 name: fosinopril drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fosinopril - an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosinopril] is_a: PW:0001228 ! ACE inhibitor drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:23:24Z [Term] id: PW:0002023 name: fosinopril pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of fosinopril, an ACE inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosinopril] synonym: "SMP:00594" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002022 ! fosinopril drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:23:52Z [Term] id: PW:0002024 name: fosinopril pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of fosinopril-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosinopril] synonym: "SMP:00149" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001231 ! ACE inhibitor pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0002022 ! fosinopril drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:24:20Z [Term] id: PW:0002025 name: forasartan drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of forasartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forasartan] is_a: PW:0001789 ! renin-angiotensin system drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:29:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002026 name: forasartan pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of forasartan. The drug is an antagonist of angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forasartan] is_a: PW:0002025 ! forasartan drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:30:27Z [Term] id: PW:0002027 name: forasartsn pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of forasartan-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forasartan] synonym: "SMP:00160" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002025 ! forasartan drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:30:58Z [Term] id: PW:0002028 name: fluoxetine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of fluoxetine, an antidepressant used in the treatment of major depressive disorders. The drug is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine] is_a: PW:0002115 ! selective serotonin uptake inhibitor drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:41:52Z [Term] id: PW:0002029 name: fluoxetine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of fluoxetine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine] synonym: "SMP:00646" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002028 ! fluoxetine drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:43:05Z [Term] id: PW:0002030 name: fluoxetine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of fluoxetine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used in the treatment of major depressive disorders and its effect results from selective inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine] synonym: "SMP:00426" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002028 ! fluoxetine drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2015-10-07T15:43:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002031 name: flecainide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of flecainide, a drug used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flecainide] is_a: PW:0002336 ! antiarrhythmic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T14:41:46Z [Term] id: PW:0002032 name: flecainide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of flecainide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flecainide] is_a: PW:0002031 ! flecainide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T14:42:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002033 name: flecainde pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of flecainide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antiarrhythmic agent that acts by blocking sodium and possibly other channels in cardiomyocytes. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flecainide] synonym: "SMP:00331" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002031 ! flecainide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T14:42:57Z [Term] id: PW:0002034 name: fentanyl drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of fentanyl, a potent opioid analgesic used to treat sudden, severe pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T14:55:41Z [Term] id: PW:0002035 name: fentanyl pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of fentanyl, a potent opioid analgesic. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl] is_a: PW:0002034 ! fentanyl drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T14:56:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002036 name: fentanyl pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of fentonyl-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a synthetic opioid analgesic acting as a strong inhibitor of mu receptors. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl] synonym: "SMP:00415" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002034 ! fentanyl drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T14:56:56Z [Term] id: PW:0002037 name: famotidine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of famotidine - a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of acid disorders. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine] is_a: PW:0000921 ! alimentary tract and metabolism drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T15:28:34Z [Term] id: PW:0002038 name: famotidine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of famotidine. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine] is_a: PW:0002037 ! famotidine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T15:29:39Z [Term] id: PW:0002039 name: famotidine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of famotidine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of acid disorders. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famotidine] synonym: "SMP:00231" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002037 ! famotidine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T15:30:03Z [Term] id: PW:0002040 name: etodolac drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of etodolac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etodolac] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T15:37:06Z [Term] id: PW:0002041 name: etodolac pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of etodolac. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etodolac] is_a: PW:0002040 ! etodolac drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T15:37:30Z [Term] id: PW:0002042 name: etodolac pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of etodolac-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor with a preference for COX-2 enzyme. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etodolac] synonym: "SMP:00084" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002040 ! etodolac drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-08T15:38:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002043 name: etacryninc acid drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of etacrinic acid, a loop diuretic used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etacrynic_acid] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T12:53:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002044 name: etacrynic acid pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of etacrynic acid. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etacrynic_acid] is_a: PW:0002043 ! etacryninc acid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T12:54:08Z [Term] id: PW:0002045 name: etacrynic acid pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of etacrynic acid-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug acts by inhibiting sodium-potassium-chloride contransport in the ascending loop of Henle. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etacrynic_acid] synonym: "SMP:00097" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002043 ! etacryninc acid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T12:54:43Z [Term] id: PW:0002046 name: esmolol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of esmolol, a selective beta adrenergic type 1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension and several other conditions involving a faster than normal heart rate. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmolol] is_a: PW:0001737 ! adrenergic beta receptor selective antagonist drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:02:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002047 name: esmolol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of esmolol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmolol] is_a: PW:0002046 ! esmolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:03:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002048 name: esmolol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of esmolol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a selective antagonist of beta adrenergic type 1 receptor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmolol] synonym: "SMP:00301" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002046 ! esmolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:04:05Z [Term] id: PW:0002049 name: escitalopram drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of escitalopram, an antidepressant used in the treatment of major depressive disorders. The drug is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram] is_a: PW:0002115 ! selective serotonin uptake inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:35:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002050 name: escitalopram pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of escitalopram. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram] is_a: PW:0002049 ! escitalopram drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:36:39Z [Term] id: PW:0002051 name: escitalopram pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of escitalopram-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used in the treatment of major depressive disorders and its effect results from selective inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escitalopram] synonym: "SMP:00425" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002049 ! escitalopram drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:37:11Z [Term] id: PW:0002052 name: erythromycin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of erythromycin, an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth and used for the treatment of several bacterial infections. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:41:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002053 name: erythromycin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of erythromycin - an antibiotic that interferes with bacterial growth. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin] is_a: PW:0002052 ! erythromycin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:41:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002054 name: erythromycin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of ertthromycin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug interferes with bacterial growth via incompletely understood mechanisms. It is used for the treatment of several bacterial infections. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin] synonym: "SMP:00250" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002052 ! erythromycin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T13:43:02Z [Term] id: PW:0002055 name: eptifibatide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of eptifibatide, a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptifibatide] is_a: PW:0002150 ! antiplatelet drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T14:39:22Z [Term] id: PW:0002056 name: eptifibatide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of eptifibatide, a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptifibatide] is_a: PW:0002055 ! eptifibatide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T14:39:42Z [Term] id: PW:0002057 name: eptifibatide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of eftifibatide-interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The platelet aggregation inhibitor belongs to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor class. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptifibatide] synonym: "SMP:00266" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002055 ! eptifibatide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T14:40:02Z [Term] id: PW:0002058 name: eprosartan drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of eprosartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprosartan] is_a: PW:0001789 ! renin-angiotensin system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T14:51:01Z [Term] id: PW:0002059 name: eprosartan pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of eprosartan. The drug is an antagonist of angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprosartan] is_a: PW:0002058 ! eprosartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T14:51:36Z [Term] id: PW:0002060 name: eprosartan pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of eprosartan-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eprosartan] synonym: "SMP:00159" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002058 ! eprosartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-09T14:52:03Z [Term] id: PW:0002061 name: mitochondria transport pathway def: "The transport of mitochondria to sites of high energy demand, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial distribution at synaptic terminals and active growth cones is crucial for the proper function of neurons. Impaired transport and other aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the pathology of major neurodegenerative disorders." [PMID:21683788, PMID:24687278] synonym: "mitochondria trafficking pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway relationship: part_of PW:0001961 ! mitochondria dynamics pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T13:04:52Z [Term] id: PW:0002062 name: altered mitochondria dynamics pathway def: "Defects in mitochondrial dynamics are associated with the pathology of major neurodegenerative disorders." [PMID:19808793, PMID:24687278] is_a: PW:0001960 ! altered mitochondria homeostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001961 ! mitochondria dynamics pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T13:55:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002063 name: disulfiram drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of disulfiram, a drug used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism and also cocaine dependence. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiram] is_a: PW:0000923 ! nervous system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T14:16:26Z [Term] id: PW:0002064 name: disulfiram pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of disulfiram. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiram] is_a: PW:0002063 ! disulfiram drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T14:16:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002065 name: disulfiram pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of disulfiram-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug inhibits the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and also appears to prevent the breakdown of dopamine. Disulfiram is used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism and also cocaine dependence. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiram] synonym: "SMP:00429" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002063 ! disulfiram drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T14:17:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002066 name: disopyramide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of disopyramide, a drug used in the treatment of arrhythmia. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disopyramide] is_a: PW:0002336 ! antiarrhythmic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T14:51:54Z [Term] id: PW:0002067 name: disopyramide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of disopyramide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disopyramide] is_a: PW:0002066 ! disopyramide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T14:53:46Z [Term] id: PW:0002068 name: disopyramide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of disopyramide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a sodium channel blocker used in the treatment of arrhythmia. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disopyramide] synonym: "SMP:00325" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002066 ! disopyramide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T14:54:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002069 name: dipyridamole drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of dipyridamole, a drug that inhibits the formation of blood clots via inhibition of platelet aggregation. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipyridamole] is_a: PW:0002150 ! antiplatelet drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T15:01:37Z [Term] id: PW:0002070 name: dipyridamole pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of dipyridamole. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipyridamole] is_a: PW:0002069 ! dipyridamole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T15:02:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002071 name: dipyridamole pharmacodyamics pathway def: "The pathway of dipyridamole-target nteraction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Dipyridamole inhibits he formation of blood clots via inhibition of platelet aggregation. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipyridamole] synonym: "SMP:00264" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002069 ! dipyridamole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-13T15:02:49Z [Term] id: PW:0002072 name: lactose biosynthetic pathway def: "Those reaction involved in the synthesis of lactose, the major sugar in milk." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose] synonym: "SMP:00444" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001363 ! lactose metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-15T09:55:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002073 name: altered mitochondria transport pathway def: "A mitochondria transport pathway that deviates from what its normal could should be. Impaired transport and other aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the pathology of major neurodegenerative disorders." [PMID:24687278] is_a: PW:0002061 ! mitochondria transport pathway is_a: PW:0002062 ! altered mitochondria dynamics pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-15T10:16:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002074 name: altered mitochondria fusion pathway def: "A mitochondria fusion pathway that deviates from what its normal could should be." [PMID:21683788] is_a: PW:0001999 ! mitochondria fusion pathway is_a: PW:0002062 ! altered mitochondria dynamics pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-15T10:29:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002075 name: altered mitochondria fission pathway def: "A mitochondria fission pathway that deviates from what its normal could should be." [PMID:21683788] is_a: PW:0001998 ! mitochondria fission pathway is_a: PW:0002062 ! altered mitochondria dynamics pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-15T10:29:33Z [Term] id: PW:0002076 name: diltiazem drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of diltiazem- a benzothiazepine L-type calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diltiazem] is_a: PW:0001893 ! non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T08:40:13Z [Term] id: PW:0002077 name: diltiazem pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of diltiazem, an L-type calcium channel blocker used for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diltiazem] is_a: PW:0002076 ! diltiazem drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T08:44:58Z [Term] id: PW:0002078 name: diltiazem pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of diltiazem-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an L-type calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diltiazem] synonym: "SMP:00359" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002076 ! diltiazem drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T08:45:23Z [Term] id: PW:0002079 name: diflunisal drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of diflunisal, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and is used in the treatment of inflammation and pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diflunisal] is_a: PW:0001546 ! analgesic and/or antipyretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T08:51:21Z [Term] id: PW:0002080 name: diflunisal pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of diflunisal. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diflunisal] is_a: PW:0002079 ! diflunisal drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T08:53:13Z [Term] id: PW:0002081 name: diflunisal pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of diflunisal-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Diflunisal is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase enzymes used in the treatment of pain and inflammation. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diflunisal] synonym: "SMP:00289" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002079 ! diflunisal drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T08:53:42Z [Term] id: PW:0002082 name: didanosine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of didanosine - an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV infection. It is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didanosine] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T09:07:05Z [Term] id: PW:0002083 name: didanosine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of didanosine, a drug used for the treatment of HIV. Didanosine triphosphate is the active form of the drug which is intracellularly metabolized. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didanosine] is_a: PW:0002082 ! didanosine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T09:11:49Z [Term] id: PW:0002084 name: didanosine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of didanosine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Didanosine is a drug used for the treatment of HIV infection. Didanosine, in its active triphosphate form, inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didanosine] synonym: "SMP:00739" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002082 ! didanosine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T09:12:37Z [Term] id: PW:0002085 name: diclofenac drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to treat arthritis and other joint diseases." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac] is_a: PW:0001170 ! musculo-skeletal system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T09:33:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002086 name: diclofenac pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of diclofenac. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac] is_a: PW:0002085 ! diclofenac drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T09:37:15Z [Term] id: PW:0002087 name: diclofenac pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of diclofenac-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used for the treatment of various joint diseases and in pain management. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenac] synonym: "SMP:00093" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002085 ! diclofenac drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T09:37:41Z [Term] id: PW:0002088 name: desipramine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of desipramine, an antidepressant used in the treatment of depression and attention deficit disorder. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine] is_a: PW:0002113 ! non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T09:52:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002089 name: desipramine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of desipramine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine] synonym: "SMP:00626" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002088 ! desipramine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T10:01:19Z [Term] id: PW:0002090 name: desipramine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of desipramine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used in the treatment of major depression and its effect results from inhibition of norepinephrine and to a lesser extent serotonin neurotransmitter reuptake. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desipramine] synonym: "SMP:00423" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002088 ! desipramine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T10:01:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002091 name: galactosemias pathway def: "A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies that affect galactose metabolism and manifest as elevated galactose levels in the blood." [MeSH:D005693] synonym: "galactosemias disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T10:18:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002092 name: galactosemia pathway def: "A galactosemia resulting from defects in the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme GALT." [OMIM:230400] synonym: "classic galactosemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "GALT deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00182" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002091 ! galactosemias pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T10:22:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002093 name: GALE deficiency pathway def: "A galactosemia resulting from defects in the UDP-galactose-4-epimerase enzyme GALE." [OMIM:230350] synonym: "galactose epimerase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "galactosemia III pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00496" RELATED [] synonym: "UDP-galactose-4-epimerase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0002091 ! galactosemias pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T10:23:26Z [Term] id: PW:0002094 name: galactokinase deficiency pathway def: "A galactosemia resulting from defects in the galactokinase enzyme GALK1." [OMIM:230200] synonym: "GALK deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00495" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002091 ! galactosemias pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T10:23:54Z [Term] id: PW:0002095 name: GABA aminotransferase deficiency pathway def: "A condition caused by alterations in gamma aminobutyric acid metabolism due to defects in the 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase enzyme." [OMIM:613163] synonym: "GABA transaminase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00351" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T10:54:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002096 name: neuromuscular manifestation of disease pathway def: "Those symptoms associated with conditions affecting the muscles, neuromuscular junctions or peripheral nerves." [MeSH:D020879] synonym: "neuromuscular manifestation disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000178 ! neurological disorder pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T11:09:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002097 name: muscle hypotonia disorder pathway def: "A disorder manifested by a diminished skeletal muscle tone." [MeSH:D009123] is_a: PW:0002096 ! neuromuscular manifestation of disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T11:12:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002098 name: fumaric aciduria pathway def: "A severe autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from defects in the fumarate hydratase enzyme and manifesting in early-onset hypotonia, psychomotor and brain abnormalities." [OMIM:606812] synonym: "fumarase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "fumaric aciduria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00547" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0002097 ! muscle hypotonia disorder pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T11:14:36Z [Term] id: PW:0002099 name: inborn error of fructose metabolism pathway def: "Those diseases that are caused by inborn errors of fructose metabolism." [MeSH:D015318] synonym: "inborn error of fructose metabolism disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T11:27:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002100 name: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive condition resulting from alterations in fructose metabolism due to defects in the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase." [MeSH:D015319, OMIM:229700] synonym: "fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00562" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002099 ! inborn error of fructose metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T11:29:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002101 name: hereditary fructose intolerance syndrome pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in fructose metabolism and due to defects in the fructose-1-phosphate aldolase enzyme." [MeSH:D005633, OMIM:229600] synonym: "fructose intolerance pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00725" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002099 ! inborn error of fructose metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T11:32:59Z [Term] id: PW:0002102 name: inborn error of steroid metabolism pathway def: "Those disorders resulting from alterations in steroid metabolic pathways due to inborn genetic mutations." [MeSH:D043202] synonym: "inborn error of steroid metabolism disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T12:53:22Z [Term] id: PW:0002103 name: Fabry disease pathway def: "An X-linked inherited metabolic disorder resulting from alterations in lipid metabolic pathways. It is due to defects in alpha-galactosidase leading to accumulation of glycosphingolipids in blood vessels." [MeSH:D000795, OMIM:301500] synonym: "SMP:00525" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001872 ! X-linked genetic disease pathway is_a: PW:0002301 ! sphingolipidosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T12:58:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002104 name: dystonia pathway def: "Movement disorders classified by patterns of inheritance and age of onset." [MeSH:D020821] synonym: "dystonia disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001611 ! movement disorder pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-21T13:09:09Z [Term] id: PW:0002105 name: dopa responsive dystonia pathway def: "A condition resulting from alterations in the metabolism of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for the activity of many enzymes. Diet and supplements, such as administration of L-Dopa, may diminish the outcomes of the condition." [PMID:19234759] synonym: "dopa responsive dystonia disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00486" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002104 ! dystonia pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-22T12:42:09Z [Term] id: PW:0002106 name: desmosterolosis pathway def: "A rare autosomal recessive disorder likely resulting from alteration in cholesterol metabolism. Desmosterol, a precursor of cholesterol, is present in elevated amounts." [OMIM:602398] synonym: "desmosterolosis disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00386" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001643 ! inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-22T12:54:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002107 name: cyclophosphamide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent used in the treatment of certain cancer types. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:31:11Z [Term] id: PW:0002108 name: cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of cyclophosphamide. It is a prodrug that has to be converted to its metabolite - 4-hydroxy cyclophosphamide, to exhibit chemotherapeutic activity. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide] synonym: "SMP:00604" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002107 ! cyclophosphamide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:31:46Z [Term] id: PW:0002109 name: cyclophosphamide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of cyclophosphamide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The alkylating drug is used for the treatment of several cancer types but its toxicity can have severe adverse effects. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide] synonym: "SMP:00447" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002107 ! cyclophosphamide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:33:02Z [Term] id: PW:0002110 name: cimetidine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of cimetidine - a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of acid disorders. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine] is_a: PW:0000921 ! alimentary tract and metabolism drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:42:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002111 name: cimetidine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of cimetidine. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine] synonym: "SMP:00617" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002110 ! cimetidine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:42:51Z [Term] id: PW:0002112 name: cimetidine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of cimetidine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist used for the treatment of various acid disorders. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetidine] synonym: "SMP:00232" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002110 ! cimetidine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:43:19Z [Term] id: PW:0002113 name: non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of non- selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor drugs." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06A_Antidepressants] is_a: PW:0002114 ! antidepressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:51:09Z [Term] id: PW:0002114 name: antidepressant drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used to treat various forms of depression. Some are non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors, others are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The category also includes monoamine oxidase inhibitors and drug classified as others." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06A_Antidepressants] is_a: PW:0000923 ! nervous system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T14:52:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002115 name: selective serotonin uptake inhibitor drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selective serotonin uptake inhibitor drugs." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06A_Antidepressants] is_a: PW:0002114 ! antidepressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T15:02:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002116 name: citalopram drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of citalopram, an antidepressant used in the treatment of major depressive disorders. The drug is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram] is_a: PW:0002115 ! selective serotonin uptake inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T15:06:39Z [Term] id: PW:0002117 name: citalopram pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of citalopram. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram] synonym: "SMP:00627" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002116 ! citalopram drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T15:07:23Z [Term] id: PW:0002118 name: citalopram pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of citalopram-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is used in the treatment of major depressive disorders and its effect results from selective inhibition of serotonin reuptake. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [XXwikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citalopram] synonym: "SMP:00424" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002116 ! citalopram drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-27T15:07:46Z [Term] id: PW:0002119 name: histamine signaling pathway, immunological def: "Histamine signaling is important for the central and to some extent the peripheral nervous systems and is also involved in the immune responses. Histamine signaling engages four G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). In the immune system/inflammatory it involves receptors H2 and H4. H2 couples to Galphas." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine] synonym: "SMP:00335" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000818 ! signaling pathway pertinent to immunity is_a: PW:0002120 ! histamine signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-28T14:35:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002120 name: histamine signaling pathway def: "Histamine is a nitrogenous compound derived from histidine whose signaling plays important roles in the nervous and immune systems." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine] is_a: PW:0000466 ! amine and amino acid-derived hormone signaling pathway is_a: PW:0001162 ! chemical compound signaling pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-28T14:41:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002121 name: diuretic drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that increase water excretion and are used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure and certain kidney disorders. They are further categorized by type. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic] is_a: PW:0000920 ! cardiovascular system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T11:30:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002122 name: chlorthalidone drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of chlorothalidone - a blocker of sodium -chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. The drug is used for the treatment of hypertension and also as an adjuvant drug for treating edema. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlortalidone] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T11:40:14Z [Term] id: PW:0002123 name: chlorthalidone pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of chlorthalidone. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlortalidone] is_a: PW:0002122 ! chlorthalidone drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T12:28:30Z [Term] id: PW:0002124 name: chlorthalidone pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of chlorthalidone-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug blocks the sodium-chloride symporter and is used in the treatment of hypertension and as an adjuvant for treating edema. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlortalidone] synonym: "SMP:00122" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002122 ! chlorthalidone drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T12:29:10Z [Term] id: PW:0002125 name: captopril drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of captopril - an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captopril] is_a: PW:0001228 ! ACE inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T13:08:06Z [Term] id: PW:0002126 name: captopril pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of captopril, an ACE inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captopril] is_a: PW:0001230 ! ACE inhibitor pharmacokinetics pathway is_a: PW:0002125 ! captopril drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T13:08:35Z [Term] id: PW:0002127 name: captopril pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of captopril-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and also for other cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captopril] synonym: "SMP:00146" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001231 ! ACE inhibitor pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0002125 ! captopril drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T13:09:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002128 name: candesartan drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of candsartan, an angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candesartan] is_a: PW:0001789 ! renin-angiotensin system drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T13:42:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002129 name: candesartan pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of candesartan. The drug is an antagonist of angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candesartan] is_a: PW:0002128 ! candesartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T13:43:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002130 name: candesartan pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of candesartan-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an antagonist of the angiotensin II receptor type 1. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candesartan] synonym: "SMP:00158" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002128 ! candesartan drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T13:43:43Z [Term] id: PW:0002131 name: capecitabine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of capecitabine, an agent used in the treatment of several cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug that is enzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil which inhibits the activity of thymidylate synthase necessary for the de novo DNA synthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capecitabine] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T14:00:49Z [Term] id: PW:0002132 name: capecitabine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of capecitabine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capecitabine] synonym: "SMP:00607" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002131 ! capecitabine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T14:02:57Z [Term] id: PW:0002133 name: capecitabine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of capecitabine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Capecitabine is used in the treatment of numerous cancers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capecitabine] synonym: "SMP:00469" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002131 ! capecitabine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T14:03:33Z [Term] id: PW:0002134 name: bupranolol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of buoranolol - a non-selective adrenergic beta receptor blocker, used for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupranolol] synonym: "SMP:00670" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001738 ! adrenergic beta receptor non-selective antagonist drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T14:16:38Z [Term] id: PW:0002135 name: bupranolol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bupranolol. The drug is a non-selective adrenergic beta receptor blocker. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupranolol] is_a: PW:0002134 ! bupranolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T14:17:23Z [Term] id: PW:0002136 name: bupranolol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of buopranolol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is non-selective blocker of adrenergic receptor beta. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupranolol] synonym: "SMP:00670" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002134 ! bupranolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-29T14:17:57Z [Term] id: PW:0002137 name: presequence pathway of mitochondrial protein import def: "A classical pathway of mitochondrial protein import that delivers matrix resident and some of the inner membrane proteins. The precursor proteins are synthesized with an amino terminal peptide extension - the presequence. Translocase complexes, chaperones and processing enzymes cooperate in the process." [PMID:22178138, PMID:24561263] is_a: PW:0001962 ! mitochondrial protein import pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-30T09:05:51Z [Term] id: PW:0002138 name: carrier pathway of mitochondrial protein import. def: "The carrier pathway delivers many of the inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. These proteins are synthesized without a presequence." [PMID:22178138, PMID:24561263] is_a: PW:0001962 ! mitochondrial protein import pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-30T09:41:54Z [Term] id: PW:0002139 name: intermembrane space assembly pathway of mitochondrial protein import def: "The mitochondrial intermembrane space assembly pathway (MIA) delivers the resident proteins of this mitochondrial localization." [PMID:22178138, PMID:24561263] is_a: PW:0001962 ! mitochondrial protein import pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-30T09:51:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002140 name: beta-barrel pathway of mitochondrial protein import def: "The mitochondrial protein import thereby beta-barrel proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane are sorted and assembled." [PMID:22178138, PMID:24561263] is_a: PW:0001962 ! mitochondrial protein import pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-30T10:06:56Z [Term] id: PW:0002141 name: alpha-helical insertion pathway of mitochondrial protein import def: "The mitochondrial protein import thereby alpha-helical proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane are sorted and assembled." [PMID:22178138, PMID:24561263] is_a: PW:0001962 ! mitochondrial protein import pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-10-30T10:07:37Z [Term] id: PW:0002142 name: inborn error of urea cycle pathway alt_id: PW:0002219 def: "A rare congenital disorder resulting from alterations in the urea cycle pathway. The neonatal form exhibits several phenotypes and can result in death." [MeSH:D056806] synonym: "inborn error of urea cycle disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "urea cycle disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T08:59:19Z [Term] id: PW:0002143 name: citrullinemia pathway def: "The condition represents a group of disorders due to argininosuccinate synthase deficiency. The enzyme is a component of the urea cycle pathway." [MeSH:D020159, OMIM:215700] synonym: "citrullinemia disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "citrullinemia type I disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00001" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002142 ! inborn error of urea cycle pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T09:04:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002144 name: carbamoyl phosphate synthase I deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in the urea cycle pathway and due to defects in the hepatic mitochondrial enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1." [MeSH:D020165, OMIM:23730] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T09:11:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002145 name: argininosuccinic aciduria pathway def: "A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in the urea cycle pathway and due to defects in the argininosuccinate lyase enzyme." [MeSH:D056807, OMIM:207900] synonym: "argininosuccinic aciduria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00003" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002142 ! inborn error of urea cycle pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T09:16:25Z [Term] id: PW:0002146 name: direct thrombin inhibitor drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of drugs that reduce or prevent the formation of blood clots by directly inhibiting thrombin. Thrombin is a serine protease involved in coagulation-related reactions. The drugs are further classified depending on how they interact with thrombin. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor] is_a: PW:0002151 ! anticoagulant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T11:47:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002147 name: bivalirudin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor. Bivalirudin binds to both the catalytic site and anion-binding exosite of thrombin and as classified as a bivalent inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalirudin] is_a: PW:0002146 ! direct thrombin inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T11:55:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002148 name: bivalirudin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bivalirudin, a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalirudin] is_a: PW:0002147 ! bivalirudin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T11:55:54Z [Term] id: PW:0002149 name: bivalirudin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of bivalirudin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a bivalent direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalirudin] synonym: "SMP:00277" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002147 ! bivalirudin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T11:56:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002150 name: antiplatelet drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of drugs that decrease platelet aggregation and inhibit blood clot formation. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug] is_a: PW:0001651 ! antithrombotic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T14:59:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002151 name: anticoagulant drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of drugs that prevent the coagulation of blood. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant] is_a: PW:0001651 ! antithrombotic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:04:52Z [Term] id: PW:0002152 name: thrombolytic drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs that can dissolve blood clots. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug] is_a: PW:0001651 ! antithrombotic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:07:56Z [Term] id: PW:0002153 name: bumetanide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bumetanide - a blocker of luminal sodium-potassium-chloride symporter used for the treatment of heart failure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumetanide] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:18:26Z [Term] id: PW:0002154 name: bumetanide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bumetanide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumetanide] is_a: PW:0002153 ! bumetanide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:22:40Z [Term] id: PW:0002155 name: bumetanide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of bumetanide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug blocks the luminal sodium-potassium-chloride symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Bumetanide is used in the treatment of heart failure. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [pathway:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumetanide] synonym: "SMP:00088" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002153 ! bumetanide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:23:10Z [Term] id: PW:0002156 name: bisoprolol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bisoprolol, a selective beta adrenergic type 1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension and several other conditions involving a faster than normal heart rate. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoprolol] is_a: PW:0001737 ! adrenergic beta receptor selective antagonist drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:38:43Z [Term] id: PW:0002157 name: bisoprolol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bisoprolol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoprolol] is_a: PW:0002156 ! bisoprolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:39:13Z [Term] id: PW:0002158 name: bisoprolol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of bisoprolol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a selective antagonist of beta adrenergic type 1 receptor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoprolol] synonym: "SMP:00300" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002156 ! bisoprolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:39:42Z [Term] id: PW:0002159 name: sensory organ drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of compounds used in the treatment of conditions affecting the sensory organs. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system] is_a: PW:0000754 ! drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:53:41Z [Term] id: PW:0002160 name: betaxolol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of betaxolol, a selective beta adrenergic type 1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaxolol] is_a: PW:0001737 ! adrenergic beta receptor selective antagonist drug pathway is_a: PW:0002159 ! sensory organ drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:58:15Z [Term] id: PW:0002161 name: betaxolol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of betaxolol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaxolol] is_a: PW:0002160 ! betaxolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:58:47Z [Term] id: PW:0002162 name: betaxolol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of betaxolol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a selective antagonist of beta adrenergic type 1 receptor used in the treatment of hypertension and glaucoma. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaxolol] synonym: "SMP:00299" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002160 ! betaxolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-02T15:59:06Z [Term] id: PW:0002163 name: moexipril drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moexipril - an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moexipril] is_a: PW:0001228 ! ACE inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-03T08:54:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002164 name: moexipril pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of moexipril, an ACE inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moexipril] synonym: "SMP:00595" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001230 ! ACE inhibitor pharmacokinetics pathway is_a: PW:0002163 ! moexipril drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-03T08:54:58Z [Term] id: PW:0002165 name: moexipril pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of moexipril-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moexipril] synonym: "SMP:00151" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001231 ! ACE inhibitor pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0002163 ! moexipril drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-03T08:59:40Z [Term] id: PW:0002166 name: 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency pathway def: "A form of congenital hyperplasia resulting from defects in the CYP17A1 gene." [OMIM:202110] synonym: "SMP:00372" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001478 ! congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-04T15:18:23Z [Term] id: PW:0002167 name: 21-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency pathway def: "A form of congenital hyperplasia resulting from defects in the CYP21A2 gene." [OMIM:201910] synonym: "SMP:00373" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001478 ! congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-04T15:18:29Z [Term] id: PW:0002168 name: 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency pathway def: "A form of congenital hyperplasia resulting from defects in the CYP11B1 gene." [OMIM:202010] synonym: "SMP:00575" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001478 ! congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-04T15:26:22Z [Term] id: PW:0002169 name: acebutolol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of acebutolol, a selective beta adrenergic type 1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acebutolol] is_a: PW:0001737 ! adrenergic beta receptor selective antagonist drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:15:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002170 name: acebutolol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of acebutolol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acebutolol] is_a: PW:0002169 ! acebutolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:16:01Z [Term] id: PW:0002171 name: acebutolol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of acebutolol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a selective antagonist of beta adrenergic type 1 receptor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acebutolol] synonym: "SMP:00296" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002169 ! acebutolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:16:26Z [Term] id: PW:0002172 name: alendronate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of alendronate - a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug used to treat bone diseases. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alendronic_acid] is_a: PW:0001621 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:21:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002173 name: alendronate pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of alendronate, a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alendronic_acid] is_a: PW:0001623 ! nitrogenous bisphosphanate pharmacokinetics pathway is_a: PW:0002172 ! alendronate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:23:01Z [Term] id: PW:0002174 name: alendronate pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of alendronate-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Alendronate is a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug used to treat bone diseases. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alendronic_acid] synonym: "SMP:00095" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001624 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0002172 ! alendronate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:24:02Z [Term] id: PW:0002175 name: pamidronate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of pamidronate - a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug used to treat bone diseases. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamidronic_acid] is_a: PW:0001621 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:27:46Z [Term] id: PW:0002176 name: pamidronate pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of pamidronate, a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamidronic_acid] is_a: PW:0001623 ! nitrogenous bisphosphanate pharmacokinetics pathway is_a: PW:0002175 ! pamidronate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:28:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002177 name: pamidronate pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of pamidronate-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Pamidronate is a nitrogenous bisphosphonate drug used to treat bone diseases. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamidronic_acid] synonym: "SMP:00117" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001624 ! nitrogenous bisphosphonate pharmacodynamics pathway is_a: PW:0002175 ! pamidronate drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T14:28:42Z [Term] id: PW:0002178 name: skin disease pathway is_a: PW:0001701 ! skin and connective tissue disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T15:04:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002179 name: connective tissue disease pathway is_a: PW:0001701 ! skin and connective tissue disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T15:04:15Z [Term] id: PW:0002180 name: genetic skin disease pathway def: "Those skin diseases that contain a genetic component, usually resulting from inborn error of metabolism." [MeSH:D012873] is_a: PW:0002178 ! skin disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T15:05:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002181 name: prolidase deficiency pathway def: "A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in collagen metabolism and due to defects in the prolidase PEPD gene. The condition is manifested in skin ulcers and mental retardation." [MeSH:D056732, OMIM:170100] synonym: "SMP:00207" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0002180 ! genetic skin disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T15:09:14Z [Term] id: PW:0002182 name: esomeprazole drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor. It is administered for the treatment of acid-related disorders. The drug inhibits the hydrogen potassium ATPase in the parietal cells of the stomach. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esomeprazole] is_a: PW:0000918 ! proton pump inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T15:16:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002183 name: esomeprazole pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of esomeprazole, a compound in the class of proton pump inhibitors used in the treatment of acid-related disorders. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esomeprazole] synonym: "SMP:00612" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002182 ! esomeprazole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T15:17:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002184 name: esomeprazole pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of esomeprazole-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Esomeprazole is a compound in the class of proton pump inhibitors used in the treatment of acid-related disorders. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esomeprazole] synonym: "SMP:00225" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002182 ! esomeprazole drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-05T15:18:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002185 name: lysine metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis, utilization and/or degradation of lysine, an essential amino acid." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-06T08:49:59Z [Term] id: PW:0002186 name: chlorothiazide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of chlorothiazide, a drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorothiazide] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T08:33:21Z [Term] id: PW:0002187 name: chlorothiazide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of chlorothiazide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorothiazide] is_a: PW:0002186 ! chlorothiazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T08:34:05Z [Term] id: PW:0002188 name: chlorothiazide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of chlorothiazide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug reduces sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephron. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorothiazide] synonym: "SMP:00078" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002186 ! chlorothiazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T08:34:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002189 name: buprenorphine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of buprenorphine, a semi-synthetic opioid and a mixed partial agonist opioid receptor modulator used to treat opioid addiction and to control moderate to acute pain. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buprenorphine] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T08:43:27Z [Term] id: PW:0002190 name: buprenorphine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of buprenorphine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buprenorphine] is_a: PW:0002189 ! buprenorphine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T08:44:04Z [Term] id: PW:0002191 name: buprenorphine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of buprenorphine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a non-selective, mixed agonist-antagonist opioid receptor modulator. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buprenorphine] synonym: "SMP:00684" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002189 ! buprenorphine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T08:44:27Z [Term] id: PW:0002192 name: bupivacaine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bupivacaine, a drug used as a local anesthetic. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivacaine] is_a: PW:0002243 ! anesthetic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:07:22Z [Term] id: PW:0002193 name: bupivacaine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bupivacaine. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivacaine] is_a: PW:0002192 ! bupivacaine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:09:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002194 name: bupivacaine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of bupivacaine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. It acts mainly as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupivacaine] synonym: "SMP:00393" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002192 ! bupivacaine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:09:52Z [Term] id: PW:0002195 name: bendroflumethiazide drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bendroflumethiazide, a drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendroflumethiazide] is_a: PW:0002121 ! diuretic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:30:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002196 name: bendroflumethiazide pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bendroflumethiazide. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendroflumethiazide] is_a: PW:0002195 ! bendroflumethiazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:30:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002197 name: bendroflumethiazide pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of bendroflumethiazide-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug reduces sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephron. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendroflumethiazide] synonym: "SMP:00090" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002195 ! bendroflumethiazide drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:30:49Z [Term] id: PW:0002198 name: azithromycin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of azithromycin, an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth and used for the treatment of several bacterial infections and a number of sexually transmitted infections. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:40:37Z [Term] id: PW:0002199 name: azithromycin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination of azithromycin - an antibiotic that interferes with bacterial growth. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin] is_a: PW:0002198 ! azithromycin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:40:54Z [Term] id: PW:0002200 name: azithromycin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of azithromycin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug interferes with bacterial growth and is used for the treatment of several bacterial infections and a number of sexually transmitted infections. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycinb] synonym: "SMP:00247" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002198 ! azithromycin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:41:22Z [Term] id: PW:0002201 name: azathioprine drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of azathioprine, an immunosupressive drug used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine, thus inhibiting DNA synthesis. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine] is_a: PW:0002369 ! immunosuppressant drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:50:24Z [Term] id: PW:0002202 name: azathioprine pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of azathioprine, a meracptopurine prodrug. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine] is_a: PW:0002201 ! azathioprine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:50:54Z [Term] id: PW:0002203 name: azathioprine pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of azathioprine-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. It is an immunosupressive drug that inhibits DNA synthesis. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine] synonym: "SMP:00427" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002201 ! azathioprine drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-09T09:51:11Z [Term] id: PW:0002204 name: 2-aminoadipic 2-oxoadipic aciduria pathway def: "An inherited condition resulting from alterations in lysine metabolism. Mutations in the DHTKD1 gene, encoding an enzyme involved in the lysine degradation pathway, have been associated with the condition." [OMIM:204750] synonym: "2-aminoadipic 2-oxoadipic aciduria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00719" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T08:53:07Z [Term] id: PW:0002205 name: 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria pathway def: "An autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder with several phenotypes and due to mutations in the L2HGDH gene (the L-type), D2HGDH and IDH2 genes (the D-type). A combined L- and D-type has also been observed and has been attributed to mutations in the SLC25A1 gene." [OMIM:236792, OMIM:600721, OMIM:613657, OMIM:615182] synonym: "2-hydroxyglutaricaciduria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "2-hydroxyglutaricaciduria pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00136" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T09:02:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002206 name: ethylmalonic encephalopathy pathway def: "An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting the brain and peripheral vessels and manifested in infancy. Genetic studies identify defects in the ETHE1 gene, a mitochondrial resident gene product, thus pointing to implications in many aspects of mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis." [OMIM:602473] synonym: "ethylmalonic encephalopathy disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00181" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T09:38:05Z [Term] id: PW:0002207 name: autonomic nervous system disease pathway def: "Conditions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system." [MeSH:D001342] is_a: PW:0001412 ! nervous system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T09:55:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002208 name: dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency pathway def: "A condition resulting from alterations in the pathways of norepinephrine and epinephrine biosynthesis due to defects in the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (DBH). DBH catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, in turn the precursor to epinephrine." [OMIM:223360, PMID:19342614] synonym: "dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00498" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002207 ! autonomic nervous system disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T09:57:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002209 name: dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder resulting in alterations in glycine, choline and folate metabolism and due to mutations in DMGDH gene." [OMIM:605850] synonym: "SMP:00242" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00484" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T10:08:49Z [Term] id: PW:0002210 name: dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in pyrimidine degradation pathway due to mutations in dihydropyrimidine gene (DPYD). DPYD catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in pyrimidine bases (uracil and thymine) catabolism." [MeSH:D054067, OMIM:274270] synonym: "SMP:00179" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001776 ! inborn error of purine-pyrimidine metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T10:22:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002211 name: dihydropyrimidinase deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in pyrimidine degradation pathway due to mutations in dihydropyrimidinase gene (DPYS). DPYS catalyzes the second step in pyrimidine bases (uracil and thymine) catabolism." [OMIM:222748] synonym: "SMP:00178" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001776 ! inborn error of purine-pyrimidine metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T10:29:04Z [Term] id: PW:0002212 name: D-glycericacidemia pathway def: "A very rare autosomal recessive condition resulting from alterations in glycerolipid metabolism due to defects in the glycerate kinase (GLYCTK) gene." [OMIM:220120] synonym: "D-glycericacidemia disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "D-glyceric aciduria disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00529" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-10T10:41:14Z [Term] id: PW:0002213 name: inborn error of renal tubular transport pathway def: "Conditions resulting from genetic defects in the selective or non-selective transport pathways of kidney tubules." [MeSH:D015499] synonym: "inborn error of renal tubular transport disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0000300 ! kidney disease pathway is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-11T15:21:59Z [Term] id: PW:0002214 name: cystinuria pathway def: "An autosomal condition resulting from impaired epithelial transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids in the proximal renal tubule. It is further classified based on differences in the genetic basis of the disorder." [MeSH:D003555, OMIM:220100] synonym: "cystinuria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00723" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002213 ! inborn error of renal tubular transport pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-11T15:22:06Z [Term] id: PW:0002215 name: guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive condition resulting from alterations in creatine metabolism due to mutations in the GAMT gene." [OMIM:612736] synonym: "creatine deficiency syndrome pathway due to GMAT deficiency" RELATED [] synonym: "GAMT deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00188" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00504" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001611 ! movement disorder pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-11T15:42:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002216 name: erythropoietic porphyria pathway def: "An autosomal recessive condition due to defects in the uroporphyrinogen III synthase gene." [] synonym: "erythropoietic porphyria disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Gunther disease pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00345" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001784 ! porphyria pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-11T15:48:23Z [Term] id: PW:0002217 name: cystinosis pathway def: "A condition resulting from alterations in the transport of cystine across the lysosomal membrane due to defects in the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin (CTNS)." [MeSH:D003554, OMIM:219800] synonym: "cystinosis disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001630 ! lysosomal storage disease pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T08:12:25Z [Term] id: PW:0002218 name: ocular nonnephropathic cystinosis pathway def: "A variant of the classic nephropathic cystinosis type." [OMIM:219750] synonym: "ocular non-nephropathic cystinosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00722" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002217 ! cystinosis pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T08:18:06Z [Term] id: PW:0002219 name: urea cycle disease pathway def: "Conditions resulting from alterations in the urea cycle pathway." [MeSH:D056806] is_obsolete: true created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T09:15:04Z [Term] id: PW:0002220 name: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency pathway alt_id: PW:0002144 def: "An autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in the urea cycle pathway and due to defects in the hepatic mitochondrial enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1." [] synonym: "carbamoyl phosphate synthase I deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "carbamoyl synthetase deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00002" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001669 ! mitochondrial disease pathway is_a: PW:0002142 ! inborn error of urea cycle pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T09:18:07Z [Term] id: PW:0002221 name: aprotinin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of aprotinin, an antifibrinolytic inhibitor of trypsin and other serine proteases, used to reduce bleeding during surgery. Once withdrawn from the market, it has been reintroduced. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprotinin] is_a: PW:0001652 ! antihemorrhagic drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T09:49:08Z [Term] id: PW:0002222 name: aprotinin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of aprotinin. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprotinin] is_a: PW:0002221 ! aprotinin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T09:49:23Z [Term] id: PW:0002223 name: aprotinin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of aprotinin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor of trypsin, chymotrypsin and others. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprotinin] synonym: "SMP:00288" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002221 ! aprotinin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T09:49:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002224 name: arbekacin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arbekacin, an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbekacin] is_a: PW:0000996 ! anti-infective drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:06:47Z [Term] id: PW:0002225 name: arbekacin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of arbekacin. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbekacin] is_a: PW:0002224 ! arbekacin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:07:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002226 name: arbekacin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of arbekacin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Arbekacin inhibits protein synthesis by irreversibly binding to bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. The drug is used for the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbekacin] synonym: "SMP:00713" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002224 ! arbekacin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:08:10Z [Term] id: PW:0002227 name: argatrobran drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argatroban] is_a: PW:0002146 ! direct thrombin inhibitor drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:29:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002228 name: argatrobran pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argatroban] is_a: PW:0002227 ! argatrobran drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:30:50Z [Term] id: PW:0002229 name: argatroban pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of argatroban-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argatroban] synonym: "SMP:00276" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002227 ! argatrobran drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:31:14Z [Term] id: PW:0002230 name: atenolol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of atenotolol, a selective beta adrenergic type 1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenolol] is_a: PW:0001737 ! adrenergic beta receptor selective antagonist drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:40:52Z [Term] id: PW:0002231 name: atenolol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of atenolol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenolol] is_a: PW:0002230 ! atenolol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2015-11-12T10:41:27Z [Term] id: PW:0002232 name: atenolol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of atenolol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a selective antagonist of beta adrenergic type 1 receptor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:" RELATED [] synonym: "levomethadyl acetate drug pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T08:31:34Z [Term] id: PW:0002552 name: levacetylmethadol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of levacetylmethadol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levacetylmethadol] synonym: "levomethadyl acetate pharmacokinetics pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002551 ! levacetylmethadol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T08:33:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002553 name: levacetylmethadol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of levacetylmethadol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug acts as a mu-receptor agonist. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levacetylmethadol] synonym: "levomethadyl acetate pharmacodynamics pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00677" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002551 ! levacetylmethadol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T08:34:15Z [Term] id: PW:0002554 name: levorphanol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of levorphanol, an opioid used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Primarily an agonist of the mu opioid receptor, levorphanol acts as an agonist or antagonist for several other receptors. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T08:45:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002555 name: levorphanol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of levorphanol. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol] is_a: PW:0002554 ! levorphanol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T08:46:34Z [Term] id: PW:0002556 name: levorphanol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of levorphanol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug acts primarily as a mu-receptor agonist, but it can be an agonist or antagonist for several other receptors. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levorphanol] synonym: "SMP:00673" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002554 ! levorphanol drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T08:46:58Z [Term] id: PW:0002557 name: familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency pathway def: "An inherited condition resulting from alteration in lipid metabolism due to defects in lipase or apolipoprotein functions." [MeSH:D008072] synonym: "familial chylomiconemia syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "familial hyperlipoproteinemia type I pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "familial LPL deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Fredrickson type I hyperlipoproteinemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "Fredrickson type I lipemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hypercholesterinemic xanthomatosis pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hyperchylomicronemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hyperlipoproteinemia type I disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "hyperlipoproteinemia type I pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "mixed hyperglyceridemia pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00530" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001643 ! inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T09:00:27Z [Term] id: PW:0002558 name: heroin drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of heroin, an opioid painkiller and a narcotic. Chemically is 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin] is_a: PW:0002443 ! opioid drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T09:09:20Z [Term] id: PW:0002559 name: heroin pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of heroin. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin] synonym: "SMP:00623" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002558 ! heroin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T09:09:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002560 name: heroin pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of heroin-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Heroin is an opioid painkiller and a narcotic. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin] synonym: "SMP:00407" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002558 ! heroin drug pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-02T09:10:31Z [Term] id: PW:0002561 name: cystathioninuria pathway def: "An autosomal recessive condition resulting from alterations in the transsulfuration pathway of homocysteine metabolism." [OMIM:219500] synonym: "cystathionase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "cystathione gamma-lyase deficiency syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "gamma-cystathionase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00514" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001840 ! hyperhomocysteinemia pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-07T10:24:56Z [Term] id: PW:0002562 name: glutathionuria disease pathway def: "An inherited condition resulting from alterations in glutathione metabolism." [OMIM:231950] synonym: "gamma-glutamyltransferase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00501" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-07T10:33:20Z [Term] id: PW:0002563 name: ornithine translocase deficiency pathway def: "An inherited condition resulting from alterations in the urea cycle pathway." [OMIM:238970] synonym: "HHH syndrome pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinemia syndrome pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00506" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002142 ! inborn error of urea cycle pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-07T10:40:11Z [Term] id: PW:0002564 name: phytanic acid degradation pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the oxidation of phytanic acid, a branched chain fatty acid. Phytanic acid alpha-oxidation in the peroxisome results in pristanic acid, which can then follow a beta degradation pathway." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytanic_acid] synonym: "SMP:00450" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000739 ! fatty acid alpha degradation pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-07T10:52:11Z [Term] id: PW:0002565 name: carnosinemia pathway def: "An inherited condition resulting from alterations in carnosine metabolism due to defects in the enzyme carnosinase and manifested in neurological disorders." [OMIM:212200] synonym: "aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "carnosinase deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "carnosinemia disease pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00493" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0001646 ! inborn error of brain metabolic pathway created_by: VPetri creation_date: 2016-03-07T11:05:38Z [Term] id: PW:0002566 name: adenine phoshoribosyltransferase deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder leading to the formation of urinary stones." [OMIM:614723] synonym: "SMP:00535" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001589 ! inborn error of metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0002567 ! urolithiasis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-10T08:24:31Z [Term] id: PW:0002567 name: urolithiasis pathway def: "Conditions leading to the formation of stones in any part of the urinary tract." [MeSH:D052878] is_a: PW:0001700 ! urologic disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-10T08:29:31Z [Term] id: PW:0002568 name: mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfiduria pathway def: "An autosomal condition resulting from alterations in cysteine metabolism due to defects in the enzyme mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase." [PMID:16719781, PMID:23759691] synonym: "mixed disulfiduria pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00499" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-10T08:36:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002569 name: 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria pathway def: "A rare condition resulting from possible alterations in amino acid metabolism for which the causative genes are a matter of debate." [PMID:11446412, PMID:16466957] synonym: "SMP:00521" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00522" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001645 ! inborn error of amino acid metabolism pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-10T08:46:25Z [Term] id: PW:0002570 name: diphenoxylate drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diphenoxylate, a drug of the phenulpiperidine sries used for the treatment of diarrhea. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenoxylate] is_a: PW:0000921 ! alimentary tract and metabolism drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-28T09:11:54Z [Term] id: PW:0002571 name: diphenoxylate pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of diphenoxylate. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenoxylate] is_a: PW:0002570 ! diphenoxylate drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-28T09:13:04Z [Term] id: PW:0002572 name: diphenoxylate pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of diphenoxylate-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Diphenoxylate is used for the treatment of diarrhea. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenoxylate] synonym: "SMP:00675" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002570 ! diphenoxylate drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-28T09:13:43Z [Term] id: PW:0002573 name: hypoglycemia pathway def: "A condition resulting from alterations in glucose metabolism and homeostasis leading to abnormally low blood glucose levels." [MeSH:D007003] synonym: "hypoglycemia disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001602 ! glucose metabolism disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-28T09:22:01Z [Term] id: PW:0002574 name: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency pathway def: "An autosomal recessive disorder resulting from alterations in long chain fatty acid oxidation due to defects in the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) enzyme." [OMIM:255120] synonym: "carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency type I pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00538" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001643 ! inborn error of lipid metabolism pathway is_a: PW:0002573 ! hypoglycemia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-28T09:23:52Z [Term] id: PW:0002575 name: dopamine oxidation pathway def: "The reactions thereby dopamine can spontaneously oxidize under aerobic conditions. In the process, radicals are being formed that can potentially exert noxious effects. Oxidation of dopamine gives rise to three quinone species that can form adducts with proteins or be precursor to the neuromelanin pigment (NM). NM, which accumulates with age, but is diminished in Parkinson disease patients may confer protective roles, particularly as a metal chelator." [PMID:24548101] is_a: PW:0000409 ! dopamine metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-29T11:14:20Z [Term] id: PW:0002576 name: 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency pathway def: "An inheritied condition resulting from alterations in the degradation of branched-chain amino acid due to defects in the alpha subunit of methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (MCCC1). MCCC is a biotin-requiring enzyme in the mitochondria." [OMIM:210200, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase] synonym: "3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase type I deficiency pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00237" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002142 ! inborn error of urea cycle pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-31T15:17:59Z [Term] id: PW:0002577 name: 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency pathway def: "An inheritied condition resulting from alterations in the degradation of branched-chain amino acid due to defects in the beta subunit of methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (MCCC2). MCCC is a biotin-requiring enzyme in the mitochondria." [OMIM:210210, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase] synonym: "3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase type II deficiency pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002142 ! inborn error of urea cycle pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-03-31T15:29:38Z [Term] id: PW:0002578 name: altered neurotrophic factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000389 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to the brain and nervous system is_a: PW:0000571 ! neurotrophic factor signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-04-01T13:15:49Z [Term] id: PW:0002579 name: altered brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway def: "A brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway that deviates from what it normal course should be. Impaired BDNF signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of conditions such as Huntington Disease (HD) and depression." [PMID:24668475, PMID:25221473] synonym: "altered BDNF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000572 ! brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0002578 ! altered neurotrophic factor signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-04-01T13:16:24Z [Term] id: PW:0002580 name: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the synthesis and utilization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). There are several routes leading to NAD biosynthesis from various sources. NAD, in addition to its well known role as a cofactor in redox reactions, also serves as a substrate for several classes of enzymes." [PMID:18020963, PMID:20007326, PMID:26785480] synonym: "NAD metabolic pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00124" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00129" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-01T13:58:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002581 name: nicotinamide adenine nucleotide utilization pathway def: "Those metabolic reactions involved in the utilization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). NAD, in addition to its well known role as a cofactor in redox reactions, also serves as a substrate for several classes of enzymes. These include the sirtuin deacetylases, the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose transferases/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, and the cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) synthases." [PMID:18020963, PMID:20007326, PMID:26785480] synonym: "NAD utilization pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0002580 ! nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-01T14:17:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002582 name: ADP-ribosylation pathway, mono and poly-ribosylation def: "Mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins is carried out by members of the PARP family. Proteins with particular domains or modules are involved in the recognition of modified proteins while others reverse the modification. Protein ADP-ribosylation plays important roles in DNA damage repair, cell-cycle, transcription and cell death pathways." [PMID:25828806, PMID:26091342] is_a: PW:0002581 ! nicotinamide adenine nucleotide utilization pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-02T15:13:11Z [Term] id: PW:0002583 name: ADP-ribosylation pathway, cyclic ribosylation def: "Cyclic ADP-ribosylation leads to the formation of second messengers with important roles in calcium signaling." [PMID:25828806] is_a: PW:0002581 ! nicotinamide adenine nucleotide utilization pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-02T15:16:07Z [Term] id: PW:0002584 name: Sirtuin mediated pathway def: "Sirtuins belong to the class III deacetylases that carry out NAD-dependent deacetylation and other activities. They are sensors of NAD/NAM ratio and play important roles in cellular homeostasis." [PMID:27154583] is_a: PW:0002581 ! nicotinamide adenine nucleotide utilization pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-02T15:20:46Z [Term] id: PW:0002585 name: carvedilol drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of carvedilol - a non-selective adrenergic beta receptor blocker, used in the treatment of mild to severe congestive heart failure. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol] is_a: PW:0001738 ! adrenergic beta receptor non-selective antagonist drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-06T15:41:55Z [Term] id: PW:0002586 name: carvedilol pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of carvedilol. The drug is a non-selective adrenergic beta receptor blocker. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol] is_a: PW:0002585 ! carvedilol drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-06T15:42:27Z [Term] id: PW:0002587 name: carvedilol pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of carvedilol-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is non-selective blocker of adrenergic receptor beta belonging to the third generation of blockers. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol] synonym: "SMP:00367" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002585 ! carvedilol drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-06T15:43:08Z [Term] id: PW:0002588 name: bone disease pathway def: "Those conditions affecting the skeletal system and elements associated with it, arising from deregulation in a number of pathways." [MeSH:D001847] is_a: PW:0001593 ! musculoskeletal disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-09T08:50:25Z [Term] id: PW:0002589 name: chondrodysplasia punctata pathway def: "A heterogeneous group of conditions with recessive, dominant, and X-linked forms." [MeSH:D002806] synonym: "chondrodysplasia punctata disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0002590 ! osteochondrodysplasia pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-09T08:55:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002590 name: osteochondrodysplasia pathway def: "Those conditions resulting from the abnormal development of cartilage and bone." [MeSH:D010009] synonym: "osteochondrodysplasia disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001477 ! inborn genetic disease pathway is_a: PW:0002588 ! bone disease pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-09T08:59:39Z [Term] id: PW:0002591 name: X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata 2 pathway def: "The better characterized form of chondrodysplasia punctata due to defects in the Ebp gene involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway." [OMIM:302960] synonym: "CDPXD pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "CONRADI-HUNERMANN-HAPPLE SYNDROME pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "CONRADI-HUNERMANN SYNDROME pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "CPXD pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "HAPPLE SYNDROME pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "SMP:00388" RELATED [] synonym: "X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata 2 disease pathway" EXACT [] is_a: PW:0001872 ! X-linked genetic disease pathway is_a: PW:0002589 ! chondrodysplasia punctata pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-09T09:18:28Z [Term] id: PW:0002592 name: vitamin K cycle pathway def: "The vitamin K cycle is an essential aspect of its metabolism. The carboxylation of glutamate residues in vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins, necessary for their function, requires a reduced form of vitamin K as a cofactor. The resulting oxidized compound is converted back to the reduced form via a two-step reduction reaction. Natural and synthetic antagonists block the cycle and thus, the VKD protein modification. VKD proteins include coagulation factors; antagonists are used as anti-coagulation, anti-thrombotic agents." [PMID:24489112] is_a: PW:0001016 ! vitamin K metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:03:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002593 name: dabigatran drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002146 ! direct thrombin inhibitor drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:42:24Z [Term] id: PW:0002594 name: dabigatran pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002593 ! dabigatran drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:44:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002595 name: dabigatran pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of dabigatran-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a direct thrombin inhibitor. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002593 ! dabigatran drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:45:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002596 name: direct factors Xa inhibitor drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of drugs that reduce or prevent the formation of blood clots by directly inhibiting activated factor X (Xa). Factor X is a serine protease and essential component of coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723, wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Xa_inhibitor] is_a: PW:0002151 ! anticoagulant drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:48:18Z [Term] id: PW:0002597 name: apixaban drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of apixaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002596 ! direct factors Xa inhibitor drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:53:21Z [Term] id: PW:0002598 name: edoxaban drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of edoxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002596 ! direct factors Xa inhibitor drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:54:21Z [Term] id: PW:0002599 name: rivaroxaban drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of rivaroxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002596 ! direct factors Xa inhibitor drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:54:49Z [Term] id: PW:0002600 name: apixaban pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of apixaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002597 ! apixaban drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:55:12Z [Term] id: PW:0002601 name: apixaban pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of apixaban-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002597 ! apixaban drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:55:37Z [Term] id: PW:0002602 name: edoxaban pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of edoxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002598 ! edoxaban drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:56:05Z [Term] id: PW:0002603 name: edoxaban pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of edoxaban-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002598 ! edoxaban drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:56:29Z [Term] id: PW:0002604 name: rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of rivaroxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002599 ! rivaroxaban drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:57:09Z [Term] id: PW:0002605 name: rivaroxaban pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of rivaroxaban-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. The drug is a direct inhibitor of activated factor X (Xa) of the coagulation cascade. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [PMID:26150723] is_a: PW:0002599 ! rivaroxaban drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-06-23T13:57:36Z [Term] id: PW:0002606 name: protease mediated signaling pathway def: "Proteases, the vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteases in particular, can activate a specific class of G protein-coupled receptors harboring an internally tethered ligand. The four protease-activated receptors (PARs) are involved in numerous physiologically relevant processes and can also play a role in disease-related aspects. PARs can be cleaved at different sites by different proteases to elicit distinct signaling responses, referred to as biased signaling." [PMID:24860547, PMID:24990498, PMID:27068977] is_a: PW:0000003 ! signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-01T10:00:11Z [Term] id: PW:0002607 name: protease mediated signaling via protease-activated receptor 1 def: "Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1/F2R) is primarily a target of coagulation factor 2, thrombin, but other proteases can prompt or disarm it. PAR1 signaling plays many roles in the immune, cardiovascular and nervous system." [PMID:25986685] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via F2R" RELATED [] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via PAR1" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002606 ! protease mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-01T10:39:21Z [Term] id: PW:0002608 name: protease mediated signaling via protease-activated receptor 2 def: "Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2/F2RL1) is primarily a target of coagulation factor 10, but other proteases can prompt or disarm it. PAR2 signaling plays important roles in the cardiovascular and immune systems." [PMID:25120239, PMID:27006943] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via F2RL1" RELATED [] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via PAR2" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002606 ! protease mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-01T10:45:55Z [Term] id: PW:0002609 name: protease mediated signaling via protease-activated receptor 4 def: "Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4/F2RL3) is primarily a target of coagulation factor 2, thrombin, but other proteases can prompt or disarm it. PAR4 signaling plays important roles in the inflammatory response." [PMID:25664811] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via F2RL3" RELATED [] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via PAR4" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002606 ! protease mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-01T10:52:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002610 name: protease mediated signaling via protease-activated receptor 3 def: "Protease-activated receptor 3 (PAR3/F2RL2) is primarily a target of coagulation factor 2, thrombin, but other proteases can prompt or disarm it. PAR3 is thought to not signal autonomously and require heterodimerization with other PARs." [PMID:18264801, PMID:22117049] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via F2RL2" RELATED [] synonym: "protease mediated signaling via PAR3" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0002606 ! protease mediated signaling pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-01T10:59:48Z [Term] id: PW:0002611 name: altered hemostasis pathway def: "Alterations in the hemostatic system can result in a series of pathological conditions. They are caused by alterations in the coagulation cascade and/or anticoagulant pathways that regulate it." [PMID:12787532, PMID:26018600] is_a: PW:0000475 ! hemostasis pathway is_a: PW:0001538 ! altered cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-14T15:33:07Z [Term] id: PW:0002612 name: altered natural anticoagulant pathway def: "Alterations in the anticoagulant system are associated with various conditions." [PMID:23031460] is_a: PW:0000477 ! natural anticoagulant pathway is_a: PW:0001538 ! altered cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-14T15:38:34Z [Term] id: PW:0002613 name: altered coagulation cascade pathway def: "Alterations in the coagulation cascade have been associated with several conditions. Deficiencies in factors F5 and F8, the essential cofactors of the intrinsic tenase and thrombinase complexes, lead to parahemophilia and hemophilia A, respectively." [PMID:19765210] is_a: PW:0000474 ! coagulation cascade pathway is_a: PW:0002611 ! altered hemostasis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-14T15:40:03Z [Term] id: PW:0002614 name: altered protein C anticoagulant pathway def: "Mutations in protein C (Proc) and its cofactor, protein S (Pros1) are associated with several deficiencies." [PMID:12787532] is_a: PW:0000480 ! protein C anticoagulant pathway is_a: PW:0002612 ! altered natural anticoagulant pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-07-14T15:44:32Z [Term] id: PW:0002615 name: glyoxalase metabolic pathway def: "The glyoxalase pathway is the main detoxifying route to protect against the harmful effects of methylglyoxal (MG). The highly reactive dicarbonyl compound is primarily a by-product of glycolysis, but it can also result as a by-product of fatty acid and protein metabolism. MG is also known as pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanol." [PMID:23763312, PMID:25709564] synonym: "2-oxo propanol degradation pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "methylglyoxal degradation pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "pyruvaldehyde degradation pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00459" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000063 ! glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolic pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-08-08T09:55:16Z [Term] id: PW:0002616 name: altered fibrinolysis pathway def: "A fibrinolysis pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Several congenital and acquired disorders of fibrinolysis are reported." [PMID:25294122] is_a: PW:0000481 ! fibrinolysis pathway is_a: PW:0001538 ! altered cardiovascular system homeostasis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-08-17T13:50:09Z [Term] id: PW:0002617 name: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency pathway def: "A condition resulting from alterations in the gluconeogenesis pathway due to defects in the cytosolic PCK1 gene." [OMIM:261680] synonym: "PCK1 deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PCK deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "PEPCK deficiency pathway" EXACT [] synonym: "phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1 pathway" RELATED [] synonym: "SMP:00560" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0001413 ! liver disease pathway is_a: PW:0001644 ! inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-08-17T14:03:09Z [Term] id: PW:0002618 name: altered platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway def: "Alterations in platelet-derived growth factor signaling are implicated in cancer development." [PMID:26153649] synonym: "altered PDGF signaling pathway" RELATED [] is_a: PW:0000297 ! platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000298 ! altered growth factor signaling pathway is_a: PW:0000673 ! altered signaling pathway pertinent to development created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-08-19T08:48:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002619 name: altered oxidative stress response pathway def: "An oxidative stress response pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be. Alterations in stress response pathway are associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and various forms of cancer." [] is_a: PW:0000378 ! oxidative stress response pathway is_a: PW:0001545 ! altered stress response pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-06T09:17:00Z [Term] id: PW:0002620 name: altered cellular detoxification pathway def: "A cellular detoxification pathway that deviates from what its normal course should be." [] is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway is_a: PW:0000263 ! altered regulatory pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-08T08:24:13Z [Term] id: PW:0002621 name: altered nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 signaling pathway def: "Deregulation of nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nfe2l2, also known as Nrf2) signaling pathway has been associated with several conditions, including neurodegeneration and cancer." [PMID:26122708, PMID:26419687, PMID:27192495] is_a: PW:0000369 ! nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 signaling pathway is_a: PW:0002620 ! altered cellular detoxification pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-08T08:27:47Z [Term] id: PW:0002622 name: endogenous antioxidant pathway def: "Several endogenous small proteins are involved in the antioxidant response. Subsequently they need to be reduced back for another round of response, The reductase enzymes catalyze the reaction in an NADPH-dependent manner. The expression of these and of NADPH-producing enzymes is under the control of nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 signaling pathway." [PMID:23397885, PMID:24647116, PMID:26122708] is_a: PW:0000124 ! cellular detoxification pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-08T08:38:56Z [Term] id: PW:0002623 name: glutathione antioxidant pathway is_a: PW:0002622 ! endogenous antioxidant pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-08T09:00:37Z [Term] id: PW:0002624 name: thioredoxin antioxidant pathway is_a: PW:0002622 ! endogenous antioxidant pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-08T09:03:33Z [Term] id: PW:0002625 name: peroxiredoxin antioxidant pathway is_a: PW:0002622 ! endogenous antioxidant pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-08T09:04:03Z [Term] id: PW:0002626 name: ferroptosis pathway def: "Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death that is triggered by conditions or molecules that inhibit the Gpx4 function. Loss of function of glutathione peroxidase GPX4 results in accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS)." [PMID:26653790, PMID:26725301, PMID:27048822] is_a: PW:0000276 ! non-apoptotic cell death pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-29T13:20:59Z [Term] id: PW:0002627 name: bortezomib drug pathway def: "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pathway of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor used in the treatment of several cancer types. Genetic variations can result in changes in drug availability and can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortezomib] is_a: PW:0002367 ! antineoplastic drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-29T13:30:17Z [Term] id: PW:0002628 name: bortezomib pharmacokinetics pathway def: "The pathway of processing - absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination - of bortezomib. Genetic variations can result in changes in the availability of the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortezomib] is_a: PW:0002627 ! bortezomib drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-29T13:32:31Z [Term] id: PW:0002629 name: bortezomib pharmacodynamics pathway def: "The pathway of bortezomib-target interaction and of the biochemical or physiological responses to drug. Bortezomib is used in the treatment of several cancer types. Genetic variations can cause differences in the response of the organism to the drug." [wikipedia:https\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortezomib] is_a: PW:0002627 ! bortezomib drug pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-29T13:33:02Z [Term] id: PW:0002630 name: paraquat response pathway def: "Paraquat, a chemical used as a herbicide and a powerful oxidant, is highly toxic to the mammalian system. Toxicity depends on delivery routes: the highest is via inhalation, followed by the oral route, with the dermal route being moderately toxic. It has been shown that there is a connection between paraquat use and Parkinson disease (PD) in farm workers." [PMID:18161502, PMID:22024235] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-09-29T13:46:37Z [Term] id: PW:0002631 name: iron uptake pathway def: "Several systems are involved in the uptake of iron. They require the action of ferric reductases as the form of iron crossing the membrane is the ferrous Fe(II)." [PMID:25661197, PMID:26725301] is_a: PW:0000591 ! iron transport pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-06T14:27:38Z [Term] id: PW:0002632 name: iron efflux pathway def: "A single system is involved in the efflux of iron from many cell types. As the iron crossing the membrane is the ferrous Fe(II), several oxidases carry out the formation of ferric Fe(III) which can be bound by the transferrin carrier." [PMID:26437604, PMID:26596411] is_a: PW:0000591 ! iron transport pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-06T14:30:53Z [Term] id: PW:0002633 name: iron utilization pathway def: "Heme and iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biosynthetic pathways are the major routes of iron utilization." [PMID:25661197] relationship: part_of PW:0000590 ! iron homeostasis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-13T14:58:57Z [Term] id: PW:0002634 name: iron-sulfur cluster protein biogenesis pathway def: "The steps involved in the assembly and delivery of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters (ISC) to Fe-S proteins. The mitochondrial ISC and the connected cytosolic assembly (CIA) pathways provide for the biogenesis of all Fe-S proteins. The Fe-S proteins participate in a broad range of important cellular processes." [PMID:25583461, PMID:26099175] is_a: PW:0000135 ! metabolic pathway of cofactors, vitamins, nutrients is_a: PW:0002633 ! iron utilization pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-13T15:53:44Z [Term] id: PW:0002635 name: mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster protein biogenesis pathway def: "The mitochondrial pathway consists of the synthesis of [2Fe-2S] cluster on scaffold proteins, cluster transfer and formation of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] proteins, and the synthesis of 4Fe-4S] cluster and the formation of [4Fe-4S] proteins. The first two steps are required for the mitochondrial export and the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins. This arm of the pathway is usually referred as the 'core'." [PMID:25583461, PMID:26099175] is_a: PW:0002634 ! iron-sulfur cluster protein biogenesis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-14T11:25:35Z [Term] id: PW:0002636 name: cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster protein assembly pathway def: "The cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster protein assembly pathway is dependent upon the core mitochondrial assembly and export pathways. The pathway is structurally distinct from the mitochondrial system." [PMID:25583461, PMID:26099175] is_a: PW:0002634 ! iron-sulfur cluster protein biogenesis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-14T11:41:08Z [Term] id: PW:0002637 name: mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster export pathway def: "The core mitochondrial iron-sulfur assembly and export pathways are crucial for the assembly of cytosolic and nuclear Fe-S proteins. Despite knowledge of the export system, the species that is actually transported remains to be determined. The exported molecule is usually termed X-S." [PMID:25583461, PMID:26099175] relationship: part_of PW:0002634 ! iron-sulfur cluster protein biogenesis pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-14T11:54:27Z [Term] id: PW:0002638 name: cofactor transport pathway def: "The molecular aspects of transport and intracellular trafficking of cofactors and prosthetic groups." [] is_a: PW:0000103 ! transport pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-20T10:43:26Z [Term] id: PW:0002639 name: heme transport pathway def: "Heme is a prosthetic group found in proteins important for many and diverse metabolic pathways. Import and export of heme into and from cells are important for proper heme homeostasis." [PMID:24926267, PMID:26100009] is_a: PW:0002638 ! cofactor transport pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-20T10:49:06Z [Term] id: PW:0002640 name: acrolein response pathway def: "Acrolein is a reactive unsaturated aldehyde that is a dietary and environmental pollutant and can also be metabolically generated. It exerts severe toxic effects through production of DNA and protein adducts and disruption of important cellular pathways. Acrolein is thought to play a role in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and immune disorders." [PMID:25628402] is_a: PW:0001434 ! toxin and toxicant response pathway created_by: vpetri creation_date: 2016-10-20T13:11:04Z [Typedef] id: part_of name: part_of