A Computational Ontology Framework for the Synthesis of Multi-Level Volumetric Reports for Brain MRI scans
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://explaination.net/onto/tree-structure-brain-anatomy-FastSurfer/3
default language: English [en]
creator: Devesh Singh
creator: Achim Reiz
creator: Jaya Chandra Terli
creator: Martin Dyrba
description: An ontology for representing neuroanatomical concepts alligned with the Desikan–Killiany–Tourville (DKT) atlas. Our ontology explicitly encodes a priori neuroanatomical relationships amongst brain regions using hierarchical relationships, and implements computationally efficient calculation of volumetric deviation.
license: MTI license: https://github.com/martindyrba/CompOntoVisFramework/blob/master/LICENSE

belongsToSubject
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: hasRegions
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Brain Region
range: Subject
comment: A membership relation between a neuroanatomical region (ROI) and a suject, i.e. patient. It reflects the many-to-one relational mapping between the ROI instances and the subject instance.

hasRegions
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
domain: Subject
range: Brain Region
comment: A mebership relationship between a whole region and its parts. This is logically equivalent to the ‘part-of’ relations reported in many other ontology studies.

age
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Subject
range: decimal
property disjoint with: eTIV
property disjoint with: fieldStrength
property disjoint with: sex
property disjoint with: subjectID
comment: The age of each participant, measured (in years) at the time of scan.

eTIV
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Subject
range: decimal
property disjoint with: fieldStrength
property disjoint with: sex
property disjoint with: subjectID
comment: eTIV stands for estimated total intracranial volume or brain size. Is measured in cubic millimetre, mm3. You can find further details at: https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/eTIV

fieldStrength
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Subject
range: decimal
property disjoint with: sex
property disjoint with: subjectID
comment: Field strength refers to the magnetic field strength of the magnet used in the MRI machine, and is measured in teslas (T).

sex
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Subject
range: decimal
property disjoint with: subjectID
comment: Binarised variable, representing biological sex of the participants. Value 0 represents a male participant and the value 1 represents a female participant.

subjectID
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Subject
range: string
comment: An unique identifier for each participant in out study. It is composed as <CohortCode>_<RID>, where CohortCode represents one of the six data cohorts used in our study [ADNI, AIBL, EDSD, DELCODE, DESCRIBE, NIFD] and RID represents a unique identifier within each cohort. For example 'ADNI_6598' represents a participant with RID 6598 from the ADNI data cohort.

volume
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Brain Region
range: decimal
property disjoint with: https://explaination.net/onto/tree-structure-brain-anatomy-FastSurfer#z
comment: The volume associated with each ROI, as computed by the segmentation pipeline. Is measured in cubic millimetre, mm3.

https://explaination.net/onto/tree-structure-brain-anatomy-FastSurfer#z
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Brain Region
range: decimal
comment: ‘z’ is used as shorthand for w-score in units. It measures the volumetric deviation from the healthy control levels for each ROI. This metric uses a linear regression model to control for meta-variables while calculating the volumetric deviation.

Anterior
type: Class
subclass of: Corpus Callosum
ID: CC_Anterior
comment: The front part of the corpus callosum, connecting prefrontal and anterior frontal regions between the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling coordination in decision making and complex tasks.

Brain Region
type: Class
disjoint with: Subject
comment: The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum.

Brainstem
type: Class
subclass of: Brain Region
ID: Brain-Stem
comment: The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord.

CSF
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: CSF
comment: This region defines a portion of cerebrospinal fluid, which is the upper part of the third ventricle and is located between the lateral ventricles and the lower part of the third ventricle.

Central
type: Class
subclass of: Corpus Callosum
ID: CC_Central
comment: The middle section of the corpus callosum, linking motor and sensory areas in the central brain regions, supporting integrated control of voluntary movements and sensory processing.

Cerebellum
type: Class
subclass of: Brain Region
comment: Segment of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebellar cortex, cerebellar nuclear complex and cerebellar white matter. Examples: There is only one cerebellum.

Cerebrospinal Fluid
type: Class
subclass of: Brain Region
comment: The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless fluid, which is secreted by the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles into the ventricular system of the brain and spinal cord and is also distributed to the subarachnoid space.

Cerebrum
type: Class
subclass of: Brain Region
comment: Subdivision of the brain derived from the secondary prosencephalon or telencephalon. Contains the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, as well as several subcortical structures.

Corpus Callosum
type: Class
subclass of: White Matter
comment: The corpus callosum is a dense bundle of nerve fibers facilitating communication between the two cerebral hemispheres. Additionally, it plays a role in coordinating movements, cognitive functions, and visual processes.

Left Amygdala
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: Left-Amygdala
comment: Basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe.

Left Basal Ganglia
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
comment: The basal nuclei or basal ganglia are strictly speaking a group of closely related subpallial cell masses associated to the basal forebrain (the striatum and the pallidum) and to motor control.

Left Caudal Anterior
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-lh-caudalanteriorcingulate
comment: The caudal anterior part of the cingulate gyrus is situated at both its posterior and anterior ends, contributing to emotional and cognitive regulation.

Left Caudal Middle Frontal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-caudalmiddlefrontal
comment: Refers to the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. It plays a role in various cognitive functions, including motor planning and executive functions.

Left Caudate Nucleus
type: Class
subclass of: Left Basal Ganglia
ID: Left-Caudate
comment: Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent.

Left Cerebellum
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebellum
disjoint with: Right Cerebellum
comment: Left segment of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebellar cortex, cerebellar nuclear complex and cerebellar white matter.

Left Cerebellum Cortex
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebellum
disjoint with: Left Cerebellum White Matter
ID: Left-Cerebellum-Cortex
comment: The cerebellar cortex is composed of a large number of cerebellar folia, forming the various lobules, and consists of three layers, from the outside inwards: (1) the molecular; (2) the Purkinje cell layer; and (3) the granular layer, which borders on the central white matter of the cerebellum.

Left Cerebellum White Matter
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebellum
ID: Left-Cerebellum-White-Matter
comment: The white matter located in the left hemisphere of the cerebellum, facilitating communication between various cerebellar regions and connecting with other brain areas to coordinate motor functions and balance.

Left Cerebral White Matter
type: Class
subclass of: White Matter
ID: Left-Cerebral-White-Matter
comment: The collection of myelinated nerve fibers situated within the left cerebral hemisphere, responsible for transmitting signals between various regions of the left hemisphere and facilitating connectivity with right hemisphere.

Left Cerebrum
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrum
comment: Left subdivision of the brain derived from the secondary prosencephalon or telencephalon. Contains the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, as well as several subcortical structures.

Left Choroid Plexus
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: Left-choroid-plexus
comment: The secretory epithelium and associated blood vessels of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, which produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Left Cingulate Gyrus
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
comment: The cingulate gyrus is a broad belt of cerebral cortex partially encircling the corpus callosum and comprising the cingulate cortex.

Left Cuneus
type: Class
subclass of: Left Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-cuneus
comment: The cuneus is a wedge shaped segment of the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere between the calcarine and parieto-occipital fissures.

Left Diencephalon
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
comment: Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus.

Left Entorhinal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-entorhinal
comment: The entorhinal cortex is located in the medial temporal lobe, whose functions include being a widespread network hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time.

Left Frontal Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
comment: Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border.

Left Fusiform
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-fusiform
comment: The fusiform gyrus, also known as the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, is a structure that lies on the basal surface of the temporal and occipital lobes.

Left Hippocampus
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: Left-Hippocampus
comment: Gyrus of limbic lobe, each instance of which is convoluted mass of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of some lateral ventricle; it is part of some limbic system and plays major roles in short term memory and spatial navigation.

Left Inf-Lat-Vent
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: Left-Inf-Lat-Vent
comment: The inferior lateral ventricle refers to the lower portion of the lateral ventricle within the brain.

Left Inferior Parietal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-inferiorparietal
comment: The inferior parietal lobule is the lower part of the parietal lobe on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, below the intraparietal sulcus, and behind the post-central gyrus. It consists of the angular and supramarginal gyri.

Left Inferior Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-inferiortemporal
comment: The inferior temporal gyrus is one of three gyri of the temporal lobe and is located below the middle temporal gyrus, connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus.

Left Insula
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
ID: ctx-lh-insula
comment: Lobe of cerebral hemisphere located in the depths of the lateral fissure and is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

Left Isthmus
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-lh-isthmuscingulate
comment: The isthmus of the cingulate gyrus is a narrow section that extends from the cingulate gyrus into the temporal lobe. It is situated between the splenium of the corpus callosum and the lingual gyrus, forming a connection between these brain regions.

Left Lateral Occipital
type: Class
subclass of: Left Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-lateraloccipital
comment: The lateral occipital sulcus is a horizontal sulcus that divides the lateral occipital surface into gyri. It is crucial for processing visual information related to object recognition and spatial perception.

Left Lateral Orbitofrontal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-lateralorbitofrontal
comment: Found on the lateral frontal surface of orbitofornatal cortex, it regulates emotions related punishments and non-rewards.

Left Lateral Ventricle
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: Left-Lateral-Ventricle
comment: The lateral ventricle is a C-shaped ventricle located inside the left part of cerebral hemisphere. It consists of frontal, occipital and temporal horns and a central part or body. It is connected with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen of Monro.

Left Lingual
type: Class
subclass of: Left Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-lingual
comment: The lingual gyrus lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus. It plays a vital role in processing vision, especially related to letters.

Left Medial Orbitofrontal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-medialorbitofrontal
comment: Positioned medially on the frontal lobe, it process emotions, evaluates rewards and guides social behaviors.

Left Middle Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-middletemporal
comment: The medial temporal lobe is a region within the cerebral cortex comprised of a system of anatomically related structures, including the hippocampal region and the adjacent entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.The middle temporal lobe is a region of the brain situated in the temporal lobe, and it plays a significant role in processing auditory and visual information.

Left Nucleus Accumbens
type: Class
subclass of: Left Basal Ganglia
ID: Left-Accumbens-area
comment: The nucleus accumbens is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. This brain region has been implicated in addictive behavior.

Left Occipital Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
comment: Occipital lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure.

Left Pallidum
type: Class
subclass of: Left Basal Ganglia
ID: Left-Pallidum
comment: The globus pallidus is an inner, pale-yellow region within the lenticular nucleus and serves as a central component in the telencephalon, fulfilling a functional role within the basal ganglia.

Left Paracentral
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-paracentral
comment: The paracentral lobule is found on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, surrounding the paracentral sulcus, and consists of frontal and parietal parts

Left Parahippocampal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-parahippocampal
comment: The parahippocampal gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus and is part of the limbic system. The region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval.

Left Parietal Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
comment: Parietal lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the dorsal-posterior portion of the hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its anterior border and and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Posteriorly it shares an arbitrary border with the occipital lobe.

Left Pars Opercularis
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-parsopercularis
comment: The pars opercularis refers to the vertically oriented fold of the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain. It is located at rear of the three cortical segments that form the inferior frontal gyrus. It plays a significant role in the production of speech.

Left Pars Orbitalis
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-parsorbitalis
comment: The pars orbitalis refers to the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain. It plays a role in the language processing network of the brain.

Left Pars Triangularis
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-parstriangularis
comment: The pars triangularis refers to the triangular shaped cortical region of the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain. It sits in between pars orbitalis and pars opercularis. It is well known in its involvement in speech production.

Left Pericalcarine
type: Class
subclass of: Left Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-pericalcarine
comment: The pericalcarine of occipiatal lobe is positioned around calcarine fissure, it contains the primary visual cortex and serves as a primary visual processing area responsible for analyzing basic visual features.

Left Postcentral
type: Class
subclass of: Left Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-postcentral
comment: The postcentral gyrus is on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, parallel to the central sulcus, separating the postcentral gyrus from the superior and inferior parietal lobules.

Left Posterior
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-lh-posteriorcingulate
comment: The posterior cingulate gyrus is located behind the thalamus and below the splenium, it regulates attention, processes emotions, and stores memories, influencing higher-order cognitive functions.

Left Precentral
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-precentral
comment: Located on the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus. It contains the primary motor cortex which is responsible for the control of voluntary motor movement.

Left Precuneus
type: Class
subclass of: Left Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-precuneus
comment: The precuneus is found rostral to the parietooccipital sulcus and dorsal to the subparietal sulcus on the medial aspect of the parietal lobe.

Left Putamen
type: Class
subclass of: Left Basal Ganglia
ID: Left-Putamen
comment: Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule.

Left Rostral Anterior
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-lh-rostralanteriorcingulate
comment: Located at the front part of the cingulate gyrus, the rostral anterior region is associated with various cognitive functions and emotional processing.

Left Rostral Middle Frontal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-rostralmiddlefrontal
comment: Located at the front and middle portion of the frontal lobe, the rostral middle frontal gyrus contributes to decision-making and executive control in cognitive functions.

Left Superior Frontal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-superiorfrontal
comment: The superior frontal gyrus is the most dorsal gyrus of the frontal lobe on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.Tthe superior frontal gyrus plays a key role in advanced cognitive processes such as motor planning, working memory, and attention.

Left Superior Parietal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-superiorparietal
comment: The superior parietal lobule is a large parietal lobule above the intraparietal sulcus on the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex.

Left Superior Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-superiortemporal
comment: Superior temoral lobe is a gyrus in the temporal lobe that contains parts of the auditory cortex. It includes Wernicke's area, which is the major area involved in the comprehension of language.

Left Supramarginal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-supramarginal
comment: The supramarginal gyrus is a part of the inferior parietal lobule, which caps the posterior tip of the lateral sulcus.

Left Temporal Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Left Cerebrum
comment: Temporal lobe is the ventrolateral lobe of five lobes comprising each cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe.

Left Thalamus
type: Class
subclass of: Left Diencephalon
disjoint with: Left Ventral Diencephalon
ID: Left-Thalamus-Proper
comment: Situated in brain's central region, thalamus is largely composed of nuclei, which relay sensory, motor and limbic information to the cerebral cortex and subpallial structures.

Left Transverse Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Left Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-lh-transversetemporal
comment: Commonly referred to as Heschl's gyri; Transverse temporal gyri constitute a set of gyri situated deep within the lateral sulcus in the temporal lobe. These gyri typically house the primary auditory cortex.

Left Ventral Diencephalon
type: Class
subclass of: Left Diencephalon
ID: Left-VentralDC
comment: The ventral diencephalon refers to the lower part of the diencephalon. It encompasses structures such as the hypothalamus and the lower section of the thalamus.

Mid Anterior
type: Class
subclass of: Corpus Callosum
ID: CC_Mid_Anterior
comment: The intermediate front segment of the corpus callosum, facilitating communication between specific regions in the anterior frontal lobes, crucial for executive functions and emotional processing.

Mid Posterior
type: Class
subclass of: Corpus Callosum
ID: CC_Mid_Posterior
comment: The middle rear part of the corpus callosum, connecting parietal and posterior temporal regions, contributing to spatial awareness, language processing, and integration of sensory information.

Posterior
type: Class
subclass of: Corpus Callosum
ID: CC_Posterior
comment: The back portion of the corpus callosum, linking corresponding areas of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, essential for visual processing, spatial orientation, and cross-modal integration.

Right Amygdala
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: Right-Amygdala
comment: Basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe.

Right Basal Ganglia
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
comment: The basal nuclei or basal ganglia are strictly speaking a group of closely related subpallial cell masses associated to the basal forebrain (the striatum and the pallidum) and to motor control.

Right Caudal Anterior
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-rh-caudalanteriorcingulate
comment: The caudal anterior part of the cingulate gyrus is situated at both its posterior and anterior ends, contributing to emotional and cognitive regulation.

Right Caudal Middle Frontal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-caudalmiddlefrontal
comment: Refers to the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. It plays a role in various cognitive functions, including motor planning and executive functions.

Right Caudate Nucleus
type: Class
subclass of: Right Basal Ganglia
ID: Right-Caudate
comment: Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent.

Right Cerebellum
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebellum
comment: Right segment of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebellar cortex, cerebellar nuclear complex and cerebellar white matter. Examples: There is only one cerebellum.

Right Cerebellum Cortex
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebellum
disjoint with: Right Cerebellum White Matter
ID: Right-Cerebellum-Cortex
comment: The cerebellar cortex is composed of a large number of cerebellar folia, forming the various lobules, and consists of three layers, from the outside inwards: (1) the molecular; (2) the Purkinje cell layer; and (3) the granular layer, which borders on the central white matter of the cerebellum.

Right Cerebellum White Matter
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebellum
ID: Right-Cerebellum-White-Matter
comment: The white matter located in the right hemisphere of the cerebellum, facilitating communication between various cerebellar regions and connecting with other brain areas to coordinate motor functions and balance.

Right Cerebral White Matter
type: Class
subclass of: White Matter
ID: Right-Cerebral-White-Matter
comment: The collection of myelinated nerve fibers situated within the right cerebral hemisphere, responsible for transmitting signals between various regions of the right hemisphere and facilitating connectivity with left hemisphere.

Right Cerebrum
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrum
comment: Right subdivision of the brain derived from the secondary prosencephalon or telencephalon. Contains the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, as well as several subcortical structures.

Right Choroid Plexus
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: Right-choroid-plexus
comment: The secretory epithelium and associated blood vessels of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles, which produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Right Cingulate Gyrus
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
comment: The cingulate gyrus is a broad belt of cerebral cortex partially encircling the corpus callosum and comprising the cingulate cortex.

Right Cuneus
type: Class
subclass of: Right Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-cuneus
comment: The cuneus is a wedge shaped segment of the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere between the calcarine and parieto-occipital fissures.

Right Diencephalon
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
see also: Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus. There is only one diencephalon.

Right Entorhinal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-entorhinal
comment: The entorhinal cortex is located in the medial temporal lobe, whose functions include being a widespread network hub for memory, navigation, and the perception of time.

Right Frontal Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
comment: Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border.

Right Fusiform
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-fusiform
comment: The fusiform gyrus, also known as the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus, is a structure that lies on the basal surface of the temporal and occipital lobes.

Right Hippocampus
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: Right-Hippocampus
comment: Gyrus of limbic lobe, each instance of which is convoluted mass of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of some lateral ventricle; it is part of some limbic system and plays major roles in short term memory and spatial navigation.

Right Inf-Lat-Vent
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: Right-Inf-Lat-Vent
comment: The inferior lateral ventricle refers to the lower portion of the lateral ventricle within the brain.

Right Inferior Parietal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-inferiorparietal
comment: The inferior parietal lobule is the lower part of the parietal lobe on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, below the intraparietal sulcus, and behind the post-central gyrus. It consists of the angular and supramarginal gyri.

Right Inferior Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-inferiortemporal
comment: The inferior temporal gyrus is one of three gyri of the temporal lobe and is located below the middle temporal gyrus, connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus.

Right Insula
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
ID: ctx-rh-insula
comment: Lobe of cerebral hemispheere located in the depths of the lateral fissure and is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

Right Isthmus
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-rh-isthmuscingulate
comment: The isthmus of the cingulate gyrus is a narrow section that extends from the cingulate gyrus into the temporal lobe. It is situated between the splenium of the corpus callosum and the lingual gyrus, forming a connection between these brain regions.

Right Lateral Occipital
type: Class
subclass of: Right Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-lateraloccipital
comment: The lateral occipital sulcus is a horizontal sulcus that divides the lateral occipital surface into gyri. It is crucial for processing visual information related to object recognition and spatial perception.

Right Lateral Orbitofrontal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-lateralorbitofrontal
comment: Found on the lateral frontal surface of orbitofornatal cortex, it regulates emotions related punishments and non-rewards.

Right Lateral Ventricle
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: Right-Lateral-Ventricle
comment: The lateral ventricle is a C-shaped ventricle located inside the right part of cerebral hemisphere. It consists of frontal, occipital and temporal horns and a central part or body. It is connected with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen of Monro.

Right Lingual
type: Class
subclass of: Right Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-lingual
comment: The lingual gyrus lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus. It plays a vital role in processing vision, especially related to letters.

Right Medial Orbitofrontal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-medialorbitofrontal
comment: Positioned medially on the frontal lobe, it process emotions, evaluates rewards and guides social behaviors.

Right Middle Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-middletemporal
comment: The medial temporal lobe is a region within the cerebral cortex comprised of a system of anatomically related structures, including the hippocampal region and the adjacent entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.The middle temporal lobe is a region of the brain situated in the temporal lobe, and it plays a significant role in processing auditory and visual information.

Right Nucleus Accumbens
type: Class
subclass of: Right Basal Ganglia
ID: Right-Accumbens-area
comment: The nucleus accumbens is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. This brain region has been implicated in addictive behavior.

Right Occipital Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
comment: Occipital lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure.

Right Pallidum
type: Class
subclass of: Right Basal Ganglia
ID: Right-Pallidum
comment: The globus pallidus is an inner, pale-yellow region within the lenticular nucleus and serves as a central component in the telencephalon, fulfilling a functional role within the basal ganglia.

Right Paracentral
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-paracentral
comment: The paracentral lobule is found on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, surrounding the paracentral sulcus, and consists of frontal and parietal parts.

Right Parahippocampal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-parahippocampal
comment: The parahippocampal gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus and is part of the limbic system. The region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval.

Right Parietal Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
comment: Parietal lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the dorsal-posterior portion of the hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its anterior border and and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Posteriorly it shares an arbitrary border with the occipital lobe.

Right Pars Opercularis
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-parsopercularis
comment: The pars opercularis refers to the vertically oriented fold of the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain. It is located at rear of the three cortical segments that form the inferior frontal gyrus. It plays a significant role in the production of speech.

Right Pars Orbitalis
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-parsorbitalis
comment: The pars orbitalis refers to the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain. It plays a role in the language processing network of the brain.

Right Pars Triangularis
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-parstriangularis
comment: The pars triangularis refers to the triangular shaped cortical region of the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain. It sits in between pars orbitalis and pars opercularis. It is well known in its involvement in speech production.

Right Pericalcarine
type: Class
subclass of: Right Occipital Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-pericalcarine
comment: The pericalcarine of occipiatal lobe is positioned around calcarine fissure, it contains the primary visual cortex and serves as a primary visual processing area responsible for analyzing basic visual features.

Right Postcentral
type: Class
subclass of: Right Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-postcentral
comment: The postcentral gyrus is on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, parallel to the central sulcus, separating the postcentral gyrus from the superior and inferior parietal lobules.

Right Posterior
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-rh-posteriorcingulate
comment: The posterior cingulate gyrus is located behind the thalamus and below the splenium, it regulates attention, processes emotions, and stores memories, influencing higher-order cognitive functions.

Right Precentral
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-precentral
comment: Located on the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus. It contains the primary motor cortex which is responsible for the control of voluntary motor movement.

Right Precuneus
type: Class
subclass of: Right Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-precuneus
comment: The precuneus is found rostral to the parietooccipital sulcus and dorsal to the subparietal sulcus on the medial aspect of the parietal lobe.

Right Putamen
type: Class
subclass of: Right Basal Ganglia
ID: Right-Putamen
comment: Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule.

Right Rostral Anterior
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cingulate Gyrus
ID: ctx-rh-rostralanteriorcingulate
comment: Located at the front part of the cingulate gyrus, the rostral anterior region is associated with various cognitive functions and emotional processing.

Right Rostral Middle Frontal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-rostralmiddlefrontal
comment: Located at the front and middle portion of the frontal lobe, the rostral middle frontal gyrus contributes to decision-making and executive control in cognitive functions.

Right Superior Frontal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Frontal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-superiorfrontal
comment: The superior frontal gyrus is the most dorsal gyrus of the frontal lobe on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.Tthe superior frontal gyrus plays a key role in advanced cognitive processes such as motor planning, working memory, and attention.

Right Superior Parietal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-superiorparietal
comment: The superior parietal lobule is a large parietal lobule above the intraparietal sulcus on the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex.

Right Superior Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-superiortemporal
comment: Superior temoral lobe is a gyrus in the temporal lobe that contains parts of the auditory cortex. It includes Wernicke's area, which is the major area involved in the comprehension of language.

Right Supramarginal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Parietal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-supramarginal
comment: The supramarginal gyrus is a part of the inferior parietal lobule, which caps the posterior tip of the lateral sulcus.

Right Temporal Lobe
type: Class
subclass of: Right Cerebrum
comment: Temporal lobe is the ventrolateral lobe of five lobes comprising each cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe.

Right Thalamus
type: Class
subclass of: Right Diencephalon
disjoint with: Right Ventral Diencephalon
ID: Right-Thalamus-Proper
comment: Situated in brain's central region, thalamus is largely composed of nuclei, which relay sensory, motor and limbic information to the cerebral cortex and subpallial structures.

Right Transverse Temporal
type: Class
subclass of: Right Temporal Lobe
ID: ctx-rh-transversetemporal
comment: Commonly referred to as Heschl's gyri; Transverse temporal gyri constitute a set of gyri situated deep within the lateral sulcus in the temporal lobe. These gyri typically house the primary auditory cortex.

Right Ventral Diencephalon
type: Class
subclass of: Right Diencephalon
ID: Right-VentralDC
comment: The ventral diencephalon refers to the lower part of the diencephalon. It encompasses structures such as the hypothalamus and the lower section of the thalamus.

WM Hypointensities
type: Class
subclass of: White Matter
ID: WM-hypointensities
comment: Abnormal areas within the white matter of the brain that appear darker than surrounding tissues on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

White Matter
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrum
comment: The white matter is an overall term for the fiber tracts in the central nervous system.It can be subdivided into central roots, ascending, intrinsic and descending tracts.

3rd-Ventricle
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: 3rd-Ventricle
comment: The third ventricle is a narrow part of the ventricular system between the thalami and hypothalami on both sides.

4th-Ventricle
type: Class
subclass of: Cerebrospinal Fluid
ID: 4th-Ventricle
comment: The fourth ventricle is the most caudal of the brain ventricles, shaped like a tent with a peaked roof protruding as the fastigium into the cerebellum and a diamond-shaped floor, the rhomboid fossa formed by the ventricular surfaces of the pons and medulla oblongata.