The Epilepsy Ontology (BioPortal ID: EpSO) is an application ontology developed to support epilepsy research, patient care, and health system management. The updated version of the Epilepsy Ontology adds Dravet Syndrome (DS) related terms covering both model systems and patients with DS. This version is an extension of the previous version of the ontology that focused on neuropathology terms, including immunohistochemistry, microscopy, and anatomical description, related to epilepsy. This work has been funded in part by the Dravet Syndrome Foundation, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), and the US National Institutes of Health. Some of the funding agencies retain intellectual ownership of the ontology, together with the Case Western Reserve University and other collaborating institutions. Contributors: Satya S. Sahoo, Jeffrey Buchhalter, Samden D. Lhatoo, Katja Kobow, Deepak K. Gupta, Alireza Bozorgi, Aman Dabir, Bilal Gonen, Hans O. Luders, Kenneth Loparo, Veronica Hood Contact: satya.sahoo@case.edu
The Epilepsy Ontology is released under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, Share Alike and Unported License.
aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1
alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated
ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2
ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 3
Abdominal aura is used to denote a type of somatosensory or somaesthetic aura that typically manifests itself as a rising epigastric sensation.
Autonomic (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Focal Onset (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Non-convulsive status epilepticus without coma (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Acetylcholin Receptor Associated Encephalitis
Acquired periventricular cyst (disorder)
EEG pattern occuring during awakening from sleep and usually consists of widespread, usually alpha frequency rhythms
EEG pattern occuring during the onset of sleep (becoming drwosy) and consists of -
the period between puberty and the completion of physical growth, roughly from 11 to 19 years of age
having attained full growth or maturity, or an organism that has done so.
The length of time that one has existed; duration of life
Ictal paresis (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Akinetic seizures are characterized by inability to perform voluntary movements and preferentially affect more distal muscles.
Generalized Onset (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Motor (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Alpha Amino 3 Hydroxy 5 Methyl 4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor
Alpha Amino 3 Hydroxy 5 Methyl 4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor 1 Associated Encephalitis
Alpha Amino 3 Hydroxy 5 Methyl 4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid Receptor 2 Associated Encephalitis
Alpha coma / Alpha stupor (AS) refers to EEG of a comatose/stuporous patient in which alpha activity predominates.
Alpha rhythm is the initial starting point for visual analysis of EEG, originates from occipital region of brain and has a frequency of 8 to 13 Hertz in adults.
Alpha variant consists of activity over the posterior head regions that have a harmonic relationship to the alpha rhythm and show similar activity and distribution.
Altered Level Of Consciousness refers to relative unresponsiveness with postictal amnesia for the events that happened during the seizure.
Cognitive (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Nonmotor Onset (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Unknown Onset (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Subdivision of basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe. (source: FMA)
Amyloid Angiopath Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Associated with frequent BRAF V600E mutation
Anaplastic Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
"Immaterial anatomical entity of one less dimension than the anatomical entity it bounds or demarcates from another anatomical entity. Examples: surface of heart, surface of epithelial cell, cervicothoracic plane, supra-orbital notch, costal margin, apex beat, Sylvian point." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
"Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure or two or more adjacent anatomical structures. Examples: nasal cavity, cavity of stomach, pharyngeal recess space, lumen of artery, cavity of serous sac." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. Anatomical structure, which has as its parts a heterogeneous collection of organs, organ parts, cells or body part subdivisions that are adjacent to, or continuous with one another; does not constitute an organ, organ system or organ system subdivision, or body part or body part subdivision.
"Anatomical space which contains two or more anatomical structures demarcated by bona fide boundaries and is bounded by the surface of one or more anatomical structures. Examples: orbital cavity, suprasternal space, thoracic cavity, fascial space, hepatic lacuna." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
"Anatomical space which connects two or more compartment spaces or two or more anatomical cavities. Examples: foramen magnum, pyloric orifice, space of right inguinal canal, nutrient canal space" (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
"Anatomical boundary entity, each instance of which has one spatial dimension. Examples: margin of tongue, posterior border of right lung, inferior margin of liver, arcuate line of hip bone, sulcus terminalis of heart, pancreatic incisure." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
"Anatomical boundary entity, each instance of which has zero spatial dimension. Examples: Apex of lung, vertex, mentale, McBurney's point." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
"Immaterial anatomical entity, each instance of which has three spatial dimensions. Examples: body cavity, thoracic cavity, lesser sac, cavity of right atrium, lumen of aorta, mediastinal space, space of anterior compartment of forearm." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
Anatomical structure, which has as its parts a heterogeneous collection of organs, organ parts, cells, cell parts or body part subdivisions that are adjacent to, or continuous with one another; does not constitute a cell part, cell, tissue, organ, organ system or organ system subdivision, cardinal body part, body part subdivision or anatomical junction. Examples: joint, adnexa of uterus, root of lung, renal pedicle, back. (source: FMA)
"Anatomical boundary entity, each instance of which has two spatial dimensions. Examples: body surface, epigastrium, precordium, right iliac fossa." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
Angiocentric glioma (morphologic abnormality)
Slow wave activity, usually in the 4-7 Hz range seen in the anterior head regions in children.
Anterior transverse temporal convolution of Heschl
Anti Neuronal Nuclear Antibody 1 Associated Encephalitis
Anti Neuronal Nuclear Antibody 2 Associated Encephalitis
Anti Neuronal Nuclear Antibody 3 Associated Encephalitis
Aphasic seizures are seizures during which the patient has either a global aphasia or a more selective expressive or comprehensive aphasia.
The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]
Artifact-obscured EEG (AOE) refers to an ictal record that is obscured by artifacts, thereby making its interpretation difficult or impossible.
Astatic seizures are characterized by an epileptic fall, but the precise mechanism of the fall cannot be defined by the available information.
Motor onset (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Asymmetry (AS) refers exclusively to amplitude differences of physiological EEG activity between the two hemispheres.
Atonic seizures are characterized by loss of postural tone.
Atrophic degeneration (morphologic abnormality)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined type
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive presentation (restrictive)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly hyperactive impulsive type
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type
Atypical (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Generalized Onset (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Versio
Impaired Consciousness (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Auditory auras consist of auditory hallucinations in the the form of sounds or noises that may or may not be localized in space.
Sensory (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
An aura is the perceptual disturbance experienced by epileptic patient and not detectable by an observer.
Unclassified (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Automatism with Preserved Responsiveness
Automatism without Preserved Responsiveness
Automotor seizures are complex motor seizures characterized primarily by automatisms of the distal segments of body, including in particular the fingers, hands, tongue and lips.
A term used to denote a type of *aura that manifests itself as an autonomic alteration such as palpitations or 'hot flashes', without any objective proof of an autonomic disturbance.
Autonomic seizures are epileptic seizures which have objectively documented autonomic signs as main ictal symptoms.
Autonomics status epilepticus (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
Autosomal Dominant Partial Epilepsy With Auditory Features
Continuous slow (CS) refers to the activity that occurs continuously (>80% of the time), is non-responsive to external stimuli, and clearly exceeds the amount considered physiologically normal for the patient's age.
Background suppression (BS) refers to activity which is less than 10 uV (reference derivation).
Reference: Balloon cells derive from radial glial progenitor cells (https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/130/9/2267/291780)
Treats seizures in patients who have Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS).
Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes
Benign focal epileptiform discharges of childhood (BFEDC) refer to regional or multiregional sharp waves that are normally followed by a negative slow wave with lower amplitude than the negative peak of the sharp wave and ocassionally show a dipolar distribution.
Benign Focal Epileptiform Discharge of Childhood (BFEDC)
Beta activity refers to activity with frequency range 13 to 30 Hz.
Beta coma (BC) / Beta stupor (BS) refers to predominance of beta activity with amplitudes higher than 30 uV in a comatose/stuporous patient.
Periodic sharp waves that occur in both hemispheres but do so asynchronously between the two hemispheres
Bilateral Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharge (Bi-PLED)
Subdivision of body proper. (source: FMA)
CURE CDE (WG #1: Core and Death-Related Information)
Anterior Segment of Brodmann Area 3 Right Paracentral Lobule
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]
Portion of tissue which consists of neurons, neuroglia and vasculature. Examples: Neural tissue of brain, neural tissue of peripheral ganglion, neural tissue of nerve[FMA]
A multi-tissue structure that is part of a brain [Obol].
Ependymal cyst of ventricle of brain (disorder)
Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted].
Breach rhythm refers to high-voltage activity that occurs in the region of a skull defect and have a spiky appearance and consist of sharply contoured arciform waveforms that usually have a frequency of 6-11 Hz.
Anterior Segment of Brodmann Area 3 Left Paracentral Lobule
Anterior Segment of Brodmann Area 3 Paracentral Lobule
Brodmann Area 4 Left Middle Frontal Gyrus
Anterior Segment of Brodmann Area 4 Left Paracentral Lobule
Posterior Segment of Brodmann Area 4 Left Paracentral Lobule
Anterior Segment of Brodmann Area 4 Paracentral Lobule
Posterior Segment of Brodmann Area 4 Paracentral Lobule
Brodmann Area 4 Right Middle Frontal Gyrus
Brodmann Area 4 Right Paracentral Lobule
Anterior Segment of Brodmann Area 4 Right Paracentral Lobule
Posterior Segment of Brodmann Area 4 Right Paracentral Lobule
Burst suppression (BUS) refers to a form of periodic pattern in which cerebral activity is of an amplitude less than 10 uV between bursts of relatively higher-amplitude complexes.
calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A
calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1H subunit
calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 4 subunit
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase
chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2
cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 2 (neuronal)
cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 4 (neuronal)
Source: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/CHRNA4
cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 7 subunit
cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 2 (neuronal)
CLN8, transmembrane ER and ERGIC protein
cysteine and serine rich nuclear protein 3
Treats different types of seizures. Also used to treat nerve pain and bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness.
Anatomical structure, which has as its direct parts instances of anatomical sets of organs and cardinal organ parts spatially associated with either the skull, vertebral column, or the skeleton of a limb; in their aggregate are surrounded by a part of the skin Examples: Head, body proper, right upper limb. (source: FMA)
Anatomical structure, which is a subdivision of a cardinal body part; it may exclude bones; is demarcated from other subdivisions of the same cardinal body part by anatomical surfaces or lines or topographical references; together with other contiguous subdivisions of the same cardinal body part, it constitutes a cardinal body part. Examples: thorax, perineum, back of neck, forearm, hand, phalanx, nose, auricle of ear, scrotum.
Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.
Cyst of central nervous system (disorder)
Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]
the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in either of the lateral sections of the cerebellum outside the vermis; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres
A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellum [Obol].
the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in the central section of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres; in humans, vermis lobule regions may be nearly continuous with the cerebellar hemisphere lobules dorsally but are separated by deeper longitudinal fissues in the ventral regions; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres
The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts
"One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter." [FMA v3.1]
Subdivision of telencephalon which is one of five subdivisions of each hemisphere separated by both real landmarks (sulci and fissures) and arbitrary boundaries.
a person of either sex between the time of birth and adolescence
Childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms
Treats mental disorders, severe behavior disorders, severe hiccups, severe nausea and vomiting, and certain types of porphyria. Also used before and after surgery to relieve anxiety. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.
Chronic Progressive Epilepsia Partialis Continua of Childhood
Treats seizures in patients who have Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). This medicine is a benzodiazepine.
Treats seizures, panic disorder, and anxiety. This medicine is a benzodiazepine.
Clonic seizures consist of myoclonic jerks that recur at regular intervals of less than 1 to 2 seconds.
Convulsive status epilepticus (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Clonic (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Generalized motor seizures in which there is an initial clonic phase preceding the tonic-clonic phase
Tonic (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Combined dexamethasone-corticotropin releasing hormone test
Complex auditory auras are those such as humming or chirping sounds as well as more elaborate phenomena such as music or voices.
Complex motor seizures consist of motor seizures during which the patient performs movements that imitate natural movements, are relatively complex, and tend to involve different body segments, which are moved in different planes.
Simple visual hallucinations are crude, unformed elementary hallucinations including colored or colorless lights and shapes.
Congenital abnormality of skull and face bones (disorder)
Neurological disorder at the time of birth
Contactin Associated Protein 2 Associated Encephalitis
"Space of compartment of head which is bound by the internal surface of the skull." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
Cystic leucoencephalopathy without megalencephaly
NM_001242897.2(DEPDC5):c.21C>G (p.Tyr7Ter) (source: Simple ClinVar)
Deficits in attention motor control and perception
Definite Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
Degenerative abnormality (morphologic abnormality)
Psychic auras in which the patient has the feeling of already having experienced the present situation.
Delayed membranous cranial ossification (disorder)
Delta coma (DC) / Delta stupor (DS) refers to irregular, high voltage delta background activity in a comatose/stuporous patient.
Delta Notch Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Associated Encephalitis
Delta Notch Like Epidermal Growth Factor Related Receptor
Delta activity refers to activity with a frequency range of 1 to 3 Hz.
Treats seizures (epilepsy). Also used to treat mood disorders and prevent migraine headaches. This medicine is an anticonvulsant.
Treat various types of seizure disorders. It is sometimes used together with other seizure medications.
An extended-release product used to prevent or reduce the occurrence of migraines. It is indicated for the prevention of migraine headaches in adults.
"Developmental entity which is a 3-D immaterial anatomical entity created during an organism's gestation." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
Dialeptic seizures have alteration or loss of consciousness as the main ictal manifestation usually without loss of postural tone
Nonmotor (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Typical (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Treats anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, and other medical conditions. This medicine is a benzodiazepine.
"Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus. There is only one diencephalon." [FMA v3.1]
A regional part of brain that is part of a diencephalon
Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
Dihydropyrimidinase Related Protein 5 Associated Encephalitis
Treats seizures. This medicine is an anticonvulsant.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase like Protein 6 Associated Encephalitis
Disassociated Rodent Derived Cell Culture
Treats anxiety, nausea, and vomiting before and after surgical and diagnostic procedures.
Dysmorphic cells derive from radial glial progenitor cells (https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/130/9/2267/291780)
EF-hand domain (C-terminal) containing 1
Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy With Suppression Bursts
Placement system for electrodes to record brain activity.
A focal or generalized flattening of the EEG due to a sudden desynchronization of brain activity
Clinical event annotation terms used to annotate the EEG.
Electrographic seizure has no clinical correlate.
Elementary auditory auras involve simple tones such as buzzing or ringing.
Endocrine response to the immobilization stress
"A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle." (Gene Ontology)
"A disorder characterized by recurrent seizures." (SNOMED CT)
Epilepsy Of Infancy With Migrating Focal Seizures
Epilepsy With Continuous Spike-waves During Slow-wave Sleep
Specific type of Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies (IGE)
Epilepsy With General Tonic Clonic Seizure On Awakening
Epilepsy With Myoclonic-astatic Seizures
An epileptic seizure, occasionally referred to as a fit, is defined as a transient symptom of "abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain".
Epileptic spasms consists of a more or less sustained contractions of axial muscles leading to flexion of the trunk and abduction and elevation of both arms in "salaam" positions.
Myoclonic (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Eileptiform benign variant have an epileptiform appearance but are not epileptogenic, that is, they are not associated with seizures.
Epileptiform patterns refers to the discharges that are easily differentiated from background activity, are usually seen in patients with epilepsy and indicate a tendency to epilepsy.
Potentially epileptogenic lesion visible on anatomical neuroimaging.
Area of cortex that is indispensable to the generation of clinical epileptic seizures.
Used for the control of absence (petit mal) epilepsy.
Excessive fast (EF) refers to an EEG recording in which at least 50 % of the awake recording is dominated by generalized beta activity of amplitude exceeding 50 uV (reference derivation)
OM: Generally the eye is considered synonymous with the eyeball. In clinical practice, eye surgeries include not only procedures on the eyeball alone but also on the extraocular muscles, the eyelids and the other extraocular (both intraorbital and extraorbital) structures. Classification of eye diseases follows the same approach. The decision on classifying the eye as a body part subdivision (part of face) is partly based on this. A consideration would be to name the body part subdivision as the "ocular region" or "ocular part of face" and use "eye" as a synonym of "eyeball". (source: FMA)
Used to treat partial-onset seizures in adults.
Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face. (source: FMA)
Familial Focal Epilepsy With Variable Foci
Occurs at a harmonic twice that of the alpha range
Used alone or together with other medicines to control partial seizures in patients who have failed other treatments. Also given to children with a type of epilepsy called Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Belongs to a class of medicines called anticonvulsants.
Subdivision of the hand demarcated from the hand proper by the skin crease in line with the distal edge of finger webs. Examples: thumb, right middle finger, left little finger. (source: FMA)
Treats schizophrenia and different types of behavior problems. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.
FCD Type IA (Abnormal Radial Cortical Lamination)
FCD Type IB (Abnormal Tangential Cortical Lamination)
FCD Type IC (Abnormal Radial and Tangential Cortical Lamination)
FCD Type IIB (Dysmorphic Neurons and Balloon Cell)
FCD Type III (Associated with Principal Lesion)
FCD Type IIIA (Cortical Lamination Abnormality in the Temporal Lobe Associated with Hippocampal Sclerosis)
FCD Type IIIB (Cortical Lamination Adjacent to a Glial or Glioneuronal Tumor)
FCD Type IIIC (Cortical Lamination Adjacent to Vascular Malformation)
FCD Type IIID (Cortical Lamination Abnormality Adjacent to Any Other Lesion Acquired During Early Life)
FCD Type III (Not Otherwise Specified, NOS)
Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type III Not Otherwise Specified
The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon.
Fourteen and six-hertz positive bursts consist of short trains of arch-shaped waveforms with alternating postive spiky components and a negative, smooth, rounded waveforms that occur at a rate of 14 Hz or 6-7 Hz and last from 0.5 to 1 second.
Frontal arousal rhythm (FAR) consists of trains of 7- to 20-Hz waveforms that occur predominantly over the frontal regions in runs lasting up to 20 seconds.
Frontal intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity
Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. (FMA)
Area of cortex, which by functional neuroimaging, neuropsychological testing, neurologic examination, or other tests shows functional abnormalities.
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus-1 (Heimer)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1
gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta3
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, delta
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, gamma 2
polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3
glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1
glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A
glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B
Treats certain types of seizures, called partial seizures, in people who have epilepsy. Also treats Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and pain caused by shingles (postherpetic neuralgia).
Controls partial seizures when used in combination with other medicines. This medicine is an anticonvulsant.
Gelastic seizures are complex motor seizures that include laughing as the essential "complex motor activity".
Aware (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus
Based on the NCBI ClinVar genomic variation data resource with sequence variation, type of variation, and variant consequence information
Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 Associated Encephalitis
Glycine Receptor Associated Encephalitis
It used to denote a type of aura that manifests itself in the form of a gustatory hallucination or illusion.
hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium channel 1
Habenula is a segment of the epithalamus that has as its parts the lateral and medial habenular nuclei and the habenular commissure.
The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion
Treats mental illness (such as schizophrenia), behavior problems, agitation, and symptoms of Tourette's syndrome.
Cardinal body part, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the skull, it is partially surrounded by skin of head. Examples: There is only one head. (source: FMA)
Motor seizures characterized by rhythmic or semi-rhythmic jerking of half the body.
Anatomical cluster which has as its direct parts all or some members of two or more organ subclasses and one or more organ part subclasses which are grouped together according to some shared attributes. Examples: joint, internal ear, pharynx. (source: FMA)
Hyperkinetic (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Hypermotor seizures are complex motor seizures in which movements affect primarily proximal body segments resulting in high amplitude, rapid movements such as cycling movements.
Hyperkinetic status epilepticus (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Hypertensive Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Hyperventilation response is a method used to cause rapid, deep breathing; this technique produces generalized slowing of the EEG and may provoke epileptiform waves or seizures (especially absences seizures) during an EEG recording.
Hypomotor seizures are characterized by immobility or a marked decrease in movements of newborns, infants or of mentally retarded patients in whom the cause of the immobility (alteration of consciousness, inability to move distraction by an aura, etc.) cannot be determined.
A regional part of brain that is part of a hypothalamus
Hypsarrhythmia (HYP) refers to the pattern characterized by generalized continuous slow activity with an amplitude higher than 300 uV and the appearance of multiregional spikes or sharp waves over both hemispheres.
immediate early response 3 interacting protein 1
Ictal dystonia is abnormal muscle tone, rsulting in muscle spasms and abnormal postures, during episode of seizure.
Ictal speech is abnormal speech production during episode of seizure.
Physical anatomical entity which is a three-dimensional space, surface, line or point associated with a material anatomical entity. Examples: body space, surface of heart, costal margin, apex of right lung, anterior compartment of right arm. (source: FMA)
the human young from the time of birth to one year of age
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (Heimer-83)
"The projecting part of the occipital bone at the base of the skull." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
American Academy of Neurology recommended seizure frequency category.
Lobe of cerebral hemispheere located in the depths of the lateral fissure and is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.
Brain structure that lies perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the embryonic neural tube, is continuous with the rostral hypothalamic proliferation and whose most lateral extent is deflected dorsally within the inferior lobe
Intermittent Photic Stimulation Response
Gray matter component of neuraxis which is located in the interior of the neuraxis. Example: thalamus, dentate nucleus, ventral horn of spinal cord. (source: FMA)
"A transmembrane pore that presents a hydrophilic channel for ions to cross a lipid bilayer down their electrochemical gradients. Some degree of ion specificity is usually observed and typically a million ions per second may flow. Channels may be permanently open, like the potassium leak channel or they may be voltage gated, like the sodium channel or ligand gated like the acetylcholine receptor." (National Cancer Institute Thesaurus)
Unilateral ictal blinking is eye blinking occuring only on one side during episode of seizure.
Area of cortex that produces interictal spikes in the EEG.
Part of the Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure progression (Henri Gastaut)
potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 4
potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M alpha 1
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3
potassium sodium-activated channel subfamily T member 1
potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 7
Used to help control certain types of seizures caused by epilepsy. This medicine is an antiepileptic.
Treats partial-onset seizures in certain patients with epilepsy. It is used in combination with other medicines.
Lambda waves refer to the sharp, transient waves with a duration of 160 to 250 milliseconds, occuring when an individual's eye is open, coming from occipital regions bilaterally when the individual's eyes are focused on an illuminated or patterned visual field.
Treats certain types of seizures and mood disorders. Often used along with other medicines.
The lateral hypothalamus or lateral hypothalamic area is a part of the hypothalamus. It is concerned with hunger. Damage to this area can cause reduced food intake. Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus causes a desire to eat, while stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus causes a desire to stop eating.
Lateralizing Sign refers to the sign that helps in lateralizing the epileptogenic zone.
"Left cerebral hemisphere is one of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter." [FMA v3.1]
Orbitobasal segment of left frontal lobe
Orbitofrontal segment of left frontal lobe
The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod.
Leucine Rich Glioma Inactivated Protein 1
Leucine Rich Glioma Inactivated Protein 1 Associated Encephalitis
Leukoencephalopathy co-occurrent with bilateral anterior temporal lobe cysts (disorder)
Levomepromazine in Germany and Methotrimeprazine in America is an aliphatic phenothiazine neuroleptic drug. It is a low-potency antipsychotic with strong analgesic and antiemetic properties.
A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles.
Treats anxiety, anxiety with depression, and insomnia (trouble sleeping). This medicine is a benzodiazepine.
Loss Of Consciousness (LOC) refers to complete unresponsiveness with postictal amnesia for the events that happened during the seizure.
Discontinued after phase II clinical trials (Wikipedia)
The short-term treatment of sleeplessness, the relief of anxiety, tension, and fear, and the treatment of certain types of seizures, especially in emergency situations.
Treats nerve pain caused by diabetes or herpes zoster (shingles). Also treats partial onset seizures in adults and fibromyalgia (muscle pain and stiffness).
mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 2
membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 6
MN1 proto-oncogene, transcriptional regulator
meningioma (disrupted in balanced translocation) 1
methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase 1
mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III
mitochondrially encoded tRNA phenylalanine
MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor
Physical anatomical entity which has mass. Examples: hemoglobin molecule, mitochondrion, hepatocyte, erythrocyte, heart, head, blood, urine. (source: FMA)
Similar to concept of measurement unit label defined in the Information Artifact Ontology.
SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 13
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Associated Encephalitis
A regional part of brain that is part of a metencephalon
Midline theta rhythm occurs as a focal rhythm over the midline region and usually is most prominant in the central vertex (Cz) lead.
Mild Malformation of Cortical Development
clusters of olig2 positive oligodendroglial cells
Mild Malformation of Cortical Development With Oligodendroglial Hyperplasiaand Epilepsy
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy Lactic Acidosis Stroke like Episodes
Model System Physiology Measurement Method
"Molecular consequence represents effects on protein products from the alterations in the coding nucleotide sequence. " (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/variation/docs/glossary/)
Monthly but not weekly (i.e., 1-3 per month)
Motor seizures are seizures in which the main manifestation is motor symptomatology.
Class names are singular (plural terms added as synonyms).
The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes teeth, gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate
Mu rhythm refers to central rhythm of alpha activity frequency (usually 8 to 10 hz) in which the individual waves have an arch like shape.
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor
Multiple per day (i.e., 4 days per week with >= 2 seizures)
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Associated Encephalitis
Myoclonic seizures consists of muscle contractions of brief duration (less than 200 ms).
Myoclonic Status (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Treats seizure disorders. Belongs to a class of drugs called anticonvulsants.
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor 1 Associated Encephalitis
NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2
NUS1 dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase subunit
"The craniometric point at the bridge of the nose where the frontal and nasal bones of the skull meet." (Foundational Model of Anatomy)
Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck. (source: FMA)
Negative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Finding
Non-convulsive status epilepticus (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Negative myoclonic seizures are short (30 to 40 ms) episodes of muscle atonia resulting in negative motor phenomena
"Neural Development involves proliferation, differentiation, and/or maturation of neural cells." (National Cancel Institute Thesaurus)
A multi cell component structure that is part of a central nervous system
Cell part cluster consisting predominantly of somas of neurons in the brain and the spinal cord. (source: FMA)
Organ segment of neuraxis with one or more fixed fiat boundaries. Examples: brain, brainstem, spinal cord. (FMA v3.1)
Neurotrophic atrophy (morphologic abnormality)
Non-epileptic seizures mimic an epileptic seizure but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of cortical neurons.
Non-somatotopic Semiological Distribution refers to the distribution in which there is no maintenance of spatial organization within the central nervous system. [Wikipedia]
Non-Twenty-Four Hour Sleep Wake Syndrome
Not Classified Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
Occipital Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity
Occipital lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. (FMA)
olfactory aura, uncinate epilepsy A sudden disagreeable sensation of smell, or odor, preceding or characterizing an epileptic attack
"A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is required for differentiation of OLIGODENDROCYTES and motor neurons in the spinal cord, and development of somatic motor neurons in the hindbrain." (MeSH definition)
One Dimensional Cartesian Spatial Coordinate Datum
Used in combination with other medications to treat seizures caused by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a severe form of childhood epilepsy that also causes developmental and behavior problems.
Oppositional defiant disorder co-occurrent with chronic irritability-anger
Oppositional defiant disorder without chronic irritability-anger with limited prosocial emotions
Oppositional defiant disorder co-occurrent with chronic irritability-anger with normal prosocial emotions
Oppositional defiant disorder without chronic irritability-anger
Cardinal organ part which is a fiat subdivision of an organ component. Examples: cervical part of wall of esophagus, mucosa of body of stomach. (FMA v3.1)
Cardinal organ part which is a fiat subdivision of an organ. Examples: lingula of left lung, tail of pancreas, artery, trochanter, nodulus of semilunar valve, right side of heart, duodenum, fundus of stomach. (FMA v3.1)
Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball[FMA]
Other Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsies
Used alone or together with other medicines to treat seizures caused by epilepsy in adults and children 2 years of age and older.
Paradoxical Clonus refers to movement of body part at seizure end ipsilateral to the side of EEG seizure onset.
Paraneoplastic Antigen Ma1 Associated Encephalitis
Paraneoplastic Antigen Ma2 Associated Encephalitis
Parietal lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the dorsal-posterior portion of the hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its anterior border and and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Posteriorly it shares an arbitrary border with the occipital lobe. (FMA)
Events are short, sudden, frequent and stereotyped symptoms that can be observed in various clinical conditions including epilepsy. Paroxysmal event refers to the seizures that cannot be classified with sufficient certainity as epileptic or nonepileptic.
"Providing for the full range of personal health services for diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and rehabilitation of patients." (MeSH)
An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc)
Used to control symptoms of hostility, impulsiveness, and aggressiveness when used with other medications in adults and children over 5 years old.
Perineuronal satellite oligodendroglial cell
Sharp waves that are focal or hemispheric in distribution and occur in a periodic or semi-periodic fashion. They are called bi-PLEDs when they occur in both hemispheres but do so asynchronously between the two hemispheres
Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharge (PLED)
Periodic pattern (PP) refers to relative stereotypical waveforms which are frequently epileptiform and have a relatively periodic repetition rate.
Treats the symptoms of certain mental disorders. May also be used to treat nausea and vomiting in adult patients. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.
Used to treat or prevent seizures. It is also used short-term to treat insomnia, or as a sedative before surgery.
Photoparoxysmal response (PR) refers to posterior dominant or generalized epileptiform discharges elicited by photic stimulation.
Polyspikes (PSP) refer to a pattern consisting of groups of three or more spikes appearing one after another with a frequency of more than 10 Hz.
Polymorphous Low-grade Neuroepithelial Tumor of the Young
Similar to SNOMED CT class positive genetic finding (http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/412731001)
Positive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Finding
Possible Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
Posterior slow waves of youth, also referred to as single delta frequency waves, referes to 2.5 to 4.5 Hz waves occuring in the posterior head regions of children and adolescents.
Posterior transverse temporal convolution of Heschl
Postictal aphasia is impairment of speech during or after episode of seizure.
Postictal todd's paralysis refers to the focal weakness occuring in a part of body after seizure.
Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus[ZFA]
Probable Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
Treats severe nausea and vomiting. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.
Used for short-term management of moderate to severe agitation, agitation and restlessness in elderly people.
Prevents and controls motion sickness, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Also used to relieve or prevent allergic reactions, helps people go to sleep, and control their pain or anxiety before or after surgery or other procedures.
Purkinje Cell Antibody 1 Associated Encephalitis
RAB, member of RAS oncogene family like 2B
Reactivity refers to the description/specification of reactions, or responses, of the various components of the EEG to certain ohysiological changes or provocations.
Rhythmic benign variants consist of rhythmic activity that may be in the theta, alpha, or beta frequency ranges.
Rhythmic temporal theta bursts of drowsiness (psychomotor variant) is characterized by bursts or serial trains of rhythmic theta waves ranging from 5 to 7 hz with a flat-topped, sharp-contoured, or notched appearance.
Rhytmic Temporal Theta Bursts of Drowsiness
"The right cerebral hemisphere is one of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter." [FMA v3.1]
Orbitobasal segment of right frontal lobe
Orbitofrontal segment of right frontal lobe
Rosette-forming glioneuronal neoplasm (morphologic abnormality)
sterile alpha motif domain containing 12
sodium channel, voltage-gated, type I, alpha subunit
sodium channel, voltage-gated, type I, beta subunit
sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha subunit
sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 3
sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8
sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9
SET domain containing 1A, histone lysine methyltransferase
SET domain containing 1B, histone lysine methyltransferase
SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3
sushi repeat containing protein X-linked 2
StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 7
Treats seizures (epilepsy). This medicine is an anticonvulsant.
Alterations in consciousness state in epilepsy
Area of cortex from which the seizure originates according to electroencephalogram recordings.
Seizure pattern (EEG SZ) refers to the EEG pattern seen during epileptic seizures. This may be focal(localized), hemispheric (lateralized) or generalized.
Gene sequence variant. Linked to the NCBI ClinVar data repository.
Sharp waves refer to the epileptiform discharges 80 to 200 ms in duration
In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.
Simple motor seizures consists of unnatural, relatively simple movements of the type that can be elicited by stimulation of Broadmann areas 4 and 6.
Situational Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
Six-hertz spike-and-wave bursts (phantom spike and wave) are brief bursts, lasting 1 to 2 seconds with a repitition rate of 6Hz with a range of 5-7 hz.
Sleep-onset rapid eye movement (SOR) refers to the occurence of REM sleep less than 15 minutes after falling sleep.
Sleep Related Electroencephalogram Pattern
Slow activity is a general term referring to EEG activities that are abnormally slow for the age of the patient and regional or lateralized activity that is slowet than on the homotopic contralateral side.
Occurs at a harmonic half that of the alpha range
Slow spike-and-wave complexes (SSWC) refer to bursts of spike-and-wave complexes with a regular repetition rate of less than 2.5 Hz, with at least one burst of these complexes with a duration of more than 3 seconds.
Small sharp spikes (SSS) consist of single monophasic or diphasic spikes with an abrupt ascending limb and a steep descending limb, are generally of low voltage and short duratiopn, usually less than 50 ms.
Somatosensory auras consists of paraesthesias, which have a clearly defined dermatomal distribution.
Non-somatotopic Semiological Distribution refers to the distribution in which there is no maintenance of spatial organization within the central nervous system.
Somatotopy refers to the correspondence between the position of a receptor in part of the body and the corresponding area of the cerebral cortex that is activated by it. [Wikipedia]
Special seizures include all seizures that cannot be classified as auras, autonomic, dialeptic or motor seizures.
Spikes refer to epileptiform discharges with a duration of 40 to 80 ms.
Spike-and-wave complexes (SWC) are spikes and waves that occur repititively (in series) and do not fulfill the criteria for more specific epileptiform patterns such as slow spike-and-wave complexes or 3-Hz spike-and-wave complexes.
3-Hz spike-and-wave complexes (3 SWC) refer to the bursts of spike-and-wave complexes with a regular repitition rate of 3 to 5.5 Hz.
Spindle coma (SC) / Spindle stupor (SS) refers to an EEG recording of coma where the record is like that of a typical stage II sleep pattern
A paroxysmal event that is "continuous, unremitting seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes".
Status pattern (EEG ST) refers to a continous EEG seizure pattern of frequent recurring EEG seizure patterns without return to normal background activity.
Subclinical rhythmic non-epileptiform electrographic discharges in adults (SREDA) consists of mixed-frequency components in the delta and theta frequency ranges that evolve into a rhythmic pattern consisting of sharp-contoured components of 5-7 Hz.
Subclinical Rhythmic Electrographic Discharges in Adult
Area of cortex which when activated by an epileptiform discharge produces the initial ictal symptomatology.
transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1
Used to treat seizures and nerve pain such as trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. Also used to treat bipolar disorder.
Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures. There is only one telencephalon.
Temporal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity
Temporal lobe is the ventrolateral lobe of five lobes comprising each cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe. (source: FMA)
Temporal slow activity refers to the irregular slow activity coming from the temporal regions, occuring with increasing age.
Theta activity refers to activity with a frequency range of 4 to 8 Hz.
Theta coma (TC) / Theta stuport (TS) refers to predominance of theta waves in a comatose/stuporous patient.
Three Dimensional Cartesian Spatial Coordinate Datum
Similar to term defined in the Units Ontology.
The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO]
Tonic-clonic seizures are typical seizures seen in patients with generalized epilepsy and consist of an initial tonic phase during which the the body stiffens followed by a phase in which the body jerks rhythmically or semi-rhythmically.
Tonic seizures consist of sustained muscle contractions usually lasting more than 5 to 10 seconds.
Tonic status (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Helps control and prevent certain kinds of seizures. Also prevents migraine headaches in adults.
"Transcription factors are a diverse group of proteins that bind to DNA at specific promoter or enhancer regions. They also bind to DNA-associated proteins to initiate, stimulate, inhibit or terminate transcription. The proteins are often physically associated in a preinitiation complex and contain structural motifs." (National Cancer Institute Thesaurus)
Treats psychotic disorders and anxiety. Sometimes given for nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazines.
Triflupromazine is an antipsychotic medication of the phenothiazine class. Among different effects of triflupromazine indication for use of this drug is severe emesis. Due to its potential side effects it is not gold standard in antiemetic therapy.
Triphasic waves (TW) refer to high amplitude (> 70 uV) positive sharp transients which are preceded and followed by relatively low-amplitude negative waves.
Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the ribcage, thoracic and lumbar vertebral column, sacrum and coccyx, it is partially surrounded by skin of trunk. Examples: There is only one trunk. (source: FMA)
The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammilary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus.
Two Dimensional Cartesian Spatial Coordinate Datum
Typical (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Versio
Undifferentiated attention deficit disorder
Used for controlling certain types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy in patients who are unable to take the oral form of valproate.
Variant Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001242897.2(DEPDC5):c.1663C>T (p.Arg555Ter)
Variant Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001242897.2(DEPDC5):c.3807G>A (p.Trp1269Ter)
Variant Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001242897.2(DEPDC5):c.715C>T (p.Arg239Ter)
Variant detail (from ClinVar): NM_001242897.2(DEPDC5):c.982C>T (p.Arg328Ter)
Variant detail (from ClinVar): NM_001242897.2(DEPDC5):c.21C>G (p.Tyr7Ter)
Variant detail (from ClinVar): NM_198903.2(GABRG2):c.1088G>A (p.Arg363Gln)
Variant Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001037.5(SCN1B):c.254G>A (p.Arg85His)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.1072C>A (p.Pro358Thr)
Variant detail (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.1130G>A (p.Arg377Gln)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.1177C>A (p.Arg393Ser)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.1177C>T (p.Arg393Cys)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.1178G>A (p.Arg393His)
Variant Details (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.1876A>G (p.Ser626Gly)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.251A>G (p.Tyr84Cys)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001165963.4(SCN1A):c.2837G>A (p.Arg946His)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_003114.4(SPAG1):c.679G>T (p.Glu227Ter)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_172218.2(SPAG1):c.2014C>T (p.Gln672Ter)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001134407.3(GRIN2A):c.1007+1G>A
Variation Details (from ClinVar): NM_001134407.3(GRIN2A):c.2T>C (p.Met1Thr)
Variation Details (from ClinVar): NM_001134407.3(GRIN2A):c.2829C>G (p.Tyr943Ter)
Variation Details (from ClinVar): NM_001134407.3(GRIN2A):c.1123-2A>G
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001134407.3(GRIN2A):c.1553G>A (p.Arg518His)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001134407.3(GRIN2A):c.1954T>G (p.Phe652Val)
Variation Detail (from ClinVar): NM_001134407.3(GRIN2A):c.2041C>T (p.Arg681Ter)
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Expressing Interneuron
Versive seizures consist of a sustained, unnatural turning of the eyes and head to one side.
Adversive status (mapping reference: ILAE 2017 Classification of Seizure Types Expanded Version)
Used with other medicines to treat partial seizures in patients who have epilepsy.
Visual auras consists of visual hallucinations or illusions.
"A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential" (Gene Ontology)
Voltage-gated Potassium Channel Associated Protein
Voltage Gated Calcium Channel Type N Associated Encephalitis
Voltage Gated Calcium Channel Type PQ Associated Encephalitis
Voltage Gated Potassium Channel Associated Encephalitis
Weekly but not daily (i.e., 1-3 per week)
Wicket spikes consist of intermittent trains or clusters of monophasic arciform waveform or single spike-like waveform that look like a Greek mu or wicket.
At least once per year, but not every month (i.e., 10 or fewer in past 12 months)
Used for controlling absence epilepsy (previously known as petit mal seizures). It acts in the brain to reduce the number of absence seizures.
Treats partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. May be used together with other anti-seizure medicines. Belongs to a class of drugs called sulfonamides (sulfa drugs).
γ Amino Butyric Acid A Receptor Associated Encephalitis
γ Amino Butyric Acid B Receptor Associated Encephalitis
"A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity." (Basic Formal Ontology)
"An occurrentis an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region." (Basic Formal Ontology)