ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
type: ConceptScheme
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
description: Used for recording the techniques, recovery methods and materials associated with archaeological sciences.
coverage: england
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:44
has top concept: ASPECT
has top concept: INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES
has top concept: MATERIAL TYPE
has top concept: METHOD OF RECOVERY
has top concept: MODIFICATION STATE

ASPECT
type: Concept
top concept of: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: HUMAN ASPECTS
narrower: NATURAL ASPECTS
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES
type: Concept
top concept of: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
narrower: DATING TECHNIQUES
narrower: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MATERIAL TYPE
type: Concept
top concept of: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: ANTLER
narrower: BEACH DEPOSIT
narrower: BIOGENIC CARBONATE
narrower: BONE
narrower: BRICK
narrower: BURNT FLINT
narrower: COPROLITE
narrower: EGG SHELL
narrower: ESTUARINE DEPOSIT
narrower: FEATHER
narrower: FIBRE
narrower: FLOT
narrower: GEOLOGICAL SEDIMENT
narrower: HAIR
narrower: LEATHER
narrower: METAL
narrower: PEAT DEPOSIT
narrower: PHYTOLITH
narrower: POLLEN
narrower: POTTERY
narrower: RESIDUE
narrower: SHELL
narrower: SKIN
narrower: TOOTH
narrower: TUFACEOUS DEPOSIT
narrower: WOOD
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ANTLER
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Outgrowths of bone borne by most members of the deer family (Cervidae). They are shed and re-grow each year.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BEACH DEPOSIT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: A deposit formed by wave and tidal action on an estuarine or marine beach.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BIOGENIC CARBONATE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Any carbonate material produced by biological activity, for instance operculae of snails.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BONE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Any of the pieces of hard tissue consisting largely of calcium phosphate that make up the skeleton of a vertebrate animal.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BRICK
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Material used for construction, commonly fired in its manufacture.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BURNT FLINT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: A form of silica, similar to quartz. Commonly black or white in colour and used for tool manufacture. Flints heated in antiquity may be dated using thermoluminescence.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

COPROLITE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Waste material from the digestive tract of animals. The term coprolite comes from the Greek 'kopros' meaning dung and 'lithos' meaning stone, and is used for faecal matter that has been preserved by mineral replacement or dessication.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

EGG SHELL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Use for the remains of an egg whether from a bird, reptile or amphibian.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ESTUARINE DEPOSIT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: An alluvial deposit laid down in an estuary.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FEATHER
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Use for feathers, an epidermal growth found in birds consisting of a quill, shaft and two vanes of barbs.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FIBRE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Use for any thread-like material.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FLOT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: The material which floats during the floatation of samples as a means of recovering charred plant remains from an archaeological context.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

HAIR
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Use for hair, fur etc: filaments growing out of the outermost layer of mammalian skin.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PEAT DEPOSIT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: A naturally occurring deposit formed by the decomposition and partial carbonisation of vegetable matter in waterlogged conditions.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PHYTOLITH
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Microfossils
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Microscopic mineral body (usually silica) found in many plants.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

POLLEN
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Use for pollen and diaspores. Pollen consists of pollen grains which are the male gametes of flowering plants. Diaspores are the dispersive units of mosses, ferns, fern allies and some plants. To describe the actual object use PLANT REMAINS.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

POTTERY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Object produced commonly by firing clay, but can include coarser material to temper it.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

RESIDUE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Heavy Residue
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: The material that does not float during the floatation of samples as a means of recovering charred plant remains from an archaeological context. Also, the material remaining following wet or dry sieving of course sieved samples.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SHELL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Use for any shell of an animal, principally, molluscs, crabs etc.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

TUFACEOUS DEPOSIT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: A naturally occuring deposit of calcareous tufa ('shell marl') sometimes found in alluvial deposits.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

METHOD OF RECOVERY
type: Concept
top concept of: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: BLOCK LIFTING
narrower: COARSE SIEVING
narrower: FLOTATION
narrower: HAND RETRIEVAL
narrower: SPECIALIST SAMPLING
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BLOCK LIFTING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: METHOD OF RECOVERY
scope note: The removal of fragile or complex remains from an investigation as a block of earth for excavation under laboratory conditions. Typical examples are grave goods and cremation burials.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

COARSE SIEVING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Bulk Sampling
broader: METHOD OF RECOVERY
scope note: The method of retrieving animal remains, artefacts and other remains by dry or wet-sieving whole earth samples, typically over 100 litres, sieved through a 2mm or larger mesh.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FLOTATION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: METHOD OF RECOVERY
scope note: Method used for the recovering of material by floating large whole earth samples, usually between 40-60 litres per context (or 100% if context contains less than this).
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

HAND RETRIEVAL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: METHOD OF RECOVERY
scope note: The retrieval of material from deposits by hand, normally large objects visible with the naked eye, eg. Mammal remains and marine molluscs.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SPECIALIST SAMPLING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: METHOD OF RECOVERY
scope note: The recovery of material from samples collected during field investigations, usually taken by specialists with a particular area of expertise. Normally processed in the laboratory. Also use for the processing of samples subsequent to investigation.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MODIFICATION STATE
type: Concept
top concept of: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: ALTERED BY ANIMALS
narrower: ANOXIC
narrower: BURNT
narrower: CHEMICALLY ALTERED
narrower: DESICCATED
narrower: FUNGAL DAMAGE
narrower: HYDROLYSIS
narrower: IMPRESSION
narrower: MINERAL PRESERVED
narrower: MINERAL REPLACED
narrower: PLANT DAMAGE
narrower: WATERWORN
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ALTERED BY ANIMALS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Modified or damaged by an animal.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ANOXIC
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Waterlogged
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Material preserved by the exclusion of oxygen usually due to saturation with water which inhibits decay by micro-organisms.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

CHEMICALLY ALTERED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Material that has been altered as a result of chemical action.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

DESICCATED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Material preserved due to very low humidity which inhibits decay by micro-organisms.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FUNGAL DAMAGE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Material that has been damaged by fungal growth or secretions.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

HYDROLYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: The chemical breakdown of a material by water.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

IMPRESSION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: The negative trace left by an object type or material (eg. animal, plant or textile) on another object type or material, often on ceramics or metal corrosion products.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MINERAL PRESERVED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Preservation of material by toxic effect of corrosion products in the immediate vicinity, or within, the material.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MINERAL REPLACED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Fossilised
alternative label: Mineralised
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Replacement of organic material by minerals, including calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PLANT DAMAGE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Material that has been penetrated or disrupted by the roots or rhizomes of plants.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

WATERWORN
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
scope note: Material, especially rock, worn smooth by the passage of water.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BURNT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Burnt Deposit
broader: MODIFICATION STATE
narrower: CALCINED
narrower: CHARRED
narrower: SILICIFIED
scope note: Use for material that has been burnt.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

CALCINED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Cremated
broader: BURNT
scope note: Material burnt at high temperature (above 700 degrees Celsius) leaving only the mineral component.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SILICIFIED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: BURNT
scope note: Use for material that has been burnt at high temperature in a good air supply such that only the silica component remains.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

CHARCOAL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: WOOD
narrower: MICRO-CHARCOAL
narrower: ROUNDWOOD
narrower: TWIG
related: CHARRED
scope note: Wood that has been burnt and largely reduced to carbon as a result of burning in a reducing atmosphere below 500 degress C (Celsius).
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MICRO-CHARCOAL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHARCOAL
scope note: Microscopic charcoal fragments that are concentrated and counted as part of standard pollen preparation techniques.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

CHARRED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Carbonised
broader: BURNT
related: CHARCOAL
scope note: Material that has been burnt and at least in part reduced to carbon as a result of burning in a reducing atmosphere below 500 degrees Celsius.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: ALPHA SPECTROMETRY
narrower: ANCIENT BIOMOLECULAR ANALYSIS
broader: INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES
narrower: GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
narrower: MULTI-ELEMENT ANALYSIS
narrower: PEAT HUMIFICATION
narrower: PH DETERMINATION
narrower: SOIL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
narrower: SPOT TEST
narrower: STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
scope note: Examination of a material using chemical means.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ALPHA SPECTROMETRY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: A technique that uses the emission of alpha particles of specific energies to identify the presence and concentration of certain radioactive isotopes in a sample
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ANCIENT BIOMOLECULAR ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: Characterisation of organic molecules extracted from fossil or sub-fossil materials, including lipids, DNA etc.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

GAMMA SPECTROMETRY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: A technique that uses the emission of gamma rays of specific energies to identify the presence and concentration of certain radioactive isotopes in a sample
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PEAT HUMIFICATION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: A method of determining peat degradation; quantified as the percentage light transmission value of the extracted humic acids, measured at a specific wavelength.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PH DETERMINATION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a material.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SPOT TEST
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The application of a chemical test to a material, usually as a rapid approximation.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: Comparison of different proportions of natural occurring isotopes of lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), oxygen (O), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N).
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

DATING TECHNIQUES
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: AMINO ACID RACEMISATION
narrower: ARCHAEOMAGNETISM
narrower: BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
broader: INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES
narrower: DENDROCHRONOLOGY
narrower: ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
narrower: FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS
narrower: FLUORINE, URANIUM AND NITROGEN TESTS
narrower: LEAD ISOTOPE DATING
narrower: LUMINESCENCE DATING
narrower: MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
narrower: OBSIDIAN HYDRATION
narrower: OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
narrower: POTASSIUM ARGON DATING
narrower: RADIOCARBON DATING
narrower: TEPHROCHRONOLOGY
narrower: URANIUM SERIES DATING
scope note: Techniques applied to a material in order to date it or material associated with it. Use more specific terms.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

AMINO ACID RACEMISATION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: The measurement of chemical alterations in the amino acids in protein molecules from bones, shells and teeth. Date range can be between 1,000 and several million years.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ARCHAEOMAGNETISM
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: Measures the remanent magnetisation direction of magnetic minerals. Useful for dating fired structures, in-situ since their last firing, and for sediments settling from non turbulent water bodies. In the UK, calibration data extends back to 1000BC.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: A technique in which the date is deduced from the presence of fauna and/or flora considered to be characteristic of a given peirod of time or that gives and indication of a probable date.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: The measurement of trapped electrons by exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. A useful technique for dating tooth enamel, shells, coral and calcite form 5,000-1,000,000 years old.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: A technique for the dating of damage tracks in volcanic materials caused by the fissioning of decaying radioactive uranium (U) isotopes. Useful in samples more than 50,000 years old.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FLUORINE, URANIUM AND NITROGEN TESTS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: A relative dating technique for assessing bones from the same deposit. Often used to check for contemporaneity of bones selected for radiocarbon dating or to check for hoaxes such as the Piltdown Man.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

LEAD ISOTOPE DATING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: A technique which uses the measurement of decay in radioactive lead (Pb) isotopes to determine a date. Useful for sediments and lead-based paints between 1 and 400 years old.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: A dating technique for the founding of individual populations based on the assumption of steady rates of mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Sometimes used to produce dates for stratigraphic layers containing fossil specimens of populations.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

OBSIDIAN HYDRATION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: A technique used to date obsidian (volcanic glass) of all ages and is thus not commonly used in the UK.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: The use of oxygen (O) isotope ratios in ice or ocean sediment cores to date global environmental change.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

POTASSIUM ARGON DATING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: The measurement of the ratio of a radioactive potassium (K) isotope and the argon (Ar) gas produced as a by-product of its decay. Useful for dating volcanic material older than 1,000 years.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

RADIOCARBON DATING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: C14 Dating
alternative label: Carbon 14 Dating
alternative label: Carbon Dating
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: The measurement of the ratio of the radioactive Carbon 14 (C-14) isotope and non-radioactive carbon isotopes. Useful for dating organic materials such as wood and bone between 500 and 45,000 years old.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

TEPHROCHRONOLOGY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: The use of ash and tephra deposits characteristic of single known-date volcanic eruptions to date stratigraphic sequences.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

URANIUM SERIES DATING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
scope note: The measurement of the decay of radioactive uranium (U) isotopes. Particularly useful for dating calcite and sometimes bone, tooth and shell up to 70,000 years old.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

DENDROCHRONOLOGY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
related: TREE-RING ANALYSIS
scope note: The measuring of annual tree-ring growth shown by most tree species in temperated regions. Regional chronoliges are required to date any particular piece of wood, the longest of which, for Germany, works for the present to approximately 14,000 yrs ago.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

HUMAN ASPECTS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: ASPECT
narrower: MANUFACTURING DEBRIS
narrower: WORKED
scope note: Aspects of a material which result from the modification or use of the material by humans.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MANUFACTURING DEBRIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: HUMAN ASPECTS
scope note: Use where the material presents debris or waste from manufacturing.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

LEATHER
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
related: SKIN
scope note: Animal skin that has been tanned or tawed.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

METAL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: FERROUS METAL
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
narrower: NON-FERROUS METAL
scope note: Class of elements and alloys that are characteristically lustrous, ductile, fusible and malleable. These are extracted from ore minerals originally existing in nature and processed before becoming a recognisable metal.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FERROUS METAL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: METAL
scope note: Any metal prinicipally composed of the chemical element Iron (Fe).
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MICROSCOPY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
narrower: POLARISED LIGHT MICROSCOPY
narrower: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
scope note: The use of magnifying equipment to examine materials not visible to the naked eye.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

POLARISED LIGHT MICROSCOPY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MICROSCOPY
scope note: Light microscopy in which vibration directions of the light are constrained into single planes.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: S.E.M.
alternative label: Sem
broader: MICROSCOPY
scope note: A process using an electron microscope in which the surface of the specimen is scanned by a beam of electrons which are reflected to form an image. Very high magnification is possible.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MULTI-ELEMENT ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
narrower: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
narrower: X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
scope note: Techniques investigating more than one element at a time.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

X-RAY DIFFRACTION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Xrd
broader: MULTI-ELEMENT ANALYSIS
scope note: A surface technique that uses the diffraction of X-rays to examine the mineral composition of a sample. Useful for identifying corrosion products, pigments etc. but of little use with organic compounds which consist largely of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Xrf
broader: MULTI-ELEMENT ANALYSIS
scope note: A surface technique of spectroscopic analysis which relies on the interaction of primary X-rays with the sample to generate a range of secondary X-rays. These have energies characteristic of the elements present in the sample.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

NATURAL ASPECTS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: ASPECT
narrower: NON-METRIC TRAITS
narrower: PATHOLOGY
scope note: Aspects associated with the genetic make up and/or factors that affected the organism from which the material is derived during its life
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

NON-METRIC TRAITS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: NATURAL ASPECTS
scope note: Use for congenital (present at birth) abnormalities (absent/extra or morphologically unusual features) present in an individual or population.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PATHOLOGY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Disease
alternative label: Diseased
broader: NATURAL ASPECTS
scope note: Use for bone remodelling, new growth, loss or destruction caused by age, activity, disease or trauma during life.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

NON-FERROUS METAL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: COPPER ALLOY
narrower: GOLD
broader: METAL
narrower: SILVER
scope note: Any metal that does not contain the chemical element Iron (Fe) as a principal component.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

COPPER ALLOY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: NON-FERROUS METAL
scope note: Use for a combination (alloy) of two or more different metals where copper (Cu) is the principal component.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

GOLD
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: NON-FERROUS METAL
scope note: A precious metal characterised by its yellow colour and resistance to tarnishing.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SILVER
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: NON-FERROUS METAL
scope note: A precious metal of lustrous, white colour with great malleability and ductility.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: CLAST LITHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
narrower: LOSS ON IGNITION DETERMINATION
narrower: MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
narrower: MICROMORPHOLOGY
narrower: MICROSCOPY
narrower: MINERALOGY
narrower: MOISTURE CONTENT
narrower: PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
broader: INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES
narrower: STRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
narrower: TREE-RING ANALYSIS
narrower: X-RADIOGRAPHY
scope note: The examination of material by physical means, including detailed observation.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

CLAST LITHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The identification and grouping of stone types in stratigraphy.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

LOSS ON IGNITION DETERMINATION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The weight loss from low-temperature burning of material. It correlates well with organic matter (material derived from living things) content.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The degree to which a material will become magnetised when placed in a magnetic field.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MICROMORPHOLOGY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The microscopic analysis of thin sections of resin impregnated stratigraphy.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MINERALOGY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The study of minerals.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

MOISTURE CONTENT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: A measure of the proportion of water within a sample.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The analysis of the distribution and proportion of sand, silt and clay in a deposit.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

STRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The careful observation and written description of the physical characteristics of stratigraphy. It will normally include information on texture, colour and the nature of the different components.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

X-RADIOGRAPHY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
scope note: The production of an image on a photographic plate as a result of X-rays (very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation) being passed through an object.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ROUNDWOOD
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: CHARCOAL
broader: WOOD
scope note: Material comprising entrie or partial transverse sections of stems. Bark may be present or not. Can include complete sections of tree trunk but generally comprises smaller (<20cm diameter) material.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SKIN
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
related: LEATHER
scope note: Use for the remains of epidermis or outermost layer. Relates to both animals and plants. If describing the actual object use PLANT REMAINS, ANIMAL REMAINS or HUMAN REMAINS.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

SOIL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
narrower: INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
broader: CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
narrower: TOTAL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
scope note: The analysis of the amount of phosphorus (P) present in a soil.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: SOIL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
scope note: The analysis of the amount of phosphorus (P) (liable fraction) available to plants.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: SOIL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
scope note: The analysis of inorganic phosphorus (P).
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: SOIL PHOSPHORUS ANALYSIS
scope note: The analysis of organic plus inorganic phosphorus (P).
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

TOOTH
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: IVORY
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Use for teeth, hard structures found in the jaws of vertebrates used principally for chewing and eating.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

IVORY
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: TOOTH
scope note: Use for a tusk or tooth of a mammal large enough to be carved or used to make objects such as those of mammoths, elephants, walruses and whales.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

TREE-RING ANALYSIS
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Tree-Ring Studies
broader: PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
related: DENDROCHRONOLOGY
scope note: The use of annual incremental growth in temperate trees to investigate environmental, especially local, parameters and the history of individual trees.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

TWIG
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: WOOD
broader: CHARCOAL
scope note: Small (<2cm diameter) roundwood often complete with buds or leaf scars.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

WOOD
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: CHARCOAL
narrower: ROUNDWOOD
narrower: TWIG
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
scope note: Hard, compact, unprocessed, fibrous cellulose substance. The roots, trunks and branches of trees and shrubs consist of this tissue.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

WORKED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: CARVED
narrower: COLOURED
narrower: DECORATED
narrower: TOOL MARKED
broader: HUMAN ASPECTS
scope note: Use for any material that shows evidence of modification by humans.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

CARVED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: WORKED
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

COLOURED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Colored
broader: WORKED
scope note: Material with evidence of the application of a pigment or dye.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

DECORATED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Decoration
broader: WORKED
scope note: Use where decoration is present.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

TOOL MARKED
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Tool Marks
broader: WORKED
scope note: Use where evidence of tool marks is present
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

LUMINESCENCE DATING
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: INFRA-RED STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
broader: DATING TECHNIQUES
narrower: OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
narrower: THERMOLUMINESCENCE
scope note: A range of techniques that use the build up of charge stored within a crystalline material to estimate its age
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

INFRA-RED STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Irsl
alternative label: Irsl Dating
broader: LUMINESCENCE DATING
scope note: The light emitted from sedimentary minerals or mineral inclusions in bricks when stimulated in the laboratory by infrared light. Used to date samples up to 250,000 years old; especially appropriate for geological sediments containing feldspars
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Osl
alternative label: Osl Dating
broader: LUMINESCENCE DATING
scope note: The light emitted from sedimentary minerals or mineral inclusions in bricks when stimulated in the laboratory by light of a different wavelength. Used to date samples up to 250,000 years old; especially appropriate for geological sediments.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

THERMOLUMINESCENCE
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
alternative label: Tl Dating
alternative label: Tl
broader: LUMINESCENCE DATING
scope note: The measurement of the light emitted from sedimentary minerals, mineral inclusions in bricks, burnt flint or unburnt calcite when they are heated. The signal relates to their prior exposure to radioactivity. Used to date samples up to 500,000 years old.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

GEOLOGICAL SEDIMENT
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
narrower: FELDSPAR
broader: MATERIAL TYPE
narrower: POLYMINERAL
narrower: QUARTZ
narrower: ZIRCON
scope note: A material composed of mineral grains derived from the breakdown of rocks by environmental processes.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

FELDSPAR
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: GEOLOGICAL SEDIMENT
scope note: A group of aluminosilicate minerals with varying compositions. The most common mineral in igneous rocks, and common in other rocks and sediments.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

POLYMINERAL
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: GEOLOGICAL SEDIMENT
scope note: A general term to describe a sediment or sample that contains a variety of different minerals.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

QUARTZ
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: GEOLOGICAL SEDIMENT
scope note: A mineral composed of SiO2. Commonly clear or milky in appearance. A common constituent of rocks and sediments.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk

ZIRCON
type: Concept
in scheme: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EH)
issued: 2013-07-17T09:02:45
broader: GEOLOGICAL SEDIMENT
scope note: A mineral of the composition Zr[SiO4]. Commonly brown or yellow in colour. May contain high levels of uranium and thorium. Can be used for dating using luminescence or fission track methods.
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
attribution URL: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk
attribution name: English Heritage
publisher: www.english-heritage.org.uk