{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0025202","synonym":["Melanoma"],"notation":"C0025202","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"cui":["C0025202"],"prefLabel":"Malignant melanoma","definition":["Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. This cancer typically occurs in areas that are only occasionally sun-exposed; tumors are most commonly found on the back in men and on the legs in women. Melanoma usually occurs on the skin (cutaneous melanoma), but in about 5 percent of cases it develops in melanocytes in other tissues, including the eyes (uveal melanoma) or mucous membranes that line the body's cavities, such as the moist lining of the mouth (mucosal melanoma). Melanoma can develop at any age, but it most frequently occurs in people in their fifties to seventies and is becoming more common in teenagers and young adults.~Melanoma may develop from an existing mole or other normal skin growth that becomes cancerous (malignant); however, many melanomas are new growths. Melanomas often have ragged edges and an irregular shape. They can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters across. They can also be a variety of colors: brown, black, red, pink, blue, or white.~Most melanomas affect only the outermost layer of skin (the epidermis). If a melanoma becomes thicker and involves multiple layers of skin, it can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).~A large number of moles or other pigmented skin growths on the body, generally more than 25, is associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma. Melanoma is also a common feature of genetic syndromes affecting the skin such as xeroderma pigmentosum. Additionally, individuals who have previously had melanoma are nearly nine times more likely than the general population to develop melanoma again. It is estimated that about 90 percent of individuals with melanoma survive at least 5 years after being diagnosed.","<p>Melanoma is the most serious type of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/skincancer.html\">skin cancer</a>. Often the first sign of melanoma is a change in the size, shape, color, or feel of a mole. Most melanomas have a black or black-blue area. Melanoma may also appear as a new mole. It may be black, abnormal, or \"ugly looking.\"</p> <p>Thinking of \"ABCDE\" can help you remember what to watch for:</p> <ul> <li> Asymmetry - the shape of one half does not match the other</li> <li> Border - the edges are ragged, blurred or irregular</li> <li> Color - the color is uneven and may include shades of black, brown and tan</li> <li> Diameter - there is a change in size, usually an increase</li> <li>Evolving - the mole has changed over the past few weeks or months</li> </ul> <p>Surgery is the first treatment of all stages of melanoma. Other treatments include chemotherapy and radiation, biologic, and targeted therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. Targeted therapy uses substances that attack cancer cells without harming normal cells.</p> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>"],"subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456601","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826"],"parents":[{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456601","notation":"C1456601","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T023"],"cui":["C1456601"],"prefLabel":"Skin, Hair and Nails","subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456590","http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"],"label":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"synonym":[],"definition":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456601","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456601","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}},{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826","synonym":["Cancer","Cancers"],"notation":"C0006826","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"cui":["C0006826"],"prefLabel":"Malignancy","definition":["<h3>What is cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Cancer begins in your cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Usually, your body forms new cells as needed, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor.</p> <p>Tumors can be benign or malignant. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/benigntumors.html\">Benign tumors</a> aren't cancer, while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues. They can also break away and spread to other parts of your body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Symptoms and treatment depend on the type of cancer and how advanced it is.</p> <h3>What are the types of cancer?</h3> <p>There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Cancer can start almost anywhere in your body. Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast.</p> <p>Cancer may also be described by the type of cell that formed it, such as sarcoma if cancer begins in your bone and soft tissue. Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. It is formed by epithelial cells, the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of your body.</p> <h3>How does cancer develop?</h3> <p>Cancer is a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html\">genetic</a> disease. That means changes in your genes cause it. Changes in your genes are also called gene variants or mutations. Genes are parts of DNA in your cells that you inherit from your parents. However, only some cancers are caused by genes passed down from your parents.</p> <p>Genetic changes can occur to your genes over your lifetime that affect how your cells function. Usually, your body gets rid of damaged cells before they turn cancerous, but this ability goes down as you age. Other factors that may affect your risk of developing cancer can include:</p> <ul> <li>Exposure to <a href=\"sunexposure.html\" tid=\"1419\">ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html\">Smoking</a></li> <li>Your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diets.html\">diet</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">Physical inactivity</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer symptoms depend on the type of cancer. For example, some of the symptoms that cancer may cause can include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump in your breast</li> <li>Blood in your urine (pee) or stool (poop)</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bleeding.html\">Bleeding</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bruises.html\">bruising</a> for no known reason</li> <li>A sore that doesn't heal</li> <li>Trouble swallowing</li> <li>A new mole or a change to a mole you already have</li> </ul> <p>Cancer may cause various symptoms but often doesn't cause pain. Don't wait until you're having pain before seeing your health care provider. See your provider if you have symptoms that don't get better in a few weeks.</p> <h3>How is cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>There is no single test that can diagnose cancer. The tests ordered are usually based on your symptoms. Your provider may:</p> <ul> <li>Ask about your <strong>medical history</strong></li> <li>Ask about your <strong>family health history</strong>, including relatives who have had cancer</li> <li>Do a <strong>physical exam</strong></li> <li>Do a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthscreening.html\">screening test</a> such as a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mammography.html\">mammogram</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/colonoscopy.html\">colonoscopy</a>, or a<a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pap-smear/\"> Pap test</a></li> <li>Order blood tests or <strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">imaging tests</a></strong></li> </ul> <p>To find out if you have cancer, your provider may order a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a>. A biopsy is the procedure of removing and examining tissue, cells, or fluids from your body.</p> <h3>What are the treatments for cancer?</h3> <p>Treatment depends on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Most treatment plans may include surgery, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">radiation</a>, and/or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">chemotherapy</a>. Some may involve hormone therapy, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerimmunotherapy.html\">immunotherapy</a> or other types of biological therapy, or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html\">stem cell transplantation</a>.</p> <h3>Can cancer be prevented?</h3> <p>It's usually not possible to know exactly why cancer develops in some people but not others. There are some things that you can't control which may increase or decrease your risk of getting cancer, such as inheriting certain genes or your age. But some lifestyle habits may increase your risk of certain types of cancer. Avoid or reduce lifestyle habits such as:</p> <ul> <li>Smoking and tobacco use</li> <li>Having too much sun exposure</li> <li>Drinking too much <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alcoholusedisorderaud.html\">alcohol</a></li> <li>Not getting enough physical activity</li> <li>Having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>"],"subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456590","http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826"],"label":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}}],"label":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"memberOf":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"isInActiveScheme":[null],"isInActiveCollection":[],"properties":{"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel":["Melanoma"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/associated_condition_of":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0525037","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1417061","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0809246","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1367342","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1417925","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0079419","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1417172","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1332380","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1336694","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1822764","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1421250","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1418624","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0812241","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0919524"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/DB_XR_ID":["GTR:C0025202~GTR:C0151779~GTR:C1512419~ICD-1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Most have a black or black-blue area. Learn the 'ABCDE' of what to watch for and treatment options.https://medlineplus.gov/melanoma.html"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui":["C0025202"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel":["Malignant melanoma"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition":["Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. This cancer typically occurs in areas that are only occasionally sun-exposed; tumors are most commonly found on the back in men and on the legs in women. Melanoma usually occurs on the skin (cutaneous melanoma), but in about 5 percent of cases it develops in melanocytes in other tissues, including the eyes (uveal melanoma) or mucous membranes that line the body's cavities, such as the moist lining of the mouth (mucosal melanoma). Melanoma can develop at any age, but it most frequently occurs in people in their fifties to seventies and is becoming more common in teenagers and young adults.~Melanoma may develop from an existing mole or other normal skin growth that becomes cancerous (malignant); however, many melanomas are new growths. Melanomas often have ragged edges and an irregular shape. They can range from a few millimeters to several centimeters across. They can also be a variety of colors: brown, black, red, pink, blue, or white.~Most melanomas affect only the outermost layer of skin (the epidermis). If a melanoma becomes thicker and involves multiple layers of skin, it can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).~A large number of moles or other pigmented skin growths on the body, generally more than 25, is associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma. Melanoma is also a common feature of genetic syndromes affecting the skin such as xeroderma pigmentosum. Additionally, individuals who have previously had melanoma are nearly nine times more likely than the general population to develop melanoma again. It is estimated that about 90 percent of individuals with melanoma survive at least 5 years after being diagnosed.","<p>Melanoma is the most serious type of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/skincancer.html\">skin cancer</a>. Often the first sign of melanoma is a change in the size, shape, color, or feel of a mole. Most melanomas have a black or black-blue area. Melanoma may also appear as a new mole. It may be black, abnormal, or \"ugly looking.\"</p> <p>Thinking of \"ABCDE\" can help you remember what to watch for:</p> <ul> <li> Asymmetry - the shape of one half does not match the other</li> <li> Border - the edges are ragged, blurred or irregular</li> <li> Color - the color is uneven and may include shades of black, brown and tan</li> <li> Diameter - there is a change in size, usually an increase</li> <li>Evolving - the mole has changed over the past few weeks or months</li> </ul> <p>Surgery is the first treatment of all stages of melanoma. Other treatments include chemotherapy and radiation, biologic, and targeted therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. 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