{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0027819","synonym":["Neuroblastoma"],"notation":"C0027819","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"cui":["C0027819"],"prefLabel":"NB","definition":["<h3>What is neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are immature nerve tissue. They normally turn into working nerve cells. But in neuroblastoma, they form a tumor.</p> <p>Neuroblastoma usually begins in the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/adrenalglanddisorders.html\">adrenal glands</a>. You have two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands make important hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood glucose</a> (blood sugar), and the way the body reacts to stress. Neuroblastoma may also begin in the neck, chest or spinal cord.</p> <h3>What causes neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>Neuroblastoma is caused by <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation/\">changes in your genes</a>. Gene changes also called gene variants or mutations. In most cases, the cause of the mutation is unknown. In some other cases, the mutation is passed from the parent to the child.</p> <h3>What are the symptoms of neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>Neuroblastoma often begins in <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerinchildren.html\">early childhood</a>. Sometimes it begins before a child is born.The most common symptoms are caused by the tumor pressing on nearby tissues as it grows or by cancer spreading to the bone.They include:</p><ul> <li>A lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest</li> <li>Bulging eyes</li> <li>Dark circles around the eyes</li> <li>Bone pain</li> <li>Swollen stomach and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/breathingproblems.html\">trouble breathing</a> in babies</li> <li>Painless, bluish lumps under the skin in babies</li> <li>Weakness or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/paralysis.html\">paralysis</a> (loss of ability to move a body part)</li> </ul> <h3>How is neuroblastoma diagnosed?</h3> <p>To diagnose neuroblastoma, your child's health care provider will do various tests and procedures, which may include:</p><ul> <li>A medical history.</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/neurological-exam\">neurological exam</a>.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">Imaging test</a>s, such as <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/xrays.html\">x-rays</a>, a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ctscans.html\">CT scan</a>, an <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sonogram/\">ultrasound</a>, an <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mriscans.html\">MRI</a>, or an MIBG scan. In an MIBG scan, a small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a vein. It travels through the bloodstream and attaches itself to any neuroblastoma cells. A scanner detects the cells.</li> <li>Blood and urine tests.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">Biopsy</a>, in which a sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.</li> <li>Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, in which bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone are removed for testing.</li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>The treatments for neuroblastoma include:</p><ul> <li>Observation, also called watchful waiting, is where the health care provider does not give any treatments until your child's signs or symptoms appear or change.</li> <li>Surgery</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">Radiation therapy</a>.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">Chemotherapy</a>.</li> <li>High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue. Your child will get high doses of chemotherapy and radiation. This kills the cancer cells, but it also kills healthy cells. So your child will get a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html\">stem cell transplant</a>, usually of his or her own cells collected earlier. This helps to replace the healthy cells that were lost.</li> <li>Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, a treatment with radioactive iodine. The radioactive iodine collects in neuroblastoma cells and kills them with the radiation that is given off.</li> <li>Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.</li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>","Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that most often affects children. Neuroblastoma occurs when immature nerve cells called neuroblasts become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Most commonly, the tumor originates in the nerve tissue of the adrenal gland located above each kidney. Other common sites for tumors to form include the nerve tissue in the abdomen, chest, neck, or pelvis. Neuroblastoma can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body such as the bones, liver, or skin.~Individuals with neuroblastoma may develop general signs and symptoms such as irritability, fever, tiredness (fatigue), pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, or diarrhea. More specific signs and symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and where it has spread. A tumor in the abdomen can cause abdominal swelling. A tumor in the chest may lead to difficulty breathing. A tumor in the neck can cause nerve damage known as Horner syndrome, which leads to drooping eyelids, small pupils, decreased sweating, and red skin. Tumor metastasis to the bone can cause bone pain, bruises, pale skin, or dark circles around the eyes. Tumors in the backbone can press on the spinal cord and cause weakness, numbness, or paralysis in the arms or legs. A rash of bluish or purplish bumps that look like blueberries indicates that the neuroblastoma has spread to the skin.~In addition, neuroblastoma tumors can release hormones that may cause other signs and symptoms such as high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, flushing of the skin, and sweating. In rare instances, individuals with neuroblastoma may develop opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, which causes rapid eye movements and jerky muscle motions. This condition occurs when the immune system malfunctions and attacks nerve tissue.~Neuroblastoma occurs most often in children before age 5 and rarely occurs in adults."],"subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C2362500"],"parents":[{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826","synonym":["Cancer","Cancers"],"notation":"C0006826","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"cui":["C0006826"],"prefLabel":"Malignancy","definition":["<h3>What is cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Cancer begins in your cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Usually, your body forms new cells as needed, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor.</p> <p>Tumors can be benign or malignant. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/benigntumors.html\">Benign tumors</a> aren't cancer, while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues. They can also break away and spread to other parts of your body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Symptoms and treatment depend on the type of cancer and how advanced it is.</p> <h3>What are the types of cancer?</h3> <p>There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Cancer can start almost anywhere in your body. Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast.</p> <p>Cancer may also be described by the type of cell that formed it, such as sarcoma if cancer begins in your bone and soft tissue. Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. It is formed by epithelial cells, the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of your body.</p> <h3>How does cancer develop?</h3> <p>Cancer is a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html\">genetic</a> disease. That means changes in your genes cause it. Changes in your genes are also called gene variants or mutations. Genes are parts of DNA in your cells that you inherit from your parents. However, only some cancers are caused by genes passed down from your parents.</p> <p>Genetic changes can occur to your genes over your lifetime that affect how your cells function. Usually, your body gets rid of damaged cells before they turn cancerous, but this ability goes down as you age. Other factors that may affect your risk of developing cancer can include:</p> <ul> <li>Exposure to <a href=\"sunexposure.html\" tid=\"1419\">ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html\">Smoking</a></li> <li>Your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diets.html\">diet</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">Physical inactivity</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer symptoms depend on the type of cancer. For example, some of the symptoms that cancer may cause can include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump in your breast</li> <li>Blood in your urine (pee) or stool (poop)</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bleeding.html\">Bleeding</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bruises.html\">bruising</a> for no known reason</li> <li>A sore that doesn't heal</li> <li>Trouble swallowing</li> <li>A new mole or a change to a mole you already have</li> </ul> <p>Cancer may cause various symptoms but often doesn't cause pain. Don't wait until you're having pain before seeing your health care provider. See your provider if you have symptoms that don't get better in a few weeks.</p> <h3>How is cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>There is no single test that can diagnose cancer. The tests ordered are usually based on your symptoms. Your provider may:</p> <ul> <li>Ask about your <strong>medical history</strong></li> <li>Ask about your <strong>family health history</strong>, including relatives who have had cancer</li> <li>Do a <strong>physical exam</strong></li> <li>Do a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthscreening.html\">screening test</a> such as a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mammography.html\">mammogram</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/colonoscopy.html\">colonoscopy</a>, or a<a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pap-smear/\"> Pap test</a></li> <li>Order blood tests or <strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">imaging tests</a></strong></li> </ul> <p>To find out if you have cancer, your provider may order a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a>. A biopsy is the procedure of removing and examining tissue, cells, or fluids from your body.</p> <h3>What are the treatments for cancer?</h3> <p>Treatment depends on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Most treatment plans may include surgery, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">radiation</a>, and/or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">chemotherapy</a>. Some may involve hormone therapy, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerimmunotherapy.html\">immunotherapy</a> or other types of biological therapy, or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html\">stem cell transplantation</a>.</p> <h3>Can cancer be prevented?</h3> <p>It's usually not possible to know exactly why cancer develops in some people but not others. There are some things that you can't control which may increase or decrease your risk of getting cancer, such as inheriting certain genes or your age. But some lifestyle habits may increase your risk of certain types of cancer. Avoid or reduce lifestyle habits such as:</p> <ul> <li>Smoking and tobacco use</li> <li>Having too much sun exposure</li> <li>Drinking too much <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alcoholusedisorderaud.html\">alcohol</a></li> <li>Not getting enough physical activity</li> <li>Having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer 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It often affects young children. Read about treatments.https://medlineplus.gov/neuroblastoma.html"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui":["C0027819"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel":["NB"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition":["<h3>What is neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that forms in nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are immature nerve tissue. They normally turn into working nerve cells. But in neuroblastoma, they form a tumor.</p> <p>Neuroblastoma usually begins in the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/adrenalglanddisorders.html\">adrenal glands</a>. You have two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands make important hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood glucose</a> (blood sugar), and the way the body reacts to stress. Neuroblastoma may also begin in the neck, chest or spinal cord.</p> <h3>What causes neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>Neuroblastoma is caused by <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation/\">changes in your genes</a>. Gene changes also called gene variants or mutations. In most cases, the cause of the mutation is unknown. In some other cases, the mutation is passed from the parent to the child.</p> <h3>What are the symptoms of neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>Neuroblastoma often begins in <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerinchildren.html\">early childhood</a>. Sometimes it begins before a child is born.The most common symptoms are caused by the tumor pressing on nearby tissues as it grows or by cancer spreading to the bone.They include:</p><ul> <li>A lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest</li> <li>Bulging eyes</li> <li>Dark circles around the eyes</li> <li>Bone pain</li> <li>Swollen stomach and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/breathingproblems.html\">trouble breathing</a> in babies</li> <li>Painless, bluish lumps under the skin in babies</li> <li>Weakness or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/paralysis.html\">paralysis</a> (loss of ability to move a body part)</li> </ul> <h3>How is neuroblastoma diagnosed?</h3> <p>To diagnose neuroblastoma, your child's health care provider will do various tests and procedures, which may include:</p><ul> <li>A medical history.</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/neurological-exam\">neurological exam</a>.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">Imaging test</a>s, such as <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/xrays.html\">x-rays</a>, a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ctscans.html\">CT scan</a>, an <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sonogram/\">ultrasound</a>, an <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mriscans.html\">MRI</a>, or an MIBG scan. In an MIBG scan, a small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a vein. It travels through the bloodstream and attaches itself to any neuroblastoma cells. A scanner detects the cells.</li> <li>Blood and urine tests.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">Biopsy</a>, in which a sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.</li> <li>Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, in which bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone are removed for testing.</li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for neuroblastoma?</h3> <p>The treatments for neuroblastoma include:</p><ul> <li>Observation, also called watchful waiting, is where the health care provider does not give any treatments until your child's signs or symptoms appear or change.</li> <li>Surgery</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">Radiation therapy</a>.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">Chemotherapy</a>.</li> <li>High-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy with stem cell rescue. Your child will get high doses of chemotherapy and radiation. This kills the cancer cells, but it also kills healthy cells. So your child will get a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html\">stem cell transplant</a>, usually of his or her own cells collected earlier. This helps to replace the healthy cells that were lost.</li> <li>Iodine 131-MIBG therapy, a treatment with radioactive iodine. The radioactive iodine collects in neuroblastoma cells and kills them with the radiation that is given off.</li> <li>Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.</li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>","Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that most often affects children. Neuroblastoma occurs when immature nerve cells called neuroblasts become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Most commonly, the tumor originates in the nerve tissue of the adrenal gland located above each kidney. Other common sites for tumors to form include the nerve tissue in the abdomen, chest, neck, or pelvis. Neuroblastoma can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body such as the bones, liver, or skin.~Individuals with neuroblastoma may develop general signs and symptoms such as irritability, fever, tiredness (fatigue), pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, or diarrhea. More specific signs and symptoms depend on the location of the tumor and where it has spread. A tumor in the abdomen can cause abdominal swelling. A tumor in the chest may lead to difficulty breathing. A tumor in the neck can cause nerve damage known as Horner syndrome, which leads to drooping eyelids, small pupils, decreased sweating, and red skin. Tumor metastasis to the bone can cause bone pain, bruises, pale skin, or dark circles around the eyes. Tumors in the backbone can press on the spinal cord and cause weakness, numbness, or paralysis in the arms or legs. A rash of bluish or purplish bumps that look like blueberries indicates that the neuroblastoma has spread to the skin.~In addition, neuroblastoma tumors can release hormones that may cause other signs and symptoms such as high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, flushing of the skin, and sweating. In rare instances, individuals with neuroblastoma may develop opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, which causes rapid eye movements and jerky muscle motions. This condition occurs when the immune system malfunctions and attacks nerve tissue.~Neuroblastoma occurs most often in children before age 5 and rarely occurs in adults."],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_PRIMARY_INSTITUTE_URL":["National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_OTHER_LANGUAGE_URL":["Spanish https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/neuroblastoma.html"],"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C2362500"]},"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0027819","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0027819","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema##<Proc:0x00007f771cfb6360 /opt/ontoportal/ontologies_api/shared/bundle/ruby/3.2.0/bundler/gems/ontologies_linked_data-0083660248b7/lib/ontologies_linked_data/models/class.rb:67 (lambda)>","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}}