{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0085207","synonym":["Diabetes mellitus arising in pregnancy","Gestational diabetes","Gestational diabetes mellitus","Diabetes mellitus, gestational","Diabetes mellitus, pregnancy related","Diabetes, pregnancy-induced","GDM","Diabetes and Pregnancy"],"notation":"C0085207","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T047"],"cui":["C0085207"],"prefLabel":"Gestational Diabetes","definition":["<h3>What is diabetes? </h3> <p>If you have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html\">diabetes</a>, your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood glucose</a>, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html\">hormone</a> called insulin helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">type 1 diabetes</a>, your body does not make insulin. With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype2.html\">type 2 diabetes</a>, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood.</p> <h3>What is gestational diabetes?</h3> <p>Some people already have diabetes before they get pregnant. But others may develop diabetes during pregnancy. This type of diabetes is called gestational diabetes. It usually develops around the 24th week of pregnancy. It happens when your body can't make the extra insulin it needs during pregnancy. Researchers think gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy, along with <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gestational-diabetes\">genetic</a> and lifestyle factors.</p> <h3>Who is more likely to develop gestational diabetes?</h3> <p>Anyone who is pregnant could develop gestational diabetes. But you are more likely to develop it if you:</p> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more</li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html\">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS)</li> <li>Are African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander person</li> </ul> <h3>How do I know if I have gestational diabetes?</h3> <p>Gestational diabetes often has no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may be mild, such as being thirstier than normal or having to urinate (pee) more often.</p> <p>If you are pregnant, you will most likely be screened for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. But if you have an increased chance of developing gestational diabetes, you may be tested during your first <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/prenatalcare.html\">prenatal visit</a>. Your health care provider will use one or more <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-glucose-test/\">blood glucose tests</a> to check for gestational diabetes. You may have the glucose challenge test, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or both.</p> <p>For these two tests, you will drink a sugary liquid and wait for an hour before your blood sample is taken. If you have an oral glucose tolerance test, you will also get your blood drawn after 2 and 3 hours. </p><h3>How can diabetes affect my pregnancy?</h3> <p>Having diabetes during pregnancy can affect your health. For example:</p> <ul> <li>You are more likely to develop <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html\">preeclampsia</a>, a serious medical condition that causes a sudden increase in your blood pressure.</li> <li>You are more likely to need a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cesareandelivery.html\">cesarean delivery</a>, because your baby is more likely to be bigger than average.</li> <li>Changes to your hormones and your body during pregnancy can affect your blood glucose levels. If you had diabetes before pregnancy, you may now need to adjust your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticdiet.html\">meal plan</a>, physical activity routine, and/or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesmedicines.html\">medicines</a>. If you have any <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetescomplications.html\">diabetes health problems</a>, they may get worse during pregnancy.</li> <li>Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you have your baby. But you will be at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.</li> </ul> <p>Having diabetes during pregnancy can also affect the health of your developing baby:</p> <ul> <li>If you have high blood glucose levels at the beginning of your pregnancy, there is a higher risk of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/birthdefects.html\">birth defects</a>.</li> <li>Your baby will be at risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.</li> <li>Your baby is more likely to be <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/pretermlabor.html\">born early</a>.</li> <li>Your baby may have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/breathingproblems.html\">breathing problems</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hypoglycemia.html\">hypoglycemia</a> (low blood glucose levels) right after birth.</li> <li>There is a higher risk of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html\">miscarriage</a> and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stillbirth.html\">stillbirth</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>How can I manage diabetes during pregnancy?</h3> <p>There are steps you can take to manage your diabetes before, during, and after pregnancy.</p> <p>If you already have diabetes, the best time to control your blood glucose is <strong>before you get pregnant</strong>. High blood glucose levels can be harmful to your developing baby during the first weeks of pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant. See your provider to help you plan for pregnancy. You can talk about how to lower the risk of health problems for you and your developing baby. You can also discuss your diet, physical activity, and which diabetes medicines are <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancyandmedicines.html\">safe during pregnancy</a>.</p> <p><strong>During your pregnancy,</strong> you will work with your provider to manage your blood glucose levels. You may be able to manage them with a healthy diet and regular physical activity. If that's not enough, then you will need to take diabetes medicines. It's also important that you: </p><ul> <li>Get regular prenatal checkups</li> <li>Take your prenatal <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/vitamins.html\">vitamins</a></li> <li>Don't use <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancyandsubstanceuse.html\">harmful substances</a> such as alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs</li> </ul> <p><strong>After pregnancy,</strong> there are steps you need to take to stay healthy:</p> <ul> <li>If you had gestational diabetes, you are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. You will be tested for it within 4 to 12 weeks after giving birth. Even if your blood glucose levels have returned to normal, you will need to get them tested every 1 to 3 years.</li> <li>If you already had diabetes before pregnancy, you and your provider will monitor changes to your blood glucose levels. They will tell you if you need to adjust your diabetes management plan.</li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</p>","Gestational diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally high levels of blood glucose (also called blood sugar) during pregnancy. Affected women do not have diabetes before they are pregnant, and most of these women go back to being nondiabetic soon after the baby is born. The disease has a 30 to 70 percent chance of recurring in subsequent pregnancies. Additionally, about half of women with gestational diabetes develop another form of diabetes, known as type 2 diabetes, within a few years after their pregnancy.~Gestational diabetes is often discovered during the second trimester of pregnancy. Most affected women have no symptoms, and the disease is discovered through routine screening at their obstetrician's office. If untreated, gestational diabetes increases the risk of pregnancy-associated high blood pressure (called preeclampsia) and early (premature) delivery of the baby.~Babies of mothers with gestational diabetes tend to be large (macrosomia), which can cause complications during birth. Infants whose mothers have gestational diabetes are also more likely to develop dangerously low blood glucose levels soon after birth. 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Glucose is your body's main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but it also comes from the food you eat. Insulin is a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html\">hormone</a> made by your pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells, where it can be used for energy.</p> <p>If you have diabetes, your body can't make insulin, can't use insulin as well as it should, or both. Too much glucose stays in your blood and doesn't reach your cells. This can cause glucose levels to get too high. Over time, high blood glucose levels can lead to <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetescomplications.html\">serious health conditions</a>. But you can take steps to manage your diabetes and try to prevent these health problems.</p> <h3>What are the types of diabetes?</h3> <p>There are different types of diabetes:</p> <ul> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">Type 1 diabetes</a></strong>. If you have type 1 diabetes, your body makes little or no insulin. It happens when your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/immunesystemanddisorders.html\">immune system</a> attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. </li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype2.html\">Type 2 diabetes</a>.</strong> This is the most common form of diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body may still be able to make insulin, but your cells don't respond well to insulin. They can't easily take up enough glucose from your blood.</li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesandpregnancy.html\">Gestational diabetes</a>.</strong> This is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It happens when your body can't make the extra insulin it needs during pregnancy.</li> </ul> <h3>What causes diabetes?</h3> <p>The different types of diabetes have different causes:</p> <ul> <li>Researchers think <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> is caused by <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-1-diabetes/\">genes</a> and factors in the environment that might trigger the disease.</li> <li><strong>Type 2 diabetes</strong> is caused by several factors, including lifestyle factors and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-2-diabetes\">genes</a>. The lifestyle factors include <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">not being physically active</a> and being overweight or having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a>.</li> <li>Researchers think <strong>gestational diabetes</strong> is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gestational-diabetes/\">genetic</a> and lifestyle factors.</li> </ul> <h3>Who is more likely to develop diabetes?</h3> <p>The different types of diabetes have different risk factors:</p> <ul> <li>You can develop <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> at any age, but it most often starts in childhood. Having a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes may increase your chance of developing it.</li> <li>You are at higher risk of developing <strong>type 2 diabetes</strong> if you:</li> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have obesity.</li> <li>Are over age 35. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html\">Children, teenagers,</a> and younger adults can get diabetes, but it is more common in middle-aged and older adults.</li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes.</li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/prediabetes.html\">prediabetes</a>. This means that your blood glucose is higher than normal, but it's not high enough to be called diabetes.</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes.</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.</li> <li>Are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander.</li> <li>Are not physically active.</li> <li>Have certain other health conditions, such as <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html\">high blood pressure</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html\">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS).</li> </ul> <li>You are at higher risk of developing <strong>gestational diabetes</strong> if you:</li> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have obesity.</li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes.</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy.</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.</li> <li>Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).</li> <li>Are African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.</li> </ul> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of diabetes?</h3> <p>The symptoms of diabetes may include:</p> <ul> <li>Feeling very thirsty</li> <li>Feeling very hungry</li> <li>Urinating (peeing) more often, including at night</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/fatigue.html\">Fatigue</a></li> <li>Blurry vision</li> <li>Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands</li> <li>Sores that do not heal</li> <li>Losing weight without trying</li> </ul> <p>But it's important to know that your symptoms may vary, depending on which type you have:</p> <ul> <li>The symptoms of <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> usually come on quickly and can be severe.</li> <li>With <strong>type 2 diabetes,</strong> the symptoms often develop slowly, over several years. The symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them.</li> <li><strong>Gestational diabetes</strong> often has no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may be mild. If you are pregnant, you will usually be screened for this condition between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. </li> </ul> <h3>How is diabetes diagnosed?</h3> <p>To find out if you have diabetes, your health care provider will use one or more <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-glucose-test/\">glucose blood tests</a>. There are several types, including the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/a1c.html\">A1C test</a>.</p> <h3>What are the treatments for diabetes?</h3> <p>Treatment for diabetes involves managing your blood glucose levels:</p> <ul> <li>If you have <strong>type 1 diabetes,</strong> you will need to take daily doses of insulin, either by injection or through a special pump. Some people also need to take another type of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesmedicines.html\">diabetes medicine</a> that works with insulin.</li> <li>If you have <strong>type 2 diabetes,</strong> you may be able to manage or even reverse it by making <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventdiabetes.html\">lifestyle changes</a>. These include eating a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticdiet.html\">healthy diet</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/weightcontrol.html\">staying at healthy weight</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howmuchexercisedoineed.html\">getting regular physical activity</a>. Some people also need to take diabetes medicines to manage their diabetes.</li> <li>If you have <strong>gestational diabetes,</strong> you may be able to lower your glucose levels by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise. But be sure to talk to your provider about your treatment options. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you give birth. But you will have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.</li> </ul> <p>Checking your blood glucose levels is also an important part of managing your diabetes. Ask your provider about the best way to check your blood glucose level and how often you should check it.</p> <h3>Can diabetes be prevented?</h3> <p><strong>Type 1 diabetes</strong> can't be prevented.</p> <p>You may be able to delay or prevent <strong>type 2 diabetes</strong> through the same lifestyle changes that are used to manage diabetes (eating a healthy diet, staying at a healthy weight, and getting regular physical activity). 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before they get pregnant. When the disease develops during pregnancy, it is called gestational diabetes. It can be managed.https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesandpregnancy.html"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T047"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/SY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0085207"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui":["C0085207"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel":["Gestational Diabetes"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition":["<h3>What is diabetes? </h3> <p>If you have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html\">diabetes</a>, your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood glucose</a>, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html\">hormone</a> called insulin helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">type 1 diabetes</a>, your body does not make insulin. With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype2.html\">type 2 diabetes</a>, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood.</p> <h3>What is gestational diabetes?</h3> <p>Some people already have diabetes before they get pregnant. But others may develop diabetes during pregnancy. This type of diabetes is called gestational diabetes. It usually develops around the 24th week of pregnancy. It happens when your body can't make the extra insulin it needs during pregnancy. Researchers think gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy, along with <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gestational-diabetes\">genetic</a> and lifestyle factors.</p> <h3>Who is more likely to develop gestational diabetes?</h3> <p>Anyone who is pregnant could develop gestational diabetes. But you are more likely to develop it if you:</p> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more</li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html\">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS)</li> <li>Are African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander person</li> </ul> <h3>How do I know if I have gestational diabetes?</h3> <p>Gestational diabetes often has no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may be mild, such as being thirstier than normal or having to urinate (pee) more often.</p> <p>If you are pregnant, you will most likely be screened for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. But if you have an increased chance of developing gestational diabetes, you may be tested during your first <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/prenatalcare.html\">prenatal visit</a>. Your health care provider will use one or more <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-glucose-test/\">blood glucose tests</a> to check for gestational diabetes. You may have the glucose challenge test, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or both.</p> <p>For these two tests, you will drink a sugary liquid and wait for an hour before your blood sample is taken. If you have an oral glucose tolerance test, you will also get your blood drawn after 2 and 3 hours. </p><h3>How can diabetes affect my pregnancy?</h3> <p>Having diabetes during pregnancy can affect your health. For example:</p> <ul> <li>You are more likely to develop <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html\">preeclampsia</a>, a serious medical condition that causes a sudden increase in your blood pressure.</li> <li>You are more likely to need a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cesareandelivery.html\">cesarean delivery</a>, because your baby is more likely to be bigger than average.</li> <li>Changes to your hormones and your body during pregnancy can affect your blood glucose levels. If you had diabetes before pregnancy, you may now need to adjust your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticdiet.html\">meal plan</a>, physical activity routine, and/or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesmedicines.html\">medicines</a>. If you have any <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetescomplications.html\">diabetes health problems</a>, they may get worse during pregnancy.</li> <li>Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you have your baby. But you will be at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.</li> </ul> <p>Having diabetes during pregnancy can also affect the health of your developing baby:</p> <ul> <li>If you have high blood glucose levels at the beginning of your pregnancy, there is a higher risk of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/birthdefects.html\">birth defects</a>.</li> <li>Your baby will be at risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.</li> <li>Your baby is more likely to be <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/pretermlabor.html\">born early</a>.</li> <li>Your baby may have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/breathingproblems.html\">breathing problems</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hypoglycemia.html\">hypoglycemia</a> (low blood glucose levels) right after birth.</li> <li>There is a higher risk of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html\">miscarriage</a> and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stillbirth.html\">stillbirth</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>How can I manage diabetes during pregnancy?</h3> <p>There are steps you can take to manage your diabetes before, during, and after pregnancy.</p> <p>If you already have diabetes, the best time to control your blood glucose is <strong>before you get pregnant</strong>. High blood glucose levels can be harmful to your developing baby during the first weeks of pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant. See your provider to help you plan for pregnancy. You can talk about how to lower the risk of health problems for you and your developing baby. You can also discuss your diet, physical activity, and which diabetes medicines are <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancyandmedicines.html\">safe during pregnancy</a>.</p> <p><strong>During your pregnancy,</strong> you will work with your provider to manage your blood glucose levels. You may be able to manage them with a healthy diet and regular physical activity. If that's not enough, then you will need to take diabetes medicines. It's also important that you: </p><ul> <li>Get regular prenatal checkups</li> <li>Take your prenatal <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/vitamins.html\">vitamins</a></li> <li>Don't use <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/pregnancyandsubstanceuse.html\">harmful substances</a> such as alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs</li> </ul> <p><strong>After pregnancy,</strong> there are steps you need to take to stay healthy:</p> <ul> <li>If you had gestational diabetes, you are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. You will be tested for it within 4 to 12 weeks after giving birth. Even if your blood glucose levels have returned to normal, you will need to get them tested every 1 to 3 years.</li> <li>If you already had diabetes before pregnancy, you and your provider will monitor changes to your blood glucose levels. They will tell you if you need to adjust your diabetes management plan.</li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</p>","Gestational diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally high levels of blood glucose (also called blood sugar) during pregnancy. Affected women do not have diabetes before they are pregnant, and most of these women go back to being nondiabetic soon after the baby is born. The disease has a 30 to 70 percent chance of recurring in subsequent pregnancies. Additionally, about half of women with gestational diabetes develop another form of diabetes, known as type 2 diabetes, within a few years after their pregnancy.~Gestational diabetes is often discovered during the second trimester of pregnancy. Most affected women have no symptoms, and the disease is discovered through routine screening at their obstetrician's office. If untreated, gestational diabetes increases the risk of pregnancy-associated high blood pressure (called preeclampsia) and early (premature) delivery of the baby.~Babies of mothers with gestational diabetes tend to be large (macrosomia), which can cause complications during birth. Infants whose mothers have gestational diabetes are also more likely to develop dangerously low blood glucose levels soon after birth. 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