{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0278996","notation":"C0278996","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"cui":["C0278996"],"prefLabel":"Head and Neck Cancer","definition":["<h3>What is head and neck cancer? </h3> <p>Head and neck cancer is the name for cancers that develop in the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/oralcancer.html\">mouth</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/nasalcancer.html\">nose and sinuses</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/salivaryglandcancer.html\">salivary glands</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/throatcancer.html\">throat and voice box</a> (larynx). Most head and neck cancers are <a href=\"\">squamous cell cancers</a>. They begin in the moist tissues that line the head and neck. The cancer cells may spread into deeper tissue as the cancer grows.</p> <p>There are other cancers that develop in the head and neck, such as <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/braintumors.html\">brain cancer</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/eyecancer.html\">eye cancer</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/esophagealcancer.html\">esophageal cancer</a>. But they are usually not considered to be head and neck cancers, because those types of cancer and their treatments are different.</p> <h3>Who is more likely to develop head and neck cancer? </h3> <p>Anyone can get head and neck cancer, but you are more likely to develop it if you:</p> <ul> <li>Use tobacco or drink lots of alcohol. Your risk of developing head and neck cancer is even higher if you do both.</li> <li>Are male.</li> <li>Are over age 50.</li> <li>Have a history of head or neck cancer.</li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html\">HPV</a> (for cancers in the tonsils and base of the tongue).</li> <li>Are exposed to wood dusts or certain other toxic substances <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/occupationalhealth.html\">at work</a> (for upper throat, nose, and sinus cancers).</li> <li>Have had <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationexposure.html\">radiation exposure</a> to the head and neck (for salivary gland cancer).</li> <li>Have Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (for upper throat and salivary gland cancers).</li> <li>Are Asian (for upper throat cancer).</li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of head and neck cancer?</h3> <p>The symptoms of head and neck cancer may include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump in the neck</li> <li>A sore in the mouth or the throat that does not heal and may be painful</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/sorethroat.html\">sore throat</a> that does not go away</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/swallowingdisorders.html\">Trouble swallowing</a></li> <li>A change or hoarseness in the voice</li> </ul> <p>Other possible symptoms can depend on the specific type of head and neck cancer.</p> <h3>How is head and neck cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>Which exams and tests used to diagnose head and neck cancer can depend on the specific type of cancer. Possible exams and tests may include:</p> <ul> <li>A physical exam of the area that might have cancer.</li> <li>Blood and/or urine tests.</li> <li>An <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/endoscopy.html\">endoscopy</a>.</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a> or other procedure to collect cells from the area that might have cancer. The cells are viewed under a microscope to find out if they are abnormal.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">Imaging tests</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for head and neck cancer?</h3> <p>The treatment for head and neck cancer will depend on the specific type of cancer, the stage (how advanced the cancer is), your overall health, and other factors. The treatment options might include:</p> <ul> <li>Surgery</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">Radiation therapy</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">Chemotherapy</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerimmunotherapy.html\">Cancer immunotherapy</a></li> <li>Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that mainly attack specific cancer cells and cause less harm to normal cells</li> </ul> <p>In some cases, you may need a combination of treatments. Sometimes surgery can affect how well you can chew, swallow, or talk. Rehabilitation, such as physical therapy, dietary counseling, and speech therapy, may help.</p> <h3>Can head and neck cancer be prevented?</h3> <p>There are steps you can take to help prevent head and neck cancer:</p> <ul> <li>Not smoking</li> <li>Limiting alcohol use or not drinking at all</li> <li>Getting regular <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/dental-exam/\">dental exams</a></li> <li>Talking to your provider about HPV vaccination</li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>"],"subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456600","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456599","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0150934","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826"],"parents":[{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456600","notation":"C1456600","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T029"],"cui":["C1456600"],"prefLabel":"Mouth and Teeth","subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456590","http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"],"label":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"synonym":[],"definition":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456600","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456600","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}},{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456599","notation":"C1456599","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T022"],"cui":["C1456599"],"prefLabel":"Lungs and Breathing","subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456590","http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"],"label":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"synonym":[],"definition":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456599","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC1456599","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}},{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0150934","notation":"C0150934","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T029"],"cui":["C0150934"],"prefLabel":"Ear, Nose and Throat","subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456590","http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"],"label":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"synonym":[],"definition":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0150934","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0150934","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}},{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826","synonym":["Cancer","Cancers"],"notation":"C0006826","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"cui":["C0006826"],"prefLabel":"Malignancy","definition":["<h3>What is cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Cancer begins in your cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Usually, your body forms new cells as needed, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor.</p> <p>Tumors can be benign or malignant. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/benigntumors.html\">Benign tumors</a> aren't cancer, while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues. They can also break away and spread to other parts of your body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Symptoms and treatment depend on the type of cancer and how advanced it is.</p> <h3>What are the types of cancer?</h3> <p>There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Cancer can start almost anywhere in your body. Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast.</p> <p>Cancer may also be described by the type of cell that formed it, such as sarcoma if cancer begins in your bone and soft tissue. Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. It is formed by epithelial cells, the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of your body.</p> <h3>How does cancer develop?</h3> <p>Cancer is a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html\">genetic</a> disease. That means changes in your genes cause it. Changes in your genes are also called gene variants or mutations. Genes are parts of DNA in your cells that you inherit from your parents. However, only some cancers are caused by genes passed down from your parents.</p> <p>Genetic changes can occur to your genes over your lifetime that affect how your cells function. Usually, your body gets rid of damaged cells before they turn cancerous, but this ability goes down as you age. Other factors that may affect your risk of developing cancer can include:</p> <ul> <li>Exposure to <a href=\"sunexposure.html\" tid=\"1419\">ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html\">Smoking</a></li> <li>Your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diets.html\">diet</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">Physical inactivity</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer symptoms depend on the type of cancer. For example, some of the symptoms that cancer may cause can include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump in your breast</li> <li>Blood in your urine (pee) or stool (poop)</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bleeding.html\">Bleeding</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bruises.html\">bruising</a> for no known reason</li> <li>A sore that doesn't heal</li> <li>Trouble swallowing</li> <li>A new mole or a change to a mole you already have</li> </ul> <p>Cancer may cause various symptoms but often doesn't cause pain. Don't wait until you're having pain before seeing your health care provider. See your provider if you have symptoms that don't get better in a few weeks.</p> <h3>How is cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>There is no single test that can diagnose cancer. The tests ordered are usually based on your symptoms. Your provider may:</p> <ul> <li>Ask about your <strong>medical history</strong></li> <li>Ask about your <strong>family health history</strong>, including relatives who have had cancer</li> <li>Do a <strong>physical exam</strong></li> <li>Do a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthscreening.html\">screening test</a> such as a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mammography.html\">mammogram</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/colonoscopy.html\">colonoscopy</a>, or a<a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pap-smear/\"> Pap test</a></li> <li>Order blood tests or <strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">imaging tests</a></strong></li> </ul> <p>To find out if you have cancer, your provider may order a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a>. A biopsy is the procedure of removing and examining tissue, cells, or fluids from your body.</p> <h3>What are the treatments for cancer?</h3> <p>Treatment depends on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Most treatment plans may include surgery, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">radiation</a>, and/or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">chemotherapy</a>. Some may involve hormone therapy, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerimmunotherapy.html\">immunotherapy</a> or other types of biological therapy, or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html\">stem cell transplantation</a>.</p> <h3>Can cancer be prevented?</h3> <p>It's usually not possible to know exactly why cancer develops in some people but not others. There are some things that you can't control which may increase or decrease your risk of getting cancer, such as inheriting certain genes or your age. But some lifestyle habits may increase your risk of certain types of cancer. Avoid or reduce lifestyle habits such as:</p> <ul> <li>Smoking and tobacco use</li> <li>Having too much sun exposure</li> <li>Drinking too much <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alcoholusedisorderaud.html\">alcohol</a></li> <li>Not getting enough physical activity</li> <li>Having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>"],"subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456590","http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826"],"label":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0006826","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}}],"label":[],"synonym":[],"obsolete":false,"prefixIRI":null,"xref":null,"inScheme":[],"created":null,"modified":null,"memberOf":[],"altLabelXl":[],"hiddenLabelXl":[],"prefLabelXl":[],"isInActiveScheme":[null],"isInActiveCollection":[],"properties":{"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/mapped_to":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0018671"],"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type":["http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/tui":["T191"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/related_to":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0740339","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0042940","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0220641","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0549473","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0546837","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0026636","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456870","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0751394","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0496836","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0220636","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0030517"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/DATE_CREATED":["12/29/1999"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation":["C0278996"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/SOS":["Head and neck cancer includes cancers of the mouth, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, throat, and lymph nodes. Read the different symptoms of each type.https://medlineplus.gov/headandneckcancer.html"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui":["C0278996"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel":["Head and Neck Cancer"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition":["<h3>What is head and neck cancer? </h3> <p>Head and neck cancer is the name for cancers that develop in the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/oralcancer.html\">mouth</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/nasalcancer.html\">nose and sinuses</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/salivaryglandcancer.html\">salivary glands</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/throatcancer.html\">throat and voice box</a> (larynx). Most head and neck cancers are <a href=\"\">squamous cell cancers</a>. They begin in the moist tissues that line the head and neck. The cancer cells may spread into deeper tissue as the cancer grows.</p> <p>There are other cancers that develop in the head and neck, such as <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/braintumors.html\">brain cancer</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/eyecancer.html\">eye cancer</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/esophagealcancer.html\">esophageal cancer</a>. But they are usually not considered to be head and neck cancers, because those types of cancer and their treatments are different.</p> <h3>Who is more likely to develop head and neck cancer? </h3> <p>Anyone can get head and neck cancer, but you are more likely to develop it if you:</p> <ul> <li>Use tobacco or drink lots of alcohol. Your risk of developing head and neck cancer is even higher if you do both.</li> <li>Are male.</li> <li>Are over age 50.</li> <li>Have a history of head or neck cancer.</li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html\">HPV</a> (for cancers in the tonsils and base of the tongue).</li> <li>Are exposed to wood dusts or certain other toxic substances <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/occupationalhealth.html\">at work</a> (for upper throat, nose, and sinus cancers).</li> <li>Have had <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationexposure.html\">radiation exposure</a> to the head and neck (for salivary gland cancer).</li> <li>Have Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (for upper throat and salivary gland cancers).</li> <li>Are Asian (for upper throat cancer).</li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of head and neck cancer?</h3> <p>The symptoms of head and neck cancer may include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump in the neck</li> <li>A sore in the mouth or the throat that does not heal and may be painful</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/sorethroat.html\">sore throat</a> that does not go away</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/swallowingdisorders.html\">Trouble swallowing</a></li> <li>A change or hoarseness in the voice</li> </ul> <p>Other possible symptoms can depend on the specific type of head and neck cancer.</p> <h3>How is head and neck cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>Which exams and tests used to diagnose head and neck cancer can depend on the specific type of cancer. Possible exams and tests may include:</p> <ul> <li>A physical exam of the area that might have cancer.</li> <li>Blood and/or urine tests.</li> <li>An <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/endoscopy.html\">endoscopy</a>.</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a> or other procedure to collect cells from the area that might have cancer. The cells are viewed under a microscope to find out if they are abnormal.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">Imaging tests</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for head and neck cancer?</h3> <p>The treatment for head and neck cancer will depend on the specific type of cancer, the stage (how advanced the cancer is), your overall health, and other factors. The treatment options might include:</p> <ul> <li>Surgery</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">Radiation therapy</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">Chemotherapy</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerimmunotherapy.html\">Cancer immunotherapy</a></li> <li>Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that mainly attack specific cancer cells and cause less harm to normal cells</li> </ul> <p>In some cases, you may need a combination of treatments. Sometimes surgery can affect how well you can chew, swallow, or talk. Rehabilitation, such as physical therapy, dietary counseling, and speech therapy, may help.</p> <h3>Can head and neck cancer be prevented?</h3> <p>There are steps you can take to help prevent head and neck cancer:</p> <ul> <li>Not smoking</li> <li>Limiting alcohol use or not drinking at all</li> <li>Getting regular <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/dental-exam/\">dental exams</a></li> <li>Talking to your provider about HPV vaccination</li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_PRIMARY_INSTITUTE_URL":["National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_OTHER_LANGUAGE_URL":["Spanish https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/headandneckcancer.html"],"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456600","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C1456599","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0150934","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826"]},"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0278996","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0278996","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema##<Proc:0x00007f771cfb6360 /opt/ontoportal/ontologies_api/shared/bundle/ruby/3.2.0/bundler/gems/ontologies_linked_data-0083660248b7/lib/ontologies_linked_data/models/class.rb:67 (lambda)>","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}}