{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0342245","notation":"C0342245","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T047"],"cui":["C0342245"],"prefLabel":"Diabetic Eye Problems","definition":["<h3>What is diabetes?</h3> <p><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html\">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood glucose</a>, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from foods you eat. The cells of your body need glucose for energy. A hormone called insulin helps the glucose get into your cells.</p> <p>With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">type 1 diabetes</a>, your body doesn't make insulin. With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype2.html\">type 2 diabetes</a>, your body doesn't make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in your blood and causes high blood glucose levels.</p> <h3>What eye problems can diabetes cause?</h3> <p>Over time, high blood glucose may damage the blood vessels and lenses in your eyes. This can lead to serious diabetic eye problems which can <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/visionimpairmentandblindness.html\">harm your vision and sometimes cause blindness</a>. Some common diabetic eye problems include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Diabetic retinopathy</strong>, which is the leading cause of blindness in American adults. It affects blood vessels in the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of your eye). The blood vessels may swell and leak fluid into your eye. If it's not treated, it can cause serious problems such as vision loss and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/retinaldetachment.html\">retinal detachment</a>, where the retina is pulled away from its normal position at the back of your eye.</li> <li><strong>Diabetic macular edema (DME)</strong>, which happens when blood vessels in the retina leak fluid into the macula (the part of the retina needed for sharp, central vision). This usually develops in people who already have other signs of diabetic retinopathy.</li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/glaucoma.html\">Glaucoma</a></strong>, a group of eye diseases that can damage the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/opticnervedisorders.html\">optic nerve</a> (the bundle of nerves that connects the eye to the brain). Glaucoma from diabetes happens when the blood vessels in the front of your eye are damaged, and new blood vessels grow near the iris (the colored part of your eye). The blood vessels block the space where fluid drains from your eye. This causes fluid to build up and pressure to increase inside your eye.</li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cataract.html\">Cataract</a></strong>, which is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. It happens when the clear lens in the front of your eye becomes cloudy. Cataracts are common as people age. But people with diabetes are more likely to develop cataracts younger and faster than people without diabetes. Researchers think that high glucose levels cause deposits to build up in the lenses of your eyes.</li> </ul> <h3>Who is more likely to develop diabetic eye problems?</h3> <p>Anyone with diabetes can develop diabetic eye disease. But your risk of developing it is higher if you have diabetes and:</p> <ul> <li>Have had diabetes for a long time</li> <li>Don't have good control over your high blood glucose or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html\">high blood pressure</a></li> <li>Are <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesandpregnancy.html\">pregnant</a></li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cholesterol.html\">high blood cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html\">Smoke tobacco</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of diabetic eye problems?</h3> <p>In the early stages, diabetic eye problems usually don't have any symptoms. That's why regular dilated <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/eyecare.html\">eye exams</a> are so important, even if you think your eyes are healthy.</p> <p>You should also watch for sudden changes in your vision that could be signs of an emergency. Call your eye care professional right away if you notice any of these symptoms:</p> <ul> <li>Many new spots or dark wavy strings floating in your vision (floaters)</li> <li>Flashes of light</li> <li>A dark shadow over part of your vision, like a curtain</li> <li>Vision loss</li> <li>Eye pain or redness</li> </ul> <p>Talk with your eye care professional if you have these symptoms, even if they come and go:</p> <ul> <li>Spots or dark wavy strings floating in your vision</li> <li>Blurry or wavy vision</li> <li>Vision that changes a lot</li> <li>Trouble seeing colors</li> </ul> <h3>How are diabetic eye problems diagnosed?</h3> <p>Eye care professionals do dilated eye exams to diagnose eye problems. A dilated eye exam uses eye drops to open your pupils wide so your eye care professional can look for signs of eye problems and treat them before they harm your vision. They will also test your vision and measure the pressure in your eyes.</p><p> </p><h3>What are the treatments for diabetic eye problems?</h3> <p>Treatment for diabetic eye problems depends on the problem and how serious it is. Some of the treatments include:</p> <ul> <li>Lasers to stop blood vessels from leaking</li> <li>Injections (shots) in the eye to stop new, leaky blood vessels from growing</li> <li>Surgery to remove blood and scar tissue or replace a cloudy lens</li> <li>Eye drops to lower fluid pressure in the eye</li> </ul> <p>But these treatments aren't cures. Eye problems can come back. That's why your best defense against serious vision loss is to take control of your diabetes and get regular eye exams. It's also important to keep your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventhighbloodpressure.html\">blood pressure</a> and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howtolowercholesterol.html\">cholesterol</a> in a healthy range.</p> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</p>"],"subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0014136","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0150933","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0011849"],"parents":[{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0014136","notation":"C0014136","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T022"],"cui":["C0014136"],"prefLabel":"Endocrine 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Glucose is your body's main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but it also comes from the food you eat. Insulin is a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html\">hormone</a> made by your pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells, where it can be used for energy.</p> <p>If you have diabetes, your body can't make insulin, can't use insulin as well as it should, or both. Too much glucose stays in your blood and doesn't reach your cells. This can cause glucose levels to get too high. Over time, high blood glucose levels can lead to <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetescomplications.html\">serious health conditions</a>. But you can take steps to manage your diabetes and try to prevent these health problems.</p> <h3>What are the types of diabetes?</h3> <p>There are different types of diabetes:</p> <ul> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">Type 1 diabetes</a></strong>. If you have type 1 diabetes, your body makes little or no insulin. It happens when your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/immunesystemanddisorders.html\">immune system</a> attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. </li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype2.html\">Type 2 diabetes</a>.</strong> This is the most common form of diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body may still be able to make insulin, but your cells don't respond well to insulin. They can't easily take up enough glucose from your blood.</li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesandpregnancy.html\">Gestational diabetes</a>.</strong> This is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It happens when your body can't make the extra insulin it needs during pregnancy.</li> </ul> <h3>What causes diabetes?</h3> <p>The different types of diabetes have different causes:</p> <ul> <li>Researchers think <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> is caused by <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-1-diabetes/\">genes</a> and factors in the environment that might trigger the disease.</li> <li><strong>Type 2 diabetes</strong> is caused by several factors, including lifestyle factors and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-2-diabetes\">genes</a>. The lifestyle factors include <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">not being physically active</a> and being overweight or having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a>.</li> <li>Researchers think <strong>gestational diabetes</strong> is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gestational-diabetes/\">genetic</a> and lifestyle factors.</li> </ul> <h3>Who is more likely to develop diabetes?</h3> <p>The different types of diabetes have different risk factors:</p> <ul> <li>You can develop <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> at any age, but it most often starts in childhood. Having a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes may increase your chance of developing it.</li> <li>You are at higher risk of developing <strong>type 2 diabetes</strong> if you:</li> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have obesity.</li> <li>Are over age 35. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html\">Children, teenagers,</a> and younger adults can get diabetes, but it is more common in middle-aged and older adults.</li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes.</li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/prediabetes.html\">prediabetes</a>. This means that your blood glucose is higher than normal, but it's not high enough to be called diabetes.</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes.</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.</li> <li>Are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander.</li> <li>Are not physically active.</li> <li>Have certain other health conditions, such as <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html\">high blood pressure</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html\">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS).</li> </ul> <li>You are at higher risk of developing <strong>gestational diabetes</strong> if you:</li> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have obesity.</li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes.</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy.</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.</li> <li>Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).</li> <li>Are African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.</li> </ul> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of diabetes?</h3> <p>The symptoms of diabetes may include:</p> <ul> <li>Feeling very thirsty</li> <li>Feeling very hungry</li> <li>Urinating (peeing) more often, including at night</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/fatigue.html\">Fatigue</a></li> <li>Blurry vision</li> <li>Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands</li> <li>Sores that do not heal</li> <li>Losing weight without trying</li> </ul> <p>But it's important to know that your symptoms may vary, depending on which type you have:</p> <ul> <li>The symptoms of <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> usually come on quickly and can be severe.</li> <li>With <strong>type 2 diabetes,</strong> the symptoms often develop slowly, over several years. The symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them.</li> <li><strong>Gestational diabetes</strong> often has no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may be mild. If you are pregnant, you will usually be screened for this condition between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. </li> </ul> <h3>How is diabetes diagnosed?</h3> <p>To find out if you have diabetes, your health care provider will use one or more <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-glucose-test/\">glucose blood tests</a>. There are several types, including the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/a1c.html\">A1C test</a>.</p> <h3>What are the treatments for diabetes?</h3> <p>Treatment for diabetes involves managing your blood glucose levels:</p> <ul> <li>If you have <strong>type 1 diabetes,</strong> you will need to take daily doses of insulin, either by injection or through a special pump. Some people also need to take another type of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesmedicines.html\">diabetes medicine</a> that works with insulin.</li> <li>If you have <strong>type 2 diabetes,</strong> you may be able to manage or even reverse it by making <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventdiabetes.html\">lifestyle changes</a>. These include eating a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticdiet.html\">healthy diet</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/weightcontrol.html\">staying at healthy weight</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howmuchexercisedoineed.html\">getting regular physical activity</a>. Some people also need to take diabetes medicines to manage their diabetes.</li> <li>If you have <strong>gestational diabetes,</strong> you may be able to lower your glucose levels by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise. But be sure to talk to your provider about your treatment options. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you give birth. But you will have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.</li> </ul> <p>Checking your blood glucose levels is also an important part of managing your diabetes. Ask your provider about the best way to check your blood glucose level and how often you should check it.</p> <h3>Can diabetes be prevented?</h3> <p><strong>Type 1 diabetes</strong> can't be prevented.</p> <p>You may be able to delay or prevent <strong>type 2 diabetes</strong> through the same lifestyle changes that are used to manage diabetes (eating a healthy diet, staying at a healthy weight, and getting regular physical activity). These lifestyle changes may also help prevent <strong>gestational diabetes</strong>.</p> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney 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eye problems such as diabetic retinopathy can harm your vision and sometimes cause blindness. It is important to manage your diabetes and get regular eye exams.https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticeyeproblems.html"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T047"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/SY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0011884"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui":["C0342245"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel":["Diabetic Eye Problems"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition":["<h3>What is diabetes?</h3> <p><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html\">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood glucose</a>, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from foods you eat. The cells of your body need glucose for energy. A hormone called insulin helps the glucose get into your cells.</p> <p>With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">type 1 diabetes</a>, your body doesn't make insulin. With <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype2.html\">type 2 diabetes</a>, your body doesn't make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in your blood and causes high blood glucose levels.</p> <h3>What eye problems can diabetes cause?</h3> <p>Over time, high blood glucose may damage the blood vessels and lenses in your eyes. This can lead to serious diabetic eye problems which can <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/visionimpairmentandblindness.html\">harm your vision and sometimes cause blindness</a>. Some common diabetic eye problems include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Diabetic retinopathy</strong>, which is the leading cause of blindness in American adults. It affects blood vessels in the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of your eye). The blood vessels may swell and leak fluid into your eye. If it's not treated, it can cause serious problems such as vision loss and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/retinaldetachment.html\">retinal detachment</a>, where the retina is pulled away from its normal position at the back of your eye.</li> <li><strong>Diabetic macular edema (DME)</strong>, which happens when blood vessels in the retina leak fluid into the macula (the part of the retina needed for sharp, central vision). This usually develops in people who already have other signs of diabetic retinopathy.</li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/glaucoma.html\">Glaucoma</a></strong>, a group of eye diseases that can damage the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/opticnervedisorders.html\">optic nerve</a> (the bundle of nerves that connects the eye to the brain). Glaucoma from diabetes happens when the blood vessels in the front of your eye are damaged, and new blood vessels grow near the iris (the colored part of your eye). The blood vessels block the space where fluid drains from your eye. This causes fluid to build up and pressure to increase inside your eye.</li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cataract.html\">Cataract</a></strong>, which is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. It happens when the clear lens in the front of your eye becomes cloudy. Cataracts are common as people age. But people with diabetes are more likely to develop cataracts younger and faster than people without diabetes. Researchers think that high glucose levels cause deposits to build up in the lenses of your eyes.</li> </ul> <h3>Who is more likely to develop diabetic eye problems?</h3> <p>Anyone with diabetes can develop diabetic eye disease. But your risk of developing it is higher if you have diabetes and:</p> <ul> <li>Have had diabetes for a long time</li> <li>Don't have good control over your high blood glucose or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html\">high blood pressure</a></li> <li>Are <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesandpregnancy.html\">pregnant</a></li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cholesterol.html\">high blood cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html\">Smoke tobacco</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of diabetic eye problems?</h3> <p>In the early stages, diabetic eye problems usually don't have any symptoms. That's why regular dilated <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/eyecare.html\">eye exams</a> are so important, even if you think your eyes are healthy.</p> <p>You should also watch for sudden changes in your vision that could be signs of an emergency. Call your eye care professional right away if you notice any of these symptoms:</p> <ul> <li>Many new spots or dark wavy strings floating in your vision (floaters)</li> <li>Flashes of light</li> <li>A dark shadow over part of your vision, like a curtain</li> <li>Vision loss</li> <li>Eye pain or redness</li> </ul> <p>Talk with your eye care professional if you have these symptoms, even if they come and go:</p> <ul> <li>Spots or dark wavy strings floating in your vision</li> <li>Blurry or wavy vision</li> <li>Vision that changes a lot</li> <li>Trouble seeing colors</li> </ul> <h3>How are diabetic eye problems diagnosed?</h3> <p>Eye care professionals do dilated eye exams to diagnose eye problems. A dilated eye exam uses eye drops to open your pupils wide so your eye care professional can look for signs of eye problems and treat them before they harm your vision. They will also test your vision and measure the pressure in your eyes.</p><p> </p><h3>What are the treatments for diabetic eye problems?</h3> <p>Treatment for diabetic eye problems depends on the problem and how serious it is. Some of the treatments include:</p> <ul> <li>Lasers to stop blood vessels from leaking</li> <li>Injections (shots) in the eye to stop new, leaky blood vessels from growing</li> <li>Surgery to remove blood and scar tissue or replace a cloudy lens</li> <li>Eye drops to lower fluid pressure in the eye</li> </ul> <p>But these treatments aren't cures. Eye problems can come back. That's why your best defense against serious vision loss is to take control of your diabetes and get regular eye exams. It's also important to keep your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventhighbloodpressure.html\">blood pressure</a> and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howtolowercholesterol.html\">cholesterol</a> in a healthy range.</p> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</p>"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_PRIMARY_INSTITUTE_URL":["National Eye Institute https://nei.nih.gov/"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_OTHER_LANGUAGE_URL":["Somali https://medlineplus.gov/languages/diabeticeyeproblems.html#Somali","Spanish https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/diabeticeyeproblems.html","Vietnamese https://medlineplus.gov/languages/diabeticeyeproblems.html#Vietnamese","Russian https://medlineplus.gov/languages/diabeticeyeproblems.html#Russian","Arabic https://medlineplus.gov/languages/diabeticeyeproblems.html#Arabic","Spanish https://medlineplus.gov/languages/diabeticeyeproblems.html#Spanish","Korean 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