{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0524620","synonym":["Metabolic Syndrome","Insulin resistance syndrome","Metabolic syndrome X"],"notation":"C0524620","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T047"],"cui":["C0524620"],"prefLabel":"Syndrome X (Metabolic)","definition":["<h3>What is metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors for <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/heartdiseases.html\">heart disease</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html\">diabetes</a>, and other health problems. You can have just one risk factor, but people often have several of them together. When you have at least three of them, it is called metabolic syndrome. These risk factors include:</p><ul> <li>A large waistline, also called abdominal obesity or \"having an apple shape.\" Too much fat around the stomach is a greater risk factor for heart disease than too much fat in other parts of the body.</li> <li>Having a high <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/triglycerides.html\">triglyceride</a> level. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood.</li> <li>Having a low <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hdlthegoodcholesterol.html\">HDL cholesterol level</a>. HDL is sometimes called the \"good\" cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from your arteries.</li> <li>Having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html\">high blood pressure</a>. If your blood pressure stays high over time, it can damage your heart and lead to other health problems.</li> <li>Having a high fasting <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood sugar</a>. Mildly high blood sugar may be an early sign of diabetes.</li> </ul> <p>The more factors you have, the higher your risk for heart disease, diabetes, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stroke.html\">stroke</a> is.</p> <h3>What causes metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>Metabolic syndrome has several causes that act together:</p><ul> <li>Overweight and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> <li>An <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">inactive lifestyle</a></li> <li>Insulin resistance, a condition in which the body can't use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar into your cells to give them energy. Insulin resistance can lead to high blood sugar levels.</li> <li>Age - your risk goes up as get older</li> <li>Genetics - ethnicity and family history</li> </ul> <p>People who have metabolic syndrome often also have excessive <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodclots.html\">blood clotting</a> and inflammation throughout the body. Researchers don't know whether these conditions cause metabolic syndrome or worsen it.</p> <h3>Who is at risk for metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>The most important risk factors for metabolic syndrome are:</p><ul> <li>Abdominal obesity (a large waistline)</li> <li>An inactive lifestyle</li> <li>Insulin resistance</li> </ul> <p>There are certain groups of people who have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome:</p><ul> <li>Some racial and ethnic groups. Mexican Americans have the highest rate of metabolic syndrome, followed by White and Black people.</li> <li>People who have diabetes</li> <li>People who have a sibling or parent who has diabetes</li> <li>Women with <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html\">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS)</li> <li>People who take medicines that cause weight gain or changes in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar levels</li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>Most of the metabolic risk factors have no obvious signs or symptoms, except for a large waistline.</p> <h3>How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?</h3> <p>Your health care provider will diagnose metabolic syndrome based on the results of a physical exam and blood tests. You must have at least three of the risk factors to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome:</p><ul> <li><strong>A large waistline</strong>, which means a waist measurement of <ul> <li>35 inches or more for women</li> <li>40 inches or more for men</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>A high triglyceride level</strong>, which is 150 mg/dL or higher</li> <li><strong>A low HDL cholesterol level</strong>, which is <ul> <li>Less than 50 mg/dL for women</li> <li>Less than 40 mg/dL for men</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>High blood pressure</strong>, which is a reading of 130/85 mmHg or higher.</li> <li><strong>A high fasting blood sugar</strong>, which is 100 mg/dL or higher</li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>The most important treatment for metabolic syndrome is a heart-healthy lifestyle, which includes:</p><ul> <li>A heart-healthy eating plan, which limits the amount of saturated and trans fats that you eat. It encourages you to choose a variety of nutritious foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/weightcontrol.html\">Aiming for a healthy weight</a></li> <li>Managing <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stress.html\">stress</a></li> <li>Getting <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howmuchexercisedoineed.html\">regular physical activity</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/quittingsmoking.html\">Quitting smoking</a> (or not starting if you don't already smoke)</li> </ul> <p>If making lifestyle changes is not enough, you may need to take medicines. For example, you may need medicines to lower cholesterol or blood pressure.</p> <h3>Can metabolic syndrome be prevented?</h3> <p>The best way to prevent metabolic syndrome is through the heart-healthy lifestyle changes.</p> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</p>"],"subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0014136","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C2362499","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0011849","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C2362507"],"parents":[{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0014136","notation":"C0014136","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T022"],"cui":["C0014136"],"prefLabel":"Endocrine 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Glucose is your body's main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but it also comes from the food you eat. Insulin is a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html\">hormone</a> made by your pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells, where it can be used for energy.</p> <p>If you have diabetes, your body can't make insulin, can't use insulin as well as it should, or both. Too much glucose stays in your blood and doesn't reach your cells. This can cause glucose levels to get too high. Over time, high blood glucose levels can lead to <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetescomplications.html\">serious health conditions</a>. But you can take steps to manage your diabetes and try to prevent these health problems.</p> <h3>What are the types of diabetes?</h3> <p>There are different types of diabetes:</p> <ul> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype1.html\">Type 1 diabetes</a></strong>. If you have type 1 diabetes, your body makes little or no insulin. It happens when your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/immunesystemanddisorders.html\">immune system</a> attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. </li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetestype2.html\">Type 2 diabetes</a>.</strong> This is the most common form of diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body may still be able to make insulin, but your cells don't respond well to insulin. They can't easily take up enough glucose from your blood.</li> <li><strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesandpregnancy.html\">Gestational diabetes</a>.</strong> This is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It happens when your body can't make the extra insulin it needs during pregnancy.</li> </ul> <h3>What causes diabetes?</h3> <p>The different types of diabetes have different causes:</p> <ul> <li>Researchers think <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> is caused by <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-1-diabetes/\">genes</a> and factors in the environment that might trigger the disease.</li> <li><strong>Type 2 diabetes</strong> is caused by several factors, including lifestyle factors and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/type-2-diabetes\">genes</a>. The lifestyle factors include <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">not being physically active</a> and being overweight or having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a>.</li> <li>Researchers think <strong>gestational diabetes</strong> is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/gestational-diabetes/\">genetic</a> and lifestyle factors.</li> </ul> <h3>Who is more likely to develop diabetes?</h3> <p>The different types of diabetes have different risk factors:</p> <ul> <li>You can develop <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> at any age, but it most often starts in childhood. Having a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes may increase your chance of developing it.</li> <li>You are at higher risk of developing <strong>type 2 diabetes</strong> if you:</li> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have obesity.</li> <li>Are over age 35. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html\">Children, teenagers,</a> and younger adults can get diabetes, but it is more common in middle-aged and older adults.</li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes.</li> <li>Have <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/prediabetes.html\">prediabetes</a>. This means that your blood glucose is higher than normal, but it's not high enough to be called diabetes.</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes.</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.</li> <li>Are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander.</li> <li>Are not physically active.</li> <li>Have certain other health conditions, such as <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html\">high blood pressure</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html\">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS).</li> </ul> <li>You are at higher risk of developing <strong>gestational diabetes</strong> if you:</li> <ul> <li>Are overweight or have obesity.</li> <li>Have a family history of diabetes.</li> <li>Had gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy.</li> <li>Have given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.</li> <li>Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).</li> <li>Are African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander.</li> </ul> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of diabetes?</h3> <p>The symptoms of diabetes may include:</p> <ul> <li>Feeling very thirsty</li> <li>Feeling very hungry</li> <li>Urinating (peeing) more often, including at night</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/fatigue.html\">Fatigue</a></li> <li>Blurry vision</li> <li>Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands</li> <li>Sores that do not heal</li> <li>Losing weight without trying</li> </ul> <p>But it's important to know that your symptoms may vary, depending on which type you have:</p> <ul> <li>The symptoms of <strong>type 1 diabetes</strong> usually come on quickly and can be severe.</li> <li>With <strong>type 2 diabetes,</strong> the symptoms often develop slowly, over several years. The symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them.</li> <li><strong>Gestational diabetes</strong> often has no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may be mild. If you are pregnant, you will usually be screened for this condition between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. </li> </ul> <h3>How is diabetes diagnosed?</h3> <p>To find out if you have diabetes, your health care provider will use one or more <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-glucose-test/\">glucose blood tests</a>. There are several types, including the <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/a1c.html\">A1C test</a>.</p> <h3>What are the treatments for diabetes?</h3> <p>Treatment for diabetes involves managing your blood glucose levels:</p> <ul> <li>If you have <strong>type 1 diabetes,</strong> you will need to take daily doses of insulin, either by injection or through a special pump. Some people also need to take another type of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesmedicines.html\">diabetes medicine</a> that works with insulin.</li> <li>If you have <strong>type 2 diabetes,</strong> you may be able to manage or even reverse it by making <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howtopreventdiabetes.html\">lifestyle changes</a>. These include eating a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabeticdiet.html\">healthy diet</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/weightcontrol.html\">staying at healthy weight</a>, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howmuchexercisedoineed.html\">getting regular physical activity</a>. Some people also need to take diabetes medicines to manage their diabetes.</li> <li>If you have <strong>gestational diabetes,</strong> you may be able to lower your glucose levels by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise. But be sure to talk to your provider about your treatment options. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after you give birth. But you will have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.</li> </ul> <p>Checking your blood glucose levels is also an important part of managing your diabetes. Ask your provider about the best way to check your blood glucose level and how often you should check it.</p> <h3>Can diabetes be prevented?</h3> <p><strong>Type 1 diabetes</strong> can't be prevented.</p> <p>You may be able to delay or prevent <strong>type 2 diabetes</strong> through the same lifestyle changes that are used to manage diabetes (eating a healthy diet, staying at a healthy weight, and getting regular physical activity). These lifestyle changes may also help prevent <strong>gestational diabetes</strong>.</p> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney 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syndrome (also called insulin resistance syndrome) is a group of conditions that put you at risk for heart disease and diabetes. Read more.https://medlineplus.gov/metabolicsyndrome.html"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T047"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/SY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0524620"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui":["C0524620"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel":["Syndrome X (Metabolic)"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition":["<h3>What is metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors for <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/heartdiseases.html\">heart disease</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diabetes.html\">diabetes</a>, and other health problems. You can have just one risk factor, but people often have several of them together. When you have at least three of them, it is called metabolic syndrome. These risk factors include:</p><ul> <li>A large waistline, also called abdominal obesity or \"having an apple shape.\" Too much fat around the stomach is a greater risk factor for heart disease than too much fat in other parts of the body.</li> <li>Having a high <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/triglycerides.html\">triglyceride</a> level. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood.</li> <li>Having a low <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hdlthegoodcholesterol.html\">HDL cholesterol level</a>. HDL is sometimes called the \"good\" cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from your arteries.</li> <li>Having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressure.html\">high blood pressure</a>. If your blood pressure stays high over time, it can damage your heart and lead to other health problems.</li> <li>Having a high fasting <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodglucose.html\">blood sugar</a>. Mildly high blood sugar may be an early sign of diabetes.</li> </ul> <p>The more factors you have, the higher your risk for heart disease, diabetes, and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stroke.html\">stroke</a> is.</p> <h3>What causes metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>Metabolic syndrome has several causes that act together:</p><ul> <li>Overweight and <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> <li>An <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">inactive lifestyle</a></li> <li>Insulin resistance, a condition in which the body can't use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar into your cells to give them energy. Insulin resistance can lead to high blood sugar levels.</li> <li>Age - your risk goes up as get older</li> <li>Genetics - ethnicity and family history</li> </ul> <p>People who have metabolic syndrome often also have excessive <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bloodclots.html\">blood clotting</a> and inflammation throughout the body. Researchers don't know whether these conditions cause metabolic syndrome or worsen it.</p> <h3>Who is at risk for metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>The most important risk factors for metabolic syndrome are:</p><ul> <li>Abdominal obesity (a large waistline)</li> <li>An inactive lifestyle</li> <li>Insulin resistance</li> </ul> <p>There are certain groups of people who have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome:</p><ul> <li>Some racial and ethnic groups. Mexican Americans have the highest rate of metabolic syndrome, followed by White and Black people.</li> <li>People who have diabetes</li> <li>People who have a sibling or parent who has diabetes</li> <li>Women with <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/polycysticovarysyndrome.html\">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS)</li> <li>People who take medicines that cause weight gain or changes in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar levels</li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>Most of the metabolic risk factors have no obvious signs or symptoms, except for a large waistline.</p> <h3>How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?</h3> <p>Your health care provider will diagnose metabolic syndrome based on the results of a physical exam and blood tests. You must have at least three of the risk factors to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome:</p><ul> <li><strong>A large waistline</strong>, which means a waist measurement of <ul> <li>35 inches or more for women</li> <li>40 inches or more for men</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>A high triglyceride level</strong>, which is 150 mg/dL or higher</li> <li><strong>A low HDL cholesterol level</strong>, which is <ul> <li>Less than 50 mg/dL for women</li> <li>Less than 40 mg/dL for men</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>High blood pressure</strong>, which is a reading of 130/85 mmHg or higher.</li> <li><strong>A high fasting blood sugar</strong>, which is 100 mg/dL or higher</li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for metabolic syndrome?</h3> <p>The most important treatment for metabolic syndrome is a heart-healthy lifestyle, which includes:</p><ul> <li>A heart-healthy eating plan, which limits the amount of saturated and trans fats that you eat. It encourages you to choose a variety of nutritious foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/weightcontrol.html\">Aiming for a healthy weight</a></li> <li>Managing <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stress.html\">stress</a></li> <li>Getting <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/howmuchexercisedoineed.html\">regular physical activity</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/quittingsmoking.html\">Quitting smoking</a> (or not starting if you don't already smoke)</li> </ul> <p>If making lifestyle changes is not enough, you may need to take medicines. 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