{"id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0549473","notation":"C0549473","semanticType":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"cui":["C0549473"],"prefLabel":"Thyroid Cancer","definition":["<h3>What is thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the thyroid. Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. It makes <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html\">hormones</a> that control the way the body uses energy. These hormones affect nearly every organ in your body and control many of your body's most important functions. For example, they affect your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods.</p> <h3>What are the different types of thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>There are different types of thyroid cancer; the main ones include:</p> <ul> <li>Differentiated thyroid cancer, which includes papillary cancer and follicular cancer</li> <li>Medullary thyroid cancer</li> <li>Anaplastic thyroid cancer</li> </ul> <h3>Who is more likely to develop thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Certain people are more likely to develop thyroid cancer. Your risk is higher if you:</p> <ul> <li>Are between ages 25 and 65</li> <li>Are a woman</li> <li>Are Asian</li> <li>Were exposed to certain types of radiation, including from <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">radiation treatments</a> to your head or neck as a child or from a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationemergencies.html\">radiation emergency</a></li> <li>Have had a goiter (enlarged thyroid)</li> <li>Having certain <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html\">genetic conditions</a>, including certain types of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/\">multiple endocrine neoplasia</a></li> <li>Have a family history of thyroid cancer or thyroid disease</li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Thyroid cancer may not cause symptoms at first. It is sometimes found during a routine physical exam. You may get signs or symptoms as the cancer gets bigger. The symptoms may include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump (nodule) in the neck</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/breathingproblems.html\">Trouble breathing</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/swallowingdisorders.html\">Trouble swallowing</a></li> <li>Pain when swallowing</li> <li>Hoarseness or other changes to your voice that do not get better</li> </ul> <h3>How is thyroid cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>To find out if you have thyroid cancer, your health care provider may use:</p> <ul> <li>A physical exam, including checking your neck for swelling, lumps, or anything that seems unusual</li> <li>A medical history</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/thyroidtests.html\">Thyroid tests</a></li> <li>Other blood or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">imaging</a> tests</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Treatment for thyroid cancer depends on the type of cancer you have and whether the cancer has spread. Often, more than one type of treatment may be needed. The treatment options include:</p> <ul> <li>Surgery.</li> <li>Radiation therapy, including radioactive iodine therapy.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">Chemotherapy</a>.</li> <li>Thyroid hormone therapy.</li> <li>Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.</li> <li>Watchful waiting, which means that you don't get treatment right away. 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is cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Cancer begins in your cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Usually, your body forms new cells as needed, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor.</p> <p>Tumors can be benign or malignant. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/benigntumors.html\">Benign tumors</a> aren't cancer, while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues. They can also break away and spread to other parts of your body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Symptoms and treatment depend on the type of cancer and how advanced it is.</p> <h3>What are the types of cancer?</h3> <p>There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Cancer can start almost anywhere in your body. Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast.</p> <p>Cancer may also be described by the type of cell that formed it, such as sarcoma if cancer begins in your bone and soft tissue. Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. It is formed by epithelial cells, the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of your body.</p> <h3>How does cancer develop?</h3> <p>Cancer is a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html\">genetic</a> disease. That means changes in your genes cause it. Changes in your genes are also called gene variants or mutations. Genes are parts of DNA in your cells that you inherit from your parents. However, only some cancers are caused by genes passed down from your parents.</p> <p>Genetic changes can occur to your genes over your lifetime that affect how your cells function. Usually, your body gets rid of damaged cells before they turn cancerous, but this ability goes down as you age. Other factors that may affect your risk of developing cancer can include:</p> <ul> <li>Exposure to <a href=\"sunexposure.html\" tid=\"1419\">ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html\">Smoking</a></li> <li>Your <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diets.html\">diet</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html\">Physical inactivity</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of cancer?</h3> <p>Cancer symptoms depend on the type of cancer. For example, some of the symptoms that cancer may cause can include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump in your breast</li> <li>Blood in your urine (pee) or stool (poop)</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bleeding.html\">Bleeding</a> or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/bruises.html\">bruising</a> for no known reason</li> <li>A sore that doesn't heal</li> <li>Trouble swallowing</li> <li>A new mole or a change to a mole you already have</li> </ul> <p>Cancer may cause various symptoms but often doesn't cause pain. Don't wait until you're having pain before seeing your health care provider. See your provider if you have symptoms that don't get better in a few weeks.</p> <h3>How is cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>There is no single test that can diagnose cancer. The tests ordered are usually based on your symptoms. Your provider may:</p> <ul> <li>Ask about your <strong>medical history</strong></li> <li>Ask about your <strong>family health history</strong>, including relatives who have had cancer</li> <li>Do a <strong>physical exam</strong></li> <li>Do a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/healthscreening.html\">screening test</a> such as a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/mammography.html\">mammogram</a>, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/colonoscopy.html\">colonoscopy</a>, or a<a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/pap-smear/\"> Pap test</a></li> <li>Order blood tests or <strong><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">imaging tests</a></strong></li> </ul> <p>To find out if you have cancer, your provider may order a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a>. A biopsy is the procedure of removing and examining tissue, cells, or fluids from your body.</p> <h3>What are the treatments for cancer?</h3> <p>Treatment depends on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Most treatment plans may include surgery, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">radiation</a>, and/or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">chemotherapy</a>. Some may involve hormone therapy, <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerimmunotherapy.html\">immunotherapy</a> or other types of biological therapy, or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html\">stem cell transplantation</a>.</p> <h3>Can cancer be prevented?</h3> <p>It's usually not possible to know exactly why cancer develops in some people but not others. There are some things that you can't control which may increase or decrease your risk of getting cancer, such as inheriting certain genes or your age. But some lifestyle habits may increase your risk of certain types of cancer. Avoid or reduce lifestyle habits such as:</p> <ul> <li>Smoking and tobacco use</li> <li>Having too much sun exposure</li> <li>Drinking too much <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alcoholusedisorderaud.html\">alcohol</a></li> <li>Not getting enough physical activity</li> <li>Having <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html\">obesity</a></li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer 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thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. There are several thyroid cancer types with different treatments. Discover options available.https://medlineplus.gov/thyroidcancer.html"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/STY/T191"],"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui":["C0549473"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel":["Thyroid Cancer"],"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition":["<h3>What is thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the thyroid. Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. It makes <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html\">hormones</a> that control the way the body uses energy. These hormones affect nearly every organ in your body and control many of your body's most important functions. For example, they affect your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods.</p> <h3>What are the different types of thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>There are different types of thyroid cancer; the main ones include:</p> <ul> <li>Differentiated thyroid cancer, which includes papillary cancer and follicular cancer</li> <li>Medullary thyroid cancer</li> <li>Anaplastic thyroid cancer</li> </ul> <h3>Who is more likely to develop thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Certain people are more likely to develop thyroid cancer. Your risk is higher if you:</p> <ul> <li>Are between ages 25 and 65</li> <li>Are a woman</li> <li>Are Asian</li> <li>Were exposed to certain types of radiation, including from <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationtherapy.html\">radiation treatments</a> to your head or neck as a child or from a <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/radiationemergencies.html\">radiation emergency</a></li> <li>Have had a goiter (enlarged thyroid)</li> <li>Having certain <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html\">genetic conditions</a>, including certain types of <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/\">multiple endocrine neoplasia</a></li> <li>Have a family history of thyroid cancer or thyroid disease</li> </ul> <h3>What are the symptoms of thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Thyroid cancer may not cause symptoms at first. It is sometimes found during a routine physical exam. You may get signs or symptoms as the cancer gets bigger. The symptoms may include:</p> <ul> <li>A lump (nodule) in the neck</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/breathingproblems.html\">Trouble breathing</a></li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/swallowingdisorders.html\">Trouble swallowing</a></li> <li>Pain when swallowing</li> <li>Hoarseness or other changes to your voice that do not get better</li> </ul> <h3>How is thyroid cancer diagnosed?</h3> <p>To find out if you have thyroid cancer, your health care provider may use:</p> <ul> <li>A physical exam, including checking your neck for swelling, lumps, or anything that seems unusual</li> <li>A medical history</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/thyroidtests.html\">Thyroid tests</a></li> <li>Other blood or <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/diagnosticimaging.html\">imaging</a> tests</li> <li>A <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/biopsy.html\">biopsy</a></li> </ul> <h3>What are the treatments for thyroid cancer?</h3> <p>Treatment for thyroid cancer depends on the type of cancer you have and whether the cancer has spread. Often, more than one type of treatment may be needed. The treatment options include:</p> <ul> <li>Surgery.</li> <li>Radiation therapy, including radioactive iodine therapy.</li> <li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/cancerchemotherapy.html\">Chemotherapy</a>.</li> <li>Thyroid hormone therapy.</li> <li>Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.</li> <li>Watchful waiting, which means that you don't get treatment right away. Your regularly checks to see if your signs or symptoms appear or change.</li> </ul> <p class=\"\">NIH: National Cancer Institute</p>"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_PRIMARY_INSTITUTE_URL":["National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/"],"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/MP_OTHER_LANGUAGE_URL":["Spanish https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/thyroidcancer.html"],"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf":["http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0014136","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0150934","http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0006826"]},"@id":"http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MEDLINEPLUS/C0549473","@type":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","links":{"self":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473","ontology":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS","children":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/children","parents":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/parents","descendants":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/descendants","ancestors":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/ancestors","instances":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/instances","tree":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/tree","notes":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/notes","mappings":"https://data.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS/classes/http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473/mappings","ui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.bioontology.org%2Fontology%2FMEDLINEPLUS%2FC0549473","@context":{"self":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ontology":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Ontology","children":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","descendants":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","ancestors":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","instances":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Instance","tree":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class","notes":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Note","mappings":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/Mapping","ui":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"}},"@context":{"@vocab":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/","label":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label","prefLabel":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel","prefLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#prefLabel","altLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#altLabel","hiddenLabelXl":"http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#hiddenLabel","synonym":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel","definition":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition","obsolete":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#deprecated","notation":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation","prefixIRI":"http://data.bioontology.org/metadata/prefixIRI","parents":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema##<Proc:0x00007f771cfb6360 /opt/ontoportal/ontologies_api/shared/bundle/ruby/3.2.0/bundler/gems/ontologies_linked_data-0083660248b7/lib/ontologies_linked_data/models/class.rb:67 (lambda)>","subClassOf":"http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf","semanticType":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/hasSTY","cui":"http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/umls/cui","xref":"http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref","inScheme":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#inScheme","created":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/created","modified":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified","@language":[]}}