http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/npo PIs: Nathan A. Baker and Rohit V. Pappu; Washington University in St. Louis NanoParticle Ontology (NPO): Ontology for cancer nanotechnology research. Dennis G. Thomas 1.0 NPO_1541 metal oxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is mainly composed of a metal oxide. An optical microscope which is used to study the properties of a specimen or sample based on the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence. The microscope has a filter which allows radiation of a specific wavelength of light to pass through.The specimen or the sample contains components labeled with a fluorescent molecule which absorbs this light, and then emits light of a longer wavelength. A second filter of the microscope separates the emitted light from the brighter excitation light (shorter wavelength). As a result, the fluorescing regions of the sample shine out against a dark background with high contrast, when observed through the microscope. fluorescence microscope NPO_1443 [definition: adapted from http://nobelprize.org; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope ] NPO_1356 A type of characterization, which describes the physicochemical (material and structural) properties of an object. physicochemical characterization NPO_231 A "covalent linkage" where an isothiourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. isothiourea linkage Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. NPO_657 angiogenesis GO:0001525 blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels NPO_275 An "element" with atomic number 55. caesium amidine linkage between primary amine and imidoester An "amidine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an imidoester, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_637 nanoparticle characterization Characterization of nanoparticles or nanoparticle formulations NPO_1413 A "tertiary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a tertiary amine group. It has the structure R-N(-R")-R', where R,R' and R" denote organic groups. CHEBI:32876 tertiary amine NPO_832 A "nanoparticle response to magnetic field", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_662 drug release from nanoparticle in response to magnetic field oxygen NPO_615 An "element" with atomic number 8. DNA NPO_1002 A nucleic acid composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar and linked by phosphodiester bonds. DNA contains the genetic information of organisms. deoxyribonucleic acid NPO_851 An "element" with atomic number 100. fermium fluorescence imaging contrast agent NPO_166 An "optical imaging contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that is fluorescent, and provides contrast in images captured using fluorescence imaging techniques. contrast agent in fluorescence imaging NPO_758 A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "chlorine atom." chloro group 83 An "atom" with atomic number 83. NPO_369 bismuth atom dendrimer MESH:D050091 [MeSH definition]: Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS. A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional tree-like architecture, synthesized from monomers where shells of branched molecules are added in discrete steps to a central core. NPO_735 [NCI_THESAURUS definition]: A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are synthesized from monomers and new branches are added in discrete steps to form a tree-like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is achieved through step-wise reactions and purification at each step to regulate the size, architecture, functionality and monodispersity of the molecules. These polymers have desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a polyvalent array of surface groups that make them potential drug delivery vesicles. silicon molecular entity CHEBI:26677 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silicon. NPO_1109 NPO_884 CHEBI:29826 A "functional group" which has the structure -S-S-. The group is characteristic of an organic disulfide molecule wherein it is attached to organic groups. disulfanedyl group NPO_477 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by ultrasound. stimulus of ultrasound A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of sulfur. sulfur molecular entity NPO_1101 CHEBI:26835 neptunium atom An "atom" with atomic number 93. NPO_304 93 scanning electron microscopy NPO_1429 An electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning electron microscope. SEM technique An organic compound which is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms. NPO_201 CHEBI:33822 hydroxy compound organic hydroxy compound NPO_348 An "element" with atomic number 62. samarium A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of mercury. NPO_1125 CHEBI:25196 mercury molecular entity neutral pH NPO_1201 pH of value equal to 7. NPO_330 A "diazonium compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "diazonium group." It has the structure R-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. diazonium compound NPO_655 intermolecular interaction An attractive non-covalent interaction between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules. GO:0015631 Interacting selectively with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [source: GOC:clt] tubulin binding NPO_814 NPO_734 An "imine" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbon-nitrogen double bond, and has the structure R-C(=N-R")-R', where at least one of R,R',R" is a hydrocarbyl group while the remaining being hydrogen atoms. imine CHEBI:24783 arylthioether linkage A "covalent linkage" where an arylthioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_648 A "functional group", the structure of which consists of a saturated cyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; and each of the two carbon atoms, adjacent to the nitrogen atom, are bonded to an oxygen atom via a double bond, while the nitrogen atom is bonded to one oxygen atom of the carbonate group. succinimidyl carbonate group NPO_234 An "element" with atomic number 2. NPO_901 helium A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. NPO_1331 UO:0000105 frequency unit Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] GO:0043015 NPO_512 gamma-tubulin binding An "antineoplastic agent" isolated naturally from microorganisms or synthesized chemically that kills or inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Antineoplastic antibiotics can interfere with the normal function of cellular nucleic acids and proteins. NPO_737 NCIT: C259 antineoplastic antibiotic anticancer antibiotic antitumor antibiotic scanning electron microscope SEM NCIT:C78814 An electron microscope which scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons and detects the interaction of the electrons with the atoms on the surface to produce a topographical image of the sample. NPO_1440 NPO_849 An element in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 7 Element A property that is characteristic of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug by the body. pharmacokinetic property NPO_1521 detection A process or action of identifying the presence of something. NPO_1425 A dendrimer which contains amide molecules as branches; tertiary amines as branching points and primary amine groups as the terminal or end groups. poly(amidoamine) dendrimer PAMAM dendrimer NPO_965 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a zinc group (Group-12) element. zinc group molecular entity CHEBI:33673 NPO_1114 CHEBI:16042 NPO_1045 An anion of halogen element. halide anion rubidium atom 37 An "atom" with atomic number 37. NPO_347 A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of a 2-dimensional surface. NPO_1248 unit of area UO:0000047 area unit A property of matter responsible for electrical phenomena. charge electric charge NPO_1292 inorganic ion NPO_1032 CHEBI:36914 An ion which is inorganic. NPO_1007 GO:0034961 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] cellular biopolymer biosynthesis cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process A "covalent linkage" where an imide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. imide linkage NPO_247 A substance unit which is equal to the amount of substance of a molecular system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. UO:0000013 mol mole NPO_1221 diameter A quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary. NPO_1228 PATO:0001334 NPO_1354 decibel dB UO:0000259 A unit which is an indicator of sound power per unit area. A nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron (III) oxide. NPO_1550 Fe2O3 nanoparticle iron (III) oxide nanoparticle molybdenum atom An "atom" with atomic number 42. 42 NPO_772 radon atom NPO_531 An "atom" with atomic number 86. 86 A unit of concentration which is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given molecule. UO:0000075 N NPO_1215 normal NPO_494 Ser 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid CHEBI:17822 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-OH)-C(OH)=OH. serine An "element" with atomic number 31. NPO_287 gallium NPO_222 An "atom" with atomic number 9. fluorine atom 9 NPO_1133 CHEBI:33964 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silver. silver molecular entity NPO_1348 PATO:0000547 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its exhibiting photosensitivity. photosensitive NPO_1126 CHEBI:23237 chromium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chromium. Physical state which is characteristic of a sol. sol NPO_1510 The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] GO:0043283 biopolymer metabolism biopolymer metabolic process NPO_1013 peptide An organic molecule or compound, which consists of two or more amino acids linked by covalent bonding between the amino group of one aminoacid and the carboxyl group of the other. NPO_469 MFM A scanning probe microscope which is derived from atomic force microscope, having a magnetized tip that map the spatial distribution of magnetism by measuring the magnetic interactions between the sample and the tip. It is used to study magnetic materials. [definition: adapted from http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NPO_1447 magnetic force microscope NPO_146 A "nanoparticle response to stimulus", which occurs in response to the external stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. nanoparticle response to external stimulus NPO_384 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid Cys cysteine CHEBI:15356 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-SH)-C(OH)=OH. A "nanocage" composed of gold element. Gold nanocages, some 40 nanometers in diameter can be made by replacing the silver atoms of silver nanotubes. NPO_197 gold nanocage REX:0000044 phosphorescence NPO_1444 A photoluminescence which is long-lived compared to fluorescence, and involves change in spin multiplicity, typically from triplet to singlet or vice versa. The luminescence from a quartet state to a doublet state is also phosphorescence. [source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04569.htm] A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge greater than 2+. monoatomic polycation NPO_1063 CHEBI:25430 mass rate The rate of change or movement in the mass (amount of matter) of a physical object. NPO_1310 inorganic molecular entity A molecular entity which contains no carbon. CHEBI:24835 NPO_1027 A process, which describes the function or activity of a nanoparticle, occurring in response to a stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. NPO_565 nanoparticle response to stimulus cellular biopolymer metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] GO:0034960 NPO_1012 cellular biopolymer metabolic process NPO_1556 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA polymer PLGA A synthetic copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid. An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by sound. NPO_701 stimulus of sound cytotoxicity NCIT:C27988 NPO_1340 Toxicity that impairs or damages cells, and it is a desired quality for the killing of growing tumor cells. efficiency NPO_1333 PATO:0001029 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the output to the input. NPO_897 barium atom 56 An "atom" with atomic number 56. A type of physical characterization which describes the molecular weight of a molecular entity. molecular weight characterization NPO_1359 MRI NCIT:C16809 MeSH:D008279 [definition: adapted from MeSH] A non-invasive imaging method of creating images of internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. magnetic resonance imaging NPO_1483 NPO_394 imide group An "amide group" which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-[*])-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of an imide compound. NPO_621 dendrimer repeat unit A "molecule component in dendrimer" which repeats to form the branches of a "dendrimer". technetium NPO_726 An "element" with atomic number 43. titanium group element Group 4 Element An element of Group 4 of the periodic table. NPO_358 mean diameter average diameter NPO_1366 A measure of diameter obtained by dividng a sum of several diameter values by the total number of values. technetium atom An "atom" with atomic number 43. 43 NPO_679 An "aryl halide" derived from fluorobenzene. fluorobenzene derivative NPO_441 process aggregate NPO_397 [definition source]: BFO A "processual entity" that is a meriological sum of "process" entities and possesses non-connected boundaries. CHEBI:33675 NPO_1078 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. p-block molecular entity NPO_163 [definition source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com, L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition A "protein" that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed. It does not contain a prosthetic group. simple protein NPO_739 yttrium An "element" with atomic number 39. A quality in which events occur in sequence. time NPO_1285 PATO:0000165 An "element" with atomic number 13. aluminium NPO_314 NPO_942 nobelium An "element" with atomic number 102. NCIT:C572 NPO_1388 Ig An antibody which has molecular mass of 150-950 kDa, and consists of one or more basic units of four polypeptide chains comprising of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulphide links. immunoglobulin A cyclic organic compound, which has ring members that are atoms of carbon and at least of one other element such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen. organic heterocyclic compound NPO_692 CHEBI:24532 CHEBI:33584 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of germanium. NPO_1111 germanium molecular entity A spectroscopic technique which analyzes fluorescence spectra from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light of a lower energy, typically, but not necessarily, visible light. NPO_1476 NCIT:C17738 fluorescence spectroscopy NCIT:C2120 lectin inhibitor NPO_440 An anti-adhesion agent, which inhibits lectin, a protein that binds carbohydrate on cell surfaces and causes cell agglutination. An "imide group" derived from maleimide by the removal of a hydrogen atom that was attached to nitrogen atom of the parent maleimide. The group is characteristic of any maleimide derivative. maleimide group NPO_431 isoelectric point NPO_1204 The pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge. carbohydrate-coated nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a carbohydrate. NPO_537 luminescence NPO_1399 Spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. REX:0000290 hollow core of nanoshell NPO_472 The hollow core of a nanoshell A nanoparticle payload agent which has therapeutic function. therapeutic payload NPO_1533 NPO_998 cell cycle process GO:0022402 A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] A unit which is a measure of the quantity of charge. NPO_1293 charge unit electric charge unit NPO_715 drug release from nanoparticle in response to ultrasound A "nanoparticle response to ultrasound", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. MW The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule. NPO_1171 molecular weight Physical state which is characteristic of a suspension. state of suspension NPO_1506 microgram per milliliter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in milliliters. NPO_1267 µg/mL micrograms per milliliter A substance which is composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated. mixture NPO_283 NPO_1357 in vitro characterization A type of characterization, which describes a property/quality that indicates the behavior of the object in vitro. NPO_435 thymidylate synthase inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits thymidylate synthase, an enzyme that catalyses the de novo synthesis of deoxythymidylate and acts as a key rate-limiting enzyme of DNA synthesis. thymidylate synthetase inhibitor unit of temperature temperature unit UO:0000005 A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. NPO_1288 NPO_787 An "atom" with atomic number 21. 21 scandium atom gel state Physical state which is characteristic of a gel. NPO_1509 NPO_372 An "isothiourea linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an isothiocyanate, through the participation of respective functional groups. linkage between primary amine and isothiocyanate magnesium An "element" with atomic number 12. NPO_249 An "element" with atomic number 11. sodium NPO_907 cobalt An "element" with atomic number 27. NPO_795 An "element" with atomic number 80. NPO_216 mercury osmium atom 76 NPO_349 An "atom" with atomic number 76. Group 1 Element An element of Group 1 of the periodic table. NPO_162 A temperature unit on the Fahrenheit scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point is 212 degrees at standard conditions, placing the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. -40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to -40 degrees Celsius. NPO_1290 degree Fahrenheit F A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to one thousand volt-hours. kilovolt-hour kV h UO:0000230 NPO_1162 isocyanate compound An "isocyanate" is an "organic compound" characterized by the presence of "isocyanate group." It has the structure R-N=C=O, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_519 NPO_1073 CHEBI:30511 A monoatomic pentacation of molybdenum. molybdenum (5+) ion NPO_168 (5S,5aR,8aR,9R)-9-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-oxo-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexahydrofuro[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl 4,6-O-[(1R)-ethylidene]-β-D-glucopyranoside etoposide An organic compound or molecule, which has a functional parent, podophyllotoxin; which has substructure that classifies it as a beta-D-glucoside. CHEBI:4911 NPO_1029 cation An ion which is positively charged. CHEBI:36916 An "element" with atomic number 53. NPO_169 iodine NPO_429 A "carbonate ester" is an "organic compound" which is a diester derivative of carbonate and it is characterized by the presence of a "carbonate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. carbonate compound carbonate ester CHEBI:26873 terpenoid Any natural product and related compound formally derived from isoprene units. They may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the same manner as are terpenes. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. NPO_381 A "covalent linkage" where a hydrazone group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_430 hydrazone linkage NPO_805 secondary amine CHEBI:32863 A "secondary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a secondary amine group. It has the structure R-NH-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. area under curve AUC The area under the curve in a plot of concentration of a drug in plasma against time NPO_1523 area under the plasma concentration time curve A "functional group" which has a three-membered cyclic ether structure, where an oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms and the carbon atoms are bonded to each other via single covalent bond. epoxide group NPO_909 oxirane group A peptide which consists of several aminoacids . polypeptide NPO_848 percent mass per volume NPO_1326 mass volume percentage NCIT:C48527 A percentage unit concentration which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. UO:0000164 percent weight per volume weight-volume percentage % w/v NPO_541 An "atom" with atomic number 14. 14 silicon atom A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate. PATO:0001740 NPO_1382 radioactive property height PATO:0000119 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the vertical dimension of extension. NPO_1229 NPO_1335 transfection efficiency The efficiency inhering in a bearer's ability to facilitate transfection. Toxicity that impairs or damages the immune system. NPO_1339 NCIT:C63814 immunotoxicity A fluid having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely.[source:NCI] gas gaseous state NPO_785 NCIT:C45299 ruthenium molecular entity NPO_1135 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of ruthenium. CHEBI:35734 chemiluminescence Luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction. REX:0000294 NPO_1402 body weight Weight inhering in the body of an animal species. NPO_1219 An "element" with atomic number 81. thallium NPO_495 nanostructure A "nanomaterial" which is defined with respect to its structure. NPO_1018 ionizable A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized. NPO_428 Elemental activity, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. GO:0003674 NPO_362 molecular function [source]: GO An aminoacid which can become ionized. ionizable aminoacid NPO_242 NPO_467 samarium atom An "atom" with atomic number 62. 62 Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. NPO_299 NCIT: C16544 GO:0006897 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus endocytosis A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique for separating proteins in a sample which is prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a buffer that maintains the proteins in their denatured states. NPO_1427 SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis NPO_1098 CHEBI:37196 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bismuth. bismuth molecular entity When placed in a magnetic field, NMR active nuclei (such as 1H or 13C) absorb at a frequency characteristic of the isotope. The resonant frequency, energy of the absorption and the intensity of the signal are proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of nuclei (have non-zero spin). NMR spectroscopy magnetic resonance spectroscopy Depending on the local chemical environment, different protons in a molecule resonate at slightly different frequencies. Since this frequency shift is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, it is converted into a field-independent dimensionless value known as the chemical shift. The chemical shift is reported as a relative measure from some reference resonance frequency. (For the nuclei1H, 13C, and 29Si, TMS (tetramethylsilane) is commonly used as a reference.) This difference between the frequency of the signal and the frequency of the reference is divided by frequency of the reference signal to give the chemical shift. The frequency shifts are extremely small in comparison to the fundamental NMR frequency. A typical frequency shift might be 100 Hz, compared to a fundamental NMR frequency of 100 MHz, so the chemical shift is generally expressed in parts per million (ppm). By understanding different chemical environments, the chemical shift can be used to obtain some structural information about the molecule in a sample. The conversion of the raw data to this information is called assigning the spectrum. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NCIT:C16810 NPO_1470 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy volt-hour A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to 3600 Wb. UO:0000229 Vh NPO_1161 surface area Area of an object's surface. NPO_1235 iodide NPO_1049 An anion of iodine. CHEBI:16382 An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carboxylic ester, through the participation of respective functional groups. amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic ester NPO_738 carboxamide NPO_269 A "carboxamide" is an "amide" derived from carboxylic acids. It is characterized by the presence of a carboxamide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-NH2, R-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" stands for organic groups. CHEBI:37622 contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that has magnetic properties and provides contrast in images captured using MRI. MRI contrast agent CHEBI:37335 NPO_581 A "continuant" that is dependent on the existence of other entities. [source]: BFO In order for a "dependent continuant" to exist, some other entity must exist. NPO_607 dependent continuant gold quantum dot Au quantum dot NPO_186 A "quantum dot" composed of gold element CHEBI:49588 A monoatomic dication of europium. europium (2+) ion NPO_1058 NPO_1522 elimination half life The time taken for drug concentration in the plasma to reduce by 50%. plasma half life monoatomic tetraanion A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge -4. NPO_1044 CHEBI:50086 Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2. GO:0003918 NPO_450 DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity DNA topoisomerase type II activity A unit of measurement for magnetic flux. unit of magnetic flux NPO_1159 magnetic flux unit NCIT: C26044 NPO_778 A process or mechanism that blocks angiogenesis. angiogenic inhibition angiogenesis inhibition inhibition of angiogenesis An element of Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). alkali earth metal alkaline earth metal NPO_121 A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carbohydrazide compound. carbohydrazide group NPO_264 A "phosphoramide" is an "amide" characterized by the presence of a phosphoramide group. It has the structure R-P(=O)-NH2, R-P(=O)-NH-R' or R-P(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. phosphoramide NPO_116 CHEBI:17102 NPO_893 A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is an elongated fiber of diameter less than 100 nm. nanofiber 49 NPO_557 An "atom" with atomic number 49. indium atom Asp 2-aminobutanedioic acid NPO_853 aspartic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH CHEBI:22660 CHEBI:26375 pterin compound NPO_693 A "pteridine compound" which is wholly or partly composed of a pteridine ring system in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. nanomole NPO_1224 UO:0000041 A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol. nmole NPO_1455 An optical microscope which generates contrast within the specimen by exploiting phase differences between a specimen (sample) light ray and a reference ray. The sample and reference rays are created after the ray traverses, and is phase-distorted by, the sample. The phased ray then is split into two equally phased, but spatially separated ("sheared") rays by the action of a Wollaston prism. Finally, the ray-pairs pass through a polarizing filter where they are vibrationally recombined and interact at the image plane. It is the wave interference of these two rays that creates contrast. DIC microscope differential interference contrast microscope DIC microscope is based on interferometry, which is the technique of superposing (interfering) two or more waves, to detect differences between them. In interferometry, a single ray of light is split into two rays, one traversing and the other missing the specimen but interacting with the background. The rays are then recombined at the image plane, where wave interference may occur. Image contrast can be modified by altering the phase difference between the reference and specimen rays. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] water solubility A "solubility" quality that inheres in a substance by virtue of having or not having the potential ability to dissolve in water. NPO_500 CHEBI:33304 NPO_1086 chalogen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-16 element. CHEBI:36080 protein A "biopolymer" which is genetically encoded, the structure of which essentially consists of long chains of amino acid residues (derived from alpha aminoacids) connected by peptide bonds and have distinct and varied three-dimensional structures, usually containing alpha helices and beta sheets as well as looping and folded chains. NPO_982 An "organic disulfide" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a disulfanedyl group / disulfide bond. It has the structure R-S-S-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. organic disulfide CHEBI:35489 NPO_573 NPO_1511 solid state Physical state which is characteristic of a sold. A technique to obtain the image (appearance or form) of the whole or part of a material object. NPO_1477 NCIT:C17369 imaging method imaging technique glycolic acid An organic compound which has the formula (OH)CH2-C(OH)=O. CHEBI:17497 NPO_1558 An "element" with atomic number 89. NPO_781 actinium ionizable to gain positive charge An "ionizable" quality inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a positive charge. NPO_566 A substance which deforms under an applied stress, and conforms to the outline of its container. NPO_815 NCIT:C25278 fluid NPO_1158 A quantitative measure of magnetism, which is a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area. magnetic flux A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cadmium. CHEBI:22978 cadmium molecular entity NPO_1124 fiat process part NPO_417 A "processual entity" which is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. is it synonymous with "stage" which refers to temporally distinguised parts of an occurrent (eg., "infancy", "childhood", "adolescence", "adulthood" in the "life of a human being")? [definition source]: BFO Gel electrophoresis technique in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium. NPO_1421 NCIT:C16539 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis NPO_1138 nickel molecular entity CHEBI:33748 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nickel. 23 NPO_571 An "atom" with atomic number 23. vanadium atom An ion of gadolinium. NPO_1570 gadolinium ion NPO_173 nitrogen An "element" with atomic number 7. A "nanosensor" which is defined as a nanometer-scale measurement device that consists of a biologically or chemically sensitive layer, such as an immobilized receptor, antibody, or nucleic acid, that is covalently attached to an optical transducer. In the case of a receptor-based nanosensor, an interaction between the immobilized receptor and its substrate - the molecule it binds to - produces a perturbation that the optical transducer converts to an electrical signal via laser-induced fluorescence. fiber-optic nanosensor NPO_183 immunoglobulin class isotype immunoglobulin isotype A class of immunoglobulins, which refers to genetic variations or differences in the constant region of the heavy chain of the Ig NPO_1394 NPO_420 inner transition element A metal which is either an actinide or a lanthanide. NPO_685 Role of a molecule that engages in targeting other molecular entities. targeting agent NPO_1526 A first-order rate constant that determines the rate at which drugs are eliminated from the body. elimination rate constant kel receptor A "protein role" of a protein that is located on the cell surface, or in the cytoplasm; that binds to a specific signaling factor, such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter, causing a conformational and functional change in the receptor molecule. The ligand-bound receptor then alters its interaction with target molecules, which leads to changes in cellular physiology through modification of the activity of one or more signal transduction pathways. NPO_493 NCIT:C18106 neodymium NPO_267 An "element" with atomic number 60. An "atom" with atomic number 4. 4 beryllium atom NPO_869 A tomographic technique which uses radionuclides that emit single photons in the gamma energy range. The radionuclides are administered into a patient's body and the gamma rays produced by these radionuclides pass through the patient's body, which are then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient's body. Series of two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body, produced by this technique, can be used to create three-dimensional images by computer reconstruction. NPO_1481 single photon emission computed tomography SPECT NCIT:C17203 iodine molecular entity CHEBI:24860 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iodine. NPO_1092 NPO_913 CHEBI:26986 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(OH)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. threonine Thr An "atom" with atomic number 1. NPO_418 1 hydrogen atom hour A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes. h NPO_1282 UO:0000032 NPO_374 An "atom" with atomic number 38. 38 strontium atom Magnetic quality exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and in these materials the magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed, and the opposing magnetic moments are unequal, and therefore, a spontaneous magnetization remains. This quality exists below the Curie temperature. NPO_331 ferrimagnetic NPO_402 cyanate A "cyanate" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "cyanate group." It has the structure R-O-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. exterior surface of dendrimer NPO_671 The exterior surface of a dendrimer formed by the dendrimer's end/surface groups. gadolinium An "element" with atomic number 64. NPO_380 An "element" with atomic number 30. zinc NPO_818 molecular entity A "molecular entity" is any molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. NPO_355 CHEBI:23367 NPO_797 thioether A "thioether" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "thioether group." It has the structure R-S-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. NPO_1141 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of palladium. CHEBI:37230 palladium molecular entity CHEBI:33742 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tungsten. tungsten molecular entity NPO_1128 NPO_1460 A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. FIX:0000098 gas chromatography zirconium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zirconium. NPO_1143 CHEBI:37218 NPO_479 cell-cell adhesion The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb] GO:0016337 NPO_1087 CHEBI:33581 boron group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-13 element. NPO_119 chemical bond A process of interaction that involves two or more chemical participants like atoms, ions, molecules or groups. chemical interaction CHEBI:33575 carboxyl compound NPO_574 A "carboxylic acid" is an organic acid compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-OH, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. prefix: Carboxy- suffix: -oic acid carboxylic acid An "element" with atomic number 106. seaborgium NPO_133 Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located at the tumor cell. NPO_473 drug directed against protein of tumor cell A non contact atomic force microscopy technique based on the use of magnetic force microscope. magnetic force microscopy FIX:0000118 NPO_1450 NPO_773 An "element" with atomic number 61. promethium berkelium atom An "atom" with atomic number 97. NPO_856 97 crosslinking reagent crosslinking agent crosslinker A reagent containing ends reactive to specific functional groups on molecules for modifying and linking molecules together. NPO_922 asparagine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(NH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_452 CHEBI:22653 Asn 2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoic acid An oxide of titanium consisting of two oxygen atoms bonded to one titanium atom via double bonds. NPO_1485 titanium oxide titanium(IV) oxide titanium dioxide TiO2 NPO_792 The outer surface of a nanotube to which other molecular entities can be attached. (For example, attachment of fullerene on the surface of carbon nanotube.) outer surface of nanotube sulfonamide A "sulfonamide" is an "amide" derived from sulfonic acids, and thus characterized by the presence of a sulfonamide group. It has the structure R-S(=O)-NH2, R-S(=O)-NH-R' or R-S(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. NPO_908 CHEBI:35358 An "atom" with atomic number 75. NPO_604 rhenium atom 75 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy d-orbitals. NPO_152 d-block element 29 An "atom" with atomic number 29. NPO_865 copper atom CHEBI:33305 tellurium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tellurium. NPO_1102 characteristic group functional group A group which is a specific atom or group of atoms attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule, and it is responsible for characteristic reactions of the molecule. NPO_174 Each functional group has its characteristic reactivity, which may be modified by its position within the molecule or by the presence of other neighbouring functional groups. (source: Functional Group Chemistry by James R. Hanson and Eddie Abel, published by Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporate 2002) NPO_803 dendrimer core molecule A "molecule component in dendrimer" which forms the core of a "dendrimer". NCIT:C27990 NPO_1338 A quality inhering in a bearer which causes harm to the growth and functioning of cells, tissues, organs and the body. toxicity NPO_933 krypton An "element" with atomic number 36. phosphoramide group An "amide group" which has the structure -P(=O)-NH2 or -P(=O)-NH- or -P(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a phosphoramide wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_822 NPO_687 carbonate ester group A "functional group" which has the structure -O-C(=O)-O-. The group is characteristic of a carbonate ester molecule wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. An organic heterocyclic compound, which has two rings. CHEBI:27171 organic heterobicyclic compound NPO_454 NPO_867 A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of different sizes. polydisperse kilogram per day A unit of mass rate expressed as kilograms per day. kilograms per day kg/day NPO_1312 An "amidine" is an "organic compound" which is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR, and therefore, it has the structure R'-C(=N-R)-NH2, where R' denotes an organic group. CHEBI:35359 NPO_232 carboxamidine A angstrom UO:0000019 NPO_1247 A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m. NPO_1064 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 3+. monoatomic trication CHEBI:27153 NPO_1418 electrophoresis A separation technique used for separating charged particles in a fluid or gel under the action of an electric field. The electric field causes the movement of charged particles. metal NPO_210 A series element which is an alkali earth metal or alkali metal or inner transition element or transition element or other metal. An "element" with atomic number 34. NPO_948 selenium NPO_1157 magnetism A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its ability to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities. PATO:0001682 RNA metabolism The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [source: ISBN:0198506732] NPO_1016 GO:0016070 RNA metabolic process A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a s-block element. CHEBI:33674 s-block molecular entity NPO_1082 NCIT:C67437 [NCI_Thesaurus definition]:"Tubulin binding agent" that binds to the taxane site of the beta-tubulin subunit, a region described as a binding pocket located within the middle domain and corresponding to an approximate residue sequence of 217-231. Specifically, these agents bind to a cysteine residue within the pocket, which is also the binding site for GTP. Agents binding at the taxane site promote the polymerization of dimers to form a very rigid and stable microtubule structure which is not readily disassembled. Interfering with microtubule dynamics, these agents inhibit the normal turnover process essential during mitosis, thereby causing cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. NPO_556 taxane-pocket binding agent A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of a second or 10^[-3] s. UO:0000028 NPO_1277 ms millisecond NPO_1084 CHEBI:24471 halogen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a halogen (Group-17) element. A "cyano group" is a substituent group from hydrogen cyanide, and has the structure -C#N. CHEBI:48819 NPO_588 cyano group zirconium NPO_765 An "element" with atomic number 40. frequency A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. NPO_1330 PATO:0000044 astatine atom An "atom" with atomic number 85. NPO_534 85 NPO_766 the polar molecule has permanent molecular dipole moment. charge-dipole interaction An "intermolecular interaction" between an ion and a polar molecule by virtue of an attraction between the ionic charge and a permanent dipole on the polar molecule. NPO_548 GO:0006915 A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732] apoptotic programmed cell death programmed cell death by apoptosis apoptosis bromine An "element" with atomic number 35. NPO_989 drug directed against protein in cytoplasm Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located in the tumor cell cytoplasm NPO_496 Drug that crosses the tumor cell membrane and blocks the intracellular domain of a membrane receptor. drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor NPO_161 An "amine" is an "organic compound" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is thus characterized by the presence of a primary or secondary or tertiary amine groups. It has the structure R-NH2 or R-NH-R' or R-N(-R")-R', where R, R' and R" denote organic groups. CHEBI:32952 NPO_143 amine component in nanoparticle sample NPO_1495 A chemical component in a nanoparticle sample nanoparticle sample component coordination compound NPO_1139 A chemical compound which consists of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms. CHEBI:33240 NPO_289 A "pteridine compound" in which a pyrimidine ring is fused with a pyrazine ring. It has the structure c1cnc2ncncc2n1. pteridine CHEBI:27601 PATO:0001711 NPO_1236 perimeter A 2-D extent quality which is equal to the distance around a given two-dimensional object. PATO:0001035 A physical quality inhering in a object affecting its acceleration. force NPO_1166 concentration PATO:0000033 NPO_1167 A physical quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of it there is mixed with another substance. A crosslinker which has two identical reactive ends connected by a carbon chain spacer and are used mostly to crosslink molecules or parts of molecules in a one-step chemical crosslinking procedure. NPO_713 homobifunctional crosslinker inorganic NCIT: C66829 A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity which does not contain carbon as a principal element (some exceptions exist, e.g., carbon dioxide). NPO_669 NPO_281 Role of a molecular entity, which brings about an end therapeutic result in cancer therapy. cancer therapeutic role of molecule TiO2 nanoparticle NPO_1486 A nanoparticle, which is basically composed of titanium dioxide. titanium oxide nanoparticle reagent in chemical conjugation A reagent used to facilitate chemical conjugation of molecules. NPO_290 cm centimeter A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m. UO:0000015 NPO_1243 normal concentration normality NPO_1192 Concentration of a solution expressed in gram equivalents of solute per liter. periodic table element NPO_714 An element of the periodic table of elements. CHEBI:18154 glycan NPO_912 polysaccharide A "biopolymer" which consists of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [definition source]: CHEBI This term is commonly used only for those polysaccharides that contain more than ten monosaccharide residues. velocity NPO_1316 PATO:0000008 A physical quality inhering in an object by virtue of the rate of change of its position. speed An "atom" with atomic number 52. 52 NPO_813 tellurium atom CHEBI:38560 [definition source]: L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition conjugated protein NPO_578 A "protein" that contains a non-protein prosthetic group such as sugar, nucleic acid, lipid, or metal ion. halogen NPO_101 A non-metal which is any of the following elements: astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine. SPM NCIT:C78803 scanning probe microsope NPO_1442 A microscope which forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen and records the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. PATO:0001296 luminous quality A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer. NPO_1387 methotrexate A pteridine compound has a pteridine substructure; which has functional parent, L-glutamic acid; which has other substructures that classify it a monocarboxylic acid amide and a dicarboxylic acid. An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear. NCIT:C642 CHEBI:44185 NPO_741 copper oxide NPO_1545 An oxide of copper. NPO_708 potassium An "element" with atomic number 19. NPO_958 steroid hormone receptor binding Interacting selectively with a steroid hormone receptor. [source: GOC:bf] GO:0035258 CHEBI:33839 polymer macromolecule MESH:D011108 [definition source]: CHEBI A polymer is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. polymer molecule NPO_364 NPO_1145 A chemical compound containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). hydroxide CHEBI:24651 CHEBI:37217 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of titanium. titanium molecular entity NPO_1142 26 NPO_690 An "atom" with atomic number 26. iron atom NPO_1108 indium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of indium. CHEBI:37112 hydrogel A colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium.[source: WordNet 2008] NPO_771 tungsten (6+) ion CHEBI:49955 NPO_1075 A monoatomic hexacation of tungsten. A quantitative measure of a property, which is a quantity chosen as a standard measure in terms of which other quantities (measured numerical values) are expressed in. unit of measurement unit NPO_1153 NPO_950 An organic "quality" inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, but with the exclusion of aromatic quality. Definition of "aliphatic" is based on the CHEBI definition for aliphatic compounds (CHEBI:33653) aliphatic PATO:0001906 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its participation in movement. NPO_1313 movement quality An "amidine" is an "organic compound" which is derived from an oxoacid RnE(=O)OH by replacing the hydroxyl group by an amino group and the oxo group by =NR. R stands for a hydrogen atom or organic group. CHEBI:2634 NPO_309 amidine carboxyl group A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-OH. The group is characteristic of carboxylic acid compounds, wherein it is attached to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom by a single covalent bond. NPO_838 CHEBI:46883 57 An "atom" with atomic number 57. NPO_189 lanthanum atom mm^[2] square millimeter An area unit which is equal to one millionth of a square meter or 10^[-6] m^[2]. UO:0000082 NPO_1251 CHEBI:27897 NPO_783 tryptophan An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)-C(OH)=OH. Trp image enhancement agent diagnostic imaging agent CHEBI:37334 NCIT:C1966 A "molecule role in diagnostic imaging", which inheres in a molecular entity that is used to enhance image formation of biological structures and functions for the detection and diagnosis of disease. NPO_681 A molecule which consists of atoms of the same element. homoatomic molecule CHEBI:25362 NPO_1028 NPO_640 An "imide" is an "amide" which is characterized by the presence of an "imide group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-N(-R')-C(=O)-R", where R, R" denote organic groups, and R' stands for organic group or hydrogen atom. imide ZD-1839 NPO_123 gefitinib A type of quinazoline compound. CHEBI:49668 Iressa NPO_646 An atom of fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine. halogen atom isoleucine Ile An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_902 CHEBI:24898 NPO_572 drug directed against tumor RNA Anticancer drug which is directed to interfere with the synthesis, function or activity of mRNA. xenon NPO_746 An "element" with atomic number 54. UO:0000182 density unit unit of density A unit which is a standard measure of the influence exerted by some mass. NPO_1263 3-D extent A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in three dimensions. NPO_1237 PATO:0001710 A "functional group" which has the structure N#C-O-. The group is characteristic of a cyanate molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. NPO_720 cyanate group square centimeter per volt per second NPO_1318 cm^[2]/(V s) A unit of electrophoretic mobility of a charged particle moving with a velocity of 1cm/s in an electric field of strength equal to 1 volt/s. NPO_1223 UO:0000039 micromole µmole A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol. NPO_236 A "carbamate ester linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carbonate ester, through the participation of respective functional groups. carbamate ester linkage between primary amine and carbonate ester drug directed against membrane receptor Drug directed to interfere with the activity of a membrane protein receptor of the tumor cell. NPO_917 CHEBI:33296 NPO_1081 alkali metal molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkali metal. oxide A chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. CHEBI:25741 NPO_1147 PATO:0000122 length NPO_1227 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. NPO_1283 A time unit which is equal to 24 hours. day UO:0000033 A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. UO:0000010 s NPO_1276 second A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using acoustic imaging techniques. acoustic imaging contrast agent NPO_918 cubic meter per mole UO:0000089 NPO_1261 m^[3]/mole A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic meter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. NCIT:C45306 substance NPO_1500 A material entity with specific features. material entity An "independent continuant" which is composed of matter. The identity of material entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. object Matter is any physical substance that has mass and occupies space. NPO_672 NPO_1036 inorganic anion CHEBI:24834 An anion which is inorganic. NPO_592 65 An "atom" with atomic number 65. terbium atom A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)H. The group is characteristic of an aldehyde wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via covalent bond with hydrogen or carbon atoms. aldehyde group formyl group CHEBI:42485 NPO_590 NPO_892 A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size. monodisperse NPO_315 An antimitotic agent, which binds to tubulin and inhibits its action. NCIT:C25974 tubulin binding agent (NCI_Thesaurus definition): Nanometer-sized semiconductor particles, made of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating. The semiconductor material used for the core is chosen based upon the emission wavelength range being targeted: CdS for UV-blue, CdSe for the bulk of the visible spectrum, and CdTe for far red and near-infrared. The size of the particle determines the exact color of a given quantum dot. The polymer coating protects cells from cadmium toxicity but also facilitates the attachment of a variety of targeting molecules, including monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-specific biomarkers. Because of their small size, quantum dots can function as cell- and even molecule-specific markers that will not interfere with the normal cellular functions. QD quantum dot NPO_589 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is made of material that exhibits quantum effects. A physiologically-dependent process by which a material entity reaches tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells. NPO_945 passive targeting GO:0032502 A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [source: GOC:isa_complete] developmental process NPO_992 insoluble in water water-insoluble NPO_598 A "water solubility" quality which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that does not dissolve in water. NPO_1186 UO:0000088 A molar mass unit which is equal to one gram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. gram per mole g/mole nanoprobe A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a probing tool of nanometer-size, and combined with a "nanosensor", is useful for subcellular detection of activity or phenomenon (e.g. biological phenomenon or process). NPO_684 NCIT: C62372 antiferromagnetic (definition source): http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antiferromagnetic Magnetic quality exhibited in materials where the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms align in opposite directions, and this quality exists only below the Neel temperature. NPO_262 A time quality which represents the period over which the activity or concentration of a specified chemical or element falls to half its original activity or concentration. t1/2 half life NPO_1280 UO:0000152 CHEBI:51143 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. nitrogen molecular entity NPO_1097 carbonyl compound NPO_527 A "carbonyl compound" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group, and therefore, has the structure R-(C=O)-R', where R, R" are organic groups or hydrogen atom. CHEBI:36586 NPO_694 Group 3 Element scandium group element An element of Group 3 of the periodic table. monomer NPO_1498 A small organic molecule which is bonded to other similar molecules to form a polymer. A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L. NPO_1259 nL nanoliter UO:0000102 parts per thousand NPO_1322 ppth UO:0000168 A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same. A thin outer layer or film of material covering the surface of an object. NPO_1367 coat NPO_829 A "supramolecular structure" which describes an aggregate of amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. micelle NPO_334 chromium An "element" with atomic number 24. A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points. UO:0000001 length unit NPO_1241 unit of length The volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed per unit time drug clearance clearance CI NPO_1525 tumor volume NPO_1337 A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a tumor occupies. An "element" with atomic number 85. NPO_663 astatine Ala 2-aminopropanoic acid CHEBI:16449 NPO_540 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH3)-C(OH)=OH. alanine palladium NPO_455 An "element" with atomic number 46. NPO_1152 A quality which exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation. physical property physical quality PATO:0001018 ZnO nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of zinc oxide. NPO_1542 zinc oxide nanoparticle CHEBI:23905 monoatomic anion An anion which consists of a single atom. NPO_1035 optical microscope light microscope NPO_1439 A microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects.[source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NCIT:C28265 A cross-linking agent for mediating the conjugation of two molecules by forming a bond between functional groups of the molecule while containing no additional atoms. NPO_794 zero-length crosslinker An "element" with atomic number 14. silicon NPO_439 A microscopy technique based on the use of electron microscope. electron microscopy NPO_1428 An "aziridine derivative" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "aziridine group." It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-C1H, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_370 aziridine derivative targeting ligand NPO_227 A "targeting agent", which is the role of a ligand or small molecule that binds to larger molecules. anticancer drug acting in extracellular matrix NPO_470 Drug that acts in the extracellular matrix RNA synthesis RNA biosynthesis GO:0032774 NPO_1017 RNA anabolism RNA biosynthetic process RNA formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. [source: GOC:mah] A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m. UO:0000017 NPO_1245 micrometer µm A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues. oligosaccharide [definition source]: CHEBI NPO_680 CHEBI:25679 organochlorine compound 1 CHEBI:36683 An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. NPO_194 NPO_1014 GO:0006259 DNA metabolism DNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. [source: ISBN:0198506732] UO:0000097 A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml. NPO_1255 cc cm^[3] cubic centimeter acyl chloride group An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "chlorine atom." NPO_113 PATO:0000004 NPO_1314 A quality of moving freely. mobility NPO_1406 method procedure A process which is an established way of doing something. 7 An "atom" with atomic number 7. NPO_623 nitrogen atom CHEBI:49468 silver (1+) ion A monatomic monocation of silver. NPO_1062 three-dimensional nanoparticle 3-D nanoparticle A "three-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle. NPO_905 NPO_102 A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis. prolate spheroid CHEBI:48422 NCIT: C1742 NPO_595 angiogenesis antagonist angiogenesis inhibitor MESH: D020533 An "antineoplastic agent" that inhibits the formation and growth of blood or lymphatic vessels. In cancer therapy, angiogenesis inhibitors target blood vessels that supply tumors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. NPO_1060 gadolinium (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of gadolinium. CHEBI:37286 A composition quality which is the degree to which an object bearer is free of contaminants or heterogeneous components. purity NPO_1345 An "element" with atomic number 71. lutetium NPO_981 CHEBI:24062 fluorine molecular entity NPO_1091 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of fluorine. instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction NPO_743 induced dipole-induced dipole interaction london force A "dipole-dipole interaction" between non-polar molecules due to attraction between an instantaneous dipole on one non-polar molecule and an induced dipole on the other non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the latter molecule is induced by the randomly occurring (temporary) instantaneous dipole of the former molecule. An "atom" with atomic number 30. zinc Atom NPO_298 30 CHEBI:30584 A monoatomic tetracation of silicon. NPO_1070 silicon (4+) ion halogen An element of Group 17 of the periodic table. Group 17 Element NPO_446 NPO_601 A colloid, which is a semi-solid or jelly like material formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid. gel liquid state NPO_1504 Physical state which is characteristic of a liquid. UO:0000098 A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter. NPO_1256 mL milliliter pharmacokinetic study PK Study NPO_1518 pharmacokinetics NCIT:C49663 pharmacokinetics study A study of what the body does to a drug or a drug-containing material (e.g., drug-loaded nanoparticle). Pharmacological study of the process by which a drug (or drug-containing material) is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. protein detection Detection of proteins or a protein components in a sample. detection of proteins NPO_1426 A nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic properties. NPO_1537 superparamagnetic nanoparticle nanofilm NPO_759 A "one-dimensional nanostructure" which is a thin layer of nanostructured material. NPO_1080 CHEBI:33299 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. alkaline earth molecular entity Drug directed against the DNA in a tumor cell to inhibit DNA replication. NPO_961 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix A "liposome vesicle", which has a single "lipid bilayer". NPO_916 unilamellar vesicle NPO_177 An element whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively within a series. Series Element receptor mediated endocytosis A process by which cells internalize molecules by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. NPO_921 An "element" with atomic number 28. NPO_804 nickel CHEBI:35362 NPO_583 A "hydrazide" is an "organic compound or molecule" which is derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0) by replacing ‒OH by ‒N(-R)-N(-R')-R" (R,R',R" groups commonly denote H). hydrazide dendrimer core The core part of a dendrimer, which is formed by the core initiator group. NPO_279 scanning transmission electron microscopy A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning transmission electron microscope. NPO_1454 NPO_190 g-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy g-orbitals. NPO_1195 Concentration of a drug or inhibitor that is required to inhibit a biological process or a participant's activity in that process by half. half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH-. The group is characteristic of a secondary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_889 secondary amine group NPO_1250 UO:0000081 An area unit which is equal to one thousand of square meter or 10^[-3] m^[2]. square centimeter cm^[2] IgG NPO_1392 NCIT:C568 immunoglobulin G An immunoglobulin isotype, which characterizes secondary immune responses. This isotype is further broken down into several smaller subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 in the mouse; IgG1-4 in the human), and each subclass is differentially synthesized and secreted into the serum upon differential immune stimuli.[Source: NCI] amphipathic A quality, which is characteristic of a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic qualities. amphiphilic NPO_732 unit of molar volume molar volume unit A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. UO:0000056 NPO_1260 NPO_257 fluorine An "element" with atomic number 9. A volume unit which is equal to the volume of a cube with edges one meter in length. One cubic meter equals to 1000 liters. NPO_1254 UO:0000096 cubic meter m^[3] MESH: D001704 CHEBI:33694 A "polymer" formed by living organisms. biopolymer NPO_882 biomacromolecule cells per mL UO:0000201 A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 milliliter. NPO_1205 cells per milliliter immunogenic NPO_490 A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity due to its ability to produce or elicit an immune response. NPO_1379 surface of nanoparticle nanoparticle surface The surface of a nanoparticle. A chemical component of a nanoparticle sample which adds/modifies functional properties or function of a nanoparticle in the sample. NPO_1493 functionalizing component in nanoparticle sample polydispersity A quality inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size or different sizes. NPO_821 NPO_793 Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin. [source: GOC:krc] GO:0048487 beta-tubulin binding An immunoglobulin isotype which is associated with antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. It is secreted as dimers into the mucosa and is the most effective isotype at fixing complement by the alternative pathway, even though it lacks the ability to fix complement by the classical pathway. There are two subtypes in the human - IgA1 and IgA2. [Source: NCI] NCIT:C565 NPO_1389 IgA immunoglobulin A "Topoisomerase inhibitor" which either stabilizes DNA-protein complexes damaging DNA (e g., teniposide), or inhibits the catalytic activity of the topoisomerase (e.g., merbarone). NCIT: C1968 NPO_784 type II topoisomerase inhibitor topoisomerase-II inhibitor NPO_1121 CHEBI:33767 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a cobalt group (Group-9) element. cobalt group molecular entity NPO_390 NCIT: C1557 pyrimidine antagonist Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of pyrimidines. NPO_830 target molecule Role of a molecule that is targeted by another molecule during a targeting process. NPO_629 A "carbohydrazide" is a "hyrazide" derived from a carboxylic acid, and therefore has the structure R""-(C=O)-N(-R)-N(-R')-R", where R"" denotes an organic group. carbohydrazide CHEBI:35363 A nanoparticle payload agent which has imaging function. NPO_1534 imaging payload nanoparticle response to pH change NPO_528 A "nanoparticle response to internal stimulus", which occurs in response to a change in pH. Anticancer drug, which is the role of a molecular entity, realized from the kind of biological target where the molecular entity is primarily intended or directed to act. NPO_633 [classification source]: E. Espinosa, P. Zamora, J. Feliu and M. G. Baron, Classification of anticancer drugs-a new system based on therapeutic targets, Cancer Treatment Reviews, 29: 515-523 (2003). anticancer drug based on target A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). hydroxylapatite hydroxyapatite CHEBI:52255 NPO_1566 PATO:0000927 A quality inhering to the bearer by virtue of its sensitivity to the action of radiant energy. photosensitivity NPO_1347 NPO_925 NCIT:C61363 granule A solid which corresponds to any small grainlike particle. NPO_932 ytterbium An "element" with atomic number 70. A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity or material due to its ability to be harmless to biological systems. biocompatible NPO_938 CHEBI:33302 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-15 element. pnictogen molecular entity NPO_1085 A polyhedron, having six plane faces. hexahedron [source]: WordNet NPO_666 102 NPO_960 nobelium atom An "atom" with atomic number 102. A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its minor axis. NPO_241 oblate spheroid An element that has the same number of electron shells as other elements of a horizontal row in the periodic table. Period Element NPO_310 NPO_886 An "dipole-dipole interaction" between two polar molecules due to attraction between their permanent dipoles. permanent dipole-dipole interaction A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which is taken to be equal to 30 days. UO:0000035 NPO_1178 month meitnerium NPO_178 An "element" with atomic number 109. antimony molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of antimony. CHEBI:36919 NPO_1096 microscope An instrument which is used for magnifying and viewing images of objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. [source:http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/microscope] NPO_1437 NCIT:C20677 [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: Nanoscale structures that are shaped like long dowels. The structures have a diameter that is measured in the nanoscale with an extended length parameter. NPO_122 nanorod NCIT: C62373 A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which is shaped like a long dowel and has diameter measured in the nanoscale. micromolar UO:0000064 µM A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M. NPO_1209 An imaging technique in which waves of energy are passed through the sections of a solid object to obtain images of the internal structures of the object. tomography NPO_1479 NPO_678 platinum An "element" with atomic number 78. ester linkage carboxylic ester linkage A "covalent linkage" where a carboxylic ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_745 CHEBI:15377 water An oxygen hydride which is a liquid and has the chemical formula H2O NPO_1561 CHEBI:23117 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chlorine. NPO_1090 chlorine molecular entity CHEBI:33888 NPO_1130 cobalt molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cobalt. CHEBI:25357 mitomycin A "quinone" which is an aziridine-containing compound isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae. NPO_352 single-walled nanohorn NCIT: C62387 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus A "nanohorn" that is comprised of a single layer of graphitic carbon and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. One of the primary characteristics of carbon nanohorns is their ability to aggregate. This aggregation is advantageous because of the resulting enhanced permeability in both gases and liquids. NPO_870 CHEBI:33620 aluminum molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of aluminum. NPO_1105 berkelium NPO_359 An "element" with atomic number 97. A "molecule component in dendrimer" which is a functional group that is at the surface of a dendrimer. dendrimer end group terminal group NPO_695 biosynthetic process NPO_1005 GO:0009058 anabolism biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. [source: GOC:curators, ISBN:0198547684] GO:0044237 The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. [source: GOC:go_curators] cellular metabolic process NPO_1011 cellular metabolism NCIT:C27955 Toxicity that inheres in a drug which causes adverse effects, when the drug is used therapeutically or diagnostically. NPO_1341 drug toxicity NPO_218 polymer-coated nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of polymer. NPO_1411 An assay which is used to test or analyse the biological activity of a substance, and which is performed by studying its effect on an organism or in a test tube under controlled conditions. bioassay A "cancer therapeutic role", borne by a molecular entity due to its intended function to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of cancer. NCIT: C1909 drug therapeutic agent NPO_312 anticancer drug chemotherapeutic agent CHEBI:37143 organofluorine compound NPO_698 An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond. Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique which is carried out in vaccum, and in which the material of interest is irradiated with a beam of soft monochromatic (magnesium/aluminum) X-rays while measuring both the kinetic energy and number of electrons that are released from the core orbitals of the top 10 nm (sampling depth is upto 10 nm) of the surface elements of the material. [definition: based on NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com, http://www.chem.umd.edu/facility/xps.php] XPS NCIT:C78871 NPO_1471 ESCA FIX:0000041 Photoelectrons are collected and analyzed by the XPS instrument to produce a spectrum of emission intensity versus electron binding energy. Since each element has a unique set of binding energies, XPS can be used to identify the elements on the surface. Also, peak areas at nominal binding energies can be used to quantify concentration of the elements. Small shifts in these binding energies (chemical shifts) provide powerful information about sample chemical states and short-range chemistry . Magnetic quality exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and the magnetism is retained for a period even after the magnetic field is removed (magnetic moments of the adjacent atoms are aligned in the same direction at temperatures below the Curie temperature). ferromagnetic NPO_634 QELS A spectroscopic technique which utilizes a laser beam to irradiate a sample containing particles in suspension, resulting in light scattering.When the scattered light is collected over a small solid angle, the light will exhibit intensity fluctuations. This is because the Brownian motion of the scatterers causes the phase of the light scattered from each particle to change with time, hence the total scattered intensity also fluctuates with time. The rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity, collected around a mean value at a certain angle, will depend on the particle diffusion and on the particle size. For a given temperature and viscosity, a calculated correlation function yields a diffusion coefficient, which can be used to calculate particle size. PCS dynamic light scattering photon correlation spectroscopy [definition source: NCI] Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering DLS NPO_1469 NCIT:C62329 entrapment A "linkage" in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes trapped due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's "material site" that is partially bounded by the particle's constituting material. NPO_471 toxicology study NPO_1520 Pharmacological study of the toxicity effects of a drug or drug-containing material. rhenium An "element" with atomic number 75. NPO_425 6 NPO_877 An "atom" with atomic number 6. carbon atom antimony atom 51 NPO_501 An "atom" with atomic number 51. A "covalent linkage" where a diazo group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. diazo linkage NPO_748 NPO_1022 A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of two or more chemical elements. heteroatomic PATO:0000921 breadth width A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite. NPO_1231 NPO_191 A "quality" which inheres in a "continuant" (e.g., molecular entity) ,and gives the continuant bearer the capability to be decomposed by living organisms. e.g., biodegradable nanoparticle. biodegradable 19 NPO_300 An "atom" with atomic number 19. potassium atom NPO_723 nanocell [definition source]: Sengupta et al, Nature Letters, vol 436, 2005 Nanocell was first used for sequential delivery of anti-angiogenesis and chemotherapeutic agent to solid tumors.The chemotherapeutic agent can be conjugated to a nanoparticle in the core, while the anti-angiogenesis agent can be encapsulated in the lipid membrane.It was designed to first cause membrane disruption for release of anti-angiogenesis agent, which causes tumor vascular collapse, and finally cause intra-tumoral trapping of the core chemotherapeutic drug-conjugated nanoparticles. A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of a nuclear core surrounded by a lighter lipid membrane. process NPO_336 A "processual entity" which is a maximally connected spatio-temporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. [definition source]: BFO NPO_1360 purity characterization A type of physical characterization, which describes the purity of an object. A chemical compound of cations and anions. CHEBI:24866 NPO_1146 ionic compound salt year UO:0000036 NPO_1177 A time unit which is equal to 12 months. NPO_1132 CHEBI:33969 gold molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gold. An element of a group of elements in the periodic table, which have similar outer shell electronic configurations of their respective atoms. NPO_475 Group Element NPO_843 A "covalent linkage" where an arylamine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. arylamine linkage A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a copper group (Group-11) element. copper group molecular entity NPO_1118 CHEBI:33745 western blotting An assay which is used for the detection or identification of proteins or peptides that have been separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane. The proteins are then detected by reaction with enzymatically labeled or radiolabeled antibody probes. NPO_1424 western blot western blotting technique western blot analysis NCIT:C16357 A "functional group" which has the structure -O-. The group is characteristic of an ether in which the oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. NPO_268 ether group epoxide derivative An "epoxide compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "epoxide group." It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-O1, where R denotes an organic group. epoxide compound NPO_956 A "ketone" is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. It is characterized by the presence of a ketone group, and therefore, has the structure R-C(=O)-R', where R,R' stand for organic groups and not hydrogen atoms. ketone CHEBI:17087 NPO_879 A monoatomic trication of iron. CHEBI:29034 NPO_1069 iron (3+) ion non-polar covalent bond NPO_962 occurs for covalent bond between similar types of atoms or between atoms that have almost zero electronegativity difference. A "covalent bond" in which the sharing of electron pair is equal. quality of a process PATO:0001236 A quality which inheres in or borne by an occurrent. property of a process process quality process property NPO_689 quality of occurrent GO:0035257 nuclear hormone receptor binding Interacting selectively with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [source: GOC:bf] NPO_798 NPO_1420 Gel electrophoresis in which highly purified agar is used as the diffusion medium. NCIT:C16537 agarose gel electrophoresis A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with a drug. drug-loaded nanoparticle NPO_395 hormone receptor binding NPO_499 GO:0051427 Interacting selectively with a receptor for hormones. [source: GOC:ai] NPO_1513 Physical state which is characteristic of a glass. glassy state Val 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. valine NPO_964 CHEBI:27266 NPO_709 An atom with atomic number 89. actinium atom 89 An element in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 2 Element NPO_674 NP0_1206 A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 microliter. NCIT:C67242 cells per µL cells per microliter sample NPO_1487 A substance which is a small representative portion of a whole material entity. A quality of occurrent that is the occurrence of a process per unit time. NPO_1308 rate aryl halide NPO_898 An organic compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. It is characterized by the presence of aryl halide groups. An "element" with atomic number 17. NPO_129 chlorine microscopy NPO_1415 microscopy technique A technique which uses a microscope to study a material object or a process that cannot be seen by the naked eye. protein kinase inhibitor NPO_436 An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits the protein kinase. NCIT: C1404 CHEBI:37699 inhibits phosphorylation in the signaling pathway, which regulates a variety of fundamental processes, such as cell growth, mitogenesis, metabolism, gene transcription, cell cycle control, and the immune response. Tesla T Wb/m^2 A unit of magnetic flux density which is equal to one weber per square meter. NPO_1165 [definition: adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.nanoscience.com/education/AFM.html] NPO_1448 FIX:0000116 contact AFM contact atomic force microscopy An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is in contact with the sample's surface. In the contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is repulsive and it is kept constant during scanning by maintaining a constant deflection, and therefore constant height above the surface. CHEBI:38532 hydrazone NPO_971 A "hydrazone" is an "organic compound which is formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R', and thus, characterized by a "hydrazone group." It has the structure R-C(=N-NH2)-R" or R-C(=N-NH-R')-R". radon An "element" with atomic number 86. NPO_244 surface material surface An "independent continuant" which describes a 2-dimensional, inner/outer surface of a "material entity." The "material boundary" separates a material entity in its identity from other surrounding material entities. NPO_214 material boundary A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of manganese. NPO_1136 manganese molecular entity CHEBI:25154 arylamine linkage between primary amine and fluorobenzene derivative An "arylamine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a fluorobenzene derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_389 A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of only one atom. monoatomic NPO_1021 CHEBI:33704 NPO_632 alpha-aminoacid An aminoacid in which a primary amine group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom, which is called the alpha–carbon.. NPO_928 erbium An "element" with atomic number 68. A "permanent dipole-dipole interaction" between a hydrogen atom of -OH or -NH part of a molecule and a small, highly electronegative atom of the other polar molecule. hydrogen bond NPO_223 [definition source]: BFO processual entity An "occurrent" which exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. NPO_703 An "entity" is a thing which exists in reality. entity NPO_258 107 NPO_108 bohrium atom An "atom" with atomic number 107. A nanoparticle which is basically composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer. NPO_1559 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle PLGA nanoparticle CHEBI:16811 NPO_158 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-S-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. methionine Met A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and a maleimide derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_159 thioether linkage between thiol and maleimide derivative anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor receptor Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of a receptor of an endothelial growth factor. NPO_562 silica nanoparticle silicon dioxide nanoparticle NPO_1373 A nanoparticle which is bascially composed of silicon dioxide. A metal which is any of the following elements: d-block element or one of the elements in groups 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12. transition element NPO_529 f-block element NPO_408 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy f-orbitals. NPO_151 californium An "element" with atomic number 98. nickel group element NPO_611 Group 10 Element An element of Group 10 of the periodic table. NPO_810 An "atom" with atomic number 22. titanium atom 22 acid anhydride An "acid anhydride" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an acid anhydride group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', where R, R' stand for organic groups or hydrogen atoms. CHEBI:36606 NPO_883 PATO:0000918 A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space an object occupies. NPO_1238 volume disk disc A cylinder with height smaller than the cross-sectional diameter. NPO_307 NPO_1555 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of gelatin. gelatin nanoparticle NPO_1077 A monatomic cation of an alkaline earth metal. alkaline earth metal cation CHEBI:33513 photoluminescence Luminescence arising from photoexcitation. NPO_1400 REX:0000038 NPO_635 A "molecule role in nanoparticle", which inheres in a molecular entity that is transported and delivered by the nanoparticle. nanoparticle payload agent NPO_525 77 An "atom" with atomic number 77. iridium atom imidoester group NPO_544 A "functional group" which has the structure C(=[NH2+])-O-CH3. The group is characteristic of an imidoester compound. instrument A device or tool that requires skill for proper use, and it is intended for a purpose. NPO_1436 NPO_719 A "supramolecular structure" which describes a closed vesicle that forms on hydration of dry phospholipids above its transition temperature. liposome vesicle liposome molecular role X (molecular entity) has_Role Y(role). Role that inheres in or borne by a "material entity" at the molecular level in a particular context. NPO_468 NPO_1297 UO:0000247 An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one thousandth of a volt or 10^[-3] V. mV millivolt NPO_135 CHEBI:47854 halo group A "functional group" which has the structure -X, where 'X' denotes a halogen atom. topoisomerase-I inhibitor Topoisomerase inhibitor which inhibits the action of topoisomerase I. NPO_864 ionic bond NPO_491 An "intramolecular interaction" between positive and negative ions which are formed by the transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another atom. imaging of tumors tumor imaging NPO_1531 Imaging the size, shape, surface and structural properties of tumors. The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent. molal concentration NPO_1191 molality A "nanoparticle response to stimulus", which occurs in response to the internal stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. nanoparticle response to internal stimulus NPO_617 NPO_970 An "element" with atomic number 96. curium NPO_1006 biopolymer biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] GO:0043284 biopolymer formation biopolymer synthesis biopolymer biosynthesis protein analysis Analysis of protein components in a sample. analysis of proteins NPO_1423 two-dimensional nanoparticle 2-D nanoparticle A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle. NPO_284 NCIT:C17374 STM scanning tunneling microscope NPO_1446 A scanning probe microscope which consists of a probe with a small voltage applied to it ending in a tiny sharp electrically conducting tip (ideally consisting of one atom) that is moved close the material's surface. It scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons, causing a narrow channel of tunneling electrons to flow between the sample and the beam, and producing three-dimensional images of atomic topography and structure. [definition: adapted from http://www.thefreedictionary.com] Drug affecting the structure, function and synthesis of DNA in tumor cells NPO_188 drug directed against tumor DNA NPO_575 GO:0030331 estrogen receptor binding Interacting selectively with an estrogen receptor. CHEBI:24433 NPO_303 A "group" is a defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a "molecular entity." group unit of electric potential difference unit of electric potential A standard measure of the work done per unit charge as a charge is moved between two points in an electric field. electric potential difference unit UO:0000218 NPO_1295 A glycopeptide, which is isolated from fungus; and with iron, it forms complexes that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide. CHEBI:22907 bleomycin NPO_839 An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of three hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a tertiary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_508 tertiary amine group physical assay An assay for evaluating the physical properties of a sample. NPO_1412 NPO_239 An explosive device comprised of carbon nanotubes. These nanoscale devices have desirable optical and thermal properties that can be exploited for novel cancer therapeutics. The ability to manipulate these properties facilitates a controlled, localized activation and clearance mechanism of diseased or abnormal cells. NCIT: C62367 A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an explosive device. nanobomb An "atom" with atomic number 58. cerium atom 58 NPO_757 epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor NPO_409 Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which inhibits Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase, involved with signal transduction pathways, and may be useful in treating tumors that over express EGFR. [source:NCI_Thesaurus] NCIT: C2167 40 NPO_341 An "atom" with atomic number 40. zirconium atom gaseous state Physical state which is characteristic of a gas. NPO_1502 A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as long as they are the same or 1 part in 10^[6]. NPO_1321 parts per million ppm UO:0000169 NPO_176 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by near-infrared light. stimulus of near-infrared light lithium atom An "atom" with atomic number 3. NPO_400 3 A linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; deacetylated chitin. chitosan MESH:D048271 NPO_721 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy some orbital. Block Element NPO_555 A process which is a detailed examination, analysis, or critical inspection of a subject designed to discover facts about it.[source: NCI] NPO_1517 NCIT:C63536 study A quality inhering in an object with mass near a gravitational body. PATO:0000128 NPO_1218 weight NPO_1407 A scientific procedure which is a process of conducting a test under controlled conditions to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact. experiment NPO_975 Drug release from nanoparticle in response to pH change A "nanoparticle response to pH change", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. tumor suppression rate NPO_1309 The rate of suppression in tumor growth. rate of tumor suppression NPO_413 An "element" with atomic number 56. barium The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [source: GOC:dph, GOC:jic] formation of an anatomical structure GO:0048646 NPO_993 anatomical structure formation heterobifunctional crosslinker NPO_649 A crosslinking agent which contains two different end reactive groups connected by a spacer, and the two reactive groups can couple to two different functional groups. A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a lipid. NPO_109 lipid-coated nanoparticle NPO_656 Period 5 Element An element in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. GO:0043014 alpha-tubulin binding Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] NPO_600 mm millimolal NPO_1212 A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of a molal or 10^[-3] m. UO:0000069 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of lipid molecules. NPO_1552 lipid nanoparticle chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticle NPO_1571 A magnetic nanoparticle which consists of a coating agent composed of chitosan. milligram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g. mg UO:0000022 NPO_1181 holmium atom 67 An "atom" with atomic number 67. NPO_863 80 NPO_277 An "atom" with atomic number 80. mercury atom CHEBI:30879 alcohol NPO_624 An "alcohol" is an organic hydroxy compound in which a hydroxyl group is attached to a saturated carbon atom. It has the general structure OH-C-([*])([*])[*]. large unilamellar vesicle A "unilamellar vesicle", which has size greater than 100 nm. NPO_543 NPO_1068 gadolinium (3+) ion CHEBI:49618 A monoatomic trication of gadolinium. A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for imaging purposes. imaging function NPO_1396 NPO_1496 nanoparticle component component in nanoparticle A chemical component of a nanoparticle. A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" with a hollow core and a porous wall or shell. It's structure resembles that of a hollow cage, that is similar to a fullerene type of nanoparticle. NPO_619 nanocage cobalt (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of cobalt. CHEBI:48828 NPO_1059 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in microliters. microgram per microliter micrograms per microliter µg/µL NPO_1268 A "supramolecular structure" which is a membrane composed of lipid molecules. NPO_322 lipid membrane NPO_1239 PATO:0001680 A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules occupies. molar volume NPO_790 CHEBI:33308 A "carboxylic ester" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an "carboxylic ester group." It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. carboxylic ester viability A quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's ability or inability to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population. NPO_1342 PATO:0000169 diazonium group NPO_326 A "functional group" which has the structure -[N+]#N. The group is characteristic of diazonium compounds. A biological process or mechanism by which extracellular materials are taken up by a cell. NPO_296 cellular uptake of extracellular material carboxylate NPO_110 A "carboxylate" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxylate group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[O-], where 'R' denotes an organic group. iron (III) oxide NPO_1149 CHEBI:50819 ferric oxide An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe2O3. NPO_206 A "molecule role" which inheres in a molecular entity with respect to its position and use in a nanoparticle. molecule role in nanoparticle pnictogen NPO_375 Group 15 Element An element of Group 15 of the periodic table. An "element" with atomic number 51. NPO_522 antimony NPO_1457 capillary electrophoresis FIX:0000836 NCIT:C17637 An electrophoresis technique, in which a sample is introduced into a capillary tube and the components are separated by the application of high voltage. Due to the large surface to volume ratio, cooling is more efficient, allowing use of higher voltages. As a result, separation occurs more quickly and sensitivity is increased. The technique allows for separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. NPO_1432 An optical microscopy technique based on the use of fluorescence microscope. fluorescence microscopy idarubicin NPO_817 CHEBI:42068 An "anthracycline" which is (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin Antineoplastic agent that inhibits the biosynthesis of pyrimidine or purine nucleotides or mimic natural nucleotides so they interfere with their synthesis or function and subsequently interrupt DNA, RNA, and/or protein synthesis. antineoplastic antimetabolite antimetabolite NPO_487 MESH:D000964 NCIT:C272 MESH: D004791 NPO_442 Only those enzyme inhibitors that are used as cancer drugs should be included under this class. Antineoplastic agent, which binds to an enzyme and decreases or blocks the enzyme's activity by hindering the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor enzyme antagonist NCIT: C471 enzyme inhibitor drug NPO_1225 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its physical magnitude. size PATO:0000117 CHEBI:27008 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tin. tin molecular entity NPO_1110 grams per milliliter g/mL gram per milliliter UO:0000173 NPO_1265 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in milliliter. An "element" with atomic number 37. rubidium NPO_350 An inner transition element which is any element with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium). Lanthanide NPO_332 NPO_943 single-walled carbon nanotube A "single-walled nanotube" which consists of a single graphite layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA. DNA topoisomerase activity NPO_700 GO:0003916 cell adhesion NPO_997 The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb, GOC:pf] GO:0007155 UV-Vis spectroscopy ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique in which the irradiating light has wavelengths within the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. FIX:0000016 NPO_1475 nanochannel NPO_705 [definition source]: Lesinski et al, Biomedical Microdevices, vol 7, number 1, 71-79, 2005 A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an in vivo implantable device, designed to deliver drugs under zero order rate kinetics at high local drug concentrations to non-resectable tumor lesions. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of rhodium. NPO_1129 rhodium molecular entity CHEBI:33887 NPO_340 An "imidoester compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "imidoester group." It has the structure R-C(=[NH2]+)-O-CH3, where R denotes an organic group. imidoester compound NPO_946 protactinium atom An "atom" with atomic number 91. 91 NPO_252 An organic compound of biological origin, which contains hydrocarbons and it is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides. [ChEBI definition]: A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. lipid parts per notation NPO_1319 UO:0000166 A dimensionless concentration notation which describes the amount of one substance in another. An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy p-orbitals. p-block element NPO_845 CuO cupric oxide copper (II) oxide An oxide of copper having the chemical formula CuO. NPO_1547 nitrogen mustard CHEBI:37598 NPO_172 A type of organonitrogen compound, which has two β-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X‒C2H2‒C2H2)2NR. NPO_988 thioether linkage between thiol and aziridine derivative A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an aziridine derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. A quantitative measure of polydispersity. It is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample. The polydispersity index is calculated as the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight. polydispersity index NPO_1155 PDI diazo group CHEBI:30105 NPO_462 A "functional group" which is a substituent group from diazene, and has the structure =[N+]=[N-]. The group is characteristic of a diazo compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. time to maximum concentration time to peak concentation NCIT:C70919 Tmax Time it takes to reach the maximum concentration (Cmax) of an exogenous compound or drug in the plasma or a tissue after a dose is administered.[source: NCI] NPO_1528 CHEBI:36917 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of polonium. NPO_1103 polonium molecular entity m/s A speed/velocity unit which is equal to the speed of an object traveling 1 meter distance in one second. NPO_1329 UO:0000094 meter per second A "pterin compound" which is wholly composed of a pteridine ring system, in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. pterin CHEBI:26374 NPO_550 optical quality NPO_1386 An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. PATO:0001300 pathologic process A biological process having an abnormal or deleterious effect at the subcellular, cellular, multicellular, or organismal level. (NCI) NPO_899 NCIT:C16956 three-dimensional nanostructure A "nanostructure" which has all three spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. NPO_272 A density unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a substance in a given volume. NPO_1264 mass density unit UO:0000052 unit of mass density PATO:0001462 A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it. NPO_1301 membrane potential surface characterization NPO_1363 A type of physical characterization which describes the surface property of an object. An "atom" with atomic number 87. francium atom NPO_205 87 molybdenum An "element" with atomic number 42. NPO_880 succinimidyl carbonate compound NPO_650 An "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "succinimidyl carbonate group." NPO_1472 A spectroscopic technique which is based on Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. A laser beam is used to irradiate a spot on the sample under investigation. The scattered radiation produced by the Raman effect contains information about the energies of molecular vibrations and rotations, and these depend on the particular atoms or ions that comprise the molecule, the chemical bonds connect them, the symmetry of their molecule structure, and the physico-chemical environment where they reside. [definition: adapted from http://epsc.wustl.edu/haskin-group/Raman/faqs.htm, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NCIT:C17157 FIX:0000058 Raman spectroscopy [definition source]: Nasibulin, A. G., Peter. V. Pikhitsa, Hua. Jiang, David. P. Brown, A. V. Krasheninnikov, Anton S. Anisimov, Paula Queipo, Anna Moisala, David Gonzalez, Gunther Lientschnig, Abdou Hassanien, Sergey D. Shandakov, Giulio Lolli, Daniel E. Resasco, Mansoo Choi, David Tománek, and Esko I. Kauppinen "A Novel Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterial". Nature Nanotechnology 2(3), 156-161 (2007). nanobud NPO_711 A "nanostructure" which is formed by the combination of single-walled carbon nanotubes and fullerenes wherein the fullerenes are covalently bonded to the outer surface of the nanotubes. 101 An "atom" with atomic number 101. mendelevium atom NPO_353 An "atom" with atomic number 84. polonium atom NPO_521 84 isocyanate group NPO_321 A "functional group" which has the structure -N=C=O. The group is characteristic of a isocyanate compounds wherein it is attached to an organic group. A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of a carbonyl compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via single covalent bonds. carbonyl group NPO_750 CHEBI:23019 NPO_1560 A hydride containing one or more oxygen atoms. oxygen hydride CHEBI:15377 An "atom" with atomic number 59. 59 praseodymium atom NPO_366 111 NPO_533 roentgenium atom An "atom" with atomic number 111. Group 7 Element An element of Group 7 of the periodic table. NPO_979 manganese group element NPO_1180 A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg. gram g UO:0000021 NPO_150 An "element" with atomic number 77. iridium fullerene A fullerene refers to any cagelike, hollow molecule composed of hexagonal and/or pentagonal groups of carbon atoms , and it is regarded as the third form of carbon after diamond and graphite. NPO_686 NCIT: C62376 Nanowire NPO_383 A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which has a wire-like structure made of materials that exhibit unique electrical and optical properties. NPO_1306 negatively charged negative charge An electric charge quality which signifies a surplus of electrons in the bearer. An "atom" with atomic number 11. sodium atom 11 NPO_187 A type of characterization, which describes a property/quality that indicates the behavior of the object in vivo. in vivo characterization NPO_1358 A spectroscopic technique in which a beam of infrared light is used to irradiate a sample. The IR absorption spectra obtained with this technique, is used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition based on the correlation of absorption bands in the spectrum of the unknown compound with known absorption frequencies for specific types of bonds. FIX:0000015 infrared spectroscopy NPO_1473 The technique is based on the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). IR spectroscopy pH of value between 7 and 14. basic pH alkaline pH NPO_1199 DNA crosslinking agent DNA binding agent that is able to covalently bind to DNA causing inter- or intra-stranded cross-linking of DNA. The cross-linking results in misreading of the DNA code and inhibition of DNA synthesis. NCIT:C25760 NPO_620 hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and aldehyde NPO_291 A "hydrazone linkage" which occurs between a carbohydrazide and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_160 cadmium selenide quantum dot CdSe quantum dot A "quantum dot" composed of cadmium selenide. NPO_1565 CHEBI:52254 apatite A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl. FIX:0000607 chromatography by physical state of the mobile phase NPO_1459 chromatography by mobile phase state A chromatography technique classified based on the phase of the mobile medium. Group 6 Element chromium group element NPO_271 An element of Group 6 of the periodic table. NPO_930 CHEBI:28300 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(NH2)=O)-C(OH)=OH. glutamine 2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid germanium An "element" with atomic number 32. NPO_164 copper (I) oxide Cu2O cuprous oxide An oxide of copper having the chemical formula Cu2O. NPO_1546 CHEBI:26082 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of phosphorus. NPO_1095 phosphorus molecular entity NPO_449 isothiocyanate group A "functional group" which has the structure -N=C=S. The group is characteristic of an isothiocyanate compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. photosensitizing agent An "anticancer drug" that is pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet light or sunlight, it is converted to its pharmacologically active metabolite. photosensitizer NPO_596 NCIT: C1420 MESH: D017319 cadmium NPO_976 An "element" with atomic number 48. mitroxantrone NPO_597 NCIT:C62050 An organic compound which functions as a topoisomerase-II inhibitor and an antineoplastic antibiotic. tumor necrosis factor alpha biosynthesis tumor necrosis factor anabolism tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. [source: GOC:jl, PMID:10891884] tumor necrosis factor synthesis NPO_647 tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process GO:0042533 TNF alpha biosynthesis NPO_406 magnetic A "quality" or behavior exhibited 1) by materials which produce magnetic fields to exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials or 2) by materials which become magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field. magnetic behavior magnetism cellular biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:jl] NPO_1010 GO:0044249 An "element" with atomic number 29. copper NPO_419 Fr Franklin An electric charge unit which which is approximately equal to 3.33564 × 10^[−10] C. electrostatic unit of charge statC statcoulomb e.s.u. NPO_1303 seaborgium atom An "atom" with atomic number 106. NPO_885 106 CHEBI:33709 NPO_506 A carboxylic acid containing one or more amine groups. aminoacid A temperature unit on the Celsius scale based on which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is 100 degree Celsius at standard conditions. Celsius scale has its zero at 273.15 K. degree celsius NPO_1289 UO:0000027 A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for therapeutic purposes. NPO_1397 therapeutic function Group 11 Element NPO_744 copper group element An element of Group 11 of the periodic table. glass A brittle transparent solid substance with irregular atomic structure. NPO_263 NPO_1050 An anion of astatine. astatide CHEBI:30417 NPO_1514 granular state Physical state which is characteristic of a granule. minute NPO_1281 min UO:0000031 A time derived unit which is equal to 60 seconds. NPO_379 optical imaging contrast agent A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that has optical properties, and provides contrast in images captured using optical imaging techniques. chlorambucil A type of nitrogen mustard and an organochlorine compound. CHEBI:28830 NPO_346 1 area NPO_1234 PATO:0001323 A 2-D extent inhering in a bearer by virtue of its two dimensional extent. aziridine group A "functional group" which consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms in the form of a 3-membered saturated ring structure; it has the structure C1-C-N1. And the group is characteristic of any aziridine derivative. NPO_345 NPO_137 [definition source]: BFO process boundary A "processual entity" that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary. NPO_584 Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [source: ISBN:0198506732] GO:0003824 catalytic activity enzyme activity NPO_1374 An iron oxide nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic property. superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle SPIO nanoparticle 88 An "atom" with atomic number 88. radium atom NPO_333 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is composed of a spherical core surrounded by a shell of a few nanometer in thickness. If the shell is made of metal particles, then it is called a metallic nanoshell (e.g. Gold nanoshell). nanoshell NPO_270 NPO_240 isourea linkage A "covalent linkage" where an isourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_295 sulfonamide linkage between primary amine and sulfonyl chloride derivative A "sulfonamide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a suflonyl chloride derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. arsenic An "element" with atomic number 33. NPO_673 ionizable to gain negative charge NPO_954 An "ionizable" quality inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a negative charge. A "quantum dot" composed of zinc sulfide. zinc sulfide quantum dot NPO_193 ZnS quantum dot An "element" with atomic number 52. NPO_668 tellurium A "functional group" which is derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid. It has the structure R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic substituent from the oxoacid. NPO_302 acyl group CHEBI:22221 alkanoyl group A unit of measure of electrophoretic mobility. unit of electrophoretic mobility NPO_1317 NPO_591 79 An "atom" with atomic number 79. gold atom FIX:0000402 NPO_1466 light scattering A technique based on the disperson of light or electromagnetic radiation into a range of directions by virtue of its interaction with a material medium through which it passes. light scattering technique [definition: adapted from NCIT] NCIT:C62323 A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of more than one atom. NPO_1020 polyatomic tamoxifen Tamoxifen is an organic compound, which has a parent hydride, stilbin; and which blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body. It is used to prevent or delay the return of breast cancer or to control its spread. NPO_254 CHEBI:41774 NPO_610 An "atom" with atomic number 18. 18 argon atom holmium NPO_385 An "element" with atomic number 67. alpha-aminoacid sidechain A group that forms the sidechain of an alpha-aminoacid. NPO_357 NPO_858 polyhedron A shape, which resembles a solid figure bounded by plane polyons or faces. [source]: WordNet An ion which consists of more than one atom. CHEBI:36358 NPO_1033 polyatomic ion NPO_990 acyl iodide group An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "iodine atom." 41 An "atom" with atomic number 41. niobium atom NPO_225 A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of not having the ability to be ionized. NPO_148 non-ionizable electron microscope A microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light. [source:WordNet 3.0] NCIT:C28219 NPO_1438 Electron Microscopes(EMs) function exactly as their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition. The basic steps involved in all EMs: 1. A stream of electrons is formed (by the Electron Source) and accelerated toward the specimen using a positive electrical potential 2. This stream is confined and focused using metal apertures and magnetic lenses into a thin, focused, monochromatic beam. 3. This beam is focused onto the sample using a magnetic lens 4. Interactions occur inside the irradiated sample, affecting the electron beam These interactions and effects are detected and transformed into an image The above steps are carried out in all EMs regardless of type. [source: http://unl.edu/CMRAcfem/em.htm] Erbitux A recombinant, chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This agent may inhibit EGFR-dependent primary tumor growth and metastasis. EGFR is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] cetuximab NPO_577 NCIT:C1723 molecular targeting role NPO_542 Role of a molecular entity that is realized in the context of molecular targeting or binding process. A "quality" that inheres in a substance by virtue of having or not having the potential ability to dissolve in a liquid. solubility PATO:0001536 NPO_489 ruthenium atom 44 An "atom" with atomic number 44. NPO_382 NPO_219 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by electric field. stimulus of electric field A process of examining the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole [source: WordNet]. e.g., the identification and measurement of chemical constituents of a substance or specimen. analysis NPO_1422 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of inorganic molecular entities. NPO_1536 inorganic nanoparticle ç-potential zeta potential C62354 The potential difference between the bulk dispersion medium (liquid) and the stationary layer of liquid near the surface of the dispersed particulate. NPO_1302 GO:0005102 NPO_780 receptor binding Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [source: GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732] NPO_278 A "covalent linkage" where a secondary amine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. secondary amine linkage DNA-RNA transcription regulator NPO_327 Antineoplastic agent,which regulates DNA-dependent transcription. linkage association chemical association NPO_195 A process of linking or associating two or more "material entities" or parts thereof by chemical forces. mendelevium An "element" with atomic number 101. NPO_167 emulsifier Molecule Role which inheres in a molecular entity that stabilizes an emulsion. NPO_1414 An "element" with atomic number 87. NPO_111 francium An area unit which is equal to an area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 meter long. m^[2] UO:0000080 square meter NPO_1249 NPO_426 A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "iodine atom." iodo group PET positron emission tomography [definition source: NCI] A tomography technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered. NPO_1482 NCIT:C17007 A transmission electron microscope with which a beam of electrons pass through the specimen, where the beam is focused into a narrow spot that is scanned over the sample specimen in a raster. scanning transmission electron microscope NPO_1453 STEM weight ratio A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of weights. NPO_1156 A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of dextran. dextran-coated nanoparticle NPO_949 CHEBI:37577 heteroatomic molecular entity A polyatomic entity which consists of two or more chemical elements. NPO_1024 NPO_1106 CHEBI:37110 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of thallum. thallium molecular entity NPO_675 stimulus of magnetic field An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by magnetic field. NPO_627 A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by sound. acoustic-sensitive sulfonamide group An "amide group" which has the structure -S(=O)-NH2 or -S(=O)-NH- or -S(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a sulfonamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_747 An "element" with atomic number 22. NPO_924 titanium A "amide group" which has the structure -C(=O)-NH2 or -C(=O)-NH- or -C(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carboxamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. carboxamide group NPO_824 encapsulation NPO_138 A "linkage" in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes enclosed due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's "material site" that is fully bounded by the particle's constituting material. gelatin A colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin. (source: Word Net) NPO_1554 A solid which corresponds to tiny loose particles, produced by pulverization. powder NCIT:C45302 NPO_915 hydride CHEBI:33692 A chemical compound of hydrogen with other chemical elements. NPO_1148 The logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter. (source:Princeton WordNet) pH NPO_1198 UO:0000196 CHEBI:25094 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid Lys lysine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_265 MESH:D005936 CHEBI:37163 glucan NPO_676 A "homopolysaccharide" which is composed of glucose residues. NPO_476 DNA intercalating agent DNA intercalator Role of a molecular entity that is capable of inserting itself between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. NCIT: C582 biodegradable nanoparticle NPO_836 A "nanoparticle" which has a biodegradable quality. CHEBI:33238 NPO_1026 A molecular entity which consists of a single atom. monoatomic entity vanadium group element An element of Group 5 of the periodic table. NPO_196 Group 5 Element NPO_208 fluorobenzene group An "aryl halide group" containing an aromatic benzene ring attached to one or more fluorine atoms. NPO_1404 A small representative portion of a nanoparticle formulation. nanoparticle sample aryl halide group A "functional group" which consists of an aromatic ring bonded to one or more halogen atoms. NPO_344 NPO_1193 Concentration, which is the amount of cells in a medium. cell concentration phase analysis light scattering A light scattering technique for measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of charged particles suspended in nonpolar media (i.e. solvents with much lower relative permittivities than water). NPO_1467 [definition: adapted from http://www.unisa.edu.au/laser/Research/PALS.asp] PALS PATO:0000018 fluorescent A quality inhering in a bearer which emits light of longer wavelength during absorption of radiation of shorter (invisible) wavelength. NPO_1376 An "element" with atomic number 23. vanadium NPO_486 An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of cadmium and selenium. cadmium selenide CdSe NPO_228 NPO_1361 shape characterization A type of physical characterization, which describes the shape of an object. A standard measure of the rate of movement. Speed is measured in the same physical units of measurement as velocity, but does not contain the element of direction that velocity has. Speed is thus the magnitude component of velocity. unit of velocity NPO_1328 UO:0000060 unit of speed PATO:0001739 NPO_1381 A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with radiation. radiation quality acidic pH pH of value between 0 and 7. NPO_1200 atom An "atom" is the smallest particle that retains all the chemical properties of a given "element". NPO_179 PATO:0001679 specific volume A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a mass of substance occupies. The reciprocal of density. NPO_1240 NPO_365 CHEBI:46345 An organofluorine compound, which has uracil as the funcitonal parent. 5-fluorouracil The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. DNA-dependent transcription NPO_840 GO:0006351 A unit of electric charge where one ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs. Ah amp hour NPO_1304 ampere hour NPO_124 anti-adhesion agent NCIT:C2197 An antimetastic agent, which prevents metastasis by interfering with the aggregation of tumor cells. zinc sulfide NPO_306 An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of zinc and sulfur. tumor detection Detection of the presence or growth of tumors in the body of a human or an animal model. NPO_1532 detection of tumors phagocytosis The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. NPO_1368 GO:0006909 NPO_969 hydrazone group A "functional group" derived by replacing the =O of an aldehyde or a ketone group with =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R'. It has the structure -C(=N-NH2)- or -C(=N-NH-)-, and the group is characteristic of a hydrazone. PATO:0001522 The speed at which sound travels in a given medium under specified conditions. NPO_1352 velocity of sound speed of sound anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of endothelial growth factor. NPO_308 isourea linkage between primary amine and isocyanate An "isourea linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an isocyanate, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_376 vanadium 5(+) ion CHEBI:33003 NPO_1072 A monoatomic pentacation of vanadium. NPO_1052 metal cation CHEBI:25213 A monoatomic cation of a metal. UO:0000189 NPO_1320 count A dimensionless unit which denotes a simple count of things. NPO_498 paramagnetic Magnetic quality exhibited in a material only when the material is kept in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field, and the magnetism disappears when the magnetic field is removed. The magnetic moments of the atoms are not aligned, and the behavior causes the material to be attracted to external magnetic fields. This behavior exists only above the Curie or Neel Temperature. NPO_1151 An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe3O4. iron (II,III) oxide ferrosoferric oxide CHEBI:50821 mass A physical quality that inheres in a bearer in proportion to the amount of matter it contains. It is the property of a substance that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field. PATO:0000125 NPO_1169 cerium An "element" with atomic number 58. NPO_697 "Antineoplastic agent" that kills cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitosis). antimitotic agent MESH: D050256 NCIT: C273 NPO_136 The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684] metabolic process NPO_1004 GO:0008152 metabolism 110 NPO_819 darmstadtium atom An "atom" with atomic number 110. cellular component A material entity, which is the part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. [source: GO] NPO_1008 GO:0005575 molar mass unit unit of molar mass NPO_1184 A unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. UO:0000055 colloid A suspension of particles (dispersed phase) in a liquid medium (dispersion medium or continuous phase). NPO_360 NCIT:C32345 NPO_1150 An iron oxide with the chemical formula FeO. CHEBI:50820 ferrous oxide iron (II) oxide nanosphere NPO_636 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is spherical, porous or non-porous and its diameter is measured in nanometers. NPO_1451 high resolution transmission electron microscopy A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of high resolution transmission electron microscope. CHEBI:33744 iron group molecular entity NPO_1117 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a iron group (Group-8) element. An "iodoacetyl group" is an "organic group" which has the structure -C(=O)-CH2-I. The group is characteristic of an iodoacetyl molecule in which it is attached either to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom via single covalent bond. NPO_128 iodoacetyl group coating agent A "nanoparticle surface agent", which inheres in a molecular entity that 1) can modify the nanoparticle's surface properties like surface charge or surface hydrophilicity; or 2) can be attached to other surface agents which will then be indirectly linked to the nanoparticle. surface modifying agent NPO_827 A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for targeting a material entity. NPO_1395 targeting function CHEBI:25370 molybdenum molecular entity NPO_1127 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of molybdenum. NPO_978 63 europium atom An "atom" with atomic number 63. percent percentage % NPO_1323 UO:0000187 A ratio unit which denotes numbers as fractions of 100. A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity which contains carbon as a principal element. NCIT: C63848 NPO_802 organic definition for "organic" is based on the CHEBI definition for "organic compounds" (CHEBI:25700) NPO_742 An "element" with atomic number 50. tin NCIT: C274 antineoplastic agent antineoplastic drug NPO_777 CHEBI:35610 Anticancer drug, which brings about a cancer therapeutic effect by inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms; i.e., it inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. An "element" with atomic number 51. lead NPO_424 scanning force microscopy NPO_1434 A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of atomic force microscope. atomic force microscopy NPO_987 A "covalent linkage" where a disulfide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. disulfide linkage NPO_776 dendrimer branch A "molecular structure" which describes a branch of "dendrimer," formed by the dendrimer's repeating units. CHEBI:46793 A polymer made by the polymerization of ethylene oxide. poly(ethylene glycol) PEG NPO_444 NPO_985 A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in temperature. temperature-sensitive liquid A fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.[source: NCI] NPO_670 NCIT:C45298 NPO_677 A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a biopolymer. biopolymer-coated nanoparticle A synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. thalidomide NPO_434 NCIT: C870 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindoline-1,3-dione [source: IUPAC] Period 6 Element NPO_911 An element in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. [source]:WordNet NPO_861 cube A regular hexahedron, with six equal squares as faces. An "element" with atomic number 4. beryllium NPO_198 NPO_1038 polyatomic anion An anion which consists of more than one atom. CHEBI:33273 millimolar mM UO:0000063 NPO_1208 A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M. NPO_1508 Physical state which is characteristic of an emulsion. state of emulsion NPO_1372 An oxide of silicon in which a silicon atom covalently bonded (double bond) with two oxygen atoms. CHEBI:30563 silicon dioxide NPO_1403 bioluminescence Chemiluminescence produced by living systems. week NPO_1284 A time unit which is equal to 7 days. UO:0000034 component of nanomaterial NPO_1494 A chemical component that is part of a nanomaterial. nanomaterial component NCIT:C20346 NPO_1433 scanning probe microscopy A microscopy technique based on the use of scanning probe microscope. An element in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_478 Period 3 Element niobium NPO_558 An "element" with atomic number 41. silicon nanotube A "nanotube" which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of silicon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. NPO_762 NPO_363 A "material site" which is the central part of a material entity; which may be hollow / void, or made of other material entities. If the core is void, molecular agents like drugs, imaging agents, etc. can be placed in the void spaces. core NPO_117 A "functional group" which is derived by the removal of one chlorine atom from chlorosulfuric acid, and has the structure -S(=O)(=O)-Cl. The group is characteristic of sulfonyl chloride derivatives. sulfonyl chloride group Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [source: GOC:lr] GO:0012501 programmed cell death NPO_996 NPO_1378 A nanoparticle which exists as a hydrogel. hydrogel nanoparticle CHEBI:23906 NPO_1039 monoatomic cation A cation which consists of a single atom. A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of chitosan chitosan nanoparticle NPO_261 NPO_951 polarity A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence or absence of dipole moments. chemical component A component identified as being part of the chemical make up of a material entity. NPO_1497 NPO_311 amide linkage between primary amine and acid anhydride An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an acid anhydride, through the participation of respective functional groups. An "acyl azide" is an "acyl compound" which is characterized by the presence of acyl azide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. acyl azide derivative NPO_927 acyl azide NPO_554 100 fermium atom An "atom" with atomic number 100. CHEBI:33585 lead molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of lead. NPO_1112 GO:0008092 Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). [source: GOC:mah] NPO_984 cytoskeletal protein binding NPO_248 promethium atom 61 An "atom" with atomic number 61. An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is not in contact with sample's surface. In non contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is attractive. The cantilever is oscillated at a frequency slightly above its resonance frequency where the amplitude of oscillation is typically a few nanometers (<10 nm). The van der Waals forces, which are strongest from 1 nm to 10 nm above the surface, or any other long range force which extends above the surface acts to decrease the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This decrease in resonance frequency combined with the feedback loop system maintains a constant oscillation amplitude or frequency by adjusting the average tip-to-sample distance. Measuring the tip-to-sample distance at each (x,y) data point allows the scanning software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface. NC-AFM Non Contact Atomic Force Microscopy NPO_1449 FIX:0000117 encapsulation efficiency The efficiency inhering in a material entity by virtue of its capacity to encapsulate an amount of another material entity. NPO_1336 MAb monoclonal antibody An antibody produced by a clone or genetically homogenous fast-growing cells i.e., hybridoma. Hybridoma cells are cloned to establish cell lines producing a specific antibody that is chemically and immunologically homogeneous.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] NCIT:C20401 NPO_823 non-polar A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the absence of dipole moments. NPO_786 primary amine group An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2. The group is characteristic of a primary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_502 molecule role in chemical conjugation NPO_292 Role of a molecular entity in the chemical conjugation of two molecules. phosphorus NPO_371 An "element" with atomic number 15. [definition source]: Wikipedia spacer spacer arm NPO_485 Role of a flexible molecular entity that connects two other parts of the same molecule. The frequency of transmitted vibrations. PATO:0001520 frequency of sound NPO_1350 NPO_891 amide linkage between primary amine and acyl azide An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an acyl azide, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_100 NCIT:C63806 cylinder cylindrical cylindrical shape A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, where points on the surface are at a fixed distance from a given straight line (axis of the cylinder). polyketide CHEBI:26188 NPO_789 A "ketone" which is a natural compound containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('β-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A); or another compound derived from it by further condensations. NPO_638 sensitivity to stimulus A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by a stimulus. NPO_1214 nanomolal nm UO:0000071 A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molal or 10^[-9] m. metal oxide NPO_1540 An oxide of metal. A unit of measurement for the force applied to accelerate a mass (an amount of matter). UO:0000107 force unit unit of force NPO_1173 multilamellar vesicle A "liposome vesicle" that has more than one "lipid bilayer", and the bilayers are separated by "hydrophilic" spaces. NPO_433 thulium NPO_972 An "element" with atomic number 69. polypeptide chain NPO_585 A polypeptide, which is part of some protein molecule. The central part of a nanocell. NPO_407 nuclear core of nanocell An "element" with atomic number 44. ruthenium NPO_816 chlorine atom An "atom" with atomic number 17. NPO_305 17 A process of describing the distinctive characteristics (property / quality) or essential features of an object. characterization NPO_1355 An "element" with atomic number 84. NPO_318 polonium CHEBI:33248 A "hydrocarbyl group" is a univalent substituent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon. hydrocarbyl group NPO_559 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 4+. CHEBI:26937 NPO_1065 monoatomic tetracation inhibition of cancer cell growth NPO_914 NCIT: C29895 A process which inhibits or blocks the induction, promotion, maintenance, or completion of cell division in cancer cells. antitumor activity An activity, which involves the killing of tumor cells; or which causes reduction of tumor size. NPO_919 two-dimensional nanostructure NPO_226 A "nanostructure" which has two spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. CHEBI:32877 A "primary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group, and it is characterized by the presence of a primary amine group. It has the structure R-NH2, where R denotes an organic group. primary amine NPO_947 NPO_465 thiol mercaptan A "thiol" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group. It has the structure R-SH, where R denotes an organic group. CHEBI:29256 1-D nanoparticle A "one-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle. NPO_667 one-dimensional nanoparticle NCIT:C16585 flow cytometry NPO_1465 [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] A technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles (e.g., single cells) suspended in a stream of fluid that passes through a beam of light. It allows for multiple analyses of the physical and chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electrical detection apparatus. hertz Hz A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second. NPO_1332 UO:0000106 A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a template consisting of two-dimensional patterning of biological molecules on a surface for biological analysis. nanoarray NCIT:C62340 NPO_691 Drug that blocks the extracellular domain of the membrane receptor. NPO_523 drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor NPO_387 isoprenoid Any lipid which is formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. CHEBI:24913 differential interference contrast microscopy An optical microscopy based on the use of differential interference contrast microscope. NPO_1456 NPO_211 A "linkage" in which two "molecular entities" or parts thereof are joined to form a chemically conjugated molecular entity. attachment chemical conjugation NPO_266 Group 13 Element boron group element An element of Group 13 of the periodic table. substantial entity independent continuant A "continuant" which is a bearer of "dependent continuant" entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. NPO_118 [definition source]: BFO An "element" with atomic number 107. NPO_368 bohrium noble gas A non-metal which is any of the following elements: argon, helium, krypton, neon, radon, xenon. inert element NPO_660 thalium atom An "atom" with atomic number 81. 81 NPO_955 thiol group It is a substituent group from hydrogen sulfide. NPO_910 A "functional group" which has the structure -SH. The group is characteristic of a thiol molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group. sulfhydryl group CHEBI:29917 NPO_974 glutamic acid 2-aminopentanedioic acid Glu CHEBI:18237 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_553 Magnetic quality exhibited in materials which create a weak magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field; thus, causing repulsion of the material in a magnetic field. diamagnetic NPO_1000 polynucleotide A biopolymer composed of nucleotide monomers which are covalently bonded in a long chain. CHEBI:15986 A density quality which is equal to the mass exerting an influence on a given volume. NPO_1274 PATO:0001353 mass density NPO_1393 A main immunoglobulin isotype which is secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.[Source: NCI] IgM NCIT:C569 immunoglobulin M A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a nickel group (Group-10) element. NPO_1120 nickel group molecular entity CHEBI:33747 CHEBI:33246 NPO_1567 Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. inorganic group An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-c1ccccc1)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:28044 phenylalanine 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid Phe NPO_139 in vivo assay NPO_1410 A bioassay conducted inside the body of a living organism. in vivo bioassay The rate of migration (usually in cm/s) per unit electric field strength (usually V/cm) of a charged particle in electrophoresis. electrophoretic mobility NPO_1315 UO:0000095 unit of volume volume unit NPO_1253 A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas. nanosensor NCIT: C62374 A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a sensor/detector of any activity, phenomenon or molecule, within a nanometer-range resolution; it responds to a stimulus by sending a signal that can be measured. NPO_779 An organic compound which has the formula CH3CH(OH)C(OH)=O. alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid CHEBI:28358 2-hydroxypropanoic acid NPO_1557 lactic acid CHEBI:33338 NPO_826 aryl group A "hydrocarbyl group" which is derived from an arene by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. molarity NPO_1190 The number of moles of a solute dissolved in a liter of solution. molar concentration A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "fluorine atom." NPO_825 fluoro group PATO:0001521 sound amplitude The maximum magnitude (value without regard to sign) of the disturbance of a sound wave. NPO_1351 amplitude of sound NPO_1538 A polymeric nanoparticle which consists of molecular components that are pH-sensitive. pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticle hydrophobic core Of micelle Core part of a micelle formed by hydrophobic (non-polar) tails of individual amphiphilic molecules that form the whole micelle in a polar solvent, which has void spaces to include other hydrophobic molecules. NPO_881 nanogram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g. NPO_1183 ng UO:0000024 An "element" with atomic number 92. NPO_952 uranium therapeutic role therapeutic role of molecule NPO_576 Role borne by a molecular entity due to its therapeutic properties. microliter µL NPO_1258 A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L. UO:0000101 An "element" with atomic number 108. hassium NPO_586 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zinc. NPO_1123 CHEBI:27364 zinc molecular entity kilogram per cubic meter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in cubic meters. kg/m^[3] UO:0000083 NPO_1269 cell death The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [source: GOC:ems] NPO_995 GO:0008219 A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-O-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of acid anhydrides. The structure of an "acid anhydride" is R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', in which two acyl groups are bonded to the same oxygen atom; and , R,R' denote hydrogen atoms or organic groups. NPO_894 acid anhydride group Concentration of a chemical or biologic preparation that is likely to cause death in 50% of animals or cells being tested. NPO_1196 NCIT:C16788 LD-50 lethal dose - 50% lethal concentration - 50% LC-50 nanotube NPO_126 NCIT: C73455 A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with etoposide. NPO_464 etoposide-loaded nanoparticle NPO_1334 loading efficiency A quality inhering in a material entity by virtue of it having the capacity to carry an amount of another material entity. antibody NPO_552 NCIT: C16295 MESH:D000906 A type of protein made by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] Imaging of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for the purpose of diagnostic evaluation. diagnostic imaging NCIT:C16502 NPO_1478 NPO_144 An "atom" with atomic number 53. 53 iodine atom NPO_106 hydrophilic core of liposome The aqueous space enclosed by lipid bilayer of a liposome. gold (1+) ion CHEBI:49482 NPO_1061 A monoatomic monocation of gold. nanomaterial A "material entity" which is synthesized, characterized, and which has at least one spatial size dimension distinguishable in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. NPO_199 ZnO zinc oxide NPO_1543 An oxide of zinc. NPO_1189 unit of normality A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution. UO:0000074 CHEBI:46662 mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. NPO_1563 99 einsteinium atom An "atom" with atomic number 99. NPO_654 NPO_393 NCIT: C62369 nanoemulsion A nanoparticle formulation which exists as an emulsion and contains nanoparticles as the dispersed phase. vanadium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of vanadium. NPO_1144 CHEBI:27275 emission Radioactive deactivation of an excited state of a material entity by which energy is transferred from the material entity to an electromagnetic field. NPO_1398 REX:0000303 CHEBI:24867 An ion which consists of a single atom. NPO_1034 monoatomic ion GO:0005488 The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. binding NPO_547 one-dimensional nanostructure NPO_411 A "nanostructure" which has only one spatial size dimension in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. NPO_641 A foreign molecule could be covalently linked to a molecular consitutent or it could occupy a void space/cavity by participating in non-covalent interactions with neighbouring molecular constituents. material site An "independent continuant" which describes any distinguishable point, site or location in a "material entity," and the location is either that of a group of molecular constituents in a "material entity," or the space surrounded by the molecular constituents. NPO_1353 PATO:0001523 The quotient of the speed of a sound wave divided by its wavelength. wavelength of sound The process in which material entities (e.g., nanoparticles) are targeted to tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells, with the help of molecular agents (conjugated to the material entities) that recognize and bind to specific biological molecules at the target location. active targeting NPO_903 sufur atom 16 An "atom" with atomic number 16. NPO_658 Role of a molecular entity in the context of diagnostic imaging. molecule role in diagnostic imaging NPO_599 NPO_729 A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of iron oxide. iron oxide nanoparticle NPO_507 imine linkage between primary amine and aldehyde An "imine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups. non-covalent interaction A "chemical interaction" which is non-covalent in nature and provides the force to hold molecules or parts of molecules together. NPO_940 non-covalent bond A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of technetium. CHEBI:26865 technetium molecular entity NPO_1137 dextran NPO_846 MESH:D003911 A "glucan" which is a high-molecular-weight polymer of d-glucose, produced by enzymes on the cell surface of certain lactic acid bacteria. d-block molecular entity CHEBI:33676 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a d-block element. NPO_1083 A technique for measuring the spectra absorbed or emitted when matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation or light. NPO_1468 NCIT: C17155 spectroscopy spectroscopic technique NPO_427 physiological process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. GO:0008150 biological process [source]: GO NPO_888 state of matter physical state A "quality of continuant", which is the physical condition of a material entity, based on its chemical composition and structure. PEGylated nanoparticle poly(ethylene) glycol-coated nanoparticle PEG-modified nanoparticle PEG-coated nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of polyethylene glycol. NPO_801 mole percentage NPO_1327 A percentage unit of molar concentration which is equal to 100 times the mole fraction (number of moles of solute in proportion to the total number of moles in a solution. % mol percent of total moles mol % curium atom NPO_513 96 An "atom" with atomic number 96. NPO_125 An inner transition element which is any element in the series of 15 radioactive metallic elements with atomic numbers 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium). Actinide UO:0000150 NPO_1279 ns A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a second or 10^[-9] s. nanosecond REX:0000043 fluorescence Photoluminescence which occurs essentially only during the irradiation of a substance by electromagnetic radiation. NPO_1401 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by heat. stimulus of heat NPO_731 A "nanomaterial" which is defined with respect to its end-directed activity/function. NPO_115 nanodevice NPO_852 A long and slender rod, which resembles a needle. needle shape NCIT:C70918 Cmax NPO_1527 The maximum concentration of an experimental substance or drug in the plasma or a target organ after dose administration. [source: NCI] peak concentration maximum concentration unit of cell concentration A concentration unit which denotes the average cell number in a given volume. NPO_1194 UO:0000200 A monoatomic hexacation of molybdenum. CHEBI:49446 NPO_1074 molybdenum (6+) ion UO:0000070 micromolal A molality unit which is equal to one millionth of a molal or 10^[-6] m. µm NPO_1213 A mineral which contains phosphate anions. NPO_1564 CHEBI:46723 phosphate mineral NPO_1383 A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of its exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity. PATO:0001741 radioactive NPO_1311 A measure of the change or movement of mass per unit time. mass rate unit unit of mass rate non-metal NPO_255 A series element which is not a metal. size characterization NPO_1362 A type of physical characterization, which describes the size of an object. 74 An "atom" with atomic number 74. NPO_492 tungsten atom CHEBI:33696 NPO_1001 nucleic acid A polynucleotide which is present in living cells. scandium NPO_929 An "element" with atomic number 21. A monoatomic dication of magnesium. CHEBI:18420 magnesium (2+) ion NPO_1056 functionalizing agent A role which inheres in a material entity by virtue of its ability to add/modify the properties or functions of another material entity by being associated to the latter. . NPO_1492 hydrophobic interaction NPO_388 A "non-covalent interaction" which is a repulsive interaction between hydrophobic molecule or hydrophobic part of an amphiphilic molecule and water molecules in aqueous solutions. It results from energetically favorable interactions between hydrophilic molecules or parts there of and water molecules. An "atom" with atomic number 78. platinum atom NPO_561 78 UO:0000087 kilogram per mole kg/mole A molar mass unit which is equal to one kilogram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. NPO_1185 An anticancer drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. NCIT:C1821 selective estrogen receptor modulator NPO_130 NCIT:C1967 NPO_567 A protein kinase inhibitor, which inhibits tyrosine kinase enzyme, involved with the transduction and processing of many extracellular and intracellular signals including cell proliferation. tyrosine kinase inhibitor NPO_200 A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in pH of the solution containing it. sensitive to PH Change pH-sensitive NPO_842 americium An "element" with atomic number 95. Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to inhibit a protein activity related to the synthesis of DNA. drug that affects protein activity related to DNA synthesis NPO_294 A "nanotube" which consists of one or more graphite sheets (graphene) of hexagonal arrays of carbon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. NPO_606 carbon nanotube dubnium NPO_282 An "element" with atomic number 105. Cyclic ketone having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of ‒CH= groups into ‒C(=O)‒ groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). CHEBI:36141 quinone NPO_774 NPO_1551 spherical nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has spherical shape. A chemical component which occurs as repeated units linked together in a polymer chain. repeat unit NPO_1499 NPO_237 realizable entity A "dependent continuant" which inheres in a "continuant", and which is not realized (exhibited, actualized, manifested or executed) in full at every time it inheres in the "continuant" entity or in a group of entities. It is realized in an occurrent ("process") under certain circumstances - the realization is a manifestation, functioning or a process that occurs under certain circumstances. realizable entities are defined by the fact that they can be realized (manifested, actualized, executed) in occurrents of corresponding sorts. [BFO definition]: A "snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant" ("specifically_dependent_continuant") that inheres in "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. Source: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. Cone NPO_515 A shape, which is the surface of a 3-dimensional object that tapers from a circular base. conical shape conical tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" loaded with tamoxifen. NPO_699 Alkyl group is a substituent group from alkane. NPO_931 alkyl group CHEBI:22323 A "hydrocarbyl group" which is derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom. NPO_1507 Physical state which is characteristic of a colloid. colloidal state NPO_1168 concentration unit A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. UO:0000051 unit of concentration An element of Group 14 of the periodic table. Group 14 Element carbon group element NPO_280 An "element" with atomic number 91. protactinium NPO_253 imaging NPO_1516 A process of capturing, storing, manipulating, and displaying of images. core-shell silica nanoparticle NPO_1572 A silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. NPO_563 covalent linkage An "attachment" which involves the formation of a covalent bond between chemical groups of molecular entities. covalent attachment core-shell nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a core part and a shell part, and both the core and shell are distinguished by their respective material content. NPO_661 sphere An ellipsoid, where every point on the surface is equidistant from the center of the 3-dimensional object. spherical NPO_286 An iron oxide nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron(II,III) oxide. iron (II,III) oxide nanoparticle Fe3O4 nanoparticle NPO_1548 carbonyl-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker NPO_181 A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has a carbonyl-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. NPO_593 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+. dihydrofolate reductase activity GO:0004146 A medical tomographic technique which uses computer to construct a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of an object from a large series of two-dimensional cross-sectional X-ray images of the object, taken around a single axis of rotation. CT NPO_1480 NCIT:C17204 computed tomography [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A fullerene-like nanostructure that consists of graphene cylinders and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. nanohorn NCIT: C62386 NPO_457 A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which resembles a fullerene-like nanostructure and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. ellipsoid NPO_156 A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, having elliptical or circular plane sections. cell GO:0005623 A material entity which is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [source: GO] NPO_1009 m A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of a solution of 1 mole per kilogram of solvent (mol/kg). UO:0000068 NPO_1211 molal NPO_1291 K UO:0000012 Kelvin A thermodynamic temperature unit which is equal to the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. NPO_1266 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters. UO:0000176 milligrams per milliliter mg/mL milligram per milliliter NPO_1377 fluorescent nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has fluorescence property. Internal Stimulus For Nanoparticle Function NPO_752 A "stimulus for nanoparticle function", which originates from a source that is inside the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. CHEBI:33504 A monoatomic cation of alkali metal. NPO_1076 alkali metal cation NPO_140 An "acyl halide" compound is an acyl compound which is characterized by the presence of "acyl halide group." It has the structure R-(C=O)-X, where 'R' denotes an organic group and X denotes a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br or I). acid halide acyl halide chromium group molecular entity NPO_1115 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a chromium group (Group-6) element. CHEBI:33741 NPO_535 An "atom" with atomic number 34. 34 selenium atom single-walled nanotube NPO_157 A "nanotube" which consists of a single layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. An element in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_131 Period 1 Element An "element" with atomic number 94. plutonium NPO_847 An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "fluorine atom." acyl fluoride group NPO_505 A "ketone" which is a cyclic compound containing one or more ketone groups. CHEBI:3992 NPO_373 cyclic ketone stimulus of infrared light NPO_937 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by infrared light. hydrophilic NPO_204 PATO:0001887 hydrophilicity A "quality" which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that has a strong affinity for water molecule; that has a tendency to dissolve in, mix with, soluble in, or be wetted by water. NPO_609 germanium atom 32 An "atom" with atomic number 32. quality of an object quality of continuant A "quality" which inheres in or borne by a continuant. [term source]: PATO NPO_728 PATO:0001241 CHEBI:32988 NPO_769 An amide is an organic compound formally derived from an oxoacid by replacing an acidic hydroxyl group of the oxoacid by an amino or substituted amino group. It is characterized by the presence of an "amide group." amide A "diazo compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "diazo group." It has the structure R=[N+]=[N-], where R denotes an organic group.. NPO_569 diazo compound CHEBI:39444 paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticle NPO_618 A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with paclitaxel. An electric charge quality which signifies zero net charge in the bearer. neutral charge NPO_1307 neutrally charged NPO_1242 m UO:0000008 meter A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of gold element. Au nanoparticle gold nanoparticle NPO_401 NPO_323 105 dubnium atom An "atom" with atomic number 105. NPO_443 An "atom" with atomic number 36. 36 krypton atom 103 An "atom" with atomic number 103. NPO_396 lawrencium atom 95 NPO_704 americium atom An "atom" with atomic number 95. The hollow core region of a nanocapsule. hollow core of nanocapsule NPO_317 NPO_1524 Vd volume of distribution The amount of drug in the body divided by its concentration in the blood. amidine group NPO_725 A "functional group" which has the structure -E(=N-)-NH2, where E could denote carbon (C) or (Sulfur). The group is characteristic of an amidine compound. NPO_463 An element of Group 18 of the periodic table. Group 18 Element noble gas coulomb An electrical charge unit which is equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second. NPO_1294 UO:0000220 C uranium atom NPO_335 An "atom" with atomic number 92. 92 NPO_256 "Enzyme inhibitor" that inhibits the enzymatic activity of topoisomerases. topoisomerase inhibitor NCIT: C1748 An electron microscope which transmits a beam of electrons through a finely sliced section of a specimen/sample and creates an image of the specimen/sample based on its effect on the phase of the electrons that pass through. NPO_1441 TEMs use electrons as "light source" and their much lower wavelength makes it possible to get a resolution a thousand times better than with a light microscope.[source: http://Nobelprize.org] transmission electron microscope NCIT: C78813 TEM An "atom" with atomic number 109. meitnerium atom NPO_480 109 NPO_324 manganese An "element" with atomic number 25. An "atom" with atomic number 73. NPO_497 tantalum atom 73 NPO_147 A "molecular entity" which is either a single molecule or a compound that is constituted by the molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundament unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. compound or molecule 64 gadolinium atom An "atom" with atomic number 64. NPO_753 sample preparation NPO_1489 A process which is the synthesis or preparation of a sample for analysis, testing or characterization. Group 16 Element NPO_105 chalogen An element of Group 16 of the periodic table. NPO_936 An "element" with atomic number 57. lanthanum A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) and with an oxalate bidentate ligand. NPO_749 CHEBI:31941 NCIT:C1181 Oxaliplatin CHEBI:37336 A "contrast agent", which is the role of a radioactive molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using radioactive imaging techniques. NPO_361 radioactive imaging agent NPO_1051 A monoatomic monanion of rubidide. CHEBI:33496 rubidide cellular process cellular physiological process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [source: GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete] NPO_994 GO:0009987 alpha V beta inhibitor NCIT: C2050 An "endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor" that acts by blocking the action of an endothelial cell-surface expressed alpha (v) integrin, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. NPO_510 PATO:0001519 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing. NPO_1349 sound quality Buckyball (C60) or Buckministerfullerene, is a type of fullerene which comprises of 60 carbon atoms arranged in interlocking hexagons and pentagons, like the patches on a soccer ball. Its geometry is roughly spherical and it has a hollow interior. NPO_730 buckyball NPO_763 A "quality" of particles (e.g, nanoparticles) to disperse in an aqueous medium. water-dispersible antimetastatic agent An antineoplastic agent, which prevents or impairs tumor metastasis. NCIT:C2196 NPO_873 carbon nanofiber NPO_602 A "nanofiber" which is composed of graphene layers arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates. Carbon nanofibers with graphene layers wrapped into perfect cylinders are called carbon nanotubes. UO:0000222 kDa A mass unit which is equal to one thousand daltons. NPO_1176 kilodalton NPO_568 iron An "element" with atomic number 26. NPO_414 thioether linkage between thiol and acryloyl compound A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an acryloyl compound, through the participation of respective functional groups. PATO:0000025 A quality of continuant inhering in an object by virtue of the quantities or relative ratios of subparts of the inhering entity. NPO_1344 composition noble gas compound A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a noble gas. NPO_1079 CHEBI:33583 noble gas molecular entity GO:0007067 NPO_712 mitosis Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. [source: GOC:ma, ISBN:0198547684] transcription NPO_1015 The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [source: ISBN:0198506732] GO:0006350 50 NPO_377 tin atom An "atom" with atomic number 50. Nanocantilevers are often used to explore and characterize the surfaces of biological systems. The motion of the device is recorded and transformed mathematically to provide information about these surface characteristics. A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as the simplest micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) that is easily machined and mass-produced for probing nanoscale specimens. nanocantilever NPO_665 nanoparticle response to magnetic field A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to ultrasound. NPO_153 stimulus of pO2 change An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in pO2. NPO_957 A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter. L UO:0000099 liter NPO_1257 NPO_642 A "material site" which is a cavity or space formed within the core and generation layer (between branches) of a dendrimer. It can be occupied by molecules other than those which chemically make up the dendrimer. dendrimer cavity zinc group element Group 12 Element NPO_702 An element of Group 12 of the periodic table. NPO_1046 CHEBI:15858 An anion of bromine. bromide [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI circle circular shape circular An ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. The circle is a closed curve that is the path, traced by a point moving in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point (the circle's center) is a constant. NPO_342 NPO_438 helium atom 2 An "atom" with atomic number 2. UO:0000016 mm millimeter NPO_1244 A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a manganese group (Group-7) element. CHEBI:33743 manganese group molecular entity NPO_1116 intramolecular interaction An attractive type of "chemical interaction" that holds atoms together in a molecule. NPO_313 A "realizable entity" that typically causes a specific process in its bearer (object in which it inheres) when the bearer is introduced into specific circumstances. In addition, these processes occur as a result of the object's physical structure. A disposition invariably or definitely leads to a certain result given certain circumstances (if not, then the "realizable entity" is a "tendency" and not a "disposition"). disposition [BFO definition]: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the "snap:Object" ("object") in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X ("snap:Object" ("object")) has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C. Source:Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. NPO_155 CHEBI:25414 monoatomic monocation A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 1+. NPO_1054 NPO_114 A "hydrophobic" quality which is characteristic of a molecule or chemical substance that has the ability to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats. lipophilic lipophilicity 72 hafnium atom NPO_367 An "atom" with atomic number 72. anticancer drug directed against endothelium NPO_509 Drug that is directed to affect the tumor endothelial cells. An immunoglobulin isotype, which is expressed on naive B cells along with IgM.[Source: NCI] immunoglobulin D NPO_1390 IgD NCIT:C566 NPO_378 45 An "atom" with atomic number 45. rhodium atom NPO_935 27 An "atom" with atomic number 27. cobalt atom A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an iodoacetyl derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. thioether linkage between thiol and iodoacetyl derivative NPO_644 NPO_260 The aqueous space between lipid bilayers (e.g, in a multilamellar vesicle). hydrophilic space between lipid bilayers Receptor mediated endocytosis, which is the process by which cells internalize folate molecules that specifically bind to folate receptors. folate receptor mediated endocytosis NPO_904 pharmacological study pharmacology NPO_1519 Study of the characteristics, effects, and uses of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. An "atom" with atomic number 48. cadmium atom 48 NPO_761 A "nanotube" which consists of two layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. double-walled nanotube NPO_398 caesium atom An "atom" with atomic number 55. 55 NPO_209 NPO_1463 chromatography by separation mechanism A chromatography technique classified based on the mechanism of separation. FIX:0000610 unit of amount of substance substance unit NPO_1216 UO:0000006 A base unit which is a standardized quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition. 70 An "atom" with atomic number 70. NPO_458 ytterbium atom NPO_1055 A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 2+. monoatomic dication CHEBI:30412 nanoparticle formulation NPO_868 A "nanomaterial" which describes a particulate, chemical substance that is formulated systematically using nanotechnology, and it contains nanoparticles and active chemical components / ingredients (molecular structures) . Nanotechnology involves the application of scientific knowledge from multidisciplinary fields of science and engineering, towards understanding, manipulating and controlling the properties of matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) size dimensions. NPO_481 small unilamellar vesicle A "unilamellar vesicle", which has size less than 100 nm. magnetic flux density unit unit of magnetic flux density A unit of measurement for magnetic flux density. NPO_1164 NCIT:C2153 "Enzyme inhibitor" that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by interfering with the conversion of Dihydrofolate to Tetrahydrofolate, causing inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis and protein synthesis. NPO_876 dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor necrosis GO:0070265 NPO_1369 A cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. cellular necrosis NPO_404 39 An "atom" with atomic number 39. yttrium atom ether CHEBI:25698 NPO_230 An "ether" is an "organic compound" in which an oxygen atom is covalently bound to two carbon atoms. It has the structure R-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. NPO_1278 microsecond µs UO:0000029 A time unit which is equal to one millionth of a second or 10^[-6] s. metal nanoparticle NPO_1384 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of a metal. silver NPO_736 An "element" with atomic number 47. NPO_1179 UO:0000009 kg kilogram A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France. A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given solute per kilogram of solvent. UO:0000067 NPO_1188 unit of molality NPO_866 acryloyl derivative acryloyl compound An "acryloyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "acryloyl group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH=CH2, where R denotes an organic group. other non-metal A non-metal which is any of the following elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur. NPO_220 NPO_878 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by visible light. stimulus of visible light selenium molecular entity CHEBI:26628 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of selenium. NPO_1100 multi-walled carbon nanotube NPO_354 A "multi-walled nanotube" which consists of multiple graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_1298 UO:0000248 kV kilovolt maleimide derivative NPO_530 A "maleimide derivative" is an "imide" derived from maleimide by replacing the hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen in maleimide by an organic group. It is characterized by the presence of a maleimide group. praseodymium NPO_579 An "element" with atomic number 59. NPO_1529 bioavailability Fraction of the administered dose which reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. dendrimer generation layer NPO_224 A "molecular structure" which describes an interior layer, formed around the "dendrimer core" by the addition of "dendrimer branches". An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. Leu 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid NPO_285 CHEBI:25017 leucine NPO_1233 2-D extent PATO:0001709 A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in two dimensions. NPO_202 An organic compound or molecule which is characterized by the presence of a functional group. organic functional class CHEBI:33244 percent weight/weight NPO_1324 A percentage unit of concentration which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. percent mass per mass w/w % % w/w mass percentage NCIT:C48528 UO:0000163 percent weight per weight weight-weight percentage 60 neodymium atom An "atom" with atomic number 60. NPO_474 Group 9 Element cobalt group element An element of Group 9 of the periodic table. NPO_630 ribonucleic acid RNA NPO_1003 A nucleic acid which is a derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine. CHEBI:33697 heat generation in response to stimulus of infrared light NPO_926 A "nanoparticle response to infrared light", which involves the generation of heat. A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge 1-. NPO_1043 CHEBI:33429 monoatomic monoanion tumor cell migration NCIT:C19151 NPO_319 Metastasis is the spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer. (NCI) metastasis Try CHEBI:18186 NPO_906 tyrosine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)-C(OH)=OH. electromagnetic radiation quality NPO_1385 PATO:0001291 A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with electromagnetic radiation. Definition is partly based on ASTM E 2456-06 (Terminology for Nanotechnology). A "nanomaterial" which is a particle with average size in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range; which has an identifiable and definite chemical composition, property or function that uniquely define the nanoparticle's type as known; and, which may or may not exhibit a size-intensive property. nanoparticle NPO_707 NPO_1553 fluorescent silica nanoparticle A silica nanoparticle which has fluorescent property. hydrogen An "element" with atomic number 1. NPO_520 An "atom" with atomic number 35. 35 NPO_812 bromine atom mmole NPO_1222 A substance unit equal to a thousandth of a mol or 10^[-3] mol. millimole UO:0000040 electric potential NPO_1300 PATO:0001464 A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential. NPO_1343 A quality inhering in a cell by virtue of its ability or inability to proliferate, grow, divide, or repair damaged cell components. cell viability NPO_432 An "element" with atomic number 49. indium polar aminoacid An aminoacid which is polar in nature. NPO_120 94 NPO_966 An "atom" with atomic number 94. plutonium atom A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] cell cycle phase NPO_999 GO:0022403 66 dysprosium atom An "atom" with atomic number 66. NPO_538 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 6+. monoatomic hexacation NPO_1067 CHEBI:33423 69 NPO_806 thulium atom An "atom" with atomic number 69. copper oxide nanoparticle NPO_1544 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of copper oxide. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of platinum. NPO_1140 platinum molecular entity CHEBI:33749 NPO_1047 An anion of chlorine. CHEBI:17996 chloride NPO_1275 UO:0000003 A base unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. unit of time time unit A monoatomic tetracation of gadolinium. CHEBI:37294 NPO_1071 gadolinium (4+) ion unit of molarity A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given substance per liter of solution. UO:0000061 NPO_1187 NPO_944 Prefi: haloformyl- Suffix: -oyl halide acyl halide group A "functional group" which has the structure R-C(=O)-X, where R denotes an organic group and X, a halogen atom. The group is characteristic of an acyl halide. 71 lutetium atom NPO_587 An "atom" with atomic number 71. NPO_722 palladium atom An "atom" with atomic number 46. 46 A "covalent linkage" where an amide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. amide bond amide linkage NPO_626 a function "f" is a realizable dependent continuant; it has a bearer which is an independent continuant; instances of Function F have realizations; each realization is a) a process in which the bearer is participant; b) that It occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up or structure. c) and this physical make-up is something which the bearer possesses because of how it came into being. A "realizable entity" the manifestation of which is an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant) of a "continuant" entity in virtue of that entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for. [definition source]: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. A "realizable entity", which is a necessary function of the bearer, and it is realized as an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant). NPO_316 function Definition: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") the manifestation of which is an essentialy end-directed activity of a "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entity in virtue of that "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for. wavelength NPO_1346 PATO:0001242 A physical quality which is equal to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. A "material entity" which describes a "molecular entity" or part thereof, based on the chemical composition and/or connectivity between its constituent atoms; or a complex structure composed of molecular entities. NPO_392 CHEBI:24431 molecular structure technique NPO_1405 A systematic procedure or a practical method which is used for accomplishing a task. A molecular entity which consists of more than one atom. polyatomic entity NPO_1023 CHEBI:36357 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [source: EC:2.7.10] NPO_217 protein tyrosine kinase activity GO:0004713 NPO_437 Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to modify the expression of specific genes. Anticancer drug that modifies expression of specific genes NPO_182 An "element" with atomic number 103. lawrencium [definition source]: BFO An "entity" that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants. occurrent perdurant NPO_923 A "functional group" which contains a carboxylic ester bound to a primary or secondary or tertiary amine group. The group is characteristic of a carbamate ester compound. carbamate ester group NPO_986 NPO_1375 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of polymer. polymer nanoparticle polymeric nanoparticle A "nanocantilever" which is composed of gold. NPO_453 gold nanocantilever NIR spectroscopy NPO_1474 near-infrared spectroscopy FIX:0000321 An infrared spectroscopy where the beam of light that irradiates the sample has wavelengths within the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. A "carbonyl group" which is characteristic of a ketone wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via covalent bonds. NPO_614 ketone group NPO_276 aromatic A "quality" inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of a cyclically conjugated molecular entity , with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure. [definition source]: ChEBI Definition of "aromatic" is based on that of an "aromatic compound" (CHEBI:33655) fluid state NPO_1501 Physical state which is characteristic of a fluid. pH-sensitive linker pH-sensitive spacer NPO_963 A spacer, which can be cleaved in response to a change in pH of the solution containing that spacer. NPO_622 An "atom" with atomic number 108. 108 hassium atom 10 NPO_246 An "atom" with atomic number 10. neon atom NPO_213 nickel atom 28 An "atom" with atomic number 28. A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and two chlorine atoms. NPO_608 CHEBI:27899 cisplatin UO:0000023 A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g. µg NPO_1182 microgram PATO:0000001 quality NPO_445 A "dependent continuant" that is exhibited if it inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. For example, compound x is related to "organic compound" through the relation "presence of carbon"; here, the quality that inheres in compound x is "organic") BFO Definition: A "snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant" ("specifically_dependent_continuant") that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property). lithium NPO_782 An "element" with atomic number 3. PATO:0001681 NPO_1170 molar mass A physical quality that inheres in a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. A "lipid membrane" which is two (lipid) molecules thick. NPO_338 lipid bilayer MESH: D008051 water-soluble A "water solubility" quality that gives a molecule or a chemical substance, the ability to dissolve in water. NPO_514 PATO:0001887 soluble in water NPO_733 A pure substance which is made up of atoms with the same atomic number; hence it cannot be decomposed or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different substance, although it can be transmuted into an isotope (different number of neutrons but the same number of protons) through a nuclear reacion. element acryloyl group NPO_215 CHEBI:48077 A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-CH=CH2, and the group is characteristic of acryloyl compounds. carboxylate group NPO_831 A "functional group" derived by the removal of a hydrogen atom from a carboxylic acid, by virtue of which it has structure -C(=O)-[O-]. The group is characteristic of a carboxylate compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via a covalent bond between the oxygen atom and a carbon atom. carboxylic ester linkage between organo hydroxy compound and acid anhydride NPO_466 A "carboxylic ester linkage" which occurs between an organo hydroxy compound and an acid anhydride, through the participation of respective functional groups. external stimulus for nanoparticle function A "stimulus for nanoparticle function", which originates from a source that is outside of the the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. NPO_717 NPO_484 surface of micelle Surface of a micelle formed from polar head groups of constituting amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. NPO_482 A peptide compound in which a carbohydrate component is linked to a peptide component. CHEBI:24396 glycopeptide optical microscopy A microscopy technique based on the use of optical microscope. light microscopy NPO_1431 NPO_1093 astatine molecular entity CHEBI:37138 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of astatine. NCIT:C633 NPO_874 melphalan An L-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard. An "element" with atomic number 104. NPO_809 rutherfordium A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M. nanomolar nM UO:0000065 NPO_1210 NPO_356 A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to ultrasound. nanoparticle response to ultrasound A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of one or more atoms of the same element. homoatomic NPO_1019 A "covalent linkage" where an amidine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_238 amidine linkage NPO_980 rutherfordium atom An "atom" with atomic number 104. 104 An organic heterobicyclic compound which is composed partly or wholly of a pteridine ring system (a pyrimidine ring fused with a pyrazine ring). pteridine compound CHEBI:26373 NPO_900 NPO_791 aromatic aminoacid An aminoacid which is aromatic in nature. NPO_1272 kg/L kilograms per liter kilogram per liter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in liters. UO:0000165 volume percentage percent volume per volume percent volume/volume NCIT:C48571 % vol A percentage unit concentration which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution. percent volume % (v/v) NPO_1325 NPO_448 An element of group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). alkali metal A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a vanadium group (Group-5) element. vanadium group molecular entity CHEBI:33746 NPO_1119 NPO_1409 in vitro assay A bioassay conducted in an artificial environment (e.g., test tube) outside the body of a living organism, under controlled conditions. NCIT:C15958 in vitro bioassay NPO_518 An "element" with atomic number 79. gold Antineoplastic agent that binds to DNA to regulate mechanisms central to cellular function, including DNA replication and gene expression. NCIT: C2842 NPO_939 DNA binding agent dipole-induced dipole interaction A "dipole-dipole interaction" between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule due to attraction between permanent dipole on the polar molecule and temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule is induced by the permanent dipole on the polar molecule. NPO_343 It occurs when a non-polar molecule dissolves in a polar or a dipolar solvent under the assumption that the solute dissolves because the attractive force between the solvent and solute are stronger than the intermolecular forces, holding the non-polar solute molecules together. [definition adapted from NCIT, WordNet, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/chromatography] FIX:0000053 A separation technique for separation of mixtures, in which a mixture dissolved in a mobile liquid or gas medium, is passed hrough a stationary adsorbing medium to separate the components based on differential affinities of the components for the mobile medium and for the stationary medium. NPO_1458 chromatography An "atom" with atomic number 31. gallium atom NPO_483 31 NPO_503 CHEBI:35352 An organonitrogen compound is a heteroorganic compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compound particle diameter Diameter which inheres in a particle. NPO_1539 NPO_134 An organic compound which is derived from fluorescein by replacing a hydrogen atom of the benzene ring (the one that does not contain the hydroxyl groups), with an amine-reactive isothiocyanate group. fluorescein isothiocyanate CHEBI:37926 FITC NPO_212 A "covalent linkage" where a sulfonamide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. sulfonamide linkage NPO_760 A "material site", which describes a material layer surrounding the "core". shell A liquid chromatography technique in which the sample is forced by a liquid (mobile phase) at high pressure, through a column that is packed with a solid stationary phase. high performance liquid chromatography HPLC NPO_1462 high pressure liquid chromatography FIX:0000630 NCIT: C16434 An isotope which releases radiation as it breaks down. NPO_1380 NCIT:C799 radioisotope radionuclide NCIT: C511 antifolate "Antineoplastic antimetabolite" which interferes with folic acid metabolism by inhibiting one or more folate-dependent enzymes, resulting in decreased DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.This role inheres in a molecular entity that has a chemical structure similar to folic acid, a key component in cell proliferation, folate antagonist NPO_460 GO:0004672 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [source: MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN] NPO_953 protein kinase activity DNA replication GO:0006260 NPO_142 DNA biosynthesis DNA synthesis A process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. surface attached agent surface conjugated agent A "molecule role in nanoparticle" which inheres in a molecular entity that is attached to other molecular entities (chemical components) on the surface of a nanoparticle. The agent interacts with other agents or molecules that come in contact with the nanoparticle. nanoparticle surface agent NPO_127 An "element" with atomic number 18. argon NPO_841 An "aldehyde" is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom, and one organic group or another hydrogen atom. It is characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group, and has the structure R-C(=O)H, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. CHEBI:17478 prefix: aldo- suffix: -al aldehyde NPO_415 NPO_855 aliphatic aminoacid An aminoacid which is aliphatic in nature. 5 An "atom" with atomic number 5. boron atom NPO_403 An "arylthioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and a fluorobenzene derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. arylthioether linkage between thiol and fluorobenzene derivative NPO_175 Physical state which is characteristic of a powder. NPO_1515 powdered state M A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). UO:0000062 molar NPO_1207 NPO_1530 A parameter measured or calculated in a pharmacokinetic study. pharmacokinetic parameter PATO:0000011 age NPO_1286 A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long has existed. FIX:0000608 liquid chromatography LC A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. NPO_1461 CHEBI:31355 NCIT: C1282 carboplatin NPO_603 A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue. A "functional group" which has the structure -E(=O)-NH2 or -E(=O)-NH- or -E(=O)-N(-)-, where E could denote one of the following atoms: carbon (C), sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P). The group is characteristic of an amide compound wherein it is attached to organic groups. amide group NPO_229 NPO_756 A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to infrared light. nanoparticle response to infrared light NCIT:C63807 A colloid in which both phases are liquids that are immiscible with each other.[source: WordNet 3.0] emulsion NPO_639 [source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com NPO_250 A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using ultrasound imaging techniques. CHEBI:37337 ultrasound imaging contrast agent contrast agent in ultrasound imaging ultrasound contrast agent NPO_920 purine antagonist purine inhibitor NCIT:C1556 Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of purines. disulfide linkage between two thiols A "disulfide linkage" which occurs between two thiol compounds, through the participation of respective sulfhydryl groups. NPO_887 An immunoglobulin isotype, which has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general. [Source: NCI] NPO_1391 NCIT:C567 IgE immunoglobulin E NPO_549 Drug directed against a tumor cell to affect its division and function. anticancer drug directed against tumor cell CHEBI:38530 NPO_386 A quinazoline compound is a derivative of quinazoline. quinazoline compound An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carboxylic acid, through the participation of respective functional groups.. NPO_807 amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic acid neptunium NPO_727 An "element" with atomic number 93. amine-reactive_and_sulfhydryl-reactive_crosslinker NPO_983 A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has an amine-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. CHEBI:45863 MESH: D017239 Paclitaxel is isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. NCIT:C1411 A diterpenoid, which consists of a tetracyclic core called baccatin III, and an amide tail. paclitaxel NPO_860 aspect ratio A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of longest and shortest dimensions of an object. NPO_1365 NPO_207 The hydrophobic space within the lipid bilayer. hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus NCIT: C2144 An "angiogenesis inhibitor" that acts by blocking the action of endothelial integrins. An endothelial-specific integrin/survival signaling inhibitor binds to and blocks the activity of endothelial-specific integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. NPO_616 survival signaling inhibitor thioether group A "functional group" which has the structure -S-. The group is characteristic of thioether wherein the sulfur atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. NPO_141 SFM NCIT:C78804 [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, http://en.wikipedia.org] atomic force microscope scanning force microscope A scanning probe microscope which consists of a microscale cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The probe is extremely close to - but does not touch-the surface. As the probe traverses the surface, attractive and repulsive forces arising between it and the atoms on the surface induce forces on the probe that bend the cantilever. The amount of bending is measured and recorded, providing a map of the atoms on the surface. Atomic force microscopes can achieve magnification of a factor of 5 × 10^6, with a resolution of 2 angstroms, sufficient to resolve individual carbon atoms. NPO_1445 AFM NPO_461 rod shape rod A cylinder with height greater than the cross-sectional diameter. NCIT:C64352 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by ultraviolet light. NPO_767 stimulus of ultraviolet light NPO_643 fluorochrome NCIT:C503 A "fluorescence imaging contrast agent" which is the role of a molecular entity that emits photons and becomes fluorescent, when it is excited by light of certain wavelength; therefore, it is suitable for use in fluorescence imaging applications. An "element" with atomic number 76. NPO_754 osmium An "amidine group" which has the structure -C(=N-)-NH2. It is characteristic of a carboxamidine compound. NPO_391 carboxamidine group einsteinium NPO_184 An "element" with atomic number 99. NPO_170 protein amino acid binding protein binding GO:0005515 Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [source: GOC:go_curators] NPO_968 8 oxygen atom An "atom" with atomic number 8. NPO_154 An "element" with atomic number 45. rhodium NPO_1512 Physical state which is characteristic of a crystal. crystalline state An oxide of iron. iron oxide NPO_273 A qualitative measure of acidity in the basic pH range. basic alkaline NPO_1202 A "molecular structure" which is formed and held together by non-covalent interactions of molecules. supramolecular structure NPO_337 CHEBI:15428 Gln aminoacetic acid glycine NPO_800 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH2-C(OH)=OH. A nanoparticle which is loaded with gadolinium ions. NPO_1569 gadolinium-loaded nanoparticle NPO_251 calcium An "element" with atomic number 20. neon NPO_328 An "element" with atomic number 10. An antineoplastic agent, which inhibits the synthesis of DNA. NPO_594 DNA synthesis inhibitor An "atom" with atomic number 47. silver atom 47 NPO_770 UO:0000226 NPO_1160 weber Wb V s volt-second A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to the amount of flux that when linked with a single turn of wire for an interval of one second will induce an electromotive force of one volt. An "entity" that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. [definition source]: BFO continuant endurant NPO_259 A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m. NPO_1246 UO:0000018 nm nanometer An "atom" with atomic number 33. NPO_808 33 arsenic atom NPO_112 A "nanotube" which consists of multiple layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. multi-walled nanotube CHEBI:27470 folic acid A "pterin compound" which contains para-aminobenzoic acid and L-glutamate unit conjugated with the pterin structure. NPO_422 unit of mass mass unit NPO_1172 A unit of measurement which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object. UO:0000002 A type of nitrogen mustard. cyclophosphamide CHEBI:4027 NPO_890 size-exclusion chromatography A chromatography technique which uses porous gels to separate solute molecules or particles based on size. gel permeation chromatography NCIT:C16433 FIX:0000626 GPC gel filtration chromatography SEC NPO_1464 NPO_751 stimulus for nanoparticle function A process which describes an action or event that triggers a specific function of a nanoparticle. NPO_740 acyl bromide group An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom." sulfur NPO_796 An "element" with atomic number 16. chromium atom NPO_934 24 An "atom" with atomic number 24. tumor targeting The process of directing a molecule or a particle to a specific location in a tumor. NPO_605 targeting NPO_1435 scanning tunneling microscopy A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of scanning tunneling microscope. A fluorescent silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. NPO_1562 fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticle A "hydrazone linkage" which occurs between a carbohydrazide and a ketone, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_416 hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and ketone An "atom" with atomic number 98. californium atom NPO_872 98 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gallium. gallium molecular entity CHEBI:37111 NPO_1107 Weight inhering in a tumor. NPO_1220 tumor weight inorganic cation CHEBI:36915 NPO_1042 A cation which is inorganic. A "thioyanate compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "thiocyanate group." It has the structure R-S-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. thiocyanate NPO_560 thiocyanate compound A substance which has an ordered 3-dimensional structure due to the closely packed arrangement of constituting atoms, molecules or ions. As a result, the substance has a definite shape and volume, and the shape can be modified under application of a force. NPO_834 solid state of mixture NPO_1505 Physical state which is characteristic of a mixture. Outer surface of a liposome vesicle, formed by the polar head groups of lipid molecules that compose the lipid bilayer. NPO_245 outer hydrophilic surface of liposome property of nanoparticle nanoparticle property A quality which inheres in a nanoparticle. s-block element NPO_718 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital. An "element" with atomic number 83. bismuth NPO_688 CHEBI:22563 NPO_1030 anion An ion which is negatively charged. CHEBI:23377 NPO_1131 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of copper. copper molecular entity Period 4 Element NPO_871 An element in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_243 dysprosium An "element" with atomic number 66. stimulus of pH change An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in pH of the medium. NPO_653 N NPO_1174 UO:0000108 A force unit which is equal to the force required to cause an acceleration of 1m/s2 of a mass of 1 Kg in the direction of the force. Newton NPO_1430 An electron microscopy technique based on the use of transmission electron microscope. transmission electron microscopy A "light source" at the top of the TEM emits the electrons that travel through vacuum in the column of the microscope. Instead of glass lenses focusing the light in the light microscope, the TEM uses electromagnetic lenses to focus the electrons into a very thin beam. The electron beam then travels through the specimen you want to study. Depending on the density of the material present, some of the electrons are scattered and disappear from the beam. At the bottom of the microscope the unscattered electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which gives rise to a "shadow image" of the specimen with its different parts displayed in varied darkness according to their density. The image can be studied directly by the operator or photographed with a camera. [source: http://Nobelprize.org] TEM technique NPO_1484 ultrasound imaging NCIT:C17230 An imaging technique in which ultrasound (sound waves with frequency above the human hearing range) waves are bounced off tissues and the echoes produce a picture (sonogram). A unit of measurement of which is dimensionless. NPO_1154 dimensionless unit iodoacetyl derivative NPO_185 iodoacetyl compound An "iodoacetyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "iodoacetyl group." It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH2-I, where R denotes an organic group or hydrogen atom. A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-O- and it is formally derived from carboxylic acid and organic hydroxy compound. The group is characteristic of a carboxylic ester compound wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. NPO_682 carboxylic ester group 54 An "atom" with atomic number 54. NPO_862 xenon atom CHEBI:33768 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a titanium group (Group-4) element. NPO_1122 titanium group molecular entity thickness A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. NPO_1230 PATO:0000915 NPO_524 The shell of a nanocapsule. shell of nanocapsule NPO_1203 acidic A qualitative measure of acidity in the acidic pH range. arginine 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid Arg An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(NH2)=NH)-C(OH)=OH CHEBI:29016 NPO_875 An "element" with atomic number 111. NPO_570 roentgenium An "acyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an acyl group R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic group and the carbon atom is not bonded to a hydrogen atom or oxygen atom. acyl compound NPO_511 A "functional group" which is formally derived by the removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2 or -NH- or -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of an amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_696 amine group amino group An element of Group 2 of the periodic table. Group 2 Element NPO_625 NPO_1089 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bromine. CHEBI:22928 bromine molecular entity homoglycan A "polysaccharide", which is composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. [definition source]: CHEBI NPO_896 CHEBI:37164 homopolysaccharide NPO_1287 PATO:0000146 temperature A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system. EGFR binding GO:0005154 epidermal growth factor receptor binding TGF-alpha receptor binding EGF receptor binding transforming growth factor alpha receptor binding NPO_165 Interacting selectively with the epidermal growth factor receptor. [source: GOC:ai] 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid His NPO_329 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2c1c[nH]cn1)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:27570 histidine phosphorus atom 15 NPO_710 An "atom" with atomic number 15. carbamate linkage A "covalent linkage" where a carbamate ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. carbamate ester linkage NPO_456 strontium NPO_107 An "element" with atomic number 38. covalent interaction covalent bond NPO_149 An "intramolecular interaction" in which two atoms share one or more electron pairs. tumor angiogenesis NPO_1535 Angiogenesis which is the formation of new blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to a tumor for its growth and maintenance. NCIT:C19361 iron group element An element of Group 8 of the periodic table. Group 8 Element NPO_664 positive charge An electric charge quality which signifies a deficiency of electrons in the bearer. NPO_1305 positively charged NPO_941 hydroxyl group prefix: hydroxy suffix: -ol hydroxy group CHEBI:43176 A "functional group", in which an oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom, and has the structure -OH. The group is characteristic of an organic hydroxy molecule wherein it is attached to a carbon atom via a single covalent bond. NPO_645 A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. topotecan isotope NPO_973 A molecular structure which is one of two or more forms of atoms - of a chemical element-that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Hence an isotope differs from an atom in relative atomic mass and physical properties but not in chemical properties; an isotope is a radioactive form of element. hollow core of nanocage NPO_612 The hollow core region of a nanocage. NPO_405 acyl azide group The structure of an "acyl azide" is R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, in which an acyl group is bound to a diazonium group. A "functional group" which has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes any organic group. The group is characteristic of acyl azide compounds. An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in temperature. stimulus of temperature change NPO_811 NCIT:C18091 gel electrophoresis Electrophoresis method used for separating molecules of proteins and nucleic acids from a sample mixture of similar molecules through a gelatinous matrix. Subject to an electric field, each molecule in the sample mixture migrates through the matrix at a different rate, depending mainly on electrical charge and size, resulting in spatial separation within the matrix of each molecular species in the sample mixture. Agarose and acrylamide in a cylindrical tube or slab gel are commonly used media for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids. NPO_1419 A process that prevents or inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. antineoplastic activity NPO_564 A cation which is organic. CHEBI:25697 NPO_1041 organic cation An "element" with atomic number 6. NPO_857 carbon UO:0000175 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters. grams per liter g/L gram per liter NPO_1271 GO:0003823 Interacting selectively with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. antigen binding NPO_959 An "element" with atomic number 73. NPO_288 tantalum NPO_724 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of a shell and a space, in which desired substances may be placed. It can be cylindrical or spherical in shape. Nanocapsule An "element" with atomic number 110. darmstadtium NPO_488 NPO_451 A "covalent linkage" where a thioester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. thioester linkage An area unit which is equal to 10^[-18] m^[2]. NPO_1252 nm^[2] square nanometer NPO_833 The porous shell of a nanocage. porous shell of nanocage NPO_320 An ellipsoid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis or minor axis. spheroid A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence of dipole moments. polar NPO_410 A "molecular role" inhering in a protein molecule by virtue of the protein's function. protein role NPO_192 A transmission electron microscope which operates at an imaging mode that allows the imaging of the crystallographic structure of a sample at an atomic scale. In this mode, the transmitted and the diffracted beams of electrons are allowed to interfere to produce phase-contrast images. HRTEM [definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org] high resolution transmission electron microscope NPO_1452 solid lipid nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" whuch is basically composed of solidified lipid molecules. NPO_631 imine group NPO_536 A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=N-)-. The group is the characteristic of an "imine." surface property A quality inhering in the surface of an object. NPO_1364 TMP synthetase activity thymidylate synthase activity GO:0004799 thymidylate synthetase activity NPO_820 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = dihydrofolate + dTMP. [source: EC:2.1.1.45] methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity dTMP synthase activity 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity antineoplastic alkylating agent DNA crosslinking agent, which alkylates DNA. NPO_235 arsenic molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of arsenic. CHEBI:22632 NPO_1094 NPO_1226 PATO:0001708 A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extension in one dimension. 1-D extent A "polyketide" which has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine. NPO_539 anthracycline CHEBI:48120 ellipse elliptical elliptical shape [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI NPO_850 A shape, which is a closed, curve whose path is traced by a point moving in a plane such that the sum of its respective distances from two fixed points (the ellipse's foci) is constant. preferred name is borrowed from CHEBI:33259. But the term's definition is different from that of CHEBI:33259. A polyatomic entity which consists of a single element. homoatomic molecular entity NPO_1025 NPO_799 An "element" with atomic number 74. tungsten stimulus of light NPO_412 stimulus of electromagnetic radiation An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by light. A coordination compound which contains platinum as the central atom. CHEBI:33862 NPO_297 platinum coordination compound An "element" with atomic number 65. terbium NPO_775 An "isothiocyanate" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "isothiocyanate group." It has the structure R-N=C=S, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_844 isothiocyanate organic compound organic molecule organic compound or molecule A compound or molecule, in which carbon is the principal element. NPO_764 [definition source]: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html electronegativity NPO_421 A "quality" that measures the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself. magnesium atom An "atom" with atomic number 12. NPO_977 12 cm^[3]/mole UO:0000090 NPO_1262 A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic centimeter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. cubic centimeter per mole NPO_1503 Physical state which is characteristic of a vapor. vapor state A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iron. CHEBI:24873 iron molecular entity NPO_1134 sample composition NPO_1488 Composition of a sample. An iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran. iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran NPO_1549 dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of hydroxyapatite. NPO_1568 hydroxyapatite nanoparticle A "material site" which describes a nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. NPO_768 NCIT:C62343 [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. nanopore CHEBI:23849 Diterpenoid A terpenoid which has a C20 skeleton. NPO_659 polyatomic cation CHEBI:33702 NPO_1040 A cation which consists of more than one atom. A "covalent linkage" where an imine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. imine linkage NPO_526 europium An "element" with atomic number 63. NPO_516 A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with doxorubicin. NPO_145 adriamycin-loaded nanoparticle doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle NPO_1370 A nanoparticle which has magnetic property. magnetic nanoparticle double-walled carbon nanotube A "double-walled nanotube" which consists of two graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_301 NCIT:C45304 suspension A mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy.[source: WordNet 2008] NPO_532 adriamycin 14-hydroxydaunorubicine An "anthracycline" which is (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. It has a parent hydride, tetracene, and has substructures that classify it as a deoxy hexoside, and a quinone. CHEBI:28748 NPO_788 doxorubicin NPO_628 A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of having or not having the ability to be ionized. ionizability NPO_546 [definition source]: ChEBI CHEBI:24870 A molecular entity that has a net electric charge. ion 25 manganese atom NPO_171 An "atom" with atomic number 25. CHEBI:29105 A monoatomic dication of zinc. zinc (2+) ion NPO_1053 superparamagnetic Magnetic quality -similar to paramagnetism - which is exhibited in materials when the temperature of the material is below the Curie temperature. NPO_859 An "atom" with atomic number 13. aluminium atom 13 NPO_103 acidity A quality inhering in an entity by virtue of it containing acid (hydrogen ions). NPO_1197 PATO:0001842 other metal A metal which is any of the following elements: aluminium, bismuth, gallium, indium, lead, hallium, tin. NPO_459 poor metal NPO_706 calcium atom 20 An "atom" with atomic number 20. NPO_1270 grams per cubic centimeter g/cm^[3] gram per cubic centimeter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in cubic centimeters. UO:0000084 An "element" with atomic number 5. NPO_233 boron NPO_132 sulfonyl chloride derivative A "sulfonyl chloride derivative" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "sulfonyl chloride group." It has the structure R-S(=O)(=O)-Cl, where R denotes an organic group. The amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow NPO_1163 magnetic flux density An "atom" with atomic number 90. NPO_716 thorium atom 90 nanoparticle in sample A nanoparticle which exists as part of a nanoparticle sample. NPO_1491 A gaseous state of matter that is a solid or liquid at normal room temperature. [source:NCI] NCIT:C63390 NPO_854 vapor NPO_1099 CHEBI:25806 oxygen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of oxygen. thorium An "element" with atomic number 90. NPO_652 amount of substance A physical property which denotes the amount of substance (matter). NPO_1217 CHEBI:23003 NPO_828 A "carbamate ester" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "carbamate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-NH2 or R-O-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-O-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R, R', R" denote organic groups. carbamate ester An anion of fluorine. CHEBI:17051 NPO_1048 fluoride A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom." bromo group NPO_339 NPO_895 crystal crystalline solid A solid which is formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure. NCIT:C61303 NCIT: C390 A "diagnostic imaging agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that is used during an imaging procedure to allow the delineation of biological structures in their images. Contrast agents appear opaque due to the difference in absorption of X-rays or other electromagnetic waves and surrounding tissue. NPO_325 contrast agent NPO_1037 organic anion CHEBI:25696 An anion which is organic. NPO_1417 centrifugation A separation technique which uses a centrifuge to generate a centrifugal force for separating fluids of different densities from mixtures or for separating liquids from solids. Da A mass unit which is equal to one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the carbon-12 nuclide, at rest and in its ground state. dalton UO:0000221 NPO_1175 depth A 1-D extent downward or backward or inward. PATO:0001595 NPO_1232 NPO_399 A "quality" which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that lacks affinity for water; does not dissolve in or mix with water. hydrophobicity hydrophobic PATO:0001885 An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one millionth of a volt or 10^[-6] V. µV NPO_1299 UO:0000249 microvolt An "imine linkage" which occurs between a secondary amine and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_580 imine linkage between secondary amine and aldehyde density A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by its mass. NPO_1273 PATO:0001019 CHEBI:22916 boron molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of boron. NPO_1104 NPO_203 DNA topoisomerase type I activity Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle. methotrexate-loaded nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with methotrexate. NPO_104 NPO_274 The spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance. [source: NCI, WordNet] shape "Quality" which exactly or approximately describes the external form or outline of something as distinct from its substance. carbon molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of carbon. NPO_1113 NPO_351 A compound or molecule, in which carbon is not the principal element. inorganic compound or molecule inorganic molecule inorganic compound CHEBI:33422 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 5+. NPO_1066 monoatomic pentacation lead atom NPO_613 51 An "atom" with atomic number 51. NPO_504 thioether linkage A "covalent linkage" where a thioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_991 hafnium An "element" with atomic number 72. thiocyanate group NPO_221 A "functional group" which has the structure N#C-S-. The group is characteristic of a thiocyanate organic molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. A "passive targeting" process, which describes the accumulation of particulate substances in angiogenic tumors due to enhanced permeability of particles across leaky tumor endothelium and retention of the particles inside the tumor due to its defective lymphatic drainage system. [definition source]: Y. Matsumur and H. Maeda, "A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent Smancs," Cancer Research, 46, 6387-6392 (1986). EPR targeting of cancer cells via EPR enhanced permeability and retention effect NPO_837 CHEBI:29033 iron (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of iron. NPO_1057 GO:0051301 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. [source: GOC:go_curators] cell division NPO_545 volt V An electric potential difference unit which is equal to the work per unit charge. One volt is the potential difference required to move one coulomb of charge between two points in a circuit while using one joule of energy. UO:0000218 NPO_1296 molecular component in dendrimer A chemical component that is part of a dendrimer. NPO_180 NPO_551 A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in which gold quantum dots are entrapped. gold quantum dot-entrapped poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle NPO_1031 An ion which is organic. organic ion CHEBI:25699 NCIT: C344 carbohydrate The generic term 'carbohydrate' includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar' is frequently applied to monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [definition source]: CHEBI CHEBI:23008 MESH: D002241 NPO_423 A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is a capillary tube with diameter in the nanometer range. Nanopipettes made from standard quartz capillary tubes are known to detect single molecules which are labeled with gold nanoparticles. NPO_447 nanopipette NPO_1408 assay A technique which is used to 1) analyze or measure (qualitatively/quantitatively) the composition and quality of a substance; or, 2) to analyze a process or activity. NPO_755 metalloid An element with properties between a metal and a non-metal. A "covalent bond" in which the sharing of electron pair is unequal due to difference in the electronegativities of atoms that share the electron pair. polar covalent bond NPO_683 NPO_517 role is a realizable_entity whose manifestation brings about some result or end that is not typical of its bearer in virtue of the latter's physical structure. Rather role is played by an instance of the corresponding kind of continuant entity because this entity is in some special natural, social or institutional set of circumstances. (Source: Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.) At the instance-level, a role y is filled by x which is an instance of an independent continuant( x which takes the role of y: x is the filler, y is the role). A role y has a context P (e.g. an occurrent in which x is a participant). Every role term has its own qualities and behavior, given the context. role [BFO definition]: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. A "realizable entity" the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a "continuant" in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of "continuant" in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. Van Der Waals Interaction dipole-dipole interaction An "intermolecular interaction" between molecules (polar or non-polar) due to attraction between permanent or temporary molecular dipoles. NPO_582 68 erbium atom NPO_967 An "atom" with atomic number 68. NPO_651 An "element" with atomic number 88. radium An oxide of silicon. NPO_1371 CHEBI:33327 silicon oxide A heteroorganic compound is an organic compound in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic molecule heteroorganic entity heteroorganic compound NPO_293 NPO_1416 separation method separation technique A technique which is used to separate substances from mixtures. CHEBI:33582 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-14 element. carbon group molecular entity NPO_1088 NCIT:C73489 A colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid.[source: WordNet 2008] NPO_835 sol A relation which indicates the type of process that determines the value of a parameter. parameter determined from A relation that indicates the quantity associated with a unit of measure. It is an inverse relation of "has unit of measure". unit of has attached component part has conjugated component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component in a nanoparticle formulation is attached or chemically conjugated to some other chemical components of the same nanoparticle formulation by a method of attachment. has application A relation which indicates the application of an entity. A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent that has other participating continuants, which holds iff at every time t an instance of the occurrent is created, there is at least one instance of the continuant participating in it at time t1 > t, and it is formed / derived from the instances of those continuants that participate at time t. has output participant A relation which indicates that the type of instrument used in a process. uses instrument A relationship that indicates the response caused by a stimulus. (e.g., the response caused by the action of a stimulus on a nanoparticle) stimulus causes response A relationship to indicate that a class is related to another class. has relation to A relation which indicates the technique used for accomplishing a purpose. has technique technique used for A relation which indicates the process for which the technique is used. has unit of measure A relation which indicates the unit of a measured quantity. has unit A relation between a quality and its bearer. quality inheres in A relation which indicates the property described by a characterization process. describes property inhibits Relation between a continuant and a process that is inhibited by the continuant. blocks Relation between an independent continuant and a role. has role e.g., X (molecular entity) has_role Y (role), i.e, X fills the role of Y [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) If C is an independent continuant and C1 a role continuant class, then C has_role R1 means that every instance of C fills some instances of role C1 everytime the role is realized in a particular context. A relation which indicates the type of process that determines a qualitative or quantitative measure of the property. property determined from A relationship to indicate that one atom has a covalent bond with another atom. has bond with A relation which indicates the quality inhering in an entity. It is a general relation between any class and subclasses of Quality. has quality has participant If P is an occurrent class and C a continuant class, then P has_participant C means that every instance of P involves some instances of C as participants. [formal definition]: P has_participant C hold true, if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that c instantiates C at t and p has participant c at t. Examples: nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has_participant drug-loaded nanoparticle (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the occurrent is created, it has atleast one instance of the continuant participating in it at the same time. has function A relationship that indicates the function inhering in an entity. A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) becomes encapsulated - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of encapsulation. has encapsulated component part A relationship that indicates the function of a continuant, realized as a process. has function realized as process A relationship to indicate that one atom has a triple covalent bond with another atom. has triple bond with A relationship to indicate tnat one atom has a single covalent bond with another atom. has single bond with has double bond with A relationship to indicate that one atom has a double covalent bond with another atom. participates in A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the continuant is created, it participates in atleast one instance of the occurrent at the same time. [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) If C is a continuant class and P an occurrent class, then C participates_in P means that every instance of C participates in some instances of P. [formal definition]: C participates_in P if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C there is some occurrent p, and some time t, such that p instantiates P and c participates in p at t. Example: catalyst participates_in catalytic reaction fluorometer participates_in measurement of fluorescence intensity is_participant_of is composed of has component part A relation used between material continuants where one is composed of the other. In the NPO, this relation is used mostly for representing the composition of nanoparticle formulations or nanoparticles. C has_component_part C1, means that every instance c of C is prepared from some instances c1 of C1 and a significant material portion of c1 becomes part of the constituting material of c when c begins to exist. A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) is entrapped - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of entrapment. has entrapped component part function of A relationship that indicates the bearer inhering a function. A relationship between a continuant and a process that is regulated by the continuant. regulates If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P has_part P1 means that every instance of P has part some instances of P1. [formal definition]:P has_part P1 if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some occurrent p1 that instantiates P1 such that p1 is part of p. Examples: covalent linkage has_part covalent interaction visualization of cellular uptake of nanoparticles has_part imaging of nanoparticles If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C has_part C1 means that every instance of C at any time has part some instances of C1 at the same time. [formal definition]: C has_part C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c1 is part of c at t. Examples: fluorescein isothiocyanate has_part isothiocyanate group gold quantum dot has_part gold core-shell nanoparticle has_part core core-shell nanoparticle has_part shell (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) has part Transitive parthood relation in which one entity has itself, or another entity as a part, and the relation is valid for use only between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. Transitive parthood relation in which one entity is part of another entity, and the relation is valid for use between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. part of is part of [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P part_of P1 means that every instance of P is part of some instances of P1. [formal definition]: P part_of P1 holds true if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some process p1 that instantiates P1 such that p is part of p1. Examples: drug release from nanoparticle during systemic circulation part_of systemic circulation of drug-loaded nanoparticle If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C part_of C1 means that every instance of C (c) at any time is part of some instances of C1 (c1) at the same time []. Note that whenever we read "some instances" it should be understood as reading "one or more instances". [formal definition]: C part_of C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c is part of c1 at t. Examples: carboxyl group part_of carboxylic acid dendrimer generation layer part_of dendrimer hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer part_of lipid bilayer hollow core of nanocage part_of nanocage A parthood relation that holds when C is part of C and C1 has part C, where C and C1 are continuant classes. is integral part of e.g.,carbon atom is_integral_part_of carbon (carbon is_a element) [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) atomic number The number of protons in an atom. It begins with the prefix "NPO_" followed by a number (e.g., NPO_250). The smallest code value is NPO_100 of class Cylinder. The property code is used to indicate a unique identification code for every class in the NPO. code preferred_name The property preferred name is used to indicate the preferred name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. definition The property definition is used to indicate the meaning or definition of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. The property synonym is used to indicate an alternate name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. synonym The property dBXrefID is used to indicate the reference ID of a class from an external CV / ontology / database. dBXrefID