http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/npo Dennis G. Thomas NanoParticle Ontology (NPO): Ontology for cancer nanotechnology research. 1.0 PIs: Nathan A. Baker and Rohit V. Pappu; Washington University in St. Louis A nanoparticle which is mainly composed of a metal oxide. NPO_1541 metal oxide nanoparticle [definition: adapted from http://nobelprize.org; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope ] NPO_1443 An optical microscope which is used to study the properties of a specimen or sample based on the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence. The microscope has a filter which allows radiation of a specific wavelength of light to pass through.The specimen or the sample contains components labeled with a fluorescent molecule which absorbs this light, and then emits light of a longer wavelength. A second filter of the microscope separates the emitted light from the brighter excitation light (shorter wavelength). As a result, the fluorescing regions of the sample shine out against a dark background with high contrast, when observed through the microscope. fluorescence microscope physicochemical characterization NPO_1356 A type of characterization, which describes the physicochemical (material and structural) properties of an object. A "covalent linkage" where an isothiourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. isothiourea linkage NPO_231 NPO_657 angiogenesis GO:0001525 blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. NPO_275 An "element" with atomic number 55. caesium An "amidine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an imidoester, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_637 amidine linkage between primary amine and imidoester Characterization of nanoparticles or nanoparticle formulations NPO_1413 nanoparticle characterization tertiary amine NPO_832 A "tertiary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a tertiary amine group. It has the structure R-N(-R")-R', where R,R' and R" denote organic groups. CHEBI:32876 A "nanoparticle response to magnetic field", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_662 drug release from nanoparticle in response to magnetic field oxygen NPO_615 An "element" with atomic number 8. deoxyribonucleic acid NPO_1002 DNA A nucleic acid composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar and linked by phosphodiester bonds. DNA contains the genetic information of organisms. NPO_851 An "element" with atomic number 100. fermium contrast agent in fluorescence imaging An "optical imaging contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that is fluorescent, and provides contrast in images captured using fluorescence imaging techniques. NPO_166 fluorescence imaging contrast agent chloro group NPO_758 A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "chlorine atom." An "atom" with atomic number 83. NPO_369 bismuth atom 83 dendrimer MESH:D050091 [MeSH definition]: Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS. A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional tree-like architecture, synthesized from monomers where shells of branched molecules are added in discrete steps to a central core. NPO_735 [NCI_THESAURUS definition]: A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are synthesized from monomers and new branches are added in discrete steps to form a tree-like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is achieved through step-wise reactions and purification at each step to regulate the size, architecture, functionality and monodispersity of the molecules. These polymers have desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a polyvalent array of surface groups that make them potential drug delivery vesicles. NPO_1109 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silicon. CHEBI:26677 silicon molecular entity disulfanedyl group A "functional group" which has the structure -S-S-. The group is characteristic of an organic disulfide molecule wherein it is attached to organic groups. CHEBI:29826 NPO_884 stimulus of ultrasound NPO_477 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by ultrasound. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of sulfur. sulfur molecular entity NPO_1101 CHEBI:26835 neptunium atom 93 NPO_304 An "atom" with atomic number 93. NPO_1429 An electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning electron microscope. SEM technique scanning electron microscopy CHEBI:33822 hydroxy compound organic hydroxy compound An organic compound which is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms. NPO_201 NPO_348 An "element" with atomic number 62. samarium mercury molecular entity CHEBI:25196 NPO_1125 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of mercury. neutral pH NPO_1201 pH of value equal to 7. NPO_330 diazonium compound A "diazonium compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "diazonium group." It has the structure R-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. An attractive non-covalent interaction between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules. intermolecular interaction NPO_655 Interacting selectively with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [source: GOC:clt] GO:0015631 tubulin binding NPO_814 NPO_734 An "imine" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbon-nitrogen double bond, and has the structure R-C(=N-R")-R', where at least one of R,R',R" is a hydrocarbyl group while the remaining being hydrogen atoms. imine CHEBI:24783 NPO_648 arylthioether linkage A "covalent linkage" where an arylthioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. succinimidyl carbonate group NPO_234 A "functional group", the structure of which consists of a saturated cyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; and each of the two carbon atoms, adjacent to the nitrogen atom, are bonded to an oxygen atom via a double bond, while the nitrogen atom is bonded to one oxygen atom of the carbonate group. An "element" with atomic number 2. NPO_901 helium frequency unit UO:0000105 A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. NPO_1331 gamma-tubulin binding GO:0043015 NPO_512 Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] NPO_737 An "antineoplastic agent" isolated naturally from microorganisms or synthesized chemically that kills or inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Antineoplastic antibiotics can interfere with the normal function of cellular nucleic acids and proteins. NCIT: C259 antineoplastic antibiotic antitumor antibiotic anticancer antibiotic NPO_1440 SEM An electron microscope which scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons and detects the interaction of the electrons with the atoms on the surface to produce a topographical image of the sample. scanning electron microscope NCIT:C78814 An element in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_849 Period 7 Element pharmacokinetic property NPO_1521 A property that is characteristic of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug by the body. A process or action of identifying the presence of something. NPO_1425 detection poly(amidoamine) dendrimer NPO_965 PAMAM dendrimer A dendrimer which contains amide molecules as branches; tertiary amines as branching points and primary amine groups as the terminal or end groups. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a zinc group (Group-12) element. CHEBI:33673 NPO_1114 zinc group molecular entity CHEBI:16042 NPO_1045 An anion of halogen element. halide anion rubidium atom 37 An "atom" with atomic number 37. NPO_347 area unit UO:0000047 NPO_1248 A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of a 2-dimensional surface. unit of area electric charge charge NPO_1292 A property of matter responsible for electrical phenomena. NPO_1032 An ion which is inorganic. CHEBI:36914 inorganic ion cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] GO:0034961 NPO_1007 cellular biopolymer biosynthesis NPO_247 imide linkage A "covalent linkage" where an imide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. A substance unit which is equal to the amount of substance of a molecular system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. mole NPO_1221 mol UO:0000013 A quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary. NPO_1228 diameter PATO:0001334 NPO_1354 UO:0000259 dB A unit which is an indicator of sound power per unit area. decibel Fe2O3 nanoparticle iron (III) oxide nanoparticle NPO_1550 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron (III) oxide. 42 molybdenum atom An "atom" with atomic number 42. NPO_772 radon atom NPO_531 An "atom" with atomic number 86. 86 UO:0000075 normal A unit of concentration which is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given molecule. N NPO_1215 CHEBI:17822 Ser 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-OH)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_494 serine An "element" with atomic number 31. NPO_287 gallium NPO_222 An "atom" with atomic number 9. fluorine atom 9 CHEBI:33964 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silver. NPO_1133 silver molecular entity PATO:0000547 photosensitive A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its exhibiting photosensitivity. NPO_1348 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chromium. chromium molecular entity CHEBI:23237 NPO_1126 NPO_1510 Physical state which is characteristic of a sol. sol biopolymer metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] GO:0043283 biopolymer metabolism NPO_1013 An organic molecule or compound, which consists of two or more amino acids linked by covalent bonding between the amino group of one aminoacid and the carboxyl group of the other. peptide NPO_469 MFM magnetic force microscope A scanning probe microscope which is derived from atomic force microscope, having a magnetized tip that map the spatial distribution of magnetism by measuring the magnetic interactions between the sample and the tip. It is used to study magnetic materials. NPO_1447 [definition: adapted from http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] A "nanoparticle response to stimulus", which occurs in response to the external stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. NPO_146 nanoparticle response to external stimulus An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-SH)-C(OH)=OH. cysteine 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid NPO_384 Cys CHEBI:15356 A "nanocage" composed of gold element. NPO_197 Gold nanocages, some 40 nanometers in diameter can be made by replacing the silver atoms of silver nanotubes. gold nanocage REX:0000044 A photoluminescence which is long-lived compared to fluorescence, and involves change in spin multiplicity, typically from triplet to singlet or vice versa. The luminescence from a quartet state to a doublet state is also phosphorescence. [source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04569.htm] phosphorescence NPO_1444 monoatomic polycation CHEBI:25430 A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge greater than 2+. NPO_1063 The rate of change or movement in the mass (amount of matter) of a physical object. mass rate NPO_1310 A molecular entity which contains no carbon. NPO_1027 CHEBI:24835 inorganic molecular entity A process, which describes the function or activity of a nanoparticle, occurring in response to a stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. nanoparticle response to stimulus NPO_565 cellular biopolymer metabolism NPO_1012 cellular biopolymer metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] GO:0034960 A synthetic copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid. NPO_1556 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA polymer PLGA NPO_701 stimulus of sound An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by sound. Toxicity that impairs or damages cells, and it is a desired quality for the killing of growing tumor cells. NCIT:C27988 cytotoxicity NPO_1340 NPO_1333 PATO:0001029 efficiency A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the output to the input. NPO_897 56 barium atom An "atom" with atomic number 56. A type of physical characterization which describes the molecular weight of a molecular entity. NPO_1359 molecular weight characterization NCIT:C16809 MeSH:D008279 NPO_1483 A non-invasive imaging method of creating images of internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. [definition: adapted from MeSH] MRI magnetic resonance imaging An "amide group" which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-[*])-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of an imide compound. imide group NPO_394 A "molecule component in dendrimer" which repeats to form the branches of a "dendrimer". dendrimer repeat unit NPO_621 technetium NPO_726 An "element" with atomic number 43. An element of Group 4 of the periodic table. titanium group element Group 4 Element NPO_358 mean diameter A measure of diameter obtained by dividng a sum of several diameter values by the total number of values. average diameter NPO_1366 technetium atom An "atom" with atomic number 43. 43 NPO_679 An "aryl halide" derived from fluorobenzene. fluorobenzene derivative NPO_441 [definition source]: BFO process aggregate NPO_397 A "processual entity" that is a meriological sum of "process" entities and possesses non-connected boundaries. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. p-block molecular entity CHEBI:33675 NPO_1078 A "protein" that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed. It does not contain a prosthetic group. simple protein [definition source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com, L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition NPO_163 yttrium An "element" with atomic number 39. NPO_739 NPO_1285 PATO:0000165 time A quality in which events occur in sequence. An "element" with atomic number 13. aluminium NPO_314 NPO_942 nobelium An "element" with atomic number 102. An antibody which has molecular mass of 150-950 kDa, and consists of one or more basic units of four polypeptide chains comprising of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulphide links. NPO_1388 Ig immunoglobulin NCIT:C572 A cyclic organic compound, which has ring members that are atoms of carbon and at least of one other element such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen. organic heterocyclic compound NPO_692 CHEBI:24532 germanium molecular entity NPO_1111 CHEBI:33584 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of germanium. NCIT:C17738 NPO_1476 fluorescence spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique which analyzes fluorescence spectra from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light of a lower energy, typically, but not necessarily, visible light. An anti-adhesion agent, which inhibits lectin, a protein that binds carbohydrate on cell surfaces and causes cell agglutination. lectin inhibitor NPO_440 NCIT:C2120 An "imide group" derived from maleimide by the removal of a hydrogen atom that was attached to nitrogen atom of the parent maleimide. The group is characteristic of any maleimide derivative. maleimide group NPO_431 isoelectric point NPO_1204 The pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge. carbohydrate-coated nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a carbohydrate. NPO_537 Spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. REX:0000290 NPO_1399 luminescence hollow core of nanoshell NPO_472 The hollow core of a nanoshell therapeutic payload NPO_1533 A nanoparticle payload agent which has therapeutic function. A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] GO:0022402 NPO_998 cell cycle process A unit which is a measure of the quantity of charge. charge unit electric charge unit NPO_1293 A "nanoparticle response to ultrasound", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_715 drug release from nanoparticle in response to ultrasound MW The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule. molecular weight NPO_1171 Physical state which is characteristic of a suspension. NPO_1506 state of suspension A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in milliliters. microgram per milliliter NPO_1267 µg/mL micrograms per milliliter A substance which is composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated. mixture NPO_283 A type of characterization, which describes a property/quality that indicates the behavior of the object in vitro. NPO_1357 in vitro characterization NPO_435 An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits thymidylate synthase, an enzyme that catalyses the de novo synthesis of deoxythymidylate and acts as a key rate-limiting enzyme of DNA synthesis. thymidylate synthase inhibitor thymidylate synthetase inhibitor unit of temperature temperature unit UO:0000005 A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. NPO_1288 NPO_787 An "atom" with atomic number 21. 21 scandium atom Physical state which is characteristic of a gel. NPO_1509 gel state linkage between primary amine and isothiocyanate An "isothiourea linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an isothiocyanate, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_372 magnesium An "element" with atomic number 12. NPO_249 An "element" with atomic number 11. sodium NPO_907 cobalt An "element" with atomic number 27. NPO_795 An "element" with atomic number 80. NPO_216 mercury 76 osmium atom NPO_349 An "atom" with atomic number 76. An element of Group 1 of the periodic table. Group 1 Element NPO_162 F degree Fahrenheit NPO_1290 A temperature unit on the Fahrenheit scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point is 212 degrees at standard conditions, placing the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. -40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to -40 degrees Celsius. kV h NPO_1162 kilovolt-hour UO:0000230 A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to one thousand volt-hours. An "isocyanate" is an "organic compound" characterized by the presence of "isocyanate group." It has the structure R-N=C=O, where R denotes an organic group. isocyanate compound NPO_519 molybdenum (5+) ion A monoatomic pentacation of molybdenum. CHEBI:30511 NPO_1073 An organic compound or molecule, which has a functional parent, podophyllotoxin; which has substructure that classifies it as a beta-D-glucoside. (5S,5aR,8aR,9R)-9-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-oxo-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexahydrofuro[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl 4,6-O-[(1R)-ethylidene]-β-D-glucopyranoside CHEBI:4911 NPO_168 etoposide An ion which is positively charged. CHEBI:36916 NPO_1029 cation An "element" with atomic number 53. NPO_169 iodine A "carbonate ester" is an "organic compound" which is a diester derivative of carbonate and it is characterized by the presence of a "carbonate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. carbonate ester carbonate compound NPO_429 Any natural product and related compound formally derived from isoprene units. They may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the same manner as are terpenes. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. NPO_381 terpenoid CHEBI:26873 A "covalent linkage" where a hydrazone group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_430 hydrazone linkage secondary amine A "secondary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a secondary amine group. It has the structure R-NH-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. CHEBI:32863 NPO_805 area under the plasma concentration time curve NPO_1523 The area under the curve in a plot of concentration of a drug in plasma against time area under curve AUC A "functional group" which has a three-membered cyclic ether structure, where an oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms and the carbon atoms are bonded to each other via single covalent bond. NPO_909 epoxide group oxirane group NPO_848 A peptide which consists of several aminoacids . polypeptide percent mass per volume NPO_1326 mass volume percentage NCIT:C48527 A percentage unit concentration which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. UO:0000164 percent weight per volume weight-volume percentage % w/v An "atom" with atomic number 14. NPO_541 silicon atom 14 radioactive property NPO_1382 PATO:0001740 A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate. PATO:0000119 NPO_1229 height A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the vertical dimension of extension. NPO_1335 transfection efficiency The efficiency inhering in a bearer's ability to facilitate transfection. NCIT:C63814 immunotoxicity NPO_1339 Toxicity that impairs or damages the immune system. A fluid having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely.[source:NCI] gaseous state NCIT:C45299 NPO_785 gas A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of ruthenium. NPO_1135 ruthenium molecular entity CHEBI:35734 chemiluminescence REX:0000294 Luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction. NPO_1402 Weight inhering in the body of an animal species. NPO_1219 body weight An "element" with atomic number 81. thallium NPO_495 NPO_1018 A "nanomaterial" which is defined with respect to its structure. nanostructure NPO_428 A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized. ionizable Elemental activity, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. molecular function [source]: GO NPO_362 GO:0003674 ionizable aminoacid NPO_242 An aminoacid which can become ionized. NPO_467 samarium atom 62 An "atom" with atomic number 62. NCIT: C16544 GO:0006897 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus endocytosis Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. NPO_299 SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis NPO_1427 A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique for separating proteins in a sample which is prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a buffer that maintains the proteins in their denatured states. sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE bismuth molecular entity NPO_1098 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bismuth. CHEBI:37196 When placed in a magnetic field, NMR active nuclei (such as 1H or 13C) absorb at a frequency characteristic of the isotope. The resonant frequency, energy of the absorption and the intensity of the signal are proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of nuclei (have non-zero spin). NMR spectroscopy magnetic resonance spectroscopy Depending on the local chemical environment, different protons in a molecule resonate at slightly different frequencies. Since this frequency shift is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, it is converted into a field-independent dimensionless value known as the chemical shift. The chemical shift is reported as a relative measure from some reference resonance frequency. (For the nuclei1H, 13C, and 29Si, TMS (tetramethylsilane) is commonly used as a reference.) This difference between the frequency of the signal and the frequency of the reference is divided by frequency of the reference signal to give the chemical shift. The frequency shifts are extremely small in comparison to the fundamental NMR frequency. A typical frequency shift might be 100 Hz, compared to a fundamental NMR frequency of 100 MHz, so the chemical shift is generally expressed in parts per million (ppm). By understanding different chemical environments, the chemical shift can be used to obtain some structural information about the molecule in a sample. The conversion of the raw data to this information is called assigning the spectrum. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NCIT:C16810 NPO_1470 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy NPO_1161 A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to 3600 Wb. volt-hour UO:0000229 Vh surface area NPO_1235 Area of an object's surface. iodide NPO_1049 An anion of iodine. CHEBI:16382 An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carboxylic ester, through the participation of respective functional groups. amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic ester NPO_738 CHEBI:37622 carboxamide A "carboxamide" is an "amide" derived from carboxylic acids. It is characterized by the presence of a carboxamide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-NH2, R-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" stands for organic groups. NPO_269 A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that has magnetic properties and provides contrast in images captured using MRI. contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging MRI contrast agent NPO_581 CHEBI:37335 NPO_607 dependent continuant A "continuant" that is dependent on the existence of other entities. [source]: BFO In order for a "dependent continuant" to exist, some other entity must exist. A "quantum dot" composed of gold element Au quantum dot gold quantum dot NPO_186 CHEBI:49588 NPO_1058 europium (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of europium. plasma half life elimination half life NPO_1522 The time taken for drug concentration in the plasma to reduce by 50%. A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge -4. monoatomic tetraanion CHEBI:50086 NPO_1044 NPO_450 GO:0003918 DNA topoisomerase type II activity DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2. A unit of measurement for magnetic flux. magnetic flux unit NPO_1159 unit of magnetic flux inhibition of angiogenesis angiogenesis inhibition NPO_778 A process or mechanism that blocks angiogenesis. angiogenic inhibition NCIT: C26044 NPO_121 An element of Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). alkali earth metal alkaline earth metal NPO_264 carbohydrazide group A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carbohydrazide compound. A "phosphoramide" is an "amide" characterized by the presence of a phosphoramide group. It has the structure R-P(=O)-NH2, R-P(=O)-NH-R' or R-P(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. NPO_116 phosphoramide CHEBI:17102 nanofiber NPO_893 A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is an elongated fiber of diameter less than 100 nm. NPO_557 49 An "atom" with atomic number 49. indium atom Asp aspartic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH 2-aminobutanedioic acid CHEBI:22660 NPO_853 NPO_693 pterin compound A "pteridine compound" which is wholly or partly composed of a pteridine ring system in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. CHEBI:26375 nanomole NPO_1224 nmole UO:0000041 A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol. An optical microscope which generates contrast within the specimen by exploiting phase differences between a specimen (sample) light ray and a reference ray. The sample and reference rays are created after the ray traverses, and is phase-distorted by, the sample. The phased ray then is split into two equally phased, but spatially separated ("sheared") rays by the action of a Wollaston prism. Finally, the ray-pairs pass through a polarizing filter where they are vibrationally recombined and interact at the image plane. It is the wave interference of these two rays that creates contrast. differential interference contrast microscope NPO_1455 DIC microscope DIC microscope is based on interferometry, which is the technique of superposing (interfering) two or more waves, to detect differences between them. In interferometry, a single ray of light is split into two rays, one traversing and the other missing the specimen but interacting with the background. The rays are then recombined at the image plane, where wave interference may occur. Image contrast can be modified by altering the phase difference between the reference and specimen rays. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] water solubility A "solubility" quality that inheres in a substance by virtue of having or not having the potential ability to dissolve in water. NPO_500 NPO_1086 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-16 element. CHEBI:33304 chalogen molecular entity NPO_982 A "biopolymer" which is genetically encoded, the structure of which essentially consists of long chains of amino acid residues (derived from alpha aminoacids) connected by peptide bonds and have distinct and varied three-dimensional structures, usually containing alpha helices and beta sheets as well as looping and folded chains. protein CHEBI:36080 CHEBI:35489 An "organic disulfide" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a disulfanedyl group / disulfide bond. It has the structure R-S-S-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. organic disulfide NPO_573 solid state NPO_1511 Physical state which is characteristic of a sold. imaging method NCIT:C17369 A technique to obtain the image (appearance or form) of the whole or part of a material object. NPO_1477 imaging technique glycolic acid NPO_1558 An organic compound which has the formula (OH)CH2-C(OH)=O. CHEBI:17497 An "element" with atomic number 89. NPO_781 actinium NPO_566 An "ionizable" quality inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a positive charge. ionizable to gain positive charge A substance which deforms under an applied stress, and conforms to the outline of its container. fluid NCIT:C25278 NPO_815 A quantitative measure of magnetism, which is a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area. magnetic flux NPO_1158 CHEBI:22978 NPO_1124 cadmium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cadmium. NPO_417 is it synonymous with "stage" which refers to temporally distinguised parts of an occurrent (eg., "infancy", "childhood", "adolescence", "adulthood" in the "life of a human being")? [definition source]: BFO A "processual entity" which is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. fiat process part Gel electrophoresis technique in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis NPO_1421 NCIT:C16539 nickel molecular entity NPO_1138 CHEBI:33748 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nickel. 23 NPO_571 An "atom" with atomic number 23. vanadium atom An ion of gadolinium. gadolinium ion NPO_1570 NPO_173 nitrogen An "element" with atomic number 7. NPO_183 fiber-optic nanosensor A "nanosensor" which is defined as a nanometer-scale measurement device that consists of a biologically or chemically sensitive layer, such as an immobilized receptor, antibody, or nucleic acid, that is covalently attached to an optical transducer. In the case of a receptor-based nanosensor, an interaction between the immobilized receptor and its substrate - the molecule it binds to - produces a perturbation that the optical transducer converts to an electrical signal via laser-induced fluorescence. immunoglobulin isotype isotype immunoglobulin class A class of immunoglobulins, which refers to genetic variations or differences in the constant region of the heavy chain of the Ig NPO_1394 inner transition element NPO_420 A metal which is either an actinide or a lanthanide. NPO_685 targeting agent Role of a molecule that engages in targeting other molecular entities. A first-order rate constant that determines the rate at which drugs are eliminated from the body. kel NPO_1526 elimination rate constant receptor NCIT:C18106 A "protein role" of a protein that is located on the cell surface, or in the cytoplasm; that binds to a specific signaling factor, such as a hormone, antigen, or neurotransmitter, causing a conformational and functional change in the receptor molecule. The ligand-bound receptor then alters its interaction with target molecules, which leads to changes in cellular physiology through modification of the activity of one or more signal transduction pathways. NPO_493 neodymium NPO_267 An "element" with atomic number 60. An "atom" with atomic number 4. 4 beryllium atom NPO_869 A tomographic technique which uses radionuclides that emit single photons in the gamma energy range. The radionuclides are administered into a patient's body and the gamma rays produced by these radionuclides pass through the patient's body, which are then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient's body. Series of two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body, produced by this technique, can be used to create three-dimensional images by computer reconstruction. NPO_1481 NCIT:C17203 SPECT single photon emission computed tomography CHEBI:24860 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iodine. iodine molecular entity NPO_1092 NPO_913 CHEBI:26986 threonine Thr An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(OH)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. An "atom" with atomic number 1. NPO_418 hydrogen atom 1 h UO:0000032 NPO_1282 A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes. hour NPO_374 38 An "atom" with atomic number 38. strontium atom NPO_331 ferrimagnetic Magnetic quality exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and in these materials the magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed, and the opposing magnetic moments are unequal, and therefore, a spontaneous magnetization remains. This quality exists below the Curie temperature. NPO_402 cyanate A "cyanate" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "cyanate group." It has the structure R-O-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. The exterior surface of a dendrimer formed by the dendrimer's end/surface groups. NPO_671 exterior surface of dendrimer gadolinium An "element" with atomic number 64. NPO_380 An "element" with atomic number 30. NPO_818 zinc CHEBI:23367 molecular entity A "molecular entity" is any molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. NPO_355 thioether A "thioether" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "thioether group." It has the structure R-S-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. NPO_797 NPO_1141 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of palladium. CHEBI:37230 palladium molecular entity NPO_1128 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tungsten. tungsten molecular entity CHEBI:33742 NPO_1460 gas chromatography FIX:0000098 A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. zirconium molecular entity NPO_1143 CHEBI:37218 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zirconium. NPO_479 cell-cell adhesion The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb] GO:0016337 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-13 element. boron group molecular entity CHEBI:33581 NPO_1087 chemical interaction A process of interaction that involves two or more chemical participants like atoms, ions, molecules or groups. NPO_119 chemical bond CHEBI:33575 NPO_574 prefix: Carboxy- suffix: -oic acid carboxylic acid carboxyl compound A "carboxylic acid" is an organic acid compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-OH, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. An "element" with atomic number 106. seaborgium NPO_133 drug directed against protein of tumor cell NPO_473 Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located at the tumor cell. NPO_1450 A non contact atomic force microscopy technique based on the use of magnetic force microscope. FIX:0000118 magnetic force microscopy NPO_773 An "element" with atomic number 61. promethium berkelium atom 97 An "atom" with atomic number 97. NPO_856 crosslinking reagent crosslinking agent crosslinker A reagent containing ends reactive to specific functional groups on molecules for modifying and linking molecules together. NPO_922 asparagine CHEBI:22653 NPO_452 2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoic acid Asn An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(NH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. An oxide of titanium consisting of two oxygen atoms bonded to one titanium atom via double bonds. NPO_1485 titanium oxide titanium(IV) oxide titanium dioxide TiO2 The outer surface of a nanotube to which other molecular entities can be attached. (For example, attachment of fullerene on the surface of carbon nanotube.) outer surface of nanotube NPO_792 sulfonamide NPO_908 CHEBI:35358 A "sulfonamide" is an "amide" derived from sulfonic acids, and thus characterized by the presence of a sulfonamide group. It has the structure R-S(=O)-NH2, R-S(=O)-NH-R' or R-S(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. An "atom" with atomic number 75. NPO_604 75 rhenium atom NPO_152 d-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy d-orbitals. An "atom" with atomic number 29. NPO_865 copper atom 29 CHEBI:33305 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tellurium. tellurium molecular entity NPO_1102 A group which is a specific atom or group of atoms attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule, and it is responsible for characteristic reactions of the molecule. functional group Each functional group has its characteristic reactivity, which may be modified by its position within the molecule or by the presence of other neighbouring functional groups. (source: Functional Group Chemistry by James R. Hanson and Eddie Abel, published by Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporate 2002) NPO_174 characteristic group NPO_803 dendrimer core molecule A "molecule component in dendrimer" which forms the core of a "dendrimer". NPO_1338 NCIT:C27990 toxicity A quality inhering in a bearer which causes harm to the growth and functioning of cells, tissues, organs and the body. NPO_933 krypton An "element" with atomic number 36. NPO_822 phosphoramide group An "amide group" which has the structure -P(=O)-NH2 or -P(=O)-NH- or -P(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a phosphoramide wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_687 carbonate ester group A "functional group" which has the structure -O-C(=O)-O-. The group is characteristic of a carbonate ester molecule wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. CHEBI:27171 NPO_454 An organic heterocyclic compound, which has two rings. organic heterobicyclic compound NPO_867 A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of different sizes. polydisperse kilogram per day NPO_1312 kilograms per day kg/day A unit of mass rate expressed as kilograms per day. An "amidine" is an "organic compound" which is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR, and therefore, it has the structure R'-C(=N-R)-NH2, where R' denotes an organic group. NPO_232 carboxamidine CHEBI:35359 angstrom A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m. UO:0000019 A NPO_1247 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 3+. CHEBI:27153 monoatomic trication NPO_1064 electrophoresis NPO_1418 A separation technique used for separating charged particles in a fluid or gel under the action of an electric field. The electric field causes the movement of charged particles. NPO_210 metal A series element which is an alkali earth metal or alkali metal or inner transition element or transition element or other metal. An "element" with atomic number 34. NPO_948 selenium A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its ability to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities. magnetism NPO_1157 PATO:0001682 RNA metabolism GO:0016070 RNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [source: ISBN:0198506732] NPO_1016 s-block molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a s-block element. CHEBI:33674 NPO_1082 NPO_556 [NCI_Thesaurus definition]:"Tubulin binding agent" that binds to the taxane site of the beta-tubulin subunit, a region described as a binding pocket located within the middle domain and corresponding to an approximate residue sequence of 217-231. Specifically, these agents bind to a cysteine residue within the pocket, which is also the binding site for GTP. Agents binding at the taxane site promote the polymerization of dimers to form a very rigid and stable microtubule structure which is not readily disassembled. Interfering with microtubule dynamics, these agents inhibit the normal turnover process essential during mitosis, thereby causing cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. NCIT:C67437 taxane-pocket binding agent ms A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of a second or 10^[-3] s. UO:0000028 millisecond NPO_1277 CHEBI:24471 NPO_1084 halogen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a halogen (Group-17) element. CHEBI:48819 NPO_588 cyano group A "cyano group" is a substituent group from hydrogen cyanide, and has the structure -C#N. zirconium An "element" with atomic number 40. NPO_765 NPO_1330 frequency A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. PATO:0000044 astatine atom 85 An "atom" with atomic number 85. NPO_534 NPO_766 An "intermolecular interaction" between an ion and a polar molecule by virtue of an attraction between the ionic charge and a permanent dipole on the polar molecule. charge-dipole interaction the polar molecule has permanent molecular dipole moment. apoptosis GO:0006915 NPO_548 programmed cell death by apoptosis apoptotic programmed cell death A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732] bromine An "element" with atomic number 35. NPO_989 NPO_496 Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located in the tumor cell cytoplasm drug directed against protein in cytoplasm NPO_161 drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor Drug that crosses the tumor cell membrane and blocks the intracellular domain of a membrane receptor. amine CHEBI:32952 NPO_143 An "amine" is an "organic compound" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is thus characterized by the presence of a primary or secondary or tertiary amine groups. It has the structure R-NH2 or R-NH-R' or R-N(-R")-R', where R, R' and R" denote organic groups. NPO_1495 component in nanoparticle sample nanoparticle sample component A chemical component in a nanoparticle sample CHEBI:33240 NPO_1139 coordination compound A chemical compound which consists of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms. A "pteridine compound" in which a pyrimidine ring is fused with a pyrazine ring. It has the structure c1cnc2ncncc2n1. pteridine NPO_289 CHEBI:27601 PATO:0001711 NPO_1236 perimeter A 2-D extent quality which is equal to the distance around a given two-dimensional object. A physical quality inhering in a object affecting its acceleration. force NPO_1166 PATO:0001035 A physical quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of it there is mixed with another substance. PATO:0000033 concentration NPO_1167 NPO_713 homobifunctional crosslinker A crosslinker which has two identical reactive ends connected by a carbon chain spacer and are used mostly to crosslink molecules or parts of molecules in a one-step chemical crosslinking procedure. A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity which does not contain carbon as a principal element (some exceptions exist, e.g., carbon dioxide). NPO_669 NCIT: C66829 inorganic Role of a molecular entity, which brings about an end therapeutic result in cancer therapy. NPO_281 cancer therapeutic role of molecule TiO2 nanoparticle A nanoparticle, which is basically composed of titanium dioxide. NPO_1486 titanium oxide nanoparticle A reagent used to facilitate chemical conjugation of molecules. reagent in chemical conjugation NPO_290 NPO_1243 cm A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m. UO:0000015 centimeter normality NPO_1192 Concentration of a solution expressed in gram equivalents of solute per liter. normal concentration periodic table element An element of the periodic table of elements. NPO_714 A "biopolymer" which consists of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. glycan NPO_912 This term is commonly used only for those polysaccharides that contain more than ten monosaccharide residues. CHEBI:18154 [definition source]: CHEBI polysaccharide PATO:0000008 speed velocity A physical quality inhering in an object by virtue of the rate of change of its position. NPO_1316 An "atom" with atomic number 52. 52 NPO_813 tellurium atom [definition source]: L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition A "protein" that contains a non-protein prosthetic group such as sugar, nucleic acid, lipid, or metal ion. conjugated protein NPO_578 CHEBI:38560 NPO_101 halogen A non-metal which is any of the following elements: astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine. A microscope which forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen and records the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. SPM NPO_1442 NCIT:C78803 scanning probe microsope PATO:0001296 luminous quality NPO_1387 A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer. methotrexate A pteridine compound has a pteridine substructure; which has functional parent, L-glutamic acid; which has other substructures that classify it a monocarboxylic acid amide and a dicarboxylic acid. An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear. NCIT:C642 CHEBI:44185 NPO_741 copper oxide An oxide of copper. NPO_1545 NPO_708 potassium An "element" with atomic number 19. NPO_958 GO:0035258 Interacting selectively with a steroid hormone receptor. [source: GOC:bf] steroid hormone receptor binding CHEBI:33839 polymer macromolecule MESH:D011108 [definition source]: CHEBI A polymer is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. polymer molecule NPO_364 A chemical compound containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). CHEBI:24651 hydroxide NPO_1145 titanium molecular entity CHEBI:37217 NPO_1142 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of titanium. 26 NPO_690 An "atom" with atomic number 26. iron atom A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of indium. NPO_1108 indium molecular entity CHEBI:37112 NPO_771 hydrogel A colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium.[source: WordNet 2008] CHEBI:49955 A monoatomic hexacation of tungsten. tungsten (6+) ion NPO_1075 unit A quantitative measure of a property, which is a quantity chosen as a standard measure in terms of which other quantities (measured numerical values) are expressed in. NPO_1153 unit of measurement aliphatic Definition of "aliphatic" is based on the CHEBI definition for aliphatic compounds (CHEBI:33653) An organic "quality" inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, but with the exclusion of aromatic quality. NPO_950 movement quality PATO:0001906 NPO_1313 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its participation in movement. CHEBI:2634 NPO_309 An "amidine" is an "organic compound" which is derived from an oxoacid RnE(=O)OH by replacing the hydroxyl group by an amino group and the oxo group by =NR. R stands for a hydrogen atom or organic group. amidine NPO_838 carboxyl group A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-OH. The group is characteristic of carboxylic acid compounds, wherein it is attached to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom by a single covalent bond. CHEBI:46883 An "atom" with atomic number 57. 57 NPO_189 lanthanum atom mm^[2] square millimeter NPO_1251 An area unit which is equal to one millionth of a square meter or 10^[-6] m^[2]. UO:0000082 CHEBI:27897 tryptophan An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)-C(OH)=OH. Trp NPO_783 NCIT:C1966 CHEBI:37334 NPO_681 diagnostic imaging agent image enhancement agent A "molecule role in diagnostic imaging", which inheres in a molecular entity that is used to enhance image formation of biological structures and functions for the detection and diagnosis of disease. CHEBI:25362 A molecule which consists of atoms of the same element. homoatomic molecule NPO_1028 An "imide" is an "amide" which is characterized by the presence of an "imide group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-N(-R')-C(=O)-R", where R, R" denote organic groups, and R' stands for organic group or hydrogen atom. NPO_640 imide ZD-1839 NPO_123 gefitinib A type of quinazoline compound. CHEBI:49668 Iressa NPO_646 An atom of fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine. halogen atom CHEBI:24898 isoleucine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. Ile NPO_902 Anticancer drug which is directed to interfere with the synthesis, function or activity of mRNA. NPO_572 drug directed against tumor RNA NPO_746 An "element" with atomic number 54. xenon A unit which is a standard measure of the influence exerted by some mass. NPO_1263 density unit unit of density UO:0000182 A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in three dimensions. NPO_1237 PATO:0001710 3-D extent NPO_720 cyanate group A "functional group" which has the structure N#C-O-. The group is characteristic of a cyanate molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. A unit of electrophoretic mobility of a charged particle moving with a velocity of 1cm/s in an electric field of strength equal to 1 volt/s. NPO_1318 cm^[2]/(V s) square centimeter per volt per second micromole UO:0000039 µmole A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol. NPO_1223 carbamate ester linkage between primary amine and carbonate ester NPO_236 A "carbamate ester linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carbonate ester, through the participation of respective functional groups. Drug directed to interfere with the activity of a membrane protein receptor of the tumor cell. drug directed against membrane receptor NPO_917 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkali metal. NPO_1081 alkali metal molecular entity CHEBI:33296 NPO_1147 A chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. CHEBI:25741 oxide length PATO:0000122 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. NPO_1227 NPO_1283 day UO:0000033 A time unit which is equal to 24 hours. UO:0000010 s A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. second NPO_1276 A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using acoustic imaging techniques. acoustic imaging contrast agent NPO_918 cubic meter per mole m^[3]/mole A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic meter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. UO:0000089 NPO_1261 substance A material entity with specific features. NPO_1500 NCIT:C45306 NPO_672 material entity object An "independent continuant" which is composed of matter. The identity of material entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Matter is any physical substance that has mass and occupies space. NPO_1036 An anion which is inorganic. CHEBI:24834 inorganic anion NPO_592 An "atom" with atomic number 65. 65 terbium atom A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)H. The group is characteristic of an aldehyde wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via covalent bond with hydrogen or carbon atoms. aldehyde group formyl group CHEBI:42485 NPO_590 NPO_892 A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size. monodisperse tubulin binding agent NCIT:C25974 An antimitotic agent, which binds to tubulin and inhibits its action. NPO_315 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is made of material that exhibits quantum effects. QD (NCI_Thesaurus definition): Nanometer-sized semiconductor particles, made of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating. The semiconductor material used for the core is chosen based upon the emission wavelength range being targeted: CdS for UV-blue, CdSe for the bulk of the visible spectrum, and CdTe for far red and near-infrared. The size of the particle determines the exact color of a given quantum dot. The polymer coating protects cells from cadmium toxicity but also facilitates the attachment of a variety of targeting molecules, including monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-specific biomarkers. Because of their small size, quantum dots can function as cell- and even molecule-specific markers that will not interfere with the normal cellular functions. quantum dot NPO_589 A physiologically-dependent process by which a material entity reaches tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells. NPO_945 passive targeting GO:0032502 developmental process NPO_992 A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [source: GOC:isa_complete] A "water solubility" quality which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that does not dissolve in water. NPO_598 insoluble in water water-insoluble g/mole UO:0000088 gram per mole A molar mass unit which is equal to one gram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. NPO_1186 NCIT: C62372 nanoprobe NPO_684 A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a probing tool of nanometer-size, and combined with a "nanosensor", is useful for subcellular detection of activity or phenomenon (e.g. biological phenomenon or process). (definition source): http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antiferromagnetic Magnetic quality exhibited in materials where the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms align in opposite directions, and this quality exists only below the Neel temperature. NPO_262 antiferromagnetic half life A time quality which represents the period over which the activity or concentration of a specified chemical or element falls to half its original activity or concentration. NPO_1280 UO:0000152 t1/2 NPO_1097 CHEBI:51143 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. nitrogen molecular entity CHEBI:36586 NPO_527 carbonyl compound A "carbonyl compound" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group, and therefore, has the structure R-(C=O)-R', where R, R" are organic groups or hydrogen atom. An element of Group 3 of the periodic table. Group 3 Element NPO_694 scandium group element A small organic molecule which is bonded to other similar molecules to form a polymer. NPO_1498 monomer nanoliter nL A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L. UO:0000102 NPO_1259 NPO_1322 A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same. ppth parts per thousand UO:0000168 NPO_1367 A thin outer layer or film of material covering the surface of an object. coat A "supramolecular structure" which describes an aggregate of amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. NPO_829 micelle NPO_334 chromium An "element" with atomic number 24. A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points. UO:0000001 length unit NPO_1241 unit of length NPO_1525 clearance CI drug clearance The volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed per unit time A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a tumor occupies. NPO_1337 tumor volume An "element" with atomic number 85. NPO_663 astatine NPO_540 CHEBI:16449 2-aminopropanoic acid Ala alanine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH3)-C(OH)=OH. palladium NPO_455 An "element" with atomic number 46. physical property A quality which exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation. PATO:0001018 physical quality NPO_1152 zinc oxide nanoparticle NPO_1542 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of zinc oxide. ZnO nanoparticle An anion which consists of a single atom. CHEBI:23905 monoatomic anion NPO_1035 optical microscope A microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects.[source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NCIT:C28265 NPO_1439 light microscope NPO_794 A cross-linking agent for mediating the conjugation of two molecules by forming a bond between functional groups of the molecule while containing no additional atoms. zero-length crosslinker An "element" with atomic number 14. silicon NPO_439 NPO_1428 electron microscopy A microscopy technique based on the use of electron microscope. An "aziridine derivative" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "aziridine group." It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-C1H, where R denotes an organic group. aziridine derivative NPO_370 A "targeting agent", which is the role of a ligand or small molecule that binds to larger molecules. NPO_227 targeting ligand Drug that acts in the extracellular matrix anticancer drug acting in extracellular matrix NPO_470 RNA synthesis RNA biosynthesis GO:0032774 NPO_1017 RNA anabolism RNA biosynthetic process RNA formation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. [source: GOC:mah] micrometer UO:0000017 A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m. NPO_1245 µm CHEBI:25679 [definition source]: CHEBI A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues. NPO_680 oligosaccharide organochlorine compound An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. 1 CHEBI:36683 NPO_194 The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. [source: ISBN:0198506732] DNA metabolism NPO_1014 GO:0006259 DNA metabolic process UO:0000097 A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml. NPO_1255 cubic centimeter cm^[3] cc An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "chlorine atom." acyl chloride group NPO_113 A quality of moving freely. mobility PATO:0000004 NPO_1314 method NPO_1406 procedure A process which is an established way of doing something. An "atom" with atomic number 7. 7 NPO_623 nitrogen atom NPO_1062 silver (1+) ion A monatomic monocation of silver. CHEBI:49468 3-D nanoparticle NPO_905 A "three-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle. three-dimensional nanoparticle prolate spheroid NPO_102 A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis. CHEBI:48422 NCIT: C1742 NPO_595 angiogenesis antagonist angiogenesis inhibitor MESH: D020533 An "antineoplastic agent" that inhibits the formation and growth of blood or lymphatic vessels. In cancer therapy, angiogenesis inhibitors target blood vessels that supply tumors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. CHEBI:37286 NPO_1060 A monoatomic dication of gadolinium. gadolinium (2+) ion NPO_1345 purity A composition quality which is the degree to which an object bearer is free of contaminants or heterogeneous components. An "element" with atomic number 71. lutetium NPO_981 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of fluorine. CHEBI:24062 fluorine molecular entity NPO_1091 NPO_743 A "dipole-dipole interaction" between non-polar molecules due to attraction between an instantaneous dipole on one non-polar molecule and an induced dipole on the other non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the latter molecule is induced by the randomly occurring (temporary) instantaneous dipole of the former molecule. instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction london force induced dipole-induced dipole interaction zinc Atom An "atom" with atomic number 30. NPO_298 30 CHEBI:30584 silicon (4+) ion A monoatomic tetracation of silicon. NPO_1070 NPO_446 halogen Group 17 Element An element of Group 17 of the periodic table. A colloid, which is a semi-solid or jelly like material formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid. gel NPO_601 liquid state Physical state which is characteristic of a liquid. NPO_1504 A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter. mL UO:0000098 NPO_1256 milliliter pharmacokinetic study PK Study NPO_1518 pharmacokinetics NCIT:C49663 pharmacokinetics study A study of what the body does to a drug or a drug-containing material (e.g., drug-loaded nanoparticle). Pharmacological study of the process by which a drug (or drug-containing material) is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. Detection of proteins or a protein components in a sample. detection of proteins protein detection NPO_1426 NPO_1537 superparamagnetic nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic properties. NPO_759 nanofilm A "one-dimensional nanostructure" which is a thin layer of nanostructured material. alkaline earth molecular entity CHEBI:33299 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. NPO_1080 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix NPO_961 Drug directed against the DNA in a tumor cell to inhibit DNA replication. NPO_916 unilamellar vesicle A "liposome vesicle", which has a single "lipid bilayer". NPO_177 Series Element An element whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively within a series. NPO_921 receptor mediated endocytosis A process by which cells internalize molecules by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. An "element" with atomic number 28. NPO_804 nickel hydrazide A "hydrazide" is an "organic compound or molecule" which is derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0) by replacing ‒OH by ‒N(-R)-N(-R')-R" (R,R',R" groups commonly denote H). NPO_583 CHEBI:35362 dendrimer core The core part of a dendrimer, which is formed by the core initiator group. NPO_279 scanning transmission electron microscopy NPO_1454 A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning transmission electron microscope. An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy g-orbitals. g-block element NPO_190 NPO_1195 half maximal inhibitory concentration Concentration of a drug or inhibitor that is required to inhibit a biological process or a participant's activity in that process by half. IC50 An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH-. The group is characteristic of a secondary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. secondary amine group NPO_889 An area unit which is equal to one thousand of square meter or 10^[-3] m^[2]. square centimeter NPO_1250 UO:0000081 cm^[2] An immunoglobulin isotype, which characterizes secondary immune responses. This isotype is further broken down into several smaller subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 in the mouse; IgG1-4 in the human), and each subclass is differentially synthesized and secreted into the serum upon differential immune stimuli.[Source: NCI] NCIT:C568 immunoglobulin G NPO_1392 IgG NPO_732 amphipathic amphiphilic A quality, which is characteristic of a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic qualities. unit of molar volume A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. NPO_1260 molar volume unit UO:0000056 NPO_257 fluorine An "element" with atomic number 9. cubic meter NPO_1254 A volume unit which is equal to the volume of a cube with edges one meter in length. One cubic meter equals to 1000 liters. UO:0000096 m^[3] A "polymer" formed by living organisms. NPO_882 biopolymer MESH: D001704 CHEBI:33694 biomacromolecule UO:0000201 NPO_1205 A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 milliliter. cells per mL cells per milliliter A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity due to its ability to produce or elicit an immune response. NPO_490 immunogenic NPO_1379 surface of nanoparticle The surface of a nanoparticle. nanoparticle surface functionalizing component in nanoparticle sample A chemical component of a nanoparticle sample which adds/modifies functional properties or function of a nanoparticle in the sample. NPO_1493 A quality inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size or different sizes. polydispersity NPO_821 NPO_793 Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin. [source: GOC:krc] GO:0048487 beta-tubulin binding An immunoglobulin isotype which is associated with antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. It is secreted as dimers into the mucosa and is the most effective isotype at fixing complement by the alternative pathway, even though it lacks the ability to fix complement by the classical pathway. There are two subtypes in the human - IgA1 and IgA2. [Source: NCI] immunoglobulin A NCIT:C565 IgA NPO_1389 topoisomerase-II inhibitor type II topoisomerase inhibitor "Topoisomerase inhibitor" which either stabilizes DNA-protein complexes damaging DNA (e g., teniposide), or inhibits the catalytic activity of the topoisomerase (e.g., merbarone). NCIT: C1968 NPO_784 cobalt group molecular entity CHEBI:33767 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a cobalt group (Group-9) element. NPO_1121 pyrimidine antagonist NCIT: C1557 NPO_390 Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of pyrimidines. NPO_830 Role of a molecule that is targeted by another molecule during a targeting process. target molecule NPO_629 A "carbohydrazide" is a "hyrazide" derived from a carboxylic acid, and therefore has the structure R""-(C=O)-N(-R)-N(-R')-R", where R"" denotes an organic group. CHEBI:35363 carbohydrazide A nanoparticle payload agent which has imaging function. imaging payload NPO_1534 nanoparticle response to pH change A "nanoparticle response to internal stimulus", which occurs in response to a change in pH. NPO_528 anticancer drug based on target Anticancer drug, which is the role of a molecular entity, realized from the kind of biological target where the molecular entity is primarily intended or directed to act. NPO_633 [classification source]: E. Espinosa, P. Zamora, J. Feliu and M. G. Baron, Classification of anticancer drugs-a new system based on therapeutic targets, Cancer Treatment Reviews, 29: 515-523 (2003). hydroxylapatite A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). CHEBI:52255 hydroxyapatite NPO_1566 NPO_1347 photosensitivity A quality inhering to the bearer by virtue of its sensitivity to the action of radiant energy. PATO:0000927 NCIT:C61363 granule NPO_925 A solid which corresponds to any small grainlike particle. ytterbium An "element" with atomic number 70. NPO_932 NPO_938 A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity or material due to its ability to be harmless to biological systems. biocompatible NPO_1085 pnictogen molecular entity CHEBI:33302 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-15 element. NPO_666 hexahedron [source]: WordNet A polyhedron, having six plane faces. NPO_960 nobelium atom 102 An "atom" with atomic number 102. A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its minor axis. NPO_241 oblate spheroid An element that has the same number of electron shells as other elements of a horizontal row in the periodic table. Period Element NPO_310 An "dipole-dipole interaction" between two polar molecules due to attraction between their permanent dipoles. permanent dipole-dipole interaction NPO_886 NPO_1178 UO:0000035 month A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which is taken to be equal to 30 days. meitnerium NPO_178 An "element" with atomic number 109. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of antimony. NPO_1096 CHEBI:36919 antimony molecular entity microscope An instrument which is used for magnifying and viewing images of objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. [source:http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/microscope] NPO_1437 NCIT:C20677 NPO_122 NCIT: C62373 nanorod A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which is shaped like a long dowel and has diameter measured in the nanoscale. [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: Nanoscale structures that are shaped like long dowels. The structures have a diameter that is measured in the nanoscale with an extended length parameter. micromolar UO:0000064 µM NPO_1209 A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M. tomography An imaging technique in which waves of energy are passed through the sections of a solid object to obtain images of the internal structures of the object. NPO_1479 NPO_678 platinum An "element" with atomic number 78. carboxylic ester linkage ester linkage A "covalent linkage" where a carboxylic ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_745 water CHEBI:15377 NPO_1561 An oxygen hydride which is a liquid and has the chemical formula H2O chlorine molecular entity CHEBI:23117 NPO_1090 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chlorine. cobalt molecular entity NPO_1130 CHEBI:33888 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cobalt. CHEBI:25357 mitomycin A "quinone" which is an aziridine-containing compound isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae. NPO_352 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus A "nanohorn" that is comprised of a single layer of graphitic carbon and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. One of the primary characteristics of carbon nanohorns is their ability to aggregate. This aggregation is advantageous because of the resulting enhanced permeability in both gases and liquids. NCIT: C62387 single-walled nanohorn NPO_870 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of aluminum. CHEBI:33620 aluminum molecular entity NPO_1105 berkelium NPO_359 An "element" with atomic number 97. dendrimer end group A "molecule component in dendrimer" which is a functional group that is at the surface of a dendrimer. NPO_695 terminal group NPO_1005 biosynthesis anabolism biosynthetic process GO:0009058 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. [source: GOC:curators, ISBN:0198547684] The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. [source: GOC:go_curators] GO:0044237 cellular metabolic process NPO_1011 cellular metabolism NCIT:C27955 drug toxicity Toxicity that inheres in a drug which causes adverse effects, when the drug is used therapeutically or diagnostically. NPO_1341 NPO_218 polymer-coated nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of polymer. NPO_1411 bioassay An assay which is used to test or analyse the biological activity of a substance, and which is performed by studying its effect on an organism or in a test tube under controlled conditions. A "cancer therapeutic role", borne by a molecular entity due to its intended function to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of cancer. NCIT: C1909 drug therapeutic agent NPO_312 anticancer drug chemotherapeutic agent CHEBI:37143 An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond. NPO_698 organofluorine compound Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique which is carried out in vaccum, and in which the material of interest is irradiated with a beam of soft monochromatic (magnesium/aluminum) X-rays while measuring both the kinetic energy and number of electrons that are released from the core orbitals of the top 10 nm (sampling depth is upto 10 nm) of the surface elements of the material. [definition: based on NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com, http://www.chem.umd.edu/facility/xps.php] XPS NCIT:C78871 NPO_1471 ESCA FIX:0000041 Photoelectrons are collected and analyzed by the XPS instrument to produce a spectrum of emission intensity versus electron binding energy. Since each element has a unique set of binding energies, XPS can be used to identify the elements on the surface. Also, peak areas at nominal binding energies can be used to quantify concentration of the elements. Small shifts in these binding energies (chemical shifts) provide powerful information about sample chemical states and short-range chemistry . Magnetic quality exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and the magnetism is retained for a period even after the magnetic field is removed (magnetic moments of the adjacent atoms are aligned in the same direction at temperatures below the Curie temperature). NPO_634 ferromagnetic QELS PCS A spectroscopic technique which utilizes a laser beam to irradiate a sample containing particles in suspension, resulting in light scattering.When the scattered light is collected over a small solid angle, the light will exhibit intensity fluctuations. This is because the Brownian motion of the scatterers causes the phase of the light scattered from each particle to change with time, hence the total scattered intensity also fluctuates with time. The rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity, collected around a mean value at a certain angle, will depend on the particle diffusion and on the particle size. For a given temperature and viscosity, a calculated correlation function yields a diffusion coefficient, which can be used to calculate particle size. dynamic light scattering photon correlation spectroscopy [definition source: NCI] Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering DLS NCIT:C62329 NPO_1469 A "linkage" in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes trapped due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's "material site" that is partially bounded by the particle's constituting material. NPO_471 entrapment NPO_1520 Pharmacological study of the toxicity effects of a drug or drug-containing material. toxicology study rhenium An "element" with atomic number 75. NPO_425 NPO_877 An "atom" with atomic number 6. 6 carbon atom antimony atom 51 NPO_501 An "atom" with atomic number 51. NPO_748 diazo linkage A "covalent linkage" where a diazo group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of two or more chemical elements. NPO_1022 heteroatomic breadth A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite. PATO:0000921 NPO_1231 width A "quality" which inheres in a "continuant" (e.g., molecular entity) ,and gives the continuant bearer the capability to be decomposed by living organisms. e.g., biodegradable nanoparticle. NPO_191 biodegradable NPO_300 19 An "atom" with atomic number 19. potassium atom [definition source]: Sengupta et al, Nature Letters, vol 436, 2005 Nanocell was first used for sequential delivery of anti-angiogenesis and chemotherapeutic agent to solid tumors.The chemotherapeutic agent can be conjugated to a nanoparticle in the core, while the anti-angiogenesis agent can be encapsulated in the lipid membrane.It was designed to first cause membrane disruption for release of anti-angiogenesis agent, which causes tumor vascular collapse, and finally cause intra-tumoral trapping of the core chemotherapeutic drug-conjugated nanoparticles. nanocell A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of a nuclear core surrounded by a lighter lipid membrane. NPO_723 [definition source]: BFO NPO_336 process A "processual entity" which is a maximally connected spatio-temporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. A type of physical characterization, which describes the purity of an object. purity characterization NPO_1360 A chemical compound of cations and anions. CHEBI:24866 NPO_1146 ionic compound salt year A time unit which is equal to 12 months. NPO_1177 UO:0000036 NPO_1132 CHEBI:33969 gold molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gold. NPO_475 Group Element An element of a group of elements in the periodic table, which have similar outer shell electronic configurations of their respective atoms. NPO_843 arylamine linkage A "covalent linkage" where an arylamine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a copper group (Group-11) element. CHEBI:33745 NPO_1118 copper group molecular entity western blotting An assay which is used for the detection or identification of proteins or peptides that have been separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane. The proteins are then detected by reaction with enzymatically labeled or radiolabeled antibody probes. NPO_1424 western blot western blotting technique western blot analysis NCIT:C16357 A "functional group" which has the structure -O-. The group is characteristic of an ether in which the oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. ether group NPO_268 epoxide derivative epoxide compound An "epoxide compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "epoxide group." It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-O1, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_956 ketone NPO_879 A "ketone" is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. It is characterized by the presence of a ketone group, and therefore, has the structure R-C(=O)-R', where R,R' stand for organic groups and not hydrogen atoms. CHEBI:17087 A monoatomic trication of iron. iron (3+) ion CHEBI:29034 NPO_1069 NPO_962 occurs for covalent bond between similar types of atoms or between atoms that have almost zero electronegativity difference. A "covalent bond" in which the sharing of electron pair is equal. non-polar covalent bond quality of a process PATO:0001236 A quality which inheres in or borne by an occurrent. property of a process process quality process property NPO_689 quality of occurrent GO:0035257 nuclear hormone receptor binding NPO_798 Interacting selectively with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [source: GOC:bf] NPO_395 A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with a drug. drug-loaded nanoparticle Gel electrophoresis in which highly purified agar is used as the diffusion medium. agarose gel electrophoresis NPO_1420 NCIT:C16537 hormone receptor binding Interacting selectively with a receptor for hormones. [source: GOC:ai] NPO_499 GO:0051427 NPO_1513 glassy state Physical state which is characteristic of a glass. An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:27266 NPO_964 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid Val valine NPO_709 89 An atom with atomic number 89. actinium atom Period 2 Element An element in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_674 A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 microliter. cells per microliter NP0_1206 cells per µL NCIT:C67242 NPO_1487 A substance which is a small representative portion of a whole material entity. sample rate NPO_1308 A quality of occurrent that is the occurrence of a process per unit time. NPO_898 An organic compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. It is characterized by the presence of aryl halide groups. aryl halide An "element" with atomic number 17. NPO_129 chlorine NPO_1415 microscopy microscopy technique A technique which uses a microscope to study a material object or a process that cannot be seen by the naked eye. An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits the protein kinase. inhibits phosphorylation in the signaling pathway, which regulates a variety of fundamental processes, such as cell growth, mitogenesis, metabolism, gene transcription, cell cycle control, and the immune response. protein kinase inhibitor NCIT: C1404 CHEBI:37699 NPO_436 A unit of magnetic flux density which is equal to one weber per square meter. NPO_1165 Tesla Wb/m^2 T An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is in contact with the sample's surface. In the contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is repulsive and it is kept constant during scanning by maintaining a constant deflection, and therefore constant height above the surface. NPO_1448 FIX:0000116 contact atomic force microscopy contact AFM [definition: adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.nanoscience.com/education/AFM.html] CHEBI:38532 NPO_971 hydrazone A "hydrazone" is an "organic compound which is formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R', and thus, characterized by a "hydrazone group." It has the structure R-C(=N-NH2)-R" or R-C(=N-NH-R')-R". radon An "element" with atomic number 86. NPO_244 surface material surface An "independent continuant" which describes a 2-dimensional, inner/outer surface of a "material entity." The "material boundary" separates a material entity in its identity from other surrounding material entities. NPO_214 material boundary A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of manganese. manganese molecular entity CHEBI:25154 NPO_1136 NPO_389 An "arylamine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a fluorobenzene derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. arylamine linkage between primary amine and fluorobenzene derivative monoatomic A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of only one atom. NPO_1021 An aminoacid in which a primary amine group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom, which is called the alpha–carbon.. CHEBI:33704 NPO_632 alpha-aminoacid NPO_928 erbium An "element" with atomic number 68. A "permanent dipole-dipole interaction" between a hydrogen atom of -OH or -NH part of a molecule and a small, highly electronegative atom of the other polar molecule. NPO_223 hydrogen bond An "occurrent" which exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. NPO_703 processual entity [definition source]: BFO An "entity" is a thing which exists in reality. NPO_258 entity 107 NPO_108 bohrium atom An "atom" with atomic number 107. poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle NPO_1559 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer. PLGA nanoparticle CHEBI:16811 NPO_158 methionine Met An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-S-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_159 thioether linkage between thiol and maleimide derivative A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and a maleimide derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of a receptor of an endothelial growth factor. NPO_562 anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor receptor A nanoparticle which is bascially composed of silicon dioxide. silica nanoparticle silicon dioxide nanoparticle NPO_1373 A metal which is any of the following elements: d-block element or one of the elements in groups 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12. NPO_529 transition element f-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy f-orbitals. NPO_408 NPO_151 californium An "element" with atomic number 98. nickel group element NPO_611 Group 10 Element An element of Group 10 of the periodic table. NPO_810 22 An "atom" with atomic number 22. titanium atom An "acid anhydride" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an acid anhydride group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', where R, R' stand for organic groups or hydrogen atoms. CHEBI:36606 acid anhydride NPO_883 A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space an object occupies. NPO_1238 volume PATO:0000918 disk disc A cylinder with height smaller than the cross-sectional diameter. NPO_307 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of gelatin. NPO_1555 gelatin nanoparticle alkaline earth metal cation A monatomic cation of an alkaline earth metal. NPO_1077 CHEBI:33513 photoluminescence Luminescence arising from photoexcitation. REX:0000038 NPO_1400 A "molecule role in nanoparticle", which inheres in a molecular entity that is transported and delivered by the nanoparticle. nanoparticle payload agent NPO_635 NPO_525 An "atom" with atomic number 77. 77 iridium atom imidoester group NPO_544 A "functional group" which has the structure C(=[NH2+])-O-CH3. The group is characteristic of an imidoester compound. A device or tool that requires skill for proper use, and it is intended for a purpose. instrument NPO_1436 A "supramolecular structure" which describes a closed vesicle that forms on hydration of dry phospholipids above its transition temperature. NPO_719 liposome liposome vesicle NPO_468 molecular role X (molecular entity) has_Role Y(role). Role that inheres in or borne by a "material entity" at the molecular level in a particular context. millivolt An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one thousandth of a volt or 10^[-3] V. NPO_1297 mV UO:0000247 NPO_135 A "functional group" which has the structure -X, where 'X' denotes a halogen atom. CHEBI:47854 halo group topoisomerase-I inhibitor NPO_864 Topoisomerase inhibitor which inhibits the action of topoisomerase I. ionic bond NPO_491 An "intramolecular interaction" between positive and negative ions which are formed by the transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another atom. tumor imaging Imaging the size, shape, surface and structural properties of tumors. NPO_1531 imaging of tumors molal concentration NPO_1191 The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent. molality NPO_617 A "nanoparticle response to stimulus", which occurs in response to the internal stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. nanoparticle response to internal stimulus NPO_970 An "element" with atomic number 96. curium The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] NPO_1006 biopolymer biosynthetic process biopolymer biosynthesis biopolymer formation biopolymer synthesis GO:0043284 NPO_1423 protein analysis Analysis of protein components in a sample. analysis of proteins NPO_284 two-dimensional nanoparticle A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle. 2-D nanoparticle NPO_1446 NCIT:C17374 scanning tunneling microscope A scanning probe microscope which consists of a probe with a small voltage applied to it ending in a tiny sharp electrically conducting tip (ideally consisting of one atom) that is moved close the material's surface. It scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons, causing a narrow channel of tunneling electrons to flow between the sample and the beam, and producing three-dimensional images of atomic topography and structure. STM [definition: adapted from http://www.thefreedictionary.com] drug directed against tumor DNA NPO_188 Drug affecting the structure, function and synthesis of DNA in tumor cells estrogen receptor binding NPO_575 GO:0030331 Interacting selectively with an estrogen receptor. group A "group" is a defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a "molecular entity." CHEBI:24433 NPO_303 UO:0000218 A standard measure of the work done per unit charge as a charge is moved between two points in an electric field. NPO_1295 unit of electric potential difference unit of electric potential electric potential difference unit A glycopeptide, which is isolated from fungus; and with iron, it forms complexes that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide. CHEBI:22907 bleomycin NPO_839 NPO_508 tertiary amine group An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of three hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a tertiary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. An assay for evaluating the physical properties of a sample. physical assay NPO_1412 A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an explosive device. nanobomb NPO_239 An explosive device comprised of carbon nanotubes. These nanoscale devices have desirable optical and thermal properties that can be exploited for novel cancer therapeutics. The ability to manipulate these properties facilitates a controlled, localized activation and clearance mechanism of diseased or abnormal cells. NCIT: C62367 58 An "atom" with atomic number 58. cerium atom NPO_757 epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor NPO_409 NCIT: C2167 Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which inhibits Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase, involved with signal transduction pathways, and may be useful in treating tumors that over express EGFR. [source:NCI_Thesaurus] 40 NPO_341 An "atom" with atomic number 40. zirconium atom Physical state which is characteristic of a gas. gaseous state NPO_1502 parts per million NPO_1321 A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as long as they are the same or 1 part in 10^[6]. ppm UO:0000169 NPO_176 stimulus of near-infrared light An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by near-infrared light. lithium atom An "atom" with atomic number 3. NPO_400 3 chitosan A linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; deacetylated chitin. MESH:D048271 NPO_721 Block Element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy some orbital. NPO_555 NCIT:C63536 A process which is a detailed examination, analysis, or critical inspection of a subject designed to discover facts about it.[source: NCI] NPO_1517 study A quality inhering in an object with mass near a gravitational body. weight PATO:0000128 NPO_1218 experiment A scientific procedure which is a process of conducting a test under controlled conditions to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact. NPO_1407 A "nanoparticle response to pH change", which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_975 Drug release from nanoparticle in response to pH change The rate of suppression in tumor growth. tumor suppression rate NPO_1309 rate of tumor suppression NPO_413 An "element" with atomic number 56. barium formation of an anatomical structure GO:0048646 anatomical structure formation The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [source: GOC:dph, GOC:jic] NPO_993 heterobifunctional crosslinker A crosslinking agent which contains two different end reactive groups connected by a spacer, and the two reactive groups can couple to two different functional groups. NPO_649 lipid-coated nanoparticle NPO_109 A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a lipid. NPO_656 Period 5 Element An element in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. alpha-tubulin binding Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] NPO_600 GO:0043014 UO:0000069 mm A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of a molal or 10^[-3] m. NPO_1212 millimolal A nanoparticle which is basically composed of lipid molecules. NPO_1552 lipid nanoparticle chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticle A magnetic nanoparticle which consists of a coating agent composed of chitosan. NPO_1571 NPO_1181 UO:0000022 A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g. milligram mg 67 holmium atom An "atom" with atomic number 67. NPO_863 80 NPO_277 An "atom" with atomic number 80. mercury atom CHEBI:30879 NPO_624 alcohol An "alcohol" is an organic hydroxy compound in which a hydroxyl group is attached to a saturated carbon atom. It has the general structure OH-C-([*])([*])[*]. large unilamellar vesicle NPO_543 A "unilamellar vesicle", which has size greater than 100 nm. gadolinium (3+) ion NPO_1068 A monoatomic trication of gadolinium. CHEBI:49618 A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for imaging purposes. NPO_1396 imaging function nanoparticle component A chemical component of a nanoparticle. component in nanoparticle NPO_1496 nanocage A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" with a hollow core and a porous wall or shell. It's structure resembles that of a hollow cage, that is similar to a fullerene type of nanoparticle. NPO_619 cobalt (2+) ion NPO_1059 A monoatomic dication of cobalt. CHEBI:48828 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in microliters. NPO_1268 microgram per microliter µg/µL micrograms per microliter A "supramolecular structure" which is a membrane composed of lipid molecules. NPO_322 lipid membrane molar volume PATO:0001680 NPO_1239 A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules occupies. CHEBI:33308 A "carboxylic ester" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an "carboxylic ester group." It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. carboxylic ester NPO_790 PATO:0000169 NPO_1342 viability A quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's ability or inability to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population. diazonium group NPO_326 A "functional group" which has the structure -[N+]#N. The group is characteristic of diazonium compounds. NPO_296 cellular uptake of extracellular material A biological process or mechanism by which extracellular materials are taken up by a cell. NPO_110 A "carboxylate" is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxylate group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[O-], where 'R' denotes an organic group. carboxylate ferric oxide An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe2O3. iron (III) oxide CHEBI:50819 NPO_1149 NPO_206 A "molecule role" which inheres in a molecular entity with respect to its position and use in a nanoparticle. molecule role in nanoparticle An element of Group 15 of the periodic table. NPO_375 Group 15 Element pnictogen An "element" with atomic number 51. NPO_522 antimony An electrophoresis technique, in which a sample is introduced into a capillary tube and the components are separated by the application of high voltage. Due to the large surface to volume ratio, cooling is more efficient, allowing use of higher voltages. As a result, separation occurs more quickly and sensitivity is increased. The technique allows for separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. capillary electrophoresis NCIT:C17637 FIX:0000836 NPO_1457 fluorescence microscopy An optical microscopy technique based on the use of fluorescence microscope. NPO_1432 idarubicin NPO_817 CHEBI:42068 An "anthracycline" which is (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin NPO_487 MESH:D000964 antimetabolite Antineoplastic agent that inhibits the biosynthesis of pyrimidine or purine nucleotides or mimic natural nucleotides so they interfere with their synthesis or function and subsequently interrupt DNA, RNA, and/or protein synthesis. NCIT:C272 antineoplastic antimetabolite MESH: D004791 NPO_442 Only those enzyme inhibitors that are used as cancer drugs should be included under this class. Antineoplastic agent, which binds to an enzyme and decreases or blocks the enzyme's activity by hindering the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor enzyme antagonist NCIT: C471 enzyme inhibitor drug A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its physical magnitude. NPO_1225 size PATO:0000117 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tin. CHEBI:27008 tin molecular entity NPO_1110 gram per milliliter UO:0000173 NPO_1265 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in milliliter. grams per milliliter g/mL An "element" with atomic number 37. rubidium NPO_350 NPO_332 Lanthanide An inner transition element which is any element with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium). A "single-walled nanotube" which consists of a single graphite layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_943 single-walled carbon nanotube DNA topoisomerase activity GO:0003916 NPO_700 Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA. The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb, GOC:pf] cell adhesion GO:0007155 NPO_997 A spectroscopic technique in which the irradiating light has wavelengths within the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. FIX:0000016 NPO_1475 UV-Vis spectroscopy ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an in vivo implantable device, designed to deliver drugs under zero order rate kinetics at high local drug concentrations to non-resectable tumor lesions. [definition source]: Lesinski et al, Biomedical Microdevices, vol 7, number 1, 71-79, 2005 nanochannel NPO_705 NPO_1129 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of rhodium. CHEBI:33887 rhodium molecular entity NPO_340 imidoester compound An "imidoester compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "imidoester group." It has the structure R-C(=[NH2]+)-O-CH3, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_946 protactinium atom 91 An "atom" with atomic number 91. [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides. [ChEBI definition]: A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. lipid An organic compound of biological origin, which contains hydrocarbons and it is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. NPO_252 UO:0000166 NPO_1319 A dimensionless concentration notation which describes the amount of one substance in another. parts per notation p-block element NPO_845 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy p-orbitals. An oxide of copper having the chemical formula CuO. cupric oxide CuO NPO_1547 copper (II) oxide nitrogen mustard NPO_172 CHEBI:37598 A type of organonitrogen compound, which has two β-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X‒C2H2‒C2H2)2NR. A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an aziridine derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. thioether linkage between thiol and aziridine derivative NPO_988 A quantitative measure of polydispersity. It is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample. The polydispersity index is calculated as the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight. PDI polydispersity index NPO_1155 CHEBI:30105 A "functional group" which is a substituent group from diazene, and has the structure =[N+]=[N-]. The group is characteristic of a diazo compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. diazo group NPO_462 NPO_1528 NCIT:C70919 Tmax Time it takes to reach the maximum concentration (Cmax) of an exogenous compound or drug in the plasma or a tissue after a dose is administered.[source: NCI] time to peak concentation time to maximum concentration A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of polonium. CHEBI:36917 NPO_1103 polonium molecular entity A speed/velocity unit which is equal to the speed of an object traveling 1 meter distance in one second. meter per second m/s NPO_1329 UO:0000094 CHEBI:26374 A "pterin compound" which is wholly composed of a pteridine ring system, in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. pterin NPO_550 NPO_1386 optical quality PATO:0001300 An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. NPO_899 NCIT:C16956 A biological process having an abnormal or deleterious effect at the subcellular, cellular, multicellular, or organismal level. (NCI) pathologic process three-dimensional nanostructure NPO_272 A "nanostructure" which has all three spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. A density unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a substance in a given volume. NPO_1264 mass density unit UO:0000052 unit of mass density PATO:0001462 NPO_1301 membrane potential A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it. A type of physical characterization which describes the surface property of an object. NPO_1363 surface characterization An "atom" with atomic number 87. francium atom NPO_205 87 molybdenum An "element" with atomic number 42. NPO_880 NPO_650 succinimidyl carbonate compound An "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "succinimidyl carbonate group." Raman spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique which is based on Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. A laser beam is used to irradiate a spot on the sample under investigation. The scattered radiation produced by the Raman effect contains information about the energies of molecular vibrations and rotations, and these depend on the particular atoms or ions that comprise the molecule, the chemical bonds connect them, the symmetry of their molecule structure, and the physico-chemical environment where they reside. [definition: adapted from http://epsc.wustl.edu/haskin-group/Raman/faqs.htm, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NCIT:C17157 FIX:0000058 NPO_1472 [definition source]: Nasibulin, A. G., Peter. V. Pikhitsa, Hua. Jiang, David. P. Brown, A. V. Krasheninnikov, Anton S. Anisimov, Paula Queipo, Anna Moisala, David Gonzalez, Gunther Lientschnig, Abdou Hassanien, Sergey D. Shandakov, Giulio Lolli, Daniel E. Resasco, Mansoo Choi, David Tománek, and Esko I. Kauppinen "A Novel Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterial". Nature Nanotechnology 2(3), 156-161 (2007). nanobud NPO_711 A "nanostructure" which is formed by the combination of single-walled carbon nanotubes and fullerenes wherein the fullerenes are covalently bonded to the outer surface of the nanotubes. 101 An "atom" with atomic number 101. mendelevium atom NPO_353 An "atom" with atomic number 84. polonium atom NPO_521 84 A "functional group" which has the structure -N=C=O. The group is characteristic of a isocyanate compounds wherein it is attached to an organic group. isocyanate group NPO_321 carbonyl group CHEBI:23019 NPO_750 A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of a carbonyl compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via single covalent bonds. A hydride containing one or more oxygen atoms. oxygen hydride CHEBI:15377 NPO_1560 An "atom" with atomic number 59. praseodymium atom 59 NPO_366 111 NPO_533 roentgenium atom An "atom" with atomic number 111. NPO_979 manganese group element An element of Group 7 of the periodic table. Group 7 Element gram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg. UO:0000021 NPO_1180 g NPO_150 An "element" with atomic number 77. iridium A fullerene refers to any cagelike, hollow molecule composed of hexagonal and/or pentagonal groups of carbon atoms , and it is regarded as the third form of carbon after diamond and graphite. NPO_686 fullerene NPO_383 NCIT: C62376 A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which has a wire-like structure made of materials that exhibit unique electrical and optical properties. Nanowire An electric charge quality which signifies a surplus of electrons in the bearer. NPO_1306 negative charge negatively charged 11 An "atom" with atomic number 11. sodium atom NPO_187 NPO_1358 in vivo characterization A type of characterization, which describes a property/quality that indicates the behavior of the object in vivo. infrared spectroscopy The technique is based on the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). IR spectroscopy FIX:0000015 NPO_1473 A spectroscopic technique in which a beam of infrared light is used to irradiate a sample. The IR absorption spectra obtained with this technique, is used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition based on the correlation of absorption bands in the spectrum of the unknown compound with known absorption frequencies for specific types of bonds. pH of value between 7 and 14. NPO_1199 basic pH alkaline pH NPO_620 DNA crosslinking agent NCIT:C25760 DNA binding agent that is able to covalently bind to DNA causing inter- or intra-stranded cross-linking of DNA. The cross-linking results in misreading of the DNA code and inhibition of DNA synthesis. hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and aldehyde NPO_291 A "hydrazone linkage" which occurs between a carbohydrazide and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_160 CdSe quantum dot A "quantum dot" composed of cadmium selenide. cadmium selenide quantum dot apatite A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl. CHEBI:52254 NPO_1565 NPO_1459 A chromatography technique classified based on the phase of the mobile medium. chromatography by physical state of the mobile phase FIX:0000607 chromatography by mobile phase state chromium group element Group 6 Element An element of Group 6 of the periodic table. NPO_271 NPO_930 CHEBI:28300 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(NH2)=O)-C(OH)=OH. glutamine 2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid germanium An "element" with atomic number 32. NPO_164 NPO_1546 An oxide of copper having the chemical formula Cu2O. copper (I) oxide cuprous oxide Cu2O phosphorus molecular entity NPO_1095 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of phosphorus. CHEBI:26082 A "functional group" which has the structure -N=C=S. The group is characteristic of an isothiocyanate compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. NPO_449 isothiocyanate group An "anticancer drug" that is pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet light or sunlight, it is converted to its pharmacologically active metabolite. NPO_596 NCIT: C1420 MESH: D017319 photosensitizing agent photosensitizer cadmium NPO_976 An "element" with atomic number 48. An organic compound which functions as a topoisomerase-II inhibitor and an antineoplastic antibiotic. NCIT:C62050 mitroxantrone NPO_597 tumor necrosis factor alpha biosynthesis tumor necrosis factor anabolism tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. [source: GOC:jl, PMID:10891884] tumor necrosis factor synthesis NPO_647 tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process GO:0042533 TNF alpha biosynthesis A "quality" or behavior exhibited 1) by materials which produce magnetic fields to exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials or 2) by materials which become magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field. magnetism magnetic behavior magnetic NPO_406 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:jl] NPO_1010 GO:0044249 cellular biosynthetic process An "element" with atomic number 29. copper NPO_419 Fr Franklin An electric charge unit which which is approximately equal to 3.33564 × 10^[−10] C. electrostatic unit of charge statC statcoulomb e.s.u. NPO_1303 seaborgium atom An "atom" with atomic number 106. NPO_885 106 A carboxylic acid containing one or more amine groups. aminoacid CHEBI:33709 NPO_506 UO:0000027 A temperature unit on the Celsius scale based on which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is 100 degree Celsius at standard conditions. Celsius scale has its zero at 273.15 K. NPO_1289 degree celsius therapeutic function NPO_1397 A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for therapeutic purposes. NPO_744 copper group element An element of Group 11 of the periodic table. Group 11 Element A brittle transparent solid substance with irregular atomic structure. NPO_263 glass NPO_1050 astatide An anion of astatine. CHEBI:30417 granular state Physical state which is characteristic of a granule. NPO_1514 min A time derived unit which is equal to 60 seconds. UO:0000031 NPO_1281 minute optical imaging contrast agent NPO_379 A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that has optical properties, and provides contrast in images captured using optical imaging techniques. 1 chlorambucil NPO_346 A type of nitrogen mustard and an organochlorine compound. CHEBI:28830 area NPO_1234 A 2-D extent inhering in a bearer by virtue of its two dimensional extent. PATO:0001323 A "functional group" which consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms in the form of a 3-membered saturated ring structure; it has the structure C1-C-N1. And the group is characteristic of any aziridine derivative. NPO_345 aziridine group [definition source]: BFO A "processual entity" that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary. process boundary NPO_137 Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [source: ISBN:0198506732] catalytic activity GO:0003824 NPO_584 enzyme activity superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle An iron oxide nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic property. NPO_1374 SPIO nanoparticle An "atom" with atomic number 88. radium atom NPO_333 88 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is composed of a spherical core surrounded by a shell of a few nanometer in thickness. If the shell is made of metal particles, then it is called a metallic nanoshell (e.g. Gold nanoshell). nanoshell NPO_270 A "covalent linkage" where an isourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_240 isourea linkage sulfonamide linkage between primary amine and sulfonyl chloride derivative A "sulfonamide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a suflonyl chloride derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_295 arsenic An "element" with atomic number 33. NPO_673 NPO_954 ionizable to gain negative charge An "ionizable" quality inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a negative charge. NPO_193 ZnS quantum dot A "quantum dot" composed of zinc sulfide. zinc sulfide quantum dot An "element" with atomic number 52. NPO_668 tellurium alkanoyl group acyl group A "functional group" which is derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid. It has the structure R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic substituent from the oxoacid. CHEBI:22221 NPO_302 unit of electrophoretic mobility NPO_1317 A unit of measure of electrophoretic mobility. 79 NPO_591 An "atom" with atomic number 79. gold atom FIX:0000402 NPO_1466 light scattering A technique based on the disperson of light or electromagnetic radiation into a range of directions by virtue of its interaction with a material medium through which it passes. light scattering technique [definition: adapted from NCIT] NCIT:C62323 polyatomic A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of more than one atom. NPO_1020 tamoxifen NPO_254 Tamoxifen is an organic compound, which has a parent hydride, stilbin; and which blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body. It is used to prevent or delay the return of breast cancer or to control its spread. CHEBI:41774 NPO_610 An "atom" with atomic number 18. argon atom 18 holmium NPO_385 An "element" with atomic number 67. A group that forms the sidechain of an alpha-aminoacid. NPO_357 alpha-aminoacid sidechain A shape, which resembles a solid figure bounded by plane polyons or faces. [source]: WordNet NPO_858 polyhedron An ion which consists of more than one atom. polyatomic ion CHEBI:36358 NPO_1033 acyl iodide group An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "iodine atom." NPO_990 41 An "atom" with atomic number 41. niobium atom NPO_225 NPO_148 A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of not having the ability to be ionized. non-ionizable electron microscope A microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light. [source:WordNet 3.0] NCIT:C28219 Electron Microscopes(EMs) function exactly as their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition. The basic steps involved in all EMs: 1. A stream of electrons is formed (by the Electron Source) and accelerated toward the specimen using a positive electrical potential 2. This stream is confined and focused using metal apertures and magnetic lenses into a thin, focused, monochromatic beam. 3. This beam is focused onto the sample using a magnetic lens 4. Interactions occur inside the irradiated sample, affecting the electron beam These interactions and effects are detected and transformed into an image The above steps are carried out in all EMs regardless of type. [source: http://unl.edu/CMRAcfem/em.htm] NPO_1438 NPO_577 cetuximab Erbitux NCIT:C1723 A recombinant, chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This agent may inhibit EGFR-dependent primary tumor growth and metastasis. EGFR is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] molecular targeting role Role of a molecular entity that is realized in the context of molecular targeting or binding process. NPO_542 NPO_489 A "quality" that inheres in a substance by virtue of having or not having the potential ability to dissolve in a liquid. PATO:0001536 solubility 44 ruthenium atom An "atom" with atomic number 44. NPO_382 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by electric field. stimulus of electric field NPO_219 NPO_1422 A process of examining the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole [source: WordNet]. e.g., the identification and measurement of chemical constituents of a substance or specimen. analysis inorganic nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of inorganic molecular entities. NPO_1536 zeta potential NPO_1302 The potential difference between the bulk dispersion medium (liquid) and the stationary layer of liquid near the surface of the dispersed particulate. ç-potential C62354 Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [source: GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732] receptor binding GO:0005102 NPO_780 NPO_278 A "covalent linkage" where a secondary amine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. secondary amine linkage NPO_327 DNA-RNA transcription regulator Antineoplastic agent,which regulates DNA-dependent transcription. chemical association association NPO_195 linkage A process of linking or associating two or more "material entities" or parts thereof by chemical forces. mendelevium An "element" with atomic number 101. NPO_167 emulsifier NPO_1414 Molecule Role which inheres in a molecular entity that stabilizes an emulsion. An "element" with atomic number 87. NPO_111 francium m^[2] NPO_1249 square meter UO:0000080 An area unit which is equal to an area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 meter long. iodo group A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "iodine atom." NPO_426 A tomography technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered. [definition source: NCI] positron emission tomography NCIT:C17007 PET NPO_1482 STEM scanning transmission electron microscope NPO_1453 A transmission electron microscope with which a beam of electrons pass through the specimen, where the beam is focused into a narrow spot that is scanned over the sample specimen in a raster. A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of weights. weight ratio NPO_1156 A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of dextran. NPO_949 dextran-coated nanoparticle CHEBI:37577 NPO_1024 A polyatomic entity which consists of two or more chemical elements. heteroatomic molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of thallum. CHEBI:37110 thallium molecular entity NPO_1106 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by magnetic field. NPO_675 stimulus of magnetic field A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by sound. NPO_627 acoustic-sensitive An "amide group" which has the structure -S(=O)-NH2 or -S(=O)-NH- or -S(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a sulfonamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_747 sulfonamide group An "element" with atomic number 22. NPO_924 titanium A "amide group" which has the structure -C(=O)-NH2 or -C(=O)-NH- or -C(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carboxamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. carboxamide group NPO_824 A "linkage" in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes enclosed due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's "material site" that is fully bounded by the particle's constituting material. NPO_138 encapsulation gelatin NPO_1554 A colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin. (source: Word Net) NCIT:C45302 NPO_915 powder A solid which corresponds to tiny loose particles, produced by pulverization. A chemical compound of hydrogen with other chemical elements. NPO_1148 hydride CHEBI:33692 NPO_1198 UO:0000196 pH The logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter. (source:Princeton WordNet) An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_265 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid lysine Lys CHEBI:25094 A "homopolysaccharide" which is composed of glucose residues. glucan NPO_676 MESH:D005936 CHEBI:37163 NPO_476 DNA intercalating agent NCIT: C582 Role of a molecular entity that is capable of inserting itself between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. DNA intercalator A "nanoparticle" which has a biodegradable quality. biodegradable nanoparticle NPO_836 A molecular entity which consists of a single atom. NPO_1026 CHEBI:33238 monoatomic entity vanadium group element NPO_196 Group 5 Element An element of Group 5 of the periodic table. An "aryl halide group" containing an aromatic benzene ring attached to one or more fluorine atoms. NPO_208 fluorobenzene group nanoparticle sample A small representative portion of a nanoparticle formulation. NPO_1404 NPO_344 A "functional group" which consists of an aromatic ring bonded to one or more halogen atoms. aryl halide group Concentration, which is the amount of cells in a medium. NPO_1193 cell concentration phase analysis light scattering [definition: adapted from http://www.unisa.edu.au/laser/Research/PALS.asp] PALS NPO_1467 A light scattering technique for measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of charged particles suspended in nonpolar media (i.e. solvents with much lower relative permittivities than water). PATO:0000018 NPO_1376 A quality inhering in a bearer which emits light of longer wavelength during absorption of radiation of shorter (invisible) wavelength. fluorescent An "element" with atomic number 23. vanadium NPO_486 cadmium selenide CdSe NPO_228 An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of cadmium and selenium. NPO_1361 A type of physical characterization, which describes the shape of an object. shape characterization UO:0000060 unit of speed unit of velocity A standard measure of the rate of movement. Speed is measured in the same physical units of measurement as velocity, but does not contain the element of direction that velocity has. Speed is thus the magnitude component of velocity. NPO_1328 radiation quality NPO_1381 PATO:0001739 A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with radiation. NPO_1200 pH of value between 0 and 7. acidic pH An "atom" is the smallest particle that retains all the chemical properties of a given "element". atom NPO_179 PATO:0001679 specific volume The reciprocal of density. A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a mass of substance occupies. NPO_1240 CHEBI:46345 5-fluorouracil An organofluorine compound, which has uracil as the funcitonal parent. NPO_365 GO:0006351 NPO_840 The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. DNA-dependent transcription A unit of electric charge where one ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs. amp hour Ah ampere hour NPO_1304 anti-adhesion agent An antimetastic agent, which prevents metastasis by interfering with the aggregation of tumor cells. NPO_124 NCIT:C2197 zinc sulfide An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of zinc and sulfur. NPO_306 detection of tumors Detection of the presence or growth of tumors in the body of a human or an animal model. NPO_1532 tumor detection The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. GO:0006909 NPO_1368 phagocytosis hydrazone group A "functional group" derived by replacing the =O of an aldehyde or a ketone group with =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R'. It has the structure -C(=N-NH2)- or -C(=N-NH-)-, and the group is characteristic of a hydrazone. NPO_969 speed of sound velocity of sound The speed at which sound travels in a given medium under specified conditions. PATO:0001522 NPO_1352 anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of endothelial growth factor. NPO_308 NPO_376 isourea linkage between primary amine and isocyanate An "isourea linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an isocyanate, through the participation of respective functional groups. CHEBI:33003 vanadium 5(+) ion A monoatomic pentacation of vanadium. NPO_1072 A monoatomic cation of a metal. NPO_1052 CHEBI:25213 metal cation NPO_1320 A dimensionless unit which denotes a simple count of things. count UO:0000189 NPO_498 paramagnetic Magnetic quality exhibited in a material only when the material is kept in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field, and the magnetism disappears when the magnetic field is removed. The magnetic moments of the atoms are not aligned, and the behavior causes the material to be attracted to external magnetic fields. This behavior exists only above the Curie or Neel Temperature. NPO_1151 An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe3O4. CHEBI:50821 ferrosoferric oxide iron (II,III) oxide mass NPO_1169 PATO:0000125 A physical quality that inheres in a bearer in proportion to the amount of matter it contains. It is the property of a substance that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field. cerium An "element" with atomic number 58. NPO_697 "Antineoplastic agent" that kills cancer cells by interfering with cell division (mitosis). NCIT: C273 MESH: D050256 antimitotic agent NPO_136 NPO_1004 metabolic process GO:0008152 The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684] metabolism NPO_819 110 darmstadtium atom An "atom" with atomic number 110. NPO_1008 cellular component A material entity, which is the part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. [source: GO] GO:0005575 UO:0000055 A unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. unit of molar mass molar mass unit NPO_1184 NCIT:C32345 colloid NPO_360 A suspension of particles (dispersed phase) in a liquid medium (dispersion medium or continuous phase). An iron oxide with the chemical formula FeO. CHEBI:50820 ferrous oxide NPO_1150 iron (II) oxide NPO_636 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which is spherical, porous or non-porous and its diameter is measured in nanometers. nanosphere high resolution transmission electron microscopy NPO_1451 A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of high resolution transmission electron microscope. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a iron group (Group-8) element. NPO_1117 iron group molecular entity CHEBI:33744 An "iodoacetyl group" is an "organic group" which has the structure -C(=O)-CH2-I. The group is characteristic of an iodoacetyl molecule in which it is attached either to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom via single covalent bond. iodoacetyl group NPO_128 surface modifying agent A "nanoparticle surface agent", which inheres in a molecular entity that 1) can modify the nanoparticle's surface properties like surface charge or surface hydrophilicity; or 2) can be attached to other surface agents which will then be indirectly linked to the nanoparticle. NPO_827 coating agent targeting function NPO_1395 A function inhering in a continuant by virtue of its use for targeting a material entity. CHEBI:25370 molybdenum molecular entity NPO_1127 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of molybdenum. NPO_978 europium atom An "atom" with atomic number 63. 63 NPO_1323 A ratio unit which denotes numbers as fractions of 100. UO:0000187 percent percentage % organic NPO_802 definition for "organic" is based on the CHEBI definition for "organic compounds" (CHEBI:25700) NCIT: C63848 A "quality" that inheres in a molecular entity which contains carbon as a principal element. NPO_742 An "element" with atomic number 50. tin NCIT: C274 antineoplastic agent antineoplastic drug NPO_777 CHEBI:35610 Anticancer drug, which brings about a cancer therapeutic effect by inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms; i.e., it inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. An "element" with atomic number 51. lead NPO_424 scanning force microscopy A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of atomic force microscope. NPO_1434 atomic force microscopy A "covalent linkage" where a disulfide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_987 disulfide linkage A "molecular structure" which describes a branch of "dendrimer," formed by the dendrimer's repeating units. dendrimer branch NPO_776 PEG CHEBI:46793 poly(ethylene glycol) NPO_444 A polymer made by the polymerization of ethylene oxide. temperature-sensitive NPO_985 A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in temperature. A fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.[source: NCI] NPO_670 NCIT:C45298 liquid biopolymer-coated nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of a biopolymer. NPO_677 A synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. thalidomide NPO_434 NCIT: C870 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindoline-1,3-dione [source: IUPAC] Period 6 Element An element in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_911 cube [source]:WordNet NPO_861 A regular hexahedron, with six equal squares as faces. An "element" with atomic number 4. beryllium NPO_198 polyatomic anion CHEBI:33273 NPO_1038 An anion which consists of more than one atom. UO:0000063 mM A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M. millimolar NPO_1208 Physical state which is characteristic of an emulsion. NPO_1508 state of emulsion An oxide of silicon in which a silicon atom covalently bonded (double bond) with two oxygen atoms. NPO_1372 CHEBI:30563 silicon dioxide Chemiluminescence produced by living systems. NPO_1403 bioluminescence week NPO_1284 A time unit which is equal to 7 days. UO:0000034 A chemical component that is part of a nanomaterial. NPO_1494 nanomaterial component component of nanomaterial NCIT:C20346 scanning probe microscopy NPO_1433 A microscopy technique based on the use of scanning probe microscope. NPO_478 An element in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 3 Element niobium NPO_558 An "element" with atomic number 41. A "nanotube" which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of silicon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. silicon nanotube NPO_762 A "material site" which is the central part of a material entity; which may be hollow / void, or made of other material entities. If the core is void, molecular agents like drugs, imaging agents, etc. can be placed in the void spaces. NPO_363 core A "functional group" which is derived by the removal of one chlorine atom from chlorosulfuric acid, and has the structure -S(=O)(=O)-Cl. The group is characteristic of sulfonyl chloride derivatives. sulfonyl chloride group NPO_117 GO:0012501 NPO_996 Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [source: GOC:lr] programmed cell death A nanoparticle which exists as a hydrogel. hydrogel nanoparticle NPO_1378 monoatomic cation NPO_1039 A cation which consists of a single atom. CHEBI:23906 NPO_261 A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of chitosan chitosan nanoparticle NPO_951 A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence or absence of dipole moments. polarity A component identified as being part of the chemical make up of a material entity. NPO_1497 chemical component amide linkage between primary amine and acid anhydride An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an acid anhydride, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_311 An "acyl azide" is an "acyl compound" which is characterized by the presence of acyl azide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_927 acyl azide derivative acyl azide NPO_554 fermium atom An "atom" with atomic number 100. 100 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of lead. CHEBI:33585 lead molecular entity NPO_1112 Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). [source: GOC:mah] NPO_984 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding NPO_248 61 promethium atom An "atom" with atomic number 61. Non Contact Atomic Force Microscopy FIX:0000117 NC-AFM NPO_1449 An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is not in contact with sample's surface. In non contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is attractive. The cantilever is oscillated at a frequency slightly above its resonance frequency where the amplitude of oscillation is typically a few nanometers (<10 nm). The van der Waals forces, which are strongest from 1 nm to 10 nm above the surface, or any other long range force which extends above the surface acts to decrease the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This decrease in resonance frequency combined with the feedback loop system maintains a constant oscillation amplitude or frequency by adjusting the average tip-to-sample distance. Measuring the tip-to-sample distance at each (x,y) data point allows the scanning software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface. NPO_1336 The efficiency inhering in a material entity by virtue of its capacity to encapsulate an amount of another material entity. encapsulation efficiency An antibody produced by a clone or genetically homogenous fast-growing cells i.e., hybridoma. Hybridoma cells are cloned to establish cell lines producing a specific antibody that is chemically and immunologically homogeneous.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] NPO_823 monoclonal antibody MAb NCIT:C20401 non-polar NPO_786 A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the absence of dipole moments. An "amine group" which is formally derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2. The group is characteristic of a primary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. primary amine group NPO_502 NPO_292 molecule role in chemical conjugation Role of a molecular entity in the chemical conjugation of two molecules. phosphorus NPO_371 An "element" with atomic number 15. Role of a flexible molecular entity that connects two other parts of the same molecule. NPO_485 spacer arm spacer [definition source]: Wikipedia NPO_1350 frequency of sound PATO:0001520 The frequency of transmitted vibrations. An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an acyl azide, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_891 amide linkage between primary amine and acyl azide cylindrical shape cylindrical NCIT:C63806 cylinder NPO_100 A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, where points on the surface are at a fixed distance from a given straight line (axis of the cylinder). A "ketone" which is a natural compound containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('β-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A); or another compound derived from it by further condensations. NPO_789 polyketide CHEBI:26188 A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by a stimulus. NPO_638 sensitivity to stimulus A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molal or 10^[-9] m. UO:0000071 nanomolal nm NPO_1214 An oxide of metal. NPO_1540 metal oxide unit of force NPO_1173 UO:0000107 A unit of measurement for the force applied to accelerate a mass (an amount of matter). force unit NPO_433 A "liposome vesicle" that has more than one "lipid bilayer", and the bilayers are separated by "hydrophilic" spaces. multilamellar vesicle thulium NPO_972 An "element" with atomic number 69. NPO_585 A polypeptide, which is part of some protein molecule. polypeptide chain The central part of a nanocell. nuclear core of nanocell NPO_407 An "element" with atomic number 44. ruthenium NPO_816 17 chlorine atom An "atom" with atomic number 17. NPO_305 characterization A process of describing the distinctive characteristics (property / quality) or essential features of an object. NPO_1355 An "element" with atomic number 84. NPO_318 polonium A "hydrocarbyl group" is a univalent substituent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon. NPO_559 hydrocarbyl group CHEBI:33248 CHEBI:26937 monoatomic tetracation NPO_1065 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 4+. NPO_914 inhibition of cancer cell growth A process which inhibits or blocks the induction, promotion, maintenance, or completion of cell division in cancer cells. NCIT: C29895 NPO_919 antitumor activity An activity, which involves the killing of tumor cells; or which causes reduction of tumor size. NPO_226 two-dimensional nanostructure A "nanostructure" which has two spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. CHEBI:32877 A "primary amine" is an "amine" which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group, and it is characterized by the presence of a primary amine group. It has the structure R-NH2, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_947 primary amine thiol A "thiol" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group. It has the structure R-SH, where R denotes an organic group. mercaptan CHEBI:29256 NPO_465 A "one-dimensional nanostructure" which is a nanoparticle. NPO_667 1-D nanoparticle one-dimensional nanoparticle NCIT:C16585 flow cytometry NPO_1465 [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] A technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles (e.g., single cells) suspended in a stream of fluid that passes through a beam of light. It allows for multiple analyses of the physical and chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electrical detection apparatus. NPO_1332 Hz hertz A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second. UO:0000106 nanoarray NCIT:C62340 NPO_691 A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a template consisting of two-dimensional patterning of biological molecules on a surface for biological analysis. Drug that blocks the extracellular domain of the membrane receptor. drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor NPO_523 isoprenoid CHEBI:24913 Any lipid which is formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. NPO_387 NPO_1456 An optical microscopy based on the use of differential interference contrast microscope. differential interference contrast microscopy attachment chemical conjugation NPO_211 A "linkage" in which two "molecular entities" or parts thereof are joined to form a chemically conjugated molecular entity. Group 13 Element An element of Group 13 of the periodic table. NPO_266 boron group element A "continuant" which is a bearer of "dependent continuant" entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. substantial entity [definition source]: BFO NPO_118 independent continuant An "element" with atomic number 107. NPO_368 bohrium A non-metal which is any of the following elements: argon, helium, krypton, neon, radon, xenon. noble gas inert element NPO_660 thalium atom 81 An "atom" with atomic number 81. NPO_955 thiol group sulfhydryl group It is a substituent group from hydrogen sulfide. NPO_910 A "functional group" which has the structure -SH. The group is characteristic of a thiol molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group. CHEBI:29917 glutamic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. 2-aminopentanedioic acid CHEBI:18237 NPO_974 Glu NPO_553 Magnetic quality exhibited in materials which create a weak magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field; thus, causing repulsion of the material in a magnetic field. diamagnetic A biopolymer composed of nucleotide monomers which are covalently bonded in a long chain. CHEBI:15986 polynucleotide NPO_1000 NPO_1274 mass density PATO:0001353 A density quality which is equal to the mass exerting an influence on a given volume. immunoglobulin M IgM NPO_1393 A main immunoglobulin isotype which is secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.[Source: NCI] NCIT:C569 nickel group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a nickel group (Group-10) element. NPO_1120 CHEBI:33747 inorganic group NPO_1567 CHEBI:33246 Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-c1ccccc1)-C(OH)=OH. Phe 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid phenylalanine CHEBI:28044 NPO_139 NPO_1410 in vivo bioassay in vivo assay A bioassay conducted inside the body of a living organism. electrophoretic mobility NPO_1315 The rate of migration (usually in cm/s) per unit electric field strength (usually V/cm) of a charged particle in electrophoresis. unit of volume UO:0000095 NPO_1253 volume unit A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas. A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a sensor/detector of any activity, phenomenon or molecule, within a nanometer-range resolution; it responds to a stimulus by sending a signal that can be measured. NCIT: C62374 NPO_779 nanosensor An organic compound which has the formula CH3CH(OH)C(OH)=O. alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid CHEBI:28358 2-hydroxypropanoic acid NPO_1557 lactic acid CHEBI:33338 A "hydrocarbyl group" which is derived from an arene by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. NPO_826 aryl group The number of moles of a solute dissolved in a liter of solution. NPO_1190 molar concentration molarity A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "fluorine atom." fluoro group NPO_825 NPO_1351 sound amplitude PATO:0001521 amplitude of sound The maximum magnitude (value without regard to sign) of the disturbance of a sound wave. A polymeric nanoparticle which consists of molecular components that are pH-sensitive. pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticle NPO_1538 hydrophobic core Of micelle NPO_881 Core part of a micelle formed by hydrophobic (non-polar) tails of individual amphiphilic molecules that form the whole micelle in a polar solvent, which has void spaces to include other hydrophobic molecules. UO:0000024 nanogram NPO_1183 A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g. ng An "element" with atomic number 92. NPO_952 uranium therapeutic role of molecule Role borne by a molecular entity due to its therapeutic properties. therapeutic role NPO_576 UO:0000101 A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L. µL NPO_1258 microliter An "element" with atomic number 108. hassium NPO_586 zinc molecular entity NPO_1123 CHEBI:27364 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zinc. kilogram per cubic meter UO:0000083 kg/m^[3] A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in cubic meters. NPO_1269 GO:0008219 The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [source: GOC:ems] cell death NPO_995 The structure of an "acid anhydride" is R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', in which two acyl groups are bonded to the same oxygen atom; and , R,R' denote hydrogen atoms or organic groups. acid anhydride group NPO_894 A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-O-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of acid anhydrides. lethal dose - 50% lethal concentration - 50% LD-50 LC-50 NPO_1196 Concentration of a chemical or biologic preparation that is likely to cause death in 50% of animals or cells being tested. NCIT:C16788 A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. NPO_126 NCIT: C73455 nanotube A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with etoposide. NPO_464 etoposide-loaded nanoparticle NPO_1334 A quality inhering in a material entity by virtue of it having the capacity to carry an amount of another material entity. loading efficiency antibody NPO_552 NCIT: C16295 MESH:D000906 A type of protein made by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] NCIT:C16502 diagnostic imaging Imaging of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for the purpose of diagnostic evaluation. NPO_1478 NPO_144 An "atom" with atomic number 53. 53 iodine atom NPO_106 hydrophilic core of liposome The aqueous space enclosed by lipid bilayer of a liposome. A monoatomic monocation of gold. gold (1+) ion NPO_1061 CHEBI:49482 A "material entity" which is synthesized, characterized, and which has at least one spatial size dimension distinguishable in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. nanomaterial NPO_199 ZnO An oxide of zinc. zinc oxide NPO_1543 NPO_1189 unit of normality UO:0000074 A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution. NPO_1563 mineral CHEBI:46662 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. einsteinium atom 99 An "atom" with atomic number 99. NPO_654 NPO_393 A nanoparticle formulation which exists as an emulsion and contains nanoparticles as the dispersed phase. NCIT: C62369 nanoemulsion CHEBI:27275 NPO_1144 vanadium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of vanadium. NPO_1398 REX:0000303 emission Radioactive deactivation of an excited state of a material entity by which energy is transferred from the material entity to an electromagnetic field. NPO_1034 An ion which consists of a single atom. CHEBI:24867 monoatomic ion GO:0005488 NPO_547 binding The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. A "nanostructure" which has only one spatial size dimension in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. one-dimensional nanostructure NPO_411 material site NPO_641 An "independent continuant" which describes any distinguishable point, site or location in a "material entity," and the location is either that of a group of molecular constituents in a "material entity," or the space surrounded by the molecular constituents. A foreign molecule could be covalently linked to a molecular consitutent or it could occupy a void space/cavity by participating in non-covalent interactions with neighbouring molecular constituents. NPO_1353 The quotient of the speed of a sound wave divided by its wavelength. wavelength of sound PATO:0001523 The process in which material entities (e.g., nanoparticles) are targeted to tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells, with the help of molecular agents (conjugated to the material entities) that recognize and bind to specific biological molecules at the target location. NPO_903 active targeting sufur atom 16 An "atom" with atomic number 16. NPO_658 NPO_599 Role of a molecular entity in the context of diagnostic imaging. molecule role in diagnostic imaging A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of iron oxide. NPO_729 iron oxide nanoparticle imine linkage between primary amine and aldehyde NPO_507 An "imine linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups. A "chemical interaction" which is non-covalent in nature and provides the force to hold molecules or parts of molecules together. NPO_940 non-covalent bond non-covalent interaction NPO_1137 technetium molecular entity CHEBI:26865 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of technetium. NPO_846 MESH:D003911 A "glucan" which is a high-molecular-weight polymer of d-glucose, produced by enzymes on the cell surface of certain lactic acid bacteria. dextran A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a d-block element. d-block molecular entity NPO_1083 CHEBI:33676 NCIT: C17155 spectroscopic technique spectroscopy NPO_1468 A technique for measuring the spectra absorbed or emitted when matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation or light. Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. physiological process biological process GO:0008150 NPO_427 [source]: GO NPO_888 physical state A "quality of continuant", which is the physical condition of a material entity, based on its chemical composition and structure. state of matter A "nanoparticle" which has a coating agent composed of polyethylene glycol. poly(ethylene) glycol-coated nanoparticle PEG-modified nanoparticle PEG-coated nanoparticle NPO_801 PEGylated nanoparticle A percentage unit of molar concentration which is equal to 100 times the mole fraction (number of moles of solute in proportion to the total number of moles in a solution. percent of total moles mol % % mol mole percentage NPO_1327 curium atom 96 NPO_513 An "atom" with atomic number 96. An inner transition element which is any element in the series of 15 radioactive metallic elements with atomic numbers 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium). NPO_125 Actinide nanosecond NPO_1279 UO:0000150 ns A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a second or 10^[-9] s. REX:0000043 Photoluminescence which occurs essentially only during the irradiation of a substance by electromagnetic radiation. fluorescence NPO_1401 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by heat. NPO_731 stimulus of heat NPO_115 A "nanomaterial" which is defined with respect to its end-directed activity/function. nanodevice needle shape A long and slender rod, which resembles a needle. NPO_852 peak concentration maximum concentration The maximum concentration of an experimental substance or drug in the plasma or a target organ after dose administration. [source: NCI] NCIT:C70918 NPO_1527 Cmax NPO_1194 UO:0000200 unit of cell concentration A concentration unit which denotes the average cell number in a given volume. NPO_1074 A monoatomic hexacation of molybdenum. CHEBI:49446 molybdenum (6+) ion A molality unit which is equal to one millionth of a molal or 10^[-6] m. µm NPO_1213 micromolal UO:0000070 A mineral which contains phosphate anions. phosphate mineral CHEBI:46723 NPO_1564 A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of its exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity. PATO:0001741 radioactive NPO_1383 mass rate unit NPO_1311 A measure of the change or movement of mass per unit time. unit of mass rate A series element which is not a metal. NPO_255 non-metal size characterization A type of physical characterization, which describes the size of an object. NPO_1362 An "atom" with atomic number 74. NPO_492 tungsten atom 74 NPO_1001 nucleic acid CHEBI:33696 A polynucleotide which is present in living cells. NPO_929 scandium An "element" with atomic number 21. magnesium (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of magnesium. CHEBI:18420 NPO_1056 functionalizing agent NPO_1492 A role which inheres in a material entity by virtue of its ability to add/modify the properties or functions of another material entity by being associated to the latter. . hydrophobic interaction A "non-covalent interaction" which is a repulsive interaction between hydrophobic molecule or hydrophobic part of an amphiphilic molecule and water molecules in aqueous solutions. It results from energetically favorable interactions between hydrophilic molecules or parts there of and water molecules. NPO_388 An "atom" with atomic number 78. platinum atom NPO_561 78 kg/mole UO:0000087 kilogram per mole NPO_1185 A molar mass unit which is equal to one kilogram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. selective estrogen receptor modulator NCIT:C1821 An anticancer drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. NPO_130 NPO_567 A protein kinase inhibitor, which inhibits tyrosine kinase enzyme, involved with the transduction and processing of many extracellular and intracellular signals including cell proliferation. tyrosine kinase inhibitor NCIT:C1967 pH-sensitive NPO_200 A quality, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in pH of the solution containing it. sensitive to PH Change NPO_842 americium An "element" with atomic number 95. Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to inhibit a protein activity related to the synthesis of DNA. NPO_294 drug that affects protein activity related to DNA synthesis A "nanotube" which consists of one or more graphite sheets (graphene) of hexagonal arrays of carbon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. carbon nanotube NPO_606 dubnium NPO_282 An "element" with atomic number 105. quinone CHEBI:36141 Cyclic ketone having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of ‒CH= groups into ‒C(=O)‒ groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). NPO_774 NPO_1551 spherical nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has spherical shape. NPO_1499 repeat unit A chemical component which occurs as repeated units linked together in a polymer chain. realizable entities are defined by the fact that they can be realized (manifested, actualized, executed) in occurrents of corresponding sorts. [BFO definition]: A "snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant" ("specifically_dependent_continuant") that inheres in "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. Source: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. realizable entity NPO_237 A "dependent continuant" which inheres in a "continuant", and which is not realized (exhibited, actualized, manifested or executed) in full at every time it inheres in the "continuant" entity or in a group of entities. It is realized in an occurrent ("process") under certain circumstances - the realization is a manifestation, functioning or a process that occurs under certain circumstances. conical shape conical A shape, which is the surface of a 3-dimensional object that tapers from a circular base. NPO_515 Cone NPO_699 tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" loaded with tamoxifen. Alkyl group is a substituent group from alkane. NPO_931 alkyl group A "hydrocarbyl group" which is derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom. CHEBI:22323 NPO_1507 Physical state which is characteristic of a colloid. colloidal state NPO_1168 unit of concentration UO:0000051 concentration unit A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. NPO_280 Group 14 Element carbon group element An element of Group 14 of the periodic table. NPO_253 protactinium An "element" with atomic number 91. imaging A process of capturing, storing, manipulating, and displaying of images. NPO_1516 core-shell silica nanoparticle A silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. NPO_1572 covalent linkage An "attachment" which involves the formation of a covalent bond between chemical groups of molecular entities. NPO_563 covalent attachment NPO_661 core-shell nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which has a core part and a shell part, and both the core and shell are distinguished by their respective material content. NPO_286 sphere spherical An ellipsoid, where every point on the surface is equidistant from the center of the 3-dimensional object. iron (II,III) oxide nanoparticle An iron oxide nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron(II,III) oxide. Fe3O4 nanoparticle NPO_1548 NPO_181 A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has a carbonyl-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. carbonyl-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+. NPO_593 dihydrofolate reductase activity GO:0004146 computed tomography NPO_1480 A medical tomographic technique which uses computer to construct a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of an object from a large series of two-dimensional cross-sectional X-ray images of the object, taken around a single axis of rotation. NCIT:C17204 CT nanohorn [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A fullerene-like nanostructure that consists of graphene cylinders and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. A "two-dimensional nanoparticle" which resembles a fullerene-like nanostructure and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. NPO_457 NCIT: C62386 A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, having elliptical or circular plane sections. NPO_156 ellipsoid cell NPO_1009 GO:0005623 A material entity which is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [source: GO] UO:0000068 NPO_1211 molal m A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of a solution of 1 mole per kilogram of solvent (mol/kg). Kelvin A thermodynamic temperature unit which is equal to the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. K UO:0000012 NPO_1291 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters. milligram per milliliter milligrams per milliliter mg/mL NPO_1266 UO:0000176 fluorescent nanoparticle NPO_1377 A nanoparticle which has fluorescence property. A "stimulus for nanoparticle function", which originates from a source that is inside the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. Internal Stimulus For Nanoparticle Function NPO_752 A monoatomic cation of alkali metal. NPO_1076 alkali metal cation CHEBI:33504 acid halide acyl halide NPO_140 An "acyl halide" compound is an acyl compound which is characterized by the presence of "acyl halide group." It has the structure R-(C=O)-X, where 'R' denotes an organic group and X denotes a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br or I). CHEBI:33741 NPO_1115 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a chromium group (Group-6) element. chromium group molecular entity NPO_535 34 An "atom" with atomic number 34. selenium atom single-walled nanotube NPO_157 A "nanotube" which consists of a single layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. An element in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_131 Period 1 Element An "element" with atomic number 94. plutonium NPO_847 NPO_505 An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "fluorine atom." acyl fluoride group CHEBI:3992 A "ketone" which is a cyclic compound containing one or more ketone groups. NPO_373 cyclic ketone stimulus of infrared light NPO_937 An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by infrared light. hydrophilic A "quality" which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that has a strong affinity for water molecule; that has a tendency to dissolve in, mix with, soluble in, or be wetted by water. NPO_204 PATO:0001887 hydrophilicity NPO_609 germanium atom 32 An "atom" with atomic number 32. NPO_728 quality of continuant A "quality" which inheres in or borne by a continuant. [term source]: PATO PATO:0001241 quality of an object NPO_769 CHEBI:32988 An amide is an organic compound formally derived from an oxoacid by replacing an acidic hydroxyl group of the oxoacid by an amino or substituted amino group. It is characterized by the presence of an "amide group." amide A "diazo compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "diazo group." It has the structure R=[N+]=[N-], where R denotes an organic group.. CHEBI:39444 NPO_569 diazo compound NPO_618 A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with paclitaxel. paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticle An electric charge quality which signifies zero net charge in the bearer. neutral charge neutrally charged NPO_1307 meter NPO_1242 A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. UO:0000008 m gold nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of gold element. NPO_401 Au nanoparticle NPO_323 dubnium atom 105 An "atom" with atomic number 105. 36 NPO_443 An "atom" with atomic number 36. krypton atom 103 An "atom" with atomic number 103. NPO_396 lawrencium atom NPO_704 americium atom 95 An "atom" with atomic number 95. The hollow core region of a nanocapsule. hollow core of nanocapsule NPO_317 The amount of drug in the body divided by its concentration in the blood. NPO_1524 volume of distribution Vd amidine group NPO_725 A "functional group" which has the structure -E(=N-)-NH2, where E could denote carbon (C) or (Sulfur). The group is characteristic of an amidine compound. An element of Group 18 of the periodic table. Group 18 Element NPO_463 noble gas uranium atom NPO_335 92 An "atom" with atomic number 92. coulomb UO:0000220 C An electrical charge unit which is equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second. NPO_1294 NPO_256 topoisomerase inhibitor "Enzyme inhibitor" that inhibits the enzymatic activity of topoisomerases. NCIT: C1748 transmission electron microscope NPO_1441 NCIT: C78813 TEM TEMs use electrons as "light source" and their much lower wavelength makes it possible to get a resolution a thousand times better than with a light microscope.[source: http://Nobelprize.org] An electron microscope which transmits a beam of electrons through a finely sliced section of a specimen/sample and creates an image of the specimen/sample based on its effect on the phase of the electrons that pass through. An "atom" with atomic number 109. 109 meitnerium atom NPO_480 NPO_324 manganese An "element" with atomic number 25. An "atom" with atomic number 73. NPO_497 73 tantalum atom compound or molecule A "molecular entity" which is either a single molecule or a compound that is constituted by the molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundament unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. NPO_147 64 gadolinium atom An "atom" with atomic number 64. NPO_753 NPO_1489 A process which is the synthesis or preparation of a sample for analysis, testing or characterization. sample preparation Group 16 Element NPO_105 chalogen An element of Group 16 of the periodic table. NPO_936 An "element" with atomic number 57. lanthanum A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) and with an oxalate bidentate ligand. NCIT:C1181 CHEBI:31941 Oxaliplatin NPO_749 CHEBI:37336 radioactive imaging agent A "contrast agent", which is the role of a radioactive molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using radioactive imaging techniques. NPO_361 NPO_1051 A monoatomic monanion of rubidide. CHEBI:33496 rubidide NPO_994 GO:0009987 cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [source: GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete] cellular physiological process NCIT: C2050 An "endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor" that acts by blocking the action of an endothelial cell-surface expressed alpha (v) integrin, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. NPO_510 alpha V beta inhibitor NPO_1349 PATO:0001519 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing. sound quality buckyball NPO_730 Buckyball (C60) or Buckministerfullerene, is a type of fullerene which comprises of 60 carbon atoms arranged in interlocking hexagons and pentagons, like the patches on a soccer ball. Its geometry is roughly spherical and it has a hollow interior. A "quality" of particles (e.g, nanoparticles) to disperse in an aqueous medium. NPO_763 water-dispersible NCIT:C2196 NPO_873 antimetastatic agent An antineoplastic agent, which prevents or impairs tumor metastasis. carbon nanofiber A "nanofiber" which is composed of graphene layers arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates. Carbon nanofibers with graphene layers wrapped into perfect cylinders are called carbon nanotubes. NPO_602 kDa UO:0000222 kilodalton NPO_1176 A mass unit which is equal to one thousand daltons. NPO_568 iron An "element" with atomic number 26. NPO_414 thioether linkage between thiol and acryloyl compound A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an acryloyl compound, through the participation of respective functional groups. PATO:0000025 composition A quality of continuant inhering in an object by virtue of the quantities or relative ratios of subparts of the inhering entity. NPO_1344 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a noble gas. noble gas molecular entity NPO_1079 CHEBI:33583 noble gas compound GO:0007067 mitosis NPO_712 Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. [source: GOC:ma, ISBN:0198547684] transcription NPO_1015 GO:0006350 The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [source: ISBN:0198506732] 50 NPO_377 tin atom An "atom" with atomic number 50. nanocantilever Nanocantilevers are often used to explore and characterize the surfaces of biological systems. The motion of the device is recorded and transformed mathematically to provide information about these surface characteristics. A "nanodevice" which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as the simplest micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) that is easily machined and mass-produced for probing nanoscale specimens. NPO_665 A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to ultrasound. NPO_153 nanoparticle response to magnetic field An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in pO2. NPO_957 stimulus of pO2 change liter L A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter. UO:0000099 NPO_1257 NPO_642 dendrimer cavity A "material site" which is a cavity or space formed within the core and generation layer (between branches) of a dendrimer. It can be occupied by molecules other than those which chemically make up the dendrimer. zinc group element NPO_702 Group 12 Element An element of Group 12 of the periodic table. bromide NPO_1046 An anion of bromine. CHEBI:15858 [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI An ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. The circle is a closed curve that is the path, traced by a point moving in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point (the circle's center) is a constant. circle circular shape circular NPO_342 NPO_438 helium atom 2 An "atom" with atomic number 2. UO:0000016 NPO_1244 millimeter mm A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a manganese group (Group-7) element. NPO_1116 manganese group molecular entity CHEBI:33743 An attractive type of "chemical interaction" that holds atoms together in a molecule. NPO_313 intramolecular interaction [BFO definition]: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the "snap:Object" ("object") in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X ("snap:Object" ("object")) has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C. Source:Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. NPO_155 disposition A "realizable entity" that typically causes a specific process in its bearer (object in which it inheres) when the bearer is introduced into specific circumstances. In addition, these processes occur as a result of the object's physical structure. A disposition invariably or definitely leads to a certain result given certain circumstances (if not, then the "realizable entity" is a "tendency" and not a "disposition"). monoatomic monocation CHEBI:25414 NPO_1054 A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 1+. NPO_114 lipophilic A "hydrophobic" quality which is characteristic of a molecule or chemical substance that has the ability to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats. lipophilicity hafnium atom NPO_367 An "atom" with atomic number 72. 72 anticancer drug directed against endothelium Drug that is directed to affect the tumor endothelial cells. NPO_509 NPO_1390 IgD An immunoglobulin isotype, which is expressed on naive B cells along with IgM.[Source: NCI] NCIT:C566 immunoglobulin D 45 NPO_378 An "atom" with atomic number 45. rhodium atom NPO_935 27 An "atom" with atomic number 27. cobalt atom A "thioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and an iodoacetyl derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_644 thioether linkage between thiol and iodoacetyl derivative hydrophilic space between lipid bilayers NPO_260 The aqueous space between lipid bilayers (e.g, in a multilamellar vesicle). Receptor mediated endocytosis, which is the process by which cells internalize folate molecules that specifically bind to folate receptors. folate receptor mediated endocytosis NPO_904 Study of the characteristics, effects, and uses of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. pharmacological study pharmacology NPO_1519 An "atom" with atomic number 48. cadmium atom NPO_761 48 NPO_398 A "nanotube" which consists of two layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. double-walled nanotube caesium atom An "atom" with atomic number 55. 55 NPO_209 chromatography by separation mechanism FIX:0000610 NPO_1463 A chromatography technique classified based on the mechanism of separation. UO:0000006 NPO_1216 substance unit A base unit which is a standardized quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition. unit of amount of substance 70 An "atom" with atomic number 70. NPO_458 ytterbium atom NPO_1055 monoatomic dication A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 2+. CHEBI:30412 nanoparticle formulation Nanotechnology involves the application of scientific knowledge from multidisciplinary fields of science and engineering, towards understanding, manipulating and controlling the properties of matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) size dimensions. A "nanomaterial" which describes a particulate, chemical substance that is formulated systematically using nanotechnology, and it contains nanoparticles and active chemical components / ingredients (molecular structures) . NPO_868 NPO_481 small unilamellar vesicle A "unilamellar vesicle", which has size less than 100 nm. unit of magnetic flux density magnetic flux density unit NPO_1164 A unit of measurement for magnetic flux density. NCIT:C2153 "Enzyme inhibitor" that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by interfering with the conversion of Dihydrofolate to Tetrahydrofolate, causing inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis and protein synthesis. NPO_876 dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor A cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. NPO_1369 GO:0070265 necrosis cellular necrosis 39 NPO_404 An "atom" with atomic number 39. yttrium atom NPO_230 CHEBI:25698 ether An "ether" is an "organic compound" in which an oxygen atom is covalently bound to two carbon atoms. It has the structure R-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. microsecond UO:0000029 NPO_1278 A time unit which is equal to one millionth of a second or 10^[-6] s. µs NPO_1384 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of a metal. metal nanoparticle silver NPO_736 An "element" with atomic number 47. kilogram A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France. UO:0000009 kg NPO_1179 NPO_1188 UO:0000067 unit of molality A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given solute per kilogram of solvent. An "acryloyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "acryloyl group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH=CH2, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_866 acryloyl derivative acryloyl compound other non-metal NPO_220 A non-metal which is any of the following elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur. stimulus of visible light An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by visible light. NPO_878 NPO_1100 CHEBI:26628 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of selenium. selenium molecular entity A "multi-walled nanotube" which consists of multiple graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_354 multi-walled carbon nanotube kV kilovolt UO:0000248 NPO_1298 NPO_530 maleimide derivative A "maleimide derivative" is an "imide" derived from maleimide by replacing the hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen in maleimide by an organic group. It is characterized by the presence of a maleimide group. praseodymium NPO_579 An "element" with atomic number 59. NPO_1529 Fraction of the administered dose which reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. bioavailability NPO_224 A "molecular structure" which describes an interior layer, formed around the "dendrimer core" by the addition of "dendrimer branches". dendrimer generation layer CHEBI:25017 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_285 Leu leucine 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid NPO_1233 2-D extent A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in two dimensions. PATO:0001709 CHEBI:33244 An organic compound or molecule which is characterized by the presence of a functional group. organic functional class NPO_202 percent weight/weight NPO_1324 A percentage unit of concentration which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. percent mass per mass w/w % % w/w mass percentage NCIT:C48528 UO:0000163 percent weight per weight weight-weight percentage neodymium atom An "atom" with atomic number 60. 60 NPO_474 cobalt group element Group 9 Element NPO_630 An element of Group 9 of the periodic table. A nucleic acid which is a derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine. RNA NPO_1003 ribonucleic acid CHEBI:33697 heat generation in response to stimulus of infrared light NPO_926 A "nanoparticle response to infrared light", which involves the generation of heat. A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge 1-. NPO_1043 monoatomic monoanion CHEBI:33429 NCIT:C19151 Metastasis is the spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer. (NCI) tumor cell migration metastasis NPO_319 Try An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_906 CHEBI:18186 tyrosine PATO:0001291 A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with electromagnetic radiation. electromagnetic radiation quality NPO_1385 Definition is partly based on ASTM E 2456-06 (Terminology for Nanotechnology). A "nanomaterial" which is a particle with average size in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range; which has an identifiable and definite chemical composition, property or function that uniquely define the nanoparticle's type as known; and, which may or may not exhibit a size-intensive property. nanoparticle NPO_707 NPO_1553 fluorescent silica nanoparticle A silica nanoparticle which has fluorescent property. hydrogen An "element" with atomic number 1. NPO_520 An "atom" with atomic number 35. 35 NPO_812 bromine atom mmole UO:0000040 millimole A substance unit equal to a thousandth of a mol or 10^[-3] mol. NPO_1222 PATO:0001464 A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential. NPO_1300 electric potential cell viability A quality inhering in a cell by virtue of its ability or inability to proliferate, grow, divide, or repair damaged cell components. NPO_1343 NPO_432 An "element" with atomic number 49. indium An aminoacid which is polar in nature. polar aminoacid NPO_120 NPO_966 An "atom" with atomic number 94. plutonium atom 94 NPO_999 cell cycle phase GO:0022403 A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 6+. CHEBI:33423 NPO_1067 monoatomic hexacation dysprosium atom 66 An "atom" with atomic number 66. NPO_538 NPO_806 thulium atom 69 An "atom" with atomic number 69. NPO_1544 copper oxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of copper oxide. NPO_1140 platinum molecular entity CHEBI:33749 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of platinum. chloride An anion of chlorine. CHEBI:17996 NPO_1047 time unit NPO_1275 A base unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. unit of time UO:0000003 CHEBI:37294 NPO_1071 A monoatomic tetracation of gadolinium. gadolinium (4+) ion unit of molarity NPO_1187 A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given substance per liter of solution. UO:0000061 Prefi: haloformyl- Suffix: -oyl halide A "functional group" which has the structure R-C(=O)-X, where R denotes an organic group and X, a halogen atom. The group is characteristic of an acyl halide. acyl halide group NPO_944 71 lutetium atom NPO_587 An "atom" with atomic number 71. NPO_722 palladium atom An "atom" with atomic number 46. 46 amide linkage NPO_626 A "covalent linkage" where an amide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. amide bond a function "f" is a realizable dependent continuant; it has a bearer which is an independent continuant; instances of Function F have realizations; each realization is a) a process in which the bearer is participant; b) that It occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up or structure. c) and this physical make-up is something which the bearer possesses because of how it came into being. A "realizable entity" the manifestation of which is an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant) of a "continuant" entity in virtue of that entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for. [definition source]: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. A "realizable entity", which is a necessary function of the bearer, and it is realized as an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant). NPO_316 function Definition: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") the manifestation of which is an essentialy end-directed activity of a "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entity in virtue of that "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for. PATO:0001242 wavelength NPO_1346 A physical quality which is equal to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. molecular structure CHEBI:24431 A "material entity" which describes a "molecular entity" or part thereof, based on the chemical composition and/or connectivity between its constituent atoms; or a complex structure composed of molecular entities. NPO_392 NPO_1405 technique A systematic procedure or a practical method which is used for accomplishing a task. polyatomic entity A molecular entity which consists of more than one atom. CHEBI:36357 NPO_1023 Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [source: EC:2.7.10] protein tyrosine kinase activity GO:0004713 NPO_217 NPO_437 Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to modify the expression of specific genes. Anticancer drug that modifies expression of specific genes NPO_182 An "element" with atomic number 103. lawrencium [definition source]: BFO NPO_923 occurrent perdurant An "entity" that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants. A "functional group" which contains a carboxylic ester bound to a primary or secondary or tertiary amine group. The group is characteristic of a carbamate ester compound. NPO_986 carbamate ester group polymer nanoparticle NPO_1375 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of polymer. polymeric nanoparticle NPO_453 A "nanocantilever" which is composed of gold. gold nanocantilever near-infrared spectroscopy FIX:0000321 NIR spectroscopy An infrared spectroscopy where the beam of light that irradiates the sample has wavelengths within the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. NPO_1474 A "carbonyl group" which is characteristic of a ketone wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via covalent bonds. NPO_614 ketone group aromatic [definition source]: ChEBI Definition of "aromatic" is based on that of an "aromatic compound" (CHEBI:33655) A "quality" inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of a cyclically conjugated molecular entity , with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure. NPO_276 Physical state which is characteristic of a fluid. fluid state NPO_1501 pH-sensitive spacer NPO_963 pH-sensitive linker A spacer, which can be cleaved in response to a change in pH of the solution containing that spacer. NPO_622 108 An "atom" with atomic number 108. hassium atom 10 NPO_246 An "atom" with atomic number 10. neon atom NPO_213 nickel atom 28 An "atom" with atomic number 28. A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and two chlorine atoms. cisplatin NPO_608 CHEBI:27899 µg A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g. NPO_1182 microgram UO:0000023 NPO_445 For example, compound x is related to "organic compound" through the relation "presence of carbon"; here, the quality that inheres in compound x is "organic") BFO Definition: A "snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant" ("specifically_dependent_continuant") that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property). quality A "dependent continuant" that is exhibited if it inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. PATO:0000001 lithium NPO_782 An "element" with atomic number 3. molar mass NPO_1170 PATO:0001681 A physical quality that inheres in a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. A "lipid membrane" which is two (lipid) molecules thick. lipid bilayer NPO_338 MESH: D008051 NPO_514 water-soluble A "water solubility" quality that gives a molecule or a chemical substance, the ability to dissolve in water. PATO:0001887 soluble in water element NPO_733 A pure substance which is made up of atoms with the same atomic number; hence it cannot be decomposed or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different substance, although it can be transmuted into an isotope (different number of neutrons but the same number of protons) through a nuclear reacion. A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-CH=CH2, and the group is characteristic of acryloyl compounds. NPO_215 acryloyl group CHEBI:48077 carboxylate group NPO_831 A "functional group" derived by the removal of a hydrogen atom from a carboxylic acid, by virtue of which it has structure -C(=O)-[O-]. The group is characteristic of a carboxylate compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via a covalent bond between the oxygen atom and a carbon atom. carboxylic ester linkage between organo hydroxy compound and acid anhydride A "carboxylic ester linkage" which occurs between an organo hydroxy compound and an acid anhydride, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_466 NPO_717 A "stimulus for nanoparticle function", which originates from a source that is outside of the the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. external stimulus for nanoparticle function surface of micelle Surface of a micelle formed from polar head groups of constituting amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. NPO_484 NPO_482 CHEBI:24396 A peptide compound in which a carbohydrate component is linked to a peptide component. glycopeptide optical microscopy light microscopy A microscopy technique based on the use of optical microscope. NPO_1431 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of astatine. CHEBI:37138 astatine molecular entity NPO_1093 melphalan An L-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard. NPO_874 NCIT:C633 An "element" with atomic number 104. NPO_809 rutherfordium NPO_1210 nanomolar UO:0000065 A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M. nM A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to ultrasound. NPO_356 nanoparticle response to ultrasound NPO_1019 A "quality" inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of one or more atoms of the same element. homoatomic A "covalent linkage" where an amidine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_238 amidine linkage NPO_980 rutherfordium atom An "atom" with atomic number 104. 104 CHEBI:26373 NPO_900 pteridine compound An organic heterobicyclic compound which is composed partly or wholly of a pteridine ring system (a pyrimidine ring fused with a pyrazine ring). NPO_791 An aminoacid which is aromatic in nature. aromatic aminoacid kilogram per liter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in liters. kilograms per liter kg/L NPO_1272 UO:0000165 volume percentage percent volume per volume percent volume/volume NCIT:C48571 % vol A percentage unit concentration which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution. percent volume % (v/v) NPO_1325 An element of group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). alkali metal NPO_448 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a vanadium group (Group-5) element. CHEBI:33746 NPO_1119 vanadium group molecular entity NCIT:C15958 NPO_1409 in vitro bioassay in vitro assay A bioassay conducted in an artificial environment (e.g., test tube) outside the body of a living organism, under controlled conditions. NPO_518 An "element" with atomic number 79. gold DNA binding agent NPO_939 NCIT: C2842 Antineoplastic agent that binds to DNA to regulate mechanisms central to cellular function, including DNA replication and gene expression. A "dipole-dipole interaction" between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule due to attraction between permanent dipole on the polar molecule and temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule is induced by the permanent dipole on the polar molecule. dipole-induced dipole interaction It occurs when a non-polar molecule dissolves in a polar or a dipolar solvent under the assumption that the solute dissolves because the attractive force between the solvent and solute are stronger than the intermolecular forces, holding the non-polar solute molecules together. NPO_343 chromatography NPO_1458 FIX:0000053 [definition adapted from NCIT, WordNet, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/chromatography] A separation technique for separation of mixtures, in which a mixture dissolved in a mobile liquid or gas medium, is passed hrough a stationary adsorbing medium to separate the components based on differential affinities of the components for the mobile medium and for the stationary medium. 31 An "atom" with atomic number 31. gallium atom NPO_483 CHEBI:35352 organonitrogen compound NPO_503 An organonitrogen compound is a heteroorganic compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. particle diameter Diameter which inheres in a particle. NPO_1539 FITC NPO_134 An organic compound which is derived from fluorescein by replacing a hydrogen atom of the benzene ring (the one that does not contain the hydroxyl groups), with an amine-reactive isothiocyanate group. fluorescein isothiocyanate CHEBI:37926 A "covalent linkage" where a sulfonamide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. sulfonamide linkage NPO_212 A "material site", which describes a material layer surrounding the "core". shell NPO_760 A liquid chromatography technique in which the sample is forced by a liquid (mobile phase) at high pressure, through a column that is packed with a solid stationary phase. NPO_1462 high performance liquid chromatography HPLC NCIT: C16434 FIX:0000630 high pressure liquid chromatography An isotope which releases radiation as it breaks down. NPO_1380 NCIT:C799 radionuclide radioisotope antifolate "Antineoplastic antimetabolite" which interferes with folic acid metabolism by inhibiting one or more folate-dependent enzymes, resulting in decreased DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.This role inheres in a molecular entity that has a chemical structure similar to folic acid, a key component in cell proliferation, NPO_460 NCIT: C511 folate antagonist GO:0004672 NPO_953 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [source: MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN] protein kinase activity DNA synthesis GO:0006260 DNA biosynthesis NPO_142 A process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. DNA replication surface conjugated agent surface attached agent NPO_127 nanoparticle surface agent A "molecule role in nanoparticle" which inheres in a molecular entity that is attached to other molecular entities (chemical components) on the surface of a nanoparticle. The agent interacts with other agents or molecules that come in contact with the nanoparticle. An "element" with atomic number 18. argon NPO_841 prefix: aldo- suffix: -al aldehyde CHEBI:17478 An "aldehyde" is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom, and one organic group or another hydrogen atom. It is characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group, and has the structure R-C(=O)H, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. NPO_415 aliphatic aminoacid NPO_855 An aminoacid which is aliphatic in nature. 5 An "atom" with atomic number 5. boron atom NPO_403 arylthioether linkage between thiol and fluorobenzene derivative NPO_175 An "arylthioether linkage" which occurs between a thiol and a fluorobenzene derivative, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_1515 powdered state Physical state which is characteristic of a powder. molar NPO_1207 A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). UO:0000062 M pharmacokinetic parameter A parameter measured or calculated in a pharmacokinetic study. NPO_1530 NPO_1286 PATO:0000011 age A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long has existed. FIX:0000608 LC liquid chromatography A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. NPO_1461 A "platinum compound" in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue. NPO_603 carboplatin NCIT: C1282 CHEBI:31355 amide group A "functional group" which has the structure -E(=O)-NH2 or -E(=O)-NH- or -E(=O)-N(-)-, where E could denote one of the following atoms: carbon (C), sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P). The group is characteristic of an amide compound wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_229 nanoparticle response to infrared light A "nanoparticle response to external stimulus", which occurs in response to infrared light. NPO_756 A colloid in which both phases are liquids that are immiscible with each other.[source: WordNet 3.0] NCIT:C63807 NPO_639 emulsion [source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com ultrasound imaging contrast agent contrast agent in ultrasound imaging CHEBI:37337 NPO_250 ultrasound contrast agent A "contrast agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that provides contrast in images captured using ultrasound imaging techniques. purine antagonist NPO_920 NCIT:C1556 purine inhibitor Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of purines. A "disulfide linkage" which occurs between two thiol compounds, through the participation of respective sulfhydryl groups. disulfide linkage between two thiols NPO_887 IgE NCIT:C567 immunoglobulin E An immunoglobulin isotype, which has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general. [Source: NCI] NPO_1391 Drug directed against a tumor cell to affect its division and function. anticancer drug directed against tumor cell NPO_549 A quinazoline compound is a derivative of quinazoline. NPO_386 CHEBI:38530 quinazoline compound An "amide linkage" which occurs between a primary amine and a carboxylic acid, through the participation of respective functional groups.. amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic acid NPO_807 neptunium NPO_727 An "element" with atomic number 93. amine-reactive_and_sulfhydryl-reactive_crosslinker A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has an amine-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. NPO_983 CHEBI:45863 MESH: D017239 Paclitaxel is isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. NCIT:C1411 A diterpenoid, which consists of a tetracyclic core called baccatin III, and an amide tail. paclitaxel NPO_860 NPO_1365 A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of longest and shortest dimensions of an object. aspect ratio The hydrophobic space within the lipid bilayer. NPO_207 hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor survival signaling inhibitor NPO_616 An "angiogenesis inhibitor" that acts by blocking the action of endothelial integrins. An endothelial-specific integrin/survival signaling inhibitor binds to and blocks the activity of endothelial-specific integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus NCIT: C2144 NPO_141 thioether group A "functional group" which has the structure -S-. The group is characteristic of thioether wherein the sulfur atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. SFM NCIT:C78804 [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, http://en.wikipedia.org] atomic force microscope scanning force microscope A scanning probe microscope which consists of a microscale cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The probe is extremely close to - but does not touch-the surface. As the probe traverses the surface, attractive and repulsive forces arising between it and the atoms on the surface induce forces on the probe that bend the cantilever. The amount of bending is measured and recorded, providing a map of the atoms on the surface. Atomic force microscopes can achieve magnification of a factor of 5 × 10^6, with a resolution of 2 angstroms, sufficient to resolve individual carbon atoms. NPO_1445 AFM NCIT:C64352 rod NPO_461 A cylinder with height greater than the cross-sectional diameter. rod shape An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by ultraviolet light. NPO_767 stimulus of ultraviolet light fluorochrome NCIT:C503 A "fluorescence imaging contrast agent" which is the role of a molecular entity that emits photons and becomes fluorescent, when it is excited by light of certain wavelength; therefore, it is suitable for use in fluorescence imaging applications. NPO_643 An "element" with atomic number 76. NPO_754 osmium NPO_391 An "amidine group" which has the structure -C(=N-)-NH2. It is characteristic of a carboxamidine compound. carboxamidine group einsteinium NPO_184 An "element" with atomic number 99. protein amino acid binding NPO_170 GO:0005515 Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [source: GOC:go_curators] protein binding NPO_968 8 oxygen atom An "atom" with atomic number 8. NPO_154 An "element" with atomic number 45. rhodium NPO_1512 Physical state which is characteristic of a crystal. crystalline state iron oxide An oxide of iron. NPO_273 NPO_1202 A qualitative measure of acidity in the basic pH range. alkaline basic NPO_337 supramolecular structure A "molecular structure" which is formed and held together by non-covalent interactions of molecules. NPO_800 aminoacetic acid CHEBI:15428 Gln glycine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH2-C(OH)=OH. NPO_1569 A nanoparticle which is loaded with gadolinium ions. gadolinium-loaded nanoparticle NPO_251 calcium An "element" with atomic number 20. neon NPO_328 An "element" with atomic number 10. NPO_594 DNA synthesis inhibitor An antineoplastic agent, which inhibits the synthesis of DNA. 47 An "atom" with atomic number 47. silver atom NPO_770 UO:0000226 A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to the amount of flux that when linked with a single turn of wire for an interval of one second will induce an electromotive force of one volt. weber NPO_1160 volt-second Wb V s [definition source]: BFO An "entity" that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. NPO_259 endurant continuant A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m. nm NPO_1246 UO:0000018 nanometer An "atom" with atomic number 33. 33 NPO_808 arsenic atom multi-walled nanotube A "nanotube" which consists of multiple layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_112 A "pterin compound" which contains para-aminobenzoic acid and L-glutamate unit conjugated with the pterin structure. folic acid CHEBI:27470 NPO_422 unit of mass A unit of measurement which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object. mass unit NPO_1172 UO:0000002 A type of nitrogen mustard. NPO_890 cyclophosphamide CHEBI:4027 size-exclusion chromatography A chromatography technique which uses porous gels to separate solute molecules or particles based on size. gel permeation chromatography NCIT:C16433 FIX:0000626 GPC gel filtration chromatography SEC NPO_1464 stimulus for nanoparticle function A process which describes an action or event that triggers a specific function of a nanoparticle. NPO_751 acyl bromide group An "acyl halide group" in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom." NPO_740 sulfur NPO_796 An "element" with atomic number 16. 24 chromium atom NPO_934 An "atom" with atomic number 24. tumor targeting NPO_605 The process of directing a molecule or a particle to a specific location in a tumor. targeting NPO_1435 scanning tunneling microscopy A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of scanning tunneling microscope. NPO_1562 A fluorescent silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticle NPO_416 A "hydrazone linkage" which occurs between a carbohydrazide and a ketone, through the participation of respective functional groups. hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and ketone An "atom" with atomic number 98. 98 californium atom NPO_872 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gallium. CHEBI:37111 NPO_1107 gallium molecular entity tumor weight Weight inhering in a tumor. NPO_1220 CHEBI:36915 NPO_1042 inorganic cation A cation which is inorganic. NPO_560 thiocyanate compound thiocyanate A "thioyanate compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "thiocyanate group." It has the structure R-S-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. solid NPO_834 A substance which has an ordered 3-dimensional structure due to the closely packed arrangement of constituting atoms, molecules or ions. As a result, the substance has a definite shape and volume, and the shape can be modified under application of a force. state of mixture NPO_1505 Physical state which is characteristic of a mixture. Outer surface of a liposome vesicle, formed by the polar head groups of lipid molecules that compose the lipid bilayer. NPO_245 outer hydrophilic surface of liposome nanoparticle property A quality which inheres in a nanoparticle. property of nanoparticle s-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital. NPO_718 An "element" with atomic number 83. bismuth NPO_688 NPO_1030 anion An ion which is negatively charged. CHEBI:22563 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of copper. copper molecular entity CHEBI:23377 NPO_1131 Period 4 Element An element in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_871 NPO_243 dysprosium An "element" with atomic number 66. NPO_653 stimulus of pH change An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in pH of the medium. N Newton A force unit which is equal to the force required to cause an acceleration of 1m/s2 of a mass of 1 Kg in the direction of the force. UO:0000108 NPO_1174 NPO_1430 transmission electron microscopy A "light source" at the top of the TEM emits the electrons that travel through vacuum in the column of the microscope. Instead of glass lenses focusing the light in the light microscope, the TEM uses electromagnetic lenses to focus the electrons into a very thin beam. The electron beam then travels through the specimen you want to study. Depending on the density of the material present, some of the electrons are scattered and disappear from the beam. At the bottom of the microscope the unscattered electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which gives rise to a "shadow image" of the specimen with its different parts displayed in varied darkness according to their density. The image can be studied directly by the operator or photographed with a camera. [source: http://Nobelprize.org] An electron microscopy technique based on the use of transmission electron microscope. TEM technique NCIT:C17230 ultrasound imaging An imaging technique in which ultrasound (sound waves with frequency above the human hearing range) waves are bounced off tissues and the echoes produce a picture (sonogram). NPO_1484 NPO_1154 A unit of measurement of which is dimensionless. dimensionless unit iodoacetyl compound An "iodoacetyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "iodoacetyl group." It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH2-I, where R denotes an organic group or hydrogen atom. NPO_185 iodoacetyl derivative A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=O)-O- and it is formally derived from carboxylic acid and organic hydroxy compound. The group is characteristic of a carboxylic ester compound wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. carboxylic ester group NPO_682 54 An "atom" with atomic number 54. NPO_862 xenon atom NPO_1122 titanium group molecular entity CHEBI:33768 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a titanium group (Group-4) element. NPO_1230 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. PATO:0000915 thickness shell of nanocapsule The shell of a nanocapsule. NPO_524 NPO_1203 A qualitative measure of acidity in the acidic pH range. acidic An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(NH2)=NH)-C(OH)=OH CHEBI:29016 arginine Arg NPO_875 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid An "element" with atomic number 111. NPO_570 roentgenium An "acyl compound" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an acyl group R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic group and the carbon atom is not bonded to a hydrogen atom or oxygen atom. NPO_511 acyl compound amino group amine group A "functional group" which is formally derived by the removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2 or -NH- or -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of an amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_696 An element of Group 2 of the periodic table. Group 2 Element NPO_625 bromine molecular entity CHEBI:22928 NPO_1089 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bromine. homoglycan CHEBI:37164 [definition source]: CHEBI NPO_896 homopolysaccharide A "polysaccharide", which is composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. PATO:0000146 temperature A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system. NPO_1287 EGFR binding GO:0005154 epidermal growth factor receptor binding TGF-alpha receptor binding EGF receptor binding transforming growth factor alpha receptor binding NPO_165 Interacting selectively with the epidermal growth factor receptor. [source: GOC:ai] CHEBI:27570 histidine His 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2c1c[nH]cn1)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_329 phosphorus atom 15 NPO_710 An "atom" with atomic number 15. carbamate linkage NPO_456 carbamate ester linkage A "covalent linkage" where a carbamate ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. strontium NPO_107 An "element" with atomic number 38. covalent interaction NPO_149 An "intramolecular interaction" in which two atoms share one or more electron pairs. covalent bond tumor angiogenesis Angiogenesis which is the formation of new blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to a tumor for its growth and maintenance. NCIT:C19361 NPO_1535 Group 8 Element An element of Group 8 of the periodic table. NPO_664 iron group element positive charge An electric charge quality which signifies a deficiency of electrons in the bearer. positively charged NPO_1305 prefix: hydroxy suffix: -ol A "functional group", in which an oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom, and has the structure -OH. The group is characteristic of an organic hydroxy molecule wherein it is attached to a carbon atom via a single covalent bond. CHEBI:43176 NPO_941 hydroxyl group hydroxy group topotecan NPO_645 A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. isotope A molecular structure which is one of two or more forms of atoms - of a chemical element-that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Hence an isotope differs from an atom in relative atomic mass and physical properties but not in chemical properties; an isotope is a radioactive form of element. NPO_973 hollow core of nanocage NPO_612 The hollow core region of a nanocage. acyl azide group NPO_405 A "functional group" which has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes any organic group. The group is characteristic of acyl azide compounds. The structure of an "acyl azide" is R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, in which an acyl group is bound to a diazonium group. An "internal stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by a change in temperature. stimulus of temperature change NPO_811 Electrophoresis method used for separating molecules of proteins and nucleic acids from a sample mixture of similar molecules through a gelatinous matrix. Subject to an electric field, each molecule in the sample mixture migrates through the matrix at a different rate, depending mainly on electrical charge and size, resulting in spatial separation within the matrix of each molecular species in the sample mixture. Agarose and acrylamide in a cylindrical tube or slab gel are commonly used media for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids. gel electrophoresis NPO_1419 NCIT:C18091 antineoplastic activity NPO_564 A process that prevents or inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. organic cation A cation which is organic. NPO_1041 CHEBI:25697 An "element" with atomic number 6. NPO_857 carbon A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters. gram per liter UO:0000175 grams per liter g/L NPO_1271 NPO_959 Interacting selectively with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. antigen binding GO:0003823 An "element" with atomic number 73. NPO_288 tantalum NPO_724 A "three-dimensional nanoparticle" which consists of a shell and a space, in which desired substances may be placed. It can be cylindrical or spherical in shape. Nanocapsule An "element" with atomic number 110. darmstadtium NPO_488 NPO_451 A "covalent linkage" where a thioester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. thioester linkage NPO_1252 square nanometer An area unit which is equal to 10^[-18] m^[2]. nm^[2] NPO_833 The porous shell of a nanocage. porous shell of nanocage An ellipsoid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis or minor axis. NPO_320 spheroid A "quality" that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence of dipole moments. polar NPO_410 protein role A "molecular role" inhering in a protein molecule by virtue of the protein's function. NPO_192 HRTEM high resolution transmission electron microscope NPO_1452 [definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org] A transmission electron microscope which operates at an imaging mode that allows the imaging of the crystallographic structure of a sample at an atomic scale. In this mode, the transmitted and the diffracted beams of electrons are allowed to interfere to produce phase-contrast images. NPO_631 A "nanoparticle" whuch is basically composed of solidified lipid molecules. solid lipid nanoparticle A "functional group" which has the structure -C(=N-)-. The group is the characteristic of an "imine." imine group NPO_536 surface property A quality inhering in the surface of an object. NPO_1364 TMP synthetase activity thymidylate synthase activity GO:0004799 thymidylate synthetase activity NPO_820 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = dihydrofolate + dTMP. [source: EC:2.1.1.45] methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity dTMP synthase activity 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity antineoplastic alkylating agent NPO_235 DNA crosslinking agent, which alkylates DNA. CHEBI:22632 arsenic molecular entity NPO_1094 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of arsenic. A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extension in one dimension. 1-D extent NPO_1226 PATO:0001708 CHEBI:48120 anthracycline NPO_539 A "polyketide" which has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine. ellipse [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI NPO_850 A shape, which is a closed, curve whose path is traced by a point moving in a plane such that the sum of its respective distances from two fixed points (the ellipse's foci) is constant. elliptical shape elliptical NPO_1025 homoatomic molecular entity A polyatomic entity which consists of a single element. preferred name is borrowed from CHEBI:33259. But the term's definition is different from that of CHEBI:33259. NPO_799 An "element" with atomic number 74. tungsten An "external stimulus for nanoparticle function", which is caused by light. NPO_412 stimulus of electromagnetic radiation stimulus of light A coordination compound which contains platinum as the central atom. CHEBI:33862 platinum coordination compound NPO_297 An "element" with atomic number 65. terbium NPO_775 An "isothiocyanate" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "isothiocyanate group." It has the structure R-N=C=S, where R denotes an organic group. isothiocyanate NPO_844 organic compound NPO_764 organic compound or molecule A compound or molecule, in which carbon is the principal element. organic molecule A "quality" that measures the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself. NPO_421 [definition source]: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html electronegativity magnesium atom An "atom" with atomic number 12. NPO_977 12 cm^[3]/mole A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic centimeter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. cubic centimeter per mole UO:0000090 NPO_1262 vapor state NPO_1503 Physical state which is characteristic of a vapor. CHEBI:24873 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iron. NPO_1134 iron molecular entity NPO_1488 sample composition Composition of a sample. iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran NPO_1549 dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle An iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran. NPO_1568 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of hydroxyapatite. hydroxyapatite nanoparticle A "material site" which describes a nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. NPO_768 nanopore NCIT:C62343 [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. CHEBI:23849 Diterpenoid A terpenoid which has a C20 skeleton. NPO_659 polyatomic cation NPO_1040 CHEBI:33702 A cation which consists of more than one atom. imine linkage A "covalent linkage" where an imine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_526 europium An "element" with atomic number 63. NPO_516 adriamycin-loaded nanoparticle NPO_145 doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with doxorubicin. NPO_1370 A nanoparticle which has magnetic property. magnetic nanoparticle A "double-walled nanotube" which consists of two graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. double-walled carbon nanotube NPO_301 suspension NPO_532 A mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy.[source: WordNet 2008] NCIT:C45304 adriamycin 14-hydroxydaunorubicine An "anthracycline" which is (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. It has a parent hydride, tetracene, and has substructures that classify it as a deoxy hexoside, and a quinone. CHEBI:28748 NPO_788 doxorubicin ionizability NPO_628 A "quality" that inheres in a chemical substance by virtue of having or not having the ability to be ionized. [definition source]: ChEBI A molecular entity that has a net electric charge. NPO_546 CHEBI:24870 ion 25 manganese atom NPO_171 An "atom" with atomic number 25. A monoatomic dication of zinc. NPO_1053 CHEBI:29105 zinc (2+) ion Magnetic quality -similar to paramagnetism - which is exhibited in materials when the temperature of the material is below the Curie temperature. NPO_859 superparamagnetic An "atom" with atomic number 13. aluminium atom 13 NPO_103 NPO_1197 A quality inhering in an entity by virtue of it containing acid (hydrogen ions). PATO:0001842 acidity NPO_459 other metal poor metal A metal which is any of the following elements: aluminium, bismuth, gallium, indium, lead, hallium, tin. NPO_706 calcium atom 20 An "atom" with atomic number 20. grams per cubic centimeter g/cm^[3] UO:0000084 gram per cubic centimeter NPO_1270 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in cubic centimeters. An "element" with atomic number 5. NPO_233 boron A "sulfonyl chloride derivative" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "sulfonyl chloride group." It has the structure R-S(=O)(=O)-Cl, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_132 sulfonyl chloride derivative magnetic flux density The amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow NPO_1163 An "atom" with atomic number 90. NPO_716 thorium atom 90 A nanoparticle which exists as part of a nanoparticle sample. nanoparticle in sample NPO_1491 NCIT:C63390 A gaseous state of matter that is a solid or liquid at normal room temperature. [source:NCI] NPO_854 vapor A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of oxygen. CHEBI:25806 NPO_1099 oxygen molecular entity thorium An "element" with atomic number 90. NPO_652 NPO_828 carbamate ester CHEBI:23003 A "carbamate ester" is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of a "carbamate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-NH2 or R-O-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-O-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R, R', R" denote organic groups. NPO_1217 A physical property which denotes the amount of substance (matter). amount of substance An anion of fluorine. NPO_1048 fluoride CHEBI:17051 bromo group NPO_339 A "halo group" in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom." crystal NPO_895 NCIT:C61303 A solid which is formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure. crystalline solid NPO_325 contrast agent A "diagnostic imaging agent", which is the role of a molecular entity that is used during an imaging procedure to allow the delineation of biological structures in their images. Contrast agents appear opaque due to the difference in absorption of X-rays or other electromagnetic waves and surrounding tissue. NCIT: C390 CHEBI:25696 An anion which is organic. organic anion NPO_1037 centrifugation NPO_1417 A separation technique which uses a centrifuge to generate a centrifugal force for separating fluids of different densities from mixtures or for separating liquids from solids. Da dalton UO:0000221 NPO_1175 A mass unit which is equal to one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the carbon-12 nuclide, at rest and in its ground state. A 1-D extent downward or backward or inward. PATO:0001595 depth NPO_1232 A "quality" which is characteristic of a molecule or a chemical substance that lacks affinity for water; does not dissolve in or mix with water. hydrophobicity hydrophobic NPO_399 PATO:0001885 NPO_1299 microvolt An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one millionth of a volt or 10^[-6] V. UO:0000249 µV NPO_580 imine linkage between secondary amine and aldehyde An "imine linkage" which occurs between a secondary amine and an aldehyde, through the participation of respective functional groups. NPO_1273 A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by its mass. PATO:0001019 density A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of boron. CHEBI:22916 boron molecular entity NPO_1104 Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle. NPO_203 DNA topoisomerase type I activity A "nanoparticle" which is loaded with methotrexate. NPO_104 methotrexate-loaded nanoparticle The spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance. [source: NCI, WordNet] NPO_274 shape "Quality" which exactly or approximately describes the external form or outline of something as distinct from its substance. carbon molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of carbon. NPO_1113 inorganic compound or molecule NPO_351 A compound or molecule, in which carbon is not the principal element. inorganic molecule inorganic compound CHEBI:33422 monoatomic pentacation NPO_1066 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 5+. lead atom NPO_613 An "atom" with atomic number 51. 51 A "covalent linkage" where a thioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of participating chemical groups. NPO_504 thioether linkage NPO_991 hafnium An "element" with atomic number 72. thiocyanate group NPO_221 A "functional group" which has the structure N#C-S-. The group is characteristic of a thiocyanate organic molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. [definition source]: Y. Matsumur and H. Maeda, "A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent Smancs," Cancer Research, 46, 6387-6392 (1986). A "passive targeting" process, which describes the accumulation of particulate substances in angiogenic tumors due to enhanced permeability of particles across leaky tumor endothelium and retention of the particles inside the tumor due to its defective lymphatic drainage system. enhanced permeability and retention effect NPO_837 targeting of cancer cells via EPR EPR iron (2+) ion NPO_1057 CHEBI:29033 A monoatomic dication of iron. cell division NPO_545 GO:0051301 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. [source: GOC:go_curators] NPO_1296 volt V UO:0000218 An electric potential difference unit which is equal to the work per unit charge. One volt is the potential difference required to move one coulomb of charge between two points in a circuit while using one joule of energy. A chemical component that is part of a dendrimer. molecular component in dendrimer NPO_180 gold quantum dot-entrapped poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle NPO_551 A "nanoparticle" which is basically composed of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in which gold quantum dots are entrapped. NPO_1031 organic ion CHEBI:25699 An ion which is organic. NCIT: C344 carbohydrate The generic term 'carbohydrate' includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar' is frequently applied to monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. [definition source]: CHEBI CHEBI:23008 MESH: D002241 NPO_423 nanopipette A "two-dimensional nanostructure" which is a capillary tube with diameter in the nanometer range. Nanopipettes made from standard quartz capillary tubes are known to detect single molecules which are labeled with gold nanoparticles. NPO_447 A technique which is used to 1) analyze or measure (qualitatively/quantitatively) the composition and quality of a substance; or, 2) to analyze a process or activity. NPO_1408 assay An element with properties between a metal and a non-metal. metalloid NPO_755 NPO_683 polar covalent bond A "covalent bond" in which the sharing of electron pair is unequal due to difference in the electronegativities of atoms that share the electron pair. role is a realizable_entity whose manifestation brings about some result or end that is not typical of its bearer in virtue of the latter's physical structure. Rather role is played by an instance of the corresponding kind of continuant entity because this entity is in some special natural, social or institutional set of circumstances. (Source: Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.) [BFO definition]: A "snap:RealizableEntity" ("realizable_entity") the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of "snap:Continuant" ("continuant") in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. At the instance-level, a role y is filled by x which is an instance of an independent continuant( x which takes the role of y: x is the filler, y is the role). A role y has a context P (e.g. an occurrent in which x is a participant). Every role term has its own qualities and behavior, given the context. A "realizable entity" the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a "continuant" in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of "continuant" in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. role NPO_517 Van Der Waals Interaction An "intermolecular interaction" between molecules (polar or non-polar) due to attraction between permanent or temporary molecular dipoles. dipole-dipole interaction NPO_582 68 erbium atom NPO_967 An "atom" with atomic number 68. NPO_651 radium An "element" with atomic number 88. CHEBI:33327 NPO_1371 silicon oxide An oxide of silicon. A heteroorganic compound is an organic compound in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. NPO_293 CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic molecule heteroorganic entity heteroorganic compound separation technique NPO_1416 A technique which is used to separate substances from mixtures. separation method CHEBI:33582 NPO_1088 carbon group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-14 element. A colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid.[source: WordNet 2008] NPO_835 sol NCIT:C73489 parameter determined from A relation which indicates the type of process that determines the value of a parameter. A relation that indicates the quantity associated with a unit of measure. It is an inverse relation of "has unit of measure". unit of has conjugated component part has attached component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component in a nanoparticle formulation is attached or chemically conjugated to some other chemical components of the same nanoparticle formulation by a method of attachment. has application A relation which indicates the application of an entity. has output participant A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent that has other participating continuants, which holds iff at every time t an instance of the occurrent is created, there is at least one instance of the continuant participating in it at time t1 > t, and it is formed / derived from the instances of those continuants that participate at time t. A relation which indicates that the type of instrument used in a process. uses instrument stimulus causes response A relationship that indicates the response caused by a stimulus. (e.g., the response caused by the action of a stimulus on a nanoparticle) A relationship to indicate that a class is related to another class. has relation to has technique A relation which indicates the technique used for accomplishing a purpose. technique used for A relation which indicates the process for which the technique is used. has unit of measure has unit A relation which indicates the unit of a measured quantity. A relation between a quality and its bearer. quality inheres in A relation which indicates the property described by a characterization process. describes property blocks Relation between a continuant and a process that is inhibited by the continuant. inhibits has role Relation between an independent continuant and a role. e.g., X (molecular entity) has_role Y (role), i.e, X fills the role of Y [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) If C is an independent continuant and C1 a role continuant class, then C has_role R1 means that every instance of C fills some instances of role C1 everytime the role is realized in a particular context. property determined from A relation which indicates the type of process that determines a qualitative or quantitative measure of the property. A relationship to indicate that one atom has a covalent bond with another atom. has bond with A relation which indicates the quality inhering in an entity. It is a general relation between any class and subclasses of Quality. has quality A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the occurrent is created, it has atleast one instance of the continuant participating in it at the same time. If P is an occurrent class and C a continuant class, then P has_participant C means that every instance of P involves some instances of C as participants. [formal definition]: P has_participant C hold true, if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that c instantiates C at t and p has participant c at t. Examples: nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has_participant drug-loaded nanoparticle (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) has participant has function A relationship that indicates the function inhering in an entity. has encapsulated component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) becomes encapsulated - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of encapsulation. has function realized as process A relationship that indicates the function of a continuant, realized as a process. A relationship to indicate that one atom has a triple covalent bond with another atom. has triple bond with has single bond with A relationship to indicate tnat one atom has a single covalent bond with another atom. A relationship to indicate that one atom has a double covalent bond with another atom. has double bond with participates in is_participant_of A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the continuant is created, it participates in atleast one instance of the occurrent at the same time. [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) If C is a continuant class and P an occurrent class, then C participates_in P means that every instance of C participates in some instances of P. [formal definition]: C participates_in P if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C there is some occurrent p, and some time t, such that p instantiates P and c participates in p at t. Example: catalyst participates_in catalytic reaction fluorometer participates_in measurement of fluorescence intensity is composed of C has_component_part C1, means that every instance c of C is prepared from some instances c1 of C1 and a significant material portion of c1 becomes part of the constituting material of c when c begins to exist. A relation used between material continuants where one is composed of the other. In the NPO, this relation is used mostly for representing the composition of nanoparticle formulations or nanoparticles. has component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) is entrapped - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of entrapment. has entrapped component part A relationship that indicates the bearer inhering a function. function of regulates A relationship between a continuant and a process that is regulated by the continuant. has part Transitive parthood relation in which one entity has itself, or another entity as a part, and the relation is valid for use only between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P has_part P1 means that every instance of P has part some instances of P1. [formal definition]:P has_part P1 if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some occurrent p1 that instantiates P1 such that p1 is part of p. Examples: covalent linkage has_part covalent interaction visualization of cellular uptake of nanoparticles has_part imaging of nanoparticles If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C has_part C1 means that every instance of C at any time has part some instances of C1 at the same time. [formal definition]: C has_part C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c1 is part of c at t. Examples: fluorescein isothiocyanate has_part isothiocyanate group gold quantum dot has_part gold core-shell nanoparticle has_part core core-shell nanoparticle has_part shell (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) part of [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P part_of P1 means that every instance of P is part of some instances of P1. [formal definition]: P part_of P1 holds true if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some process p1 that instantiates P1 such that p is part of p1. Examples: drug release from nanoparticle during systemic circulation part_of systemic circulation of drug-loaded nanoparticle If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C part_of C1 means that every instance of C (c) at any time is part of some instances of C1 (c1) at the same time []. Note that whenever we read "some instances" it should be understood as reading "one or more instances". [formal definition]: C part_of C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c is part of c1 at t. Examples: carboxyl group part_of carboxylic acid dendrimer generation layer part_of dendrimer hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer part_of lipid bilayer hollow core of nanocage part_of nanocage is part of Transitive parthood relation in which one entity is part of another entity, and the relation is valid for use between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. e.g.,carbon atom is_integral_part_of carbon (carbon is_a element) [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) A parthood relation that holds when C is part of C and C1 has part C, where C and C1 are continuant classes. is integral part of The number of protons in an atom. atomic number The property code is used to indicate a unique identification code for every class in the NPO. It begins with the prefix "NPO_" followed by a number (e.g., NPO_250). The smallest code value is NPO_100 of class Cylinder. code The property preferred name is used to indicate the preferred name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. preferred_name definition The property definition is used to indicate the meaning or definition of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. The property synonym is used to indicate an alternate name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. synonym dBXrefID The property dBXrefID is used to indicate the reference ID of a class from an external CV / ontology / database.