http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/npo NanoParticle Ontology (NPO): Ontology for cancer nanotechnology research. Dennis G. Thomas PIs: Nathan A. Baker and Rohit V. Pappu; Washington University in St. Louis 1.0 A material site which is in the core of a material entity; which is hollow or a void space, into which molecular agents like drugs, imaging agents, etc. can be placed. NPO_363 core site core site NPO_538 66 An atom with atomic number 66. dysprosium atom dysprosium atom NPO_783 tryptophan An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)-C(OH)=OH. tryptophan Trp CHEBI:27897 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. nucleic acid binding NPO_1620 GO:0003676 nucleic acid binding An element of Group 2 of the periodic table. Group 2 Element NPO_625 Group 2 Element UO:0000226 V s A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to the amount of flux that when linked with a single turn of wire for an interval of one second will induce an electromotive force of one volt. Wb weber weber volt-second NPO_1160 NPO_798 nuclear hormone receptor binding Interacting selectively with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [source: GOC:bf] GO:0035257 nuclear hormone receptor binding length NPO_1227 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. length PATO:0000122 stimulus of electric field stimulus of electric field An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by electric field. NPO_219 NPO_579 praseodymium praseodymium An element with atomic number 59. A halo group in which the halogen atom is a iodine atom. iodo group NPO_426 iodo group NPO_422 A pterin compound which contains para-aminobenzoic acid and L-glutamate unit conjugated with the pterin structure. CHEBI:27470 folic acid folic acid NCIT:C1723 NPO_577 Erbitux A recombinant, chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This agent may inhibit EGFR-dependent primary tumor growth and metastasis. EGFR is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] cetuximab cetuximab drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor A biological process or mechanism by which extracellular materials are taken up by a cell. cellular uptake of extracellular material NPO_296 cellular uptake of extracellular material GO:0035258 steroid hormone receptor binding NPO_958 Interacting selectively with a steroid hormone receptor. [source: GOC:bf] steroid hormone receptor binding DNA binding NPO_1621 Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA binding GO:0003677 microtubule/chromatin interaction plasmid binding labeling role Role played by a material entity when it is used for labeling another material entity. labeling role NPO_599 CHEBI:26628 NPO_1100 selenium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of selenium. selenium molecular entity zinc molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zinc. NPO_1123 zinc molecular entity CHEBI:27364 amide linkage A covalent linkage where an amide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_626 amide bond amide linkage NPO_336 span:Process process A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a maximally connected spatiotemporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. [definition source]: BFO process rhenium NPO_425 rhenium An element with atomic number 75. NPO_576 inhibitor role inhibitor role Role borne by a molecular entity which prevents or slows down an activity or process; or that reduces the activity of another molecular entity. A functional group which has the structure -C(=N-)-. The group is the characteristic of an imine. NPO_536 imine group imine group photosensitive photosensitive NPO_1348 A disposition inhering in a bearer by virtue of its exhibiting photosensitivity. PATO:0000547 [source]: GO molecular activity GO:0003674 Elemental activity, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. molecular function NPO_362 molecular function NPO_257 fluorine An element with atomic number 9. fluorine CHEBI:26373 NPO_900 pteridine compound An organic heterobicyclic compound which is composed partly or wholly of a pteridine ring system (a pyrimidine ring fused with a pyrazine ring). pteridine compound NPO_627 A disposition, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by sound. acoustic-sensitive acoustic-sensitive An element with atomic number 51. lead lead NPO_424 A chemical compound which consists of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms. CHEBI:33240 coordination compound NPO_1139 coordination compound 30 An atom with atomic number 30. zinc atom NPO_298 zinc atom UO:0000039 µmole A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol. micromole NPO_1223 micromole carbohydrate-coated nanoparticle carbohydrate-coated nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of a carbohydrate. NPO_537 topoisomerase inhibitor topoisomerase inhibitor NPO_256 Enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the enzymatic activity of topoisomerases. NCIT: C1748 astatine molecular entity NPO_1093 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of astatine. astatine molecular entity CHEBI:37138 carbon molecular entity NPO_1113 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of carbon. carbon molecular entity silicon dioxide silicon dioxide NPO_1372 An oxide of silicon in which a silicon atom covalently bonded (double bond) with two oxygen atoms. CHEBI:30563 NPO_628 ionizability A realizable entity that inheres in a molecular entity or group, and that describes the ability of the bearer to be ionized. ionizability A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of polymer. NPO_218 polymer-coated nanoparticle polymer-coated nanoparticle An anticancer drug that is pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet light or sunlight, it is converted to its pharmacologically active metabolite. photosensitizing agent NPO_596 NCIT: C1420 MESH: D017319 photosensitizing agent photosensitizer kDa NPO_1176 kilodalton kilodalton A mass unit which is equal to one thousand daltons. UO:0000222 An atom with atomic number 85. 85 NPO_534 astatine atom astatine atom extracellular space intercellular space NPO_1580 FMA:70022 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [source: GO] GO:0005615 extracellular space PEGylated nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of polyethylene glycol. NPO_801 PEG-coated nanoparticle poly(ethylene) glycol-coated nanoparticle PEG-modified nanoparticle PEGylated nanoparticle An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an acyl azide. amide linkage between primary amine and acyl azide NPO_891 amide linkage between primary amine and acyl azide roentgenium atom NPO_533 111 roentgenium atom An atom with atomic number 111. NPO_259 continuant continuant endurant Examples: a heart, a person, the color of a tomato, the mass of a cloud, a symphony orchestra, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the lawn and atmosphere in front of our building An entity [bfo:Entity] that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. snap:Continuant An atom with atomic number 11. sodium atom sodium atom 11 NPO_187 NPO_473 Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located at the tumor cell. drug directed against protein of tumor cell drug directed against protein of tumor cell NCIT:C17369 imaging method imaging technique NPO_1477 A technique to obtain the image (appearance or form) of the whole or part of a material object. imaging technique CHEBI:33246 Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. NPO_1567 inorganic group inorganic group NPO_1007 cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] cellular biopolymer biosynthesis GO:0034961 cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process NPO_1233 2-D extent 2-D extent A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in two dimensions. PATO:0001709 NCIT:C32345 colloid NPO_360 A suspension of particles (dispersed phase) in a liquid medium (dispersion medium or continuous phase). colloid GO:0034960 cellular biopolymer metabolism cellular biopolymer metabolic process cellular biopolymer metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] NPO_1012 NPO_1091 fluorine molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of fluorine. fluorine molecular entity CHEBI:24062 An atom with atomic number 34. selenium atom selenium atom 34 NPO_535 GO:0004713 NPO_217 protein tyrosine kinase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [source: EC:2.7.10] protein tyrosine kinase activity NPO_802 A quality that inheres in a molecular entity which contains carbon as a principal element. organic definition for organic is based on the CHEBI definition for organic compounds (CHEBI:25700) NCIT: C63848 organic diagnostic imaging NPO_1478 Imaging of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for the purpose of diagnostic evaluation. NCIT:C16502 diagnostic imaging carbonate compound carbonate ester carbonate ester A carbonate ester is an organic compound which is a diester derivative of carbonate and it is characterized by the presence of a "carbonate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. NPO_429 NPO_188 Drug affecting the structure, function and synthesis of DNA in tumor cells drug directed against tumor DNA drug directed against tumor DNA hollow core of nanoshell The hollow core of a nanoshell hollow core of nanoshell NPO_472 CHEBI:33862 platinum coordination compound A coordination compound which contains platinum as the central atom. platinum coordination compound NPO_297 TMP synthetase activity thymidylate synthase activity 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity NPO_820 dTMP synthase activity thymidylate synthetase activity thymidylate synthase activity methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = dihydrofolate + dTMP. [source: EC:2.1.1.45] GO:0004799 NPO_109 lipid-coated nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of a lipid. lipid-coated nanoparticle A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. NPO_1097 nitrogen molecular entity nitrogen molecular entity CHEBI:51143 insoluble in water NPO_598 A qualitative measure of "solubility in water" which indicates the poor ability of the chemical substance to dissolve in water under specific conditions. insoluble in water water-insoluble UO:0000220 C coulomb coulomb NPO_1294 An electrical charge unit which is equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second. drug directed against tumor RNA drug directed against tumor RNA NPO_572 Anticancer drug which is directed to interfere with the synthesis, function or activity of mRNA. electromagnetic radiation quality A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with electromagnetic radiation. NPO_1385 electromagnetic radiation quality PATO:0001291 A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. fiat process part NPO_417 is it synonymous with "stage" which refers to temporally distinguised parts of an occurrent (eg., "infancy", "childhood", "adolescence", "adulthood" in the "life of a human being")? span:FiatProcessPart [source]: BFO v. 1.1 fiat_process_part NPO_893 A two-dimensional nanostructure which is an elongated fiber of diameter less than 100 nm. nanofiber nanofiber ionizable A qualitative measure of "ionizability" which indicates that the bearer can be ionized to gain negative or positive charges. NPO_428 ionizable An organic compound or molecule which is characterized by the presence of a functional group. NPO_202 organic functional class organic functional class CHEBI:33244 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix A platinum compound in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and two chlorine atoms. NPO_608 CHEBI:27899 cisplatin cisplatin entrapment entrapment A linkage in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes trapped due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's material site that is partially bounded by the particle's constituting material. NPO_471 57 An atom with atomic number 57. NPO_189 lanthanum atom lanthanum atom CHEBI:16042 halide anion halide anion An anion of halogen element. NPO_1045 radon atom NPO_531 radon atom 86 An atom with atomic number 86. UO:0000221 Da dalton dalton A mass unit which is equal to one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the carbon-12 nuclide, at rest and in its ground state. NPO_1175 NPO_597 mitroxantrone anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis mitroxantrone An organic compound which functions as a topoisomerase-II inhibitor and an antineoplastic antibiotic. NCIT:C62050 NPO_108 bohrium atom An atom with atomic number 107. 107 bohrium atom efficiency NPO_1333 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input. efficiency PATO:0001029 vanadium atom vanadium atom NPO_571 23 An atom with atomic number 23. CHEBI:15377 water NPO_1561 water An oxygen hydride which is a liquid and has the chemical formula H2O molybdenum molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of molybdenum. molybdenum molecular entity NPO_1127 CHEBI:25370 CHEBI:18186 Try NPO_906 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)-C(OH)=OH. tyrosine tyrosine A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size. monodisperse NPO_892 monodisperse anticancer drug acting in extracellular matrix anticancer drug acting in extracellular matrix NPO_470 Drug that acts in the extracellular matrix NCIT:C17738 fluorescence spectroscopy fluorescence spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique which analyzes fluorescence spectra from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light of a lower energy, typically, but not necessarily, visible light. NPO_1476 CHEBI:17051 fluoride An anion of fluorine. NPO_1048 fluoride suspension suspension A mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy.[source: WordNet 2008] NPO_532 NCIT:C45304 CHEBI:33704 An aminoacid in which a primary amine group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom, which is called the alpha–carbon.. NPO_632 alpha-aminoacid alpha-aminoacid NC-AFM FIX:0000117 An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is not in contact with sample's surface. In non contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is attractive. The cantilever is oscillated at a frequency slightly above its resonance frequency where the amplitude of oscillation is typically a few nanometers (<10 nm). The van der Waals forces, which are strongest from 1 nm to 10 nm above the surface, or any other long range force which extends above the surface acts to decrease the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This decrease in resonance frequency combined with the feedback loop system maintains a constant oscillation amplitude or frequency by adjusting the average tip-to-sample distance. Measuring the tip-to-sample distance at each (x,y) data point allows the scanning software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface. NPO_1449 Non Contact Atomic Force Microscopy Non Contact Atomic Force Microscopy Anticancer drug, which brings about a cancer therapeutic effect by inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms; i.e., it inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. NPO_777 antineoplastic drug antineoplastic agent NCIT: C274 antineoplastic agent CHEBI:35610 viability PATO:0000169 NPO_1342 A realizable entity inhering in a bearer or a population, by virtue of the bearer's ability or inability to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population. viability dextran A glucan which is a high-molecular-weight polymer of d-glucose, produced by enzymes on the cell surface of certain lactic acid bacteria. NPO_846 MESH:D003911 dextran CHEBI:33674 s-block molecular entity s-block molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a s-block element. NPO_1082 UO:0000032 h hour A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes. hour NPO_1282 crystal crystal NPO_895 A solid which is formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure. crystalline solid NCIT:C61303 NPO_183 A nanosensor which is defined as a nanometer-scale measurement device that consists of a biologically or chemically sensitive layer, such as an immobilized receptor, antibody, or nucleic acid, that is covalently attached to an optical transducer. In the case of a receptor-based nanosensor, an interaction between the immobilized receptor and its substrate - the molecule it binds to - produces a perturbation that the optical transducer converts to an electrical signal via laser-induced fluorescence. fiber-optic nanosensor fiber-optic nanosensor metal metal A series element which is an alkali earth metal or alkali metal or inner transition element or transition element or other metal. NPO_210 NPO_144 An atom with atomic number 53. iodine atom iodine atom 53 NPO_1463 A chromatography technique classified based on the mechanism of separation. chromatography by separation mechanism chromatography by separation mechanism FIX:0000610 PATO:0000117 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its physical magnitude. NPO_1225 size size PATO:0000918 volume volume NPO_1238 A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space an object occupies. copper group element Group 11 Element An element of Group 11 of the periodic table. Group 11 Element NPO_744 CHEBI:46345 anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis An organofluorine compound, which has uracil as the funcitonal parent. NPO_365 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil NPO_107 strontium An element with atomic number 38. strontium optical microscope A microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects.[source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] NPO_1439 optical microscope light microscope NCIT:C28265 magnetic force microscopy magnetic force microscopy A non contact atomic force microscopy technique based on the use of magnetic force microscope. NPO_1450 FIX:0000118 NPO_845 p-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy p-orbitals. p-block element deoxyribonucleic acid NPO_1002 A nucleic acid composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar and linked by phosphodiester bonds. DNA contains the genetic information of organisms. deoxyribonucleic acid DNA maleimide derivative maleimide derivative NPO_530 A maleimide derivative is an imide derived from maleimide by replacing the hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen in maleimide by an organic group. It is characterized by the presence of a maleimide group. CHEBI:33675 p-block molecular entity p-block molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. NPO_1078 A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-O-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of acid anhydrides. NPO_894 acid anhydride group The structure of an acid anhydride is R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', in which two acyl groups are bonded to the same oxygen atom; and , R,R' denote hydrogen atoms or organic groups. acid anhydride group einsteinium einsteinium An element with atomic number 99. NPO_184 A time unit which is equal to 24 hours. NPO_1283 day day UO:0000033 wavelength wavelength NPO_1346 A physical quality which is equal to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. PATO:0001242 metal nanoparticle NPO_1384 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of a metal. metal nanoparticle attachment chemical conjugation attachment A linkage in which two molecular entities or parts thereof are joined to form a chemically conjugated molecular entity. NPO_211 ester linkage A covalent linkage where a carboxylic ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. carboxylic ester linkage NPO_745 carboxylic ester linkage NPO_806 thulium atom 69 An atom with atomic number 69. thulium atom hydrophilic core of liposome The aqueous space enclosed by lipid bilayer of a liposome. hydrophilic core of liposome NPO_106 methotrexate-loaded nanoparticle methotrexate-loaded nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is loaded with methotrexate. NPO_104 iodoacetyl derivative An iodoacetyl compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an iodoacetyl group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH2-I, where R denotes an organic group or hydrogen atom. iodoacetyl compound NPO_185 iodoacetyl compound isothiocyanate An isothiocyanate is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an isothiocyanate group. It has the structure R-N=C=S, where R denotes an organic group. isothiocyanate NPO_844 long circulation half-life long circulating half life NPO_1590 A circulating half life which has a value considered to be long when compared to a reference value. long circulating half life A length of time which represents the period over which the activity or concentration of a specified chemical or element falls to half its original activity or concentration. NPO_1280 t1/2 UO:0000152 half life half life tomography An imaging technique in which waves of energy are passed through the sections of a solid object to obtain images of the internal structures of the object. NPO_1479 tomography quality of a continuant PATO:0001241 quality of continuant A quality which inheres in or borne by a continuant. physical object quality NPO_728 quality of an object quality of continuant A nanoparticle response to stimulus, which occurs in response to the external stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. NPO_146 nanoparticle response to external stimulus nanoparticle response to external stimulus epoxide derivative epoxide compound NPO_956 An epoxide compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an epoxide group. It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-O1, where R denotes an organic group. epoxide compound core initiator group NPO_803 dendrimer core molecule dendrimer core molecule A molecule component in dendrimer which forms the core of a dendrimer. CHEBI:17996 chloride chloride NPO_1047 An anion of chlorine. tubulin binding Interacting selectively with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [source: GOC:clt] NPO_814 GO:0015631 tubulin binding PATO:0001741 NPO_1383 radioactive A disposition inhering in the bearer by virtue of it exhibiting or causing radioactivity. radioactive A quality inhering in an object with mass near a gravitational body. weight weight NPO_1218 PATO:0000128 aryl halide NPO_898 aryl halide An organic compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. It is characterized by the presence of aryl halide groups. pH NPO_1198 The logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter. (source:Princeton WordNet) pH UO:0000196 hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and aldehyde NPO_291 A hydrazone linkage which is formed between a carbohydrazide and an aldehyde, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups.. hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and aldehyde chalogen Group 16 Element Group 16 Element An element of Group 16 of the periodic table. NPO_105 aluminium atom NPO_103 aluminium atom 13 An atom with atomic number 13. CHEBI:33673 zinc group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a zinc group (Group-12) element. NPO_1114 zinc group molecular entity A covalent linkage where an arylamine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_843 arylamine linkage arylamine linkage gold quantum dot A quantum dot composed of gold element NPO_186 gold quantum dot Au quantum dot A time derived unit which is equal to 60 seconds. NPO_1281 minute minute min UO:0000031 GO:0005488 binding NPO_547 The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. binding tin An element with atomic number 50. NPO_742 tin NPO_743 A dipole-dipole interaction between non-polar molecules due to attraction between an instantaneous dipole on one non-polar molecule and an induced dipole on the other non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the latter molecule is induced by the randomly occurring (temporary) instantaneous dipole of the former molecule. instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction london force induced dipole-induced dipole interaction An element with atomic number 28. nickel nickel NPO_804 NPO_957 stimulus of pO2 change stimulus of pO2 change An internal stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by a change in pO2. adriamycin-loaded nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is loaded with doxorubicin. doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle NPO_145 doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle barium atom barium atom NPO_897 56 An atom with atomic number 56. A nanoparticle which has a circulating half life longer than that of a reference substance. NPO_1591 long circulating nanoparticle long circulating nanoparticle Emission of particles or electromagnetic radiation caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atoms of unstable nuclei in order to form atoms with stable nuclei. NPO_1382 radioactivity radioactivity radioactive decay PATO:0000915 NPO_1230 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. thickness thickness degree Fahrenheit F UO:0000195 A temperature unit on the Fahrenheit scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point is 212 degrees at standard conditions, placing the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. -40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to -40 degrees Celsius. degree Fahrenheit NPO_1290 NPO_1040 A cation which consists of more than one atom. polyatomic cation CHEBI:33702 polyatomic cation reagent A compound or molecule, which is used to produce a chemical reaction, to detect, measure, or produce other substances; or to convert one substance into another by chemical reaction. NPO_290 reagent cyclic ketone cyclic ketone NPO_373 A ketone which is a cyclic compound containing one or more ketone groups. CHEBI:3992 iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran An iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran. NPO_1549 dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle CHEBI:26375 pterin compound pterin compound NPO_693 A pteridine compound which is wholly or partly composed of a pteridine ring system in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. NPO_102 prolate spheroid A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis. prolate spheroid biopolymer biosynthetic process biopolymer biosynthetic process biopolymer synthesis biopolymer biosynthesis GO:0043284 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] NPO_1006 biopolymer formation NPO_809 An element with atomic number 104. rutherfordium rutherfordium acid halide NPO_140 An acyl halide compound is an acyl compound which is characterized by the presence of acyl halide group. It has the structure R-(C=O)-X, where 'R' denotes an organic group and X denotes a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br or I). acyl halide acyl halide UO:0000036 A time unit which is equal to 12 months. year year NPO_1177 electronegativity [definition source]: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html NPO_421 electronegativity A realizable entity that describes the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself. ionizable to gain negative charge An ionizable property inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a negative charge. ionizable to gain negative charge NPO_954 material boundary material surface surface material boundary An independent continuant which describes a 2-dimensional, inner/outer surface of a material entity. The material boundary separates a material entity in its identity from other surrounding material entities. NPO_214 REX:0000002 chemical reaction chemical reaction NPO_1596 A process involving the interconversion of chemical species. fiat dendrimer part A fiat part of a dendrimer. NPO_180 fiat dendrimer part acyl bromide group NPO_740 acyl bromide group An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom." An element with atomic number 80. mercury mercury NPO_216 MW molecular weight The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule. NPO_1171 molecular weight iron (II,III) oxide nanoparticle iron (II,III) oxide nanoparticle An iron oxide nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron(II,III) oxide. NPO_1548 Fe3O4 nanoparticle NCIT:C799 radionuclide radioisotope radioisotope An isotope which releases radiation as it breaks down. NPO_1380 CHEBI:32952 amine An amine is an organic compound which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is thus characterized by the presence of a primary or secondary or tertiary amine groups. It has the structure R-NH2 or R-NH-R' or R-N(-R")-R', where R, R' and R" denote organic groups. NPO_143 amine CHEBI:26374 pterin pterin A pterin compound which is wholly composed of a pteridine ring system, in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. NPO_550 CHEBI:33709 NPO_506 aminoacid aminoacid A carboxylic acid containing one or more amine groups. Period 7 Element An element in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_849 Period 7 Element halogen halogen A non-metal which is any of the following elements: astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine. NPO_101 NPO_1387 A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer. luminous quality luminous quality PATO:0001296 obo:OBI_0000086 Role played by a molecule or compound used to produce a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or produce other substances. NPO_292 reagent role reagent role inner transition element inner transition element NPO_420 A metal which is either an actinide or a lanthanide. NPO_955 81 thalium atom thalium atom An atom with atomic number 81. NCIT:C16956 NPO_899 A biological process having an abnormal or deleterious effect at the subcellular, cellular, multicellular, or organismal level. (NCI) pathologic process pathologic process PATO:0000125 mass A physical quality that inheres in a bearer in proportion to the amount of matter it contains. It is the property of a substance that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field. mass NPO_1169 A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has a carbonyl-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. carbonyl-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker NPO_181 carbonyl-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker polarity A quality that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence or absence of dipole moments. NPO_951 polarity UO:0000034 week NPO_1284 A time unit which is equal to 7 days. week d-block molecular entity NPO_1083 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a d-block element. CHEBI:33676 d-block molecular entity NPO_848 A peptide which consists of several aminoacids . polypeptide polypeptide CHEBI:29016 arginine Arg arginine NPO_875 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(NH2)=NH)-C(OH)=OH 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid NPO_1563 CHEBI:46662 mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. mineral NCIT:C63806 NPO_100 cylindrical shape cylindrical A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, where points on the surface are at a fixed distance from a given straight line (axis of the cylinder). cylinder cylinder An acid anhydride is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an acid anhydride group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', where R, R' stand for organic groups or hydrogen atoms. NPO_883 CHEBI:36606 acid anhydride acid anhydride NPO_807 amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic acid An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a carboxylic acid. amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic acid NPO_212 A covalent linkage where a sulfonamide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. sulfonamide linkage sulfonamide linkage NPO_952 An element with atomic number 92. uranium uranium A molecular entity which consists of more than one atom. polyatomic entity NPO_1023 polyatomic entity CHEBI:36357 sulfonamide linkage between primary amine and sulfonyl chloride derivative A sulfonamide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a suflonyl chloride derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_295 sulfonamide linkage between primary amine and sulfonyl chloride derivative NPO_1178 month A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which is taken to be equal to 30 days. UO:0000035 month An element with atomic number 103. NPO_182 lawrencium lawrencium An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is in contact with the sample's surface. In the contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is repulsive and it is kept constant during scanning by maintaining a constant deflection, and therefore constant height above the surface. contact atomic force microscopy NPO_1448 FIX:0000116 contact AFM [definition: adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.nanoscience.com/education/AFM.html] contact atomic force microscopy FIX:0000041 Photoelectrons are collected and analyzed by the XPS instrument to produce a spectrum of emission intensity versus electron binding energy. Since each element has a unique set of binding energies, XPS can be used to identify the elements on the surface. Also, peak areas at nominal binding energies can be used to quantify concentration of the elements. Small shifts in these binding energies (chemical shifts) provide powerful information about sample chemical states and short-range chemistry . XPS ESCA NCIT:C78871 x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy NPO_1471 A spectroscopic technique which is carried out in vaccum, and in which the material of interest is irradiated with a beam of soft monochromatic (magnesium/aluminum) X-rays while measuring both the kinetic energy and number of electrons that are released from the core orbitals of the top 10 nm (sampling depth is upto 10 nm) of the surface elements of the material. [definition: based on NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com, http://www.chem.umd.edu/facility/xps.php] x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis NPO_847 An element with atomic number 94. plutonium plutonium biopolymer metabolic process biopolymer metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] NPO_1013 biopolymer metabolism GO:0043283 drug that affects protein activity related to DNA synthesis NPO_294 Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to inhibit a protein activity related to the synthesis of DNA. drug that affects protein activity related to DNA synthesis inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type I activity NPO_1656 inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type I activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of topoisomerase type I NPO_1631 inhibition inhibition The decrease in rate of reaction brought about by the addition of a substance (inhibitor), by virtue of its effect on the concentration of a reactant, catalyst or reaction intermediate. REX_0000218 NPO_1033 An ion which consists of more than one atom. polyatomic ion polyatomic ion CHEBI:36358 33 arsenic atom arsenic atom An atom with atomic number 33. NPO_808 nickel atom nickel atom 28 NPO_213 An atom with atomic number 28. NPO_141 A functional group which has the structure -S-. The group is characteristic of thioether wherein the sulfur atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. thioether group thioether group A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of a biopolymer. biopolymer-coated nanoparticle biopolymer-coated nanoparticle NPO_677 intracellular fluid in tumor cells intracellular fluid of tumor cells intracellular fluid in a tumor cell Intracellular fluid inside tumor cells. NPO_1585 intracellular fluid in a tumor cell An optical microscopy technique based on the use of fluorescence microscope. NPO_1432 fluorescence microscopy fluorescence microscopy pH-sensitive linker NPO_963 A spacer, which can be cleaved in response to a change in pH of the solution containing that spacer. pH-sensitive linker pH-sensitive spacer width PATO:0000921 breadth A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite. width NPO_1231 A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points. length unit length unit unit of length UO:0000001 NPO_1241 inhibition of DNA topoisomerase activity NPO_1658 inhibition of DNA topoisomerase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of DNA topoisomerase. FIX:0000098 gas chromatography A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. gas chromatography NPO_1460 drug A compound or molecule which has the intended function to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of cancer. NCIT: C1909 therapeutic agent chemotherapeutic agent anticancer drug NPO_312 anticancer drug tumor weight Weight inhering in a tumor. NPO_1220 tumor weight NPO_323 An atom with atomic number 105. dubnium atom 105 dubnium atom occurs for covalent bond between similar types of atoms or between atoms that have almost zero electronegativity difference. non-polar covalent bonding non-polar covalent bonding A covalent bonding in which the sharing of electron pair is equal. NPO_962 copper oxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of copper oxide. NPO_1544 copper oxide nanoparticle A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in three dimensions. 3-D extent 3-D extent NPO_1237 PATO:0001710 NPO_1584 Cell of, or derived from, a tumor. tumor cell tumor cell platinum An element with atomic number 78. platinum NPO_678 light microscopy NPO_1431 optical microscopy optical microscopy A microscopy technique based on the use of optical microscope. NPO_325 NCIT: C390 contrast agent A diagnostic imaging agent, which is used during an imaging procedure to allow the delineation of biological structures in their images. Contrast agents appear opaque due to the difference in absorption of X-rays or other electromagnetic waves and surrounding tissue. contrast agent unit of measurement unit NPO_1153 UO:0000000 A quantitative measure of a property, which is a quantity chosen as a standard measure in terms of which other quantities (measured numerical values) are expressed in. unit of measurement inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type II activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of topoisomerase type II NPO_1657 inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type II activity binding function binding function A function inherining in a molecule that has an essential end-directed activity to bind to other molecules. NPO_1622 An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an acid anhydride. NPO_311 amide linkage between primary amine and acid anhydride amide linkage between primary amine and acid anhydride An element with atomic number 25. manganese NPO_324 manganese anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix NPO_961 Drug directed against the DNA in a tumor cell to inhibit DNA replication. copper oxide NPO_1545 copper oxide An oxide of copper. NPO_739 An element with atomic number 39. yttrium yttrium intracellular space of tumor cells Intracellular space within a tumor cell. NPO_1587 intracellular space of tumor cell intracellular space of tumor cell NPO_1236 PATO:0001711 A 2-D extent quality which is equal to the distance around a given two-dimensional object. perimeter perimeter technetium atom technetium atom NPO_679 An atom with atomic number 43. 43 NPO_1378 A nanoparticle which exists while dispersed in a hydrogel. hydrogel nanoparticle hydrogel nanoparticle A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-CH=CH2, and the group is characteristic of acryloyl compounds. acryloyl group NPO_215 acryloyl group CHEBI:48077 scanning force microscopy atomic force microscopy A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of atomic force microscope. NPO_1434 atomic force microscopy NPO_1623 crosslinking of DNA DNA crosslinking A process which involves the formation of a covalent bond between two bases on DNA. (NCI) NCIT:C25827 DNA crosslinking diazo compound NPO_569 A diazo compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a diazo group. It has the structure R=[N+]=[N-], where R denotes an organic group.. diazo compound CHEBI:39444 NPO_1059 CHEBI:48828 A monoatomic dication of cobalt. cobalt (2+) ion cobalt (2+) ion NPO_321 A functional group which has the structure -N=C=O. The group is characteristic of a isocyanate compounds wherein it is attached to an organic group. isocyanate group isocyanate group period element An element that has the same number of electron shells as other elements of a horizontal row in the periodic table. NPO_310 period element cuprous oxide Cu2O An oxide of copper having the chemical formula Cu2O. NPO_1546 copper (I) oxide copper (I) oxide g-block element NPO_190 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy g-orbitals. g-block element immunotoxicity NCIT:C63814 Toxicity that impairs or damages the immune system. immunotoxicity NPO_1339 102 NPO_960 nobelium atom nobelium atom An atom with atomic number 102. An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a carboxylic ester. amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic ester NPO_738 amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic ester molybdenum (5+) ion A monoatomic pentacation of molybdenum. NPO_1073 molybdenum (5+) ion CHEBI:30511 NPO_1433 A microscopy technique based on the use of scanning probe microscope. scanning probe microscopy NCIT:C20346 scanning probe microscopy NPO_1586 tumor extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid inside a tumor. tumor extracellular fluid inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of thymidylate synthase. NPO_1659 GO:0006897 NCIT: C16544 NPO_299 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. endocytosis endocytosis nanoparticle surface surface of nanoparticle surface of nanoparticle NPO_1379 The surface of a nanoparticle. lipid membrane NPO_322 lipid membrane A supramolecular structure which is a membrane composed of lipid molecules. monoatomic monoanion monoatomic monoanion A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge 1-. NPO_1043 CHEBI:33429 toxicity A realizable entity inhering in a bearer which causes harm to the growth and functioning of cells, tissues, organs and the body. NPO_1338 NCIT:C27990 toxicity cupric oxide CuO copper (II) oxide NPO_1547 copper (II) oxide An oxide of copper having the chemical formula CuO. iron (III) oxide An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe2O3. NPO_1149 iron (III) oxide CHEBI:50819 ferric oxide NPO_852 needle shape needle shape A long and slender rod, which resembles a needle. NPO_786 A quality that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the absence of dipole moments. non-polar non-polar count NPO_1320 UO:0000189 count A dimensionless unit which denotes a simple count of things. magnetism magnetism NPO_1157 A realizable entity which is a property inhering in a material entity by virtue of its ability to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other material entities. PATO:0001682 NPO_1436 A device or tool that requires skill for proper use, and it is intended for a purpose. instrument instrument square meter m^[2] UO:0000080 An area unit which is equal to an area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 meter long. NPO_1249 square meter programmed cell death GO:0012501 NPO_996 Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [source: GOC:lr] programmed cell death NPO_1376 fluorescent A disposition inhering in a bearer which emits light of longer wavelength during absorption of radiation of shorter (invisible) wavelength. fluorescent fluorescence property PATO:0000018 A molecular entity which is either a single molecule or a compound that is constituted by the molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundament unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. compound or molecule NPO_147 compound or molecule NCIT: C259 antitumor antibiotic anticancer antibiotic NPO_737 An antineoplastic agent isolated naturally from microorganisms or synthesized chemically that kills or inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Antineoplastic antibiotics can interfere with the normal function of cellular nucleic acids and proteins. antineoplastic antibiotic antineoplastic antibiotic intracellular space The space within a cell, which contains the intracellular fluid. NPO_1581 intracellular space MeSH:D042541 nmole UO:0000041 A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol. NPO_1224 nanomole nanomole tumor volume NPO_1337 A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a tumor occupies. tumor volume NPO_1540 metal oxide An oxide of metal. metal oxide 21 scandium atom An atom with atomic number 21. NPO_787 scandium atom alkylating function alkylating function NPO_1626 A function inhering in a molecule that has the end-directed activity to introduce its one or more alkyl groups to another molecule. NCIT:C45299 gas A fluid having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely.[source:NCI] NPO_785 gas scanning tunneling microscopy A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of scanning tunneling microscope. NPO_1435 scanning tunneling microscopy fluorescent nanoparticle NPO_1377 A nanoparticle which has fluorescence property. fluorescent nanoparticle NPO_148 non-ionizable A qualitative measure of "ionizability" which indicates that the bearer cannot be ionized to gain negative or positive charges. non-ionizable UO:0000081 cm^[2] square centimeter NPO_1250 An area unit which is equal to one thousand of square meter or 10^[-3] m^[2]. square centimeter silver NPO_736 An element with atomic number 47. silver A carboxylic acid is an organic acid compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-OH, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. NPO_574 carboxyl compound carboxylic acid CHEBI:33575 carboxylic acid prefix: Carboxy- suffix: -oic acid encapsulation efficiency encapsulation efficiency The efficiency inhering in a nanomaterial or supramolecular structure by virtue of its capacity to encapsulate an amount of molecular entity, isotope or nanomaterial. NPO_1336 covalent bonding covalent interaction covalent interaction NPO_149 An intramolecular interaction in which two atoms share one or more electron pairs. NPO_1222 A substance unit equal to a thousandth of a mol or 10^[-3] mol. mmole millimole UO:0000040 millimole metal oxide nanoparticle metal oxide nanoparticle NPO_1541 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of a metal oxide. NPO_320 An ellipsoid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis or minor axis. spheroid spheroid cellular biosynthetic process NPO_1010 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:jl] cellular biosynthetic process GO:0044249 vapor vapor NPO_854 A gas that is a solid or liquid at normal room temperature. [source:NCI] NCIT:C63390 crosslinking reagent A reagent containing ends reactive to specific functional groups on molecules for modifying and linking molecules together. NPO_922 crosslinking reagent crosslinking agent crosslinker NPO_527 CHEBI:36586 carbonyl compound carbonyl compound A carbonyl compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group, and therefore, has the structure R-(C=O)-R', where R, R" are organic groups or hydrogen atom. NPO_1234 A 2-D extent inhering in a bearer by virtue of its two dimensional extent. area area PATO:0001323 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. down-regulation of mitosis downregulation of mitosis negative regulation of mitosis inhibition of mitosis down regulation of mitosis NPO_1640 negative regulation of mitosis GO:0045839 UO:0000187 % percentage percent percent NPO_1323 A ratio unit which denotes numbers as fractions of 100. PATO:0001680 NPO_1239 A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules occupies. molar volume molar volume NCIT:C28219 Electron Microscopes(EMs) function exactly as their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition. The basic steps involved in all EMs: 1. A stream of electrons is formed (by the Electron Source) and accelerated toward the specimen using a positive electrical potential 2. This stream is confined and focused using metal apertures and magnetic lenses into a thin, focused, monochromatic beam. 3. This beam is focused onto the sample using a magnetic lens 4. Interactions occur inside the irradiated sample, affecting the electron beam These interactions and effects are detected and transformed into an image The above steps are carried out in all EMs regardless of type. [source: http://unl.edu/CMRAcfem/em.htm] electron microscope A microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light. [source:WordNet 3.0] NPO_1438 electron microscope DNA intercalator role A molecular role inhering in a molecule and is realized during the reversible inclusion of the molecule (or group) between the base pairs of a DNA strand. DNA intercalator role NPO_1627 A shape, which is a closed, curve whose path is traced by a point moving in a plane such that the sum of its respective distances from two fixed points (the ellipse's foci) is constant. NPO_850 ellipse ellipse [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI elliptical shape elliptical tumor extracellular space Extracellular space in a tumor, which contains the tumor extracellular fluid. tumor extracellular space NPO_1583 extracellular space of tumor extracellular space in tumor An iron oxide nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic property. superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle NPO_1374 superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle SPIO nanoparticle A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional tree-like architecture, synthesized from monomers where shells of branched molecules are added in discrete steps to a central core. dendrimer [NCI_THESAURUS definition]: A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are synthesized from monomers and new branches are added in discrete steps to form a tree-like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is achieved through step-wise reactions and purification at each step to regulate the size, architecture, functionality and monodispersity of the molecules. These polymers have desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a polyvalent array of surface groups that make them potential drug delivery vesicles. NPO_735 MESH:D050091 [MeSH definition]: Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS. dendrimer NPO_1335 transfection efficiency The efficiency inhering in a bearer's ability to facilitate transfection. transfection efficiency receptor mediated endocytosis NPO_921 receptor mediated endocytosis A process by which cells internalize molecules by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. gadolinium (3+) ion CHEBI:49618 A monoatomic trication of gadolinium. NPO_1068 gadolinium (3+) ion ZnO nanoparticle zinc oxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of zinc oxide. zinc oxide nanoparticle NPO_1542 An instrument which is used for magnifying and viewing images of objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. [source:http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/microscope] microscope microscope NPO_1437 NCIT:C20677 PATO:0001681 A physical quality that inheres in a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. molar mass molar mass NPO_1170 NPO_1628 DNA binding which involves insertion by covalent linkage of a molecule into the double-stranded deoxyribonucleotide polymer between the internal purine and pyrimidine base pairs stacked one on another perpendicular to the double helix axis. DNA intercalation DNA intercalation NCIT:C40492 fermium NPO_851 fermium An element with atomic number 100. pH of the extracellular fluid in a tumor. tumor extracellular pH NPO_1582 tumor extracellular pH polymeric nanoparticle NPO_1375 polymeric nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of polymer. polymer nanoparticle PATO:0000119 height NPO_1229 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the vertical dimension of extension. height glycopeptide A peptide compound in which a carbohydrate component is linked to a peptide component. NPO_482 glycopeptide CHEBI:24396 purine antagonist Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of purines. purine antagonist NPO_920 purine inhibitor NCIT:C1556 NPO_1334 A quality inhering in a material entity by virtue of it having the capacity to carry an amount of another material entity. loading efficiency loading efficiency ZnO zinc oxide An oxide of zinc. NPO_1543 zinc oxide UO:0000009 kg A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France. NPO_1179 kilogram kilogram DNA intercalating agent DNA intercalating agent A DNA binding agent that is capable of inserting itself between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. NPO_476 DNA intercalator NCIT: C582 acyl azide acyl azide derivative acyl azide NPO_927 An acyl azide is an acyl compound which is characterized by the presence of acyl azide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_1267 micrograms per milliliter µg/mL microgram per milliliter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in milliliters. microgram per milliliter 79 gold atom gold atom An atom with atomic number 79. NPO_591 An element with atomic number 3. lithium lithium NPO_782 g/cm^[3] grams per cubic centimeter UO:0000084 gram per cubic centimeter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in cubic centimeters. gram per cubic centimeter NPO_1270 NPO_839 A glycopeptide, which is isolated from fungus; and with iron, it forms complexes that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide. bleomycin CHEBI:22907 drug targeted against tumor DNA bleomycin meter NPO_1242 A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. m meter UO:0000008 heat generation in response to stimulus of infrared light heat generation in response to stimulus of infrared light A nanoparticle response to infrared light, which involves the generation of heat. NPO_926 NPO_477 stimulus of ultrasound An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by ultrasound. stimulus of ultrasound NPO_251 calcium An element with atomic number 20. calcium An element with atomic number 111. roentgenium roentgenium NPO_570 microgram per microliter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in microliters. microgram per microliter NPO_1268 µg/µL micrograms per microliter terbium atom An atom with atomic number 65. NPO_592 65 terbium atom actinium NPO_781 actinium An element with atomic number 89. NPO_1369 necrosis cellular necrosis cellular necrosis GO:0070265 A cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. neodymium atom An atom with atomic number 60. 60 neodymium atom NPO_474 NCIT:C61363 granule A solid which corresponds to any small grainlike particle. granule NPO_925 copper copper NPO_419 An element with atomic number 29. NCIT:C45298 liquid NPO_670 A fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.[source: NCI] liquid GO:0004872 NPO_1593 Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. receptor activity receptor activity NPO_879 CHEBI:17087 ketone ketone A ketone is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. It is characterized by the presence of a ketone group, and therefore, has the structure R-C(=O)-R', where R,R' stand for organic groups and not hydrogen atoms. mm^[2] UO:0000082 square millimeter NPO_1251 square millimeter An area unit which is equal to one millionth of a square meter or 10^[-6] m^[2]. topoisomerase-II inhibitor Topoisomerase inhibitor which either stabilizes DNA-protein complexes damaging DNA (e g., teniposide), or inhibits the catalytic activity of the topoisomerase (e.g., merbarone). topoisomerase-II inhibitor NCIT: C1968 type II topoisomerase inhibitor NPO_784 solid lipid nanoparticle NPO_631 A nanoparticle whuch is basically composed of solidified lipid molecules. solid lipid nanoparticle NCIT:C19151 tumor cell migration Metastasis is the spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer. (NCI) metastasis metastasis NPO_319 group element An element of a group of elements in the periodic table, which have similar outer shell electronic configurations of their respective atoms. group element NPO_475 substance unit A base unit which is a standardized quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition. NPO_1216 substance unit unit of amount of substance UO:0000006 NPO_924 titanium An element with atomic number 22. titanium A hydrocarbyl group is a univalent substituent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon. hydrocarbyl group hydrocarbyl group NPO_559 CHEBI:33248 exterior surface of dendrimer exterior surface of dendrimer The exterior surface of a dendrimer formed by the dendrimer's end/surface groups. NPO_671 gold molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gold. NPO_1132 gold molecular entity CHEBI:33969 kg/m^[3] kilogram per cubic meter NPO_1269 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in cubic meters. kilogram per cubic meter UO:0000083 Group 9 Element NPO_630 An element of Group 9 of the periodic table. Group 9 Element cobalt group element NPO_406 A magnetic behavior exhibited 1) by materials which produce magnetic fields to exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials or 2) by materials which become magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field. magnetic magnetic PATO:0001685 magnetic behavior CHEBI:28044 phenylalanine 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid NPO_139 Phe phenylalanine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-c1ccccc1)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_594 An antineoplastic agent, which inhibits the synthesis of DNA. DNA synthesis inhibitor DNA synthesis inhibitor NPO_318 An element with atomic number 84. polonium polonium bismuth atom 83 An atom with atomic number 83. bismuth atom NPO_369 NPO_672 Matter is any physical substance that has mass and occupies space. material entity An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] which is spatially extended and composed of matter. The identity of material entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. material entity snap:MaterialEntity REX:0000043 Photoluminescence which occurs essentially only during the irradiation of a substance by electromagnetic radiation. fluorescence fluorescence NPO_1401 NPO_634 ferromagnetic Magnetic property exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and the magnetism is retained for a period even after the magnetic field is removed (magnetic moments of the adjacent atoms are aligned in the same direction at temperatures below the Curie temperature). ferromagnetic A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. temperature unit unit of temperature UO:0000005 NPO_1288 temperature unit positron emission tomography positron emission tomography A tomography technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered. NPO_1482 [definition source: NCI] PET NCIT:C17007 halo group A functional group which has the structure -X, where 'X' denotes a halogen atom. halo group NPO_135 CHEBI:47854 A monoatomic hexacation of molybdenum. molybdenum (6+) ion molybdenum (6+) ion CHEBI:49446 NPO_1074 g/mole UO:0000088 NPO_1186 A molar mass unit which is equal to one gram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. gram per mole gram per mole neon neon An element with atomic number 10. NPO_328 cirulating half life The time taken for the concentration of an exogenous substance in the blood plasma to reduce by 50% cirulating half life NPO_1589 plasma half life circulation half life CHEBI:33299 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. alkaline earth molecular entity alkaline earth molecular entity NPO_1080 hollow core of nanocapsule NPO_317 The hollow core region of a nanocapsule. hollow core of nanocapsule CHEBI:33423 NPO_1067 monoatomic hexacation A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 6+. monoatomic hexacation bohrium bohrium An element with atomic number 107. NPO_368 bromide CHEBI:15858 bromide An anion of bromine. NPO_1046 NPO_673 An element with atomic number 33. arsenic arsenic NPO_633 Anticancer drug, which is the role of a molecular entity, realized from the kind of biological target where the molecular entity is primarily intended or directed to act. anticancer drug based on target anticancer drug based on target [classification source]: E. Espinosa, P. Zamora, J. Feliu and M. G. Baron, Classification of anticancer drugs-a new system based on therapeutic targets, Cancer Treatment Reviews, 29: 515-523 (2003). REX:0000044 phosphorescence A photoluminescence which is long-lived compared to fluorescence, and involves change in spin multiplicity, typically from triplet to singlet or vice versa. The luminescence from a quartet state to a doublet state is also phosphorescence. [source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04569.htm] NPO_1444 phosphorescence A series element which is not a metal. other metal NPO_255 non-metal NCIT:C17203 SPECT single photon emission computed tomography A tomographic technique which uses radionuclides that emit single photons in the gamma energy range. The radionuclides are administered into a patient's body and the gamma rays produced by these radionuclides pass through the patient's body, which are then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient's body. Series of two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body, produced by this technique, can be used to create three-dimensional images by computer reconstruction. NPO_1481 single photon emission computed tomography cubic meter per mole UO:0000089 cubic meter per mole m^[3]/mole A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic meter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. NPO_1261 NPO_1588 tumor intracellular pH pH of the intracellular fluid in a tumor cell. tumor intracellular pH 72 NPO_367 hafnium atom hafnium atom An atom with atomic number 72. NPO_1060 gadolinium (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of gadolinium. gadolinium (2+) ion CHEBI:37286 CHEBI:33422 NPO_1066 monoatomic pentacation A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 5+. monoatomic pentacation scandium NPO_929 scandium An element with atomic number 21. NPO_674 Period 2 Element An element in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 2 Element Period 3 Element NPO_478 An element in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 3 Element lipid lipid NPO_252 An organic compound of biological origin, which contains hydrocarbons and it is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. [ChEBI definition]: A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides. Vh UO:0000229 volt-hour NPO_1161 A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to 3600 Wb. volt-hour time unit A base unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. time unit NPO_1275 UO:0000003 unit of time nanosphere NPO_636 nanosphere A three-dimensional nanoparticle which is spherical, porous or non-porous and its diameter is measured in nanometers. d-block element transition element A metal which is any of the following elements: d-block element or one of the elements in groups 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12. NPO_529 tubulin binding agent NCIT:C25974 tubulin binding agent An antimitotic agent, which binds to tubulin and inhibits its action. NPO_315 NCIT:C17204 CT A medical tomographic technique which uses computer to construct a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of an object from a large series of two-dimensional cross-sectional X-ray images of the object, taken around a single axis of rotation. computed tomography NPO_1480 computed tomography diazonium group NPO_326 diazonium group A functional group which has the structure -[N+]#N. The group is characteristic of diazonium compounds. PATO:0000011 age age NPO_1286 A length of time inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long it has existed. NPO_366 An atom with atomic number 59. 59 praseodymium atom praseodymium atom positive regulation of molecular function Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. positive regulation of molecular function NPO_1644 GO:0044093 cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide NPO_890 CHEBI:4027 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix A type of nitrogen mustard. An electron microscopy technique based on the use of transmission electron microscope. A light source at the top of the TEM emits the electrons that travel through vacuum in the column of the microscope. Instead of glass lenses focusing the light in the light microscope, the TEM uses electromagnetic lenses to focus the electrons into a very thin beam. The electron beam then travels through the specimen you want to study. Depending on the density of the material present, some of the electrons are scattered and disappear from the beam. At the bottom of the microscope the unscattered electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which gives rise to a shadow image of the specimen with its different parts displayed in varied darkness according to their density. The image can be studied directly by the operator or photographed with a camera. [source: http://Nobelprize.org] transmission electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy NPO_1430 TEM technique NPO_928 erbium erbium An element with atomic number 68. stimulus of magnetic field stimulus of magnetic field An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by magnetic field. NPO_675 Val NPO_964 valine CHEBI:27266 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. valine 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid NPO_253 An element with atomic number 91. protactinium protactinium Wb/m^2 T UO:0000228 Tesla NPO_1165 Tesla A unit of magnetic flux density which is equal to one weber per square meter. GO:0006915 programmed cell death by apoptosis apoptotic programmed cell death apoptosis apoptosis NPO_548 A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732] intramolecular interaction intramolecular interaction An attractive type of chemical interaction that holds atoms together in a molecule. NPO_313 A molecule role in nanoparticle, which inheres in a molecular entity that has active end-directed functions/activities and is transported and delivered by the nanoparticle. payload agent role payload agent role NPO_635 diterpenoid diterpenoid A terpenoid which has a C20 skeleton. NPO_659 CHEBI:23849 nanoparticle response to pH change NPO_528 A nanoparticle response to internal stimulus, which occurs in response to a change in pH. nanoparticle response to pH change alkali metal molecular entity CHEBI:33296 NPO_1081 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkali metal. alkali metal molecular entity NPO_314 An element with atomic number 13. aluminium aluminium DNA-RNA transcription regulator DNA-RNA transcription regulator NPO_327 Antineoplastic agent,which regulates DNA-dependent transcription. kilogram per mole kg/mole UO:0000087 NPO_1185 A molar mass unit which is equal to one kilogram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. kilogram per mole mass unit NPO_1172 A unit of measurement which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object. mass unit unit of mass UO:0000002 negative regulation of molecular function GO:0044092 negative regulation of molecular function Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. NPO_1654 iridium iridium NPO_150 An element with atomic number 77. shell of nanocapsule The shell of a nanocapsule. NPO_524 shell of nanocapsule LC FIX:0000608 liquid chromatography A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. NPO_1461 liquid chromatography GO:0048487 beta-tubulin binding Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin. [source: GOC:krc] beta-tubulin binding NPO_793 antineoplastic activity A process that prevents or inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. NPO_564 antineoplastic activity one-dimensional nanostructure A nanostructure which has only one spatial size dimension in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. one-dimensional nanostructure NPO_411 NPO_1019 A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of one or more atoms of the same element. homoatomic homoatomic amide group amide group A functional group which has the structure -E(=O)-NH2 or -E(=O)-NH- or -E(=O)-N(-)-, where E could denote one of the following atoms: carbon (C), sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P). The group is characteristic of an amide compound wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_229 A colloid in which both phases are liquids that are immiscible with each other.[source: WordNet 3.0] emulsion NPO_639 NCIT:C63807 emulsion [source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com CHEBI:33304 NPO_1086 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-16 element. chalogen molecular entity chalogen molecular entity An atom with atomic number 77. 77 iridium atom NPO_525 iridium atom strontium atom 38 strontium atom An atom with atomic number 38. NPO_374 quality of occurrent NPO_689 PATO:0001236 property of a process A quality which inheres in or borne by an occurrent. quality of a process process quality process property quality of occurrent covalent conjugation covalent attachment covalent linkage An attachment formed via covalent bonding between chemical groups of molecular entities. NPO_563 covalent linkage polar polar A quality that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence of dipole moments. NPO_410 A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-OH. The group is characteristic of carboxylic acid compounds, wherein it is attached to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom by a single covalent bond. carboxyl group CHEBI:46883 NPO_838 carboxyl group ether group A functional group which has the structure -O-. The group is characteristic of an ether in which the oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. NPO_268 ether group CHEBI:35734 ruthenium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of ruthenium. NPO_1135 ruthenium molecular entity snap:IndependentContinuant substantial entity A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is a bearer of quality [snap:Quality] and realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. independent continuant NPO_118 independent_continuant imine linkage NPO_526 imine linkage A covalent linkage where an imine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. ionizable to gain positive charge An ionizable property inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a positive charge. NPO_566 ionizable to gain positive charge CHEBI:49482 NPO_1061 A monoatomic monocation of gold. gold (1+) ion gold (1+) ion NPO_375 Group 15 Element An element of Group 15 of the periodic table. Group 15 Element pnictogen small unilamellar vesicle NPO_481 A unilamellar vesicle, which has size less than 100 nm. small unilamellar vesicle NPO_414 thioether linkage between thiol and acryloyl compound A thioether linkage which is formed between a thiol and an acryloyl compound, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. thioether linkage between thiol and acryloyl compound GO:0005623 cell NPO_1009 A material entity which is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [source: GO] cell NCIT:C1967 NPO_567 A protein kinase inhibitor, which inhibits tyrosine kinase enzyme, involved with the transduction and processing of many extracellular and intracellular signals including cell proliferation. tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrosine kinase inhibitor amidine linkage between primary amine and imidoester amidine linkage between primary amine and imidoester NPO_637 An amidine linkage which occurs between a primary amine and an imidoester, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. protein kinase activity GO:0004672 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [source: MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN] NPO_953 protein kinase activity (NCI_Thesaurus definition): Nanometer-sized semiconductor particles, made of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating. The semiconductor material used for the core is chosen based upon the emission wavelength range being targeted: CdS for UV-blue, CdSe for the bulk of the visible spectrum, and CdTe for far red and near-infrared. The size of the particle determines the exact color of a given quantum dot. The polymer coating protects cells from cadmium toxicity but also facilitates the attachment of a variety of targeting molecules, including monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-specific biomarkers. Because of their small size, quantum dots can function as cell- and even molecule-specific markers that will not interfere with the normal cellular functions. quantum dot quantum dot A three-dimensional nanoparticle which is made of material that exhibits quantum effects. NPO_589 QD pnictogen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-15 element. CHEBI:33302 pnictogen molecular entity NPO_1085 tamoxifen modifies expression of specific genes tamoxifen NPO_254 CHEBI:41774 Tamoxifen is an organic compound, which has a parent hydride, stilbin; and which blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body. It is used to prevent or delay the return of breast cancer or to control its spread. An atom with atomic number 71. lutetium atom lutetium atom NPO_587 71 chromatography by physical state of the mobile phase chromatography by mobile phase state NPO_1459 chromatography by mobile phase state A chromatography technique classified based on the phase of the mobile medium. FIX:0000607 stimulus of light stimulus of light An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by light. NPO_412 stimulus of electromagnetic radiation An isourea linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an isocyanate, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. isourea linkage between primary amine and isocyanate isourea linkage between primary amine and isocyanate NPO_376 nanoparticle response to stimulus A process, which describes the function or activity of a nanoparticle, occurring in response to a stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. NPO_565 nanoparticle response to stimulus titanium atom NPO_810 An atom with atomic number 22. 22 titanium atom mercaptan CHEBI:29256 NPO_465 thiol A thiol is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group. It has the structure R-SH, where R denotes an organic group. thiol magnetic flux density magnetic flux density NPO_1163 The amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow. meitnerium atom 109 NPO_480 meitnerium atom An atom with atomic number 109. barium An element with atomic number 56. NPO_413 barium sensitivity to stimulus NPO_638 A disposition, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by a stimulus. sensitivity to stimulus thiocyanate compound thiocyanate compound NPO_560 A thioyanate compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a thiocyanate group. It has the structure R-S-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. thiocyanate magnetic flux density unit NPO_1164 magnetic flux density unit A unit of measurement for magnetic flux density. unit of magnetic flux density stimulus of temperature change stimulus of temperature change NPO_811 An internal stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by a change in temperature. iodine molecular entity iodine molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iodine. NPO_1092 CHEBI:24860 hassium An element with atomic number 108. NPO_586 hassium 31 gallium atom gallium atom NPO_483 An atom with atomic number 31. GO:0043014 NPO_600 alpha-tubulin binding alpha-tubulin binding Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] entity NPO_258 entity An entity is a thing which exists in reality. hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and ketone hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and ketone NPO_416 A hydrazone linkage which is formed between a carbohydrazide and a ketone, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. silver molecular entity silver molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silver. NPO_1133 CHEBI:33964 bromine atom An atom with atomic number 35. 35 bromine atom NPO_812 length of time NPO_1285 length of time A quality which is the extent of time for events to occur. polypeptide chain polypeptide chain NPO_585 A polypeptide, which is part of some protein molecule. aziridine derivative An aziridine derivative is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an aziridine group. It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-C1H, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_370 aziridine derivative hydrogen An element with atomic number 1. hydrogen NPO_520 gamma-tubulin binding GO:0043015 NPO_512 Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] gamma-tubulin binding anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor receptor NPO_562 anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor receptor Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of a receptor of an endothelial growth factor. tellurium atom NPO_813 An atom with atomic number 52. 52 tellurium atom protein binding NPO_170 Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [source: GOC:go_curators] protein binding protein amino acid binding GO:0005515 NPO_371 phosphorus An element with atomic number 15. phosphorus phosphate mineral NPO_1564 phosphate mineral A mineral which contains phosphate anions. CHEBI:46723 NPO_199 A material entity which is synthesized, characterized, and which has at least one spatial size dimension distinguishable in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. nanomaterial nanomaterial A functional group which has the structure -SH. The group is characteristic of a thiol molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group. NPO_910 CHEBI:29917 sulfhydryl group sulfhydryl group thiol group It is a substituent group from hydrogen sulfide. An atom with atomic number 84. polonium atom NPO_521 polonium atom 84 CHEBI:37143 organofluorine compound organofluorine compound An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond. NPO_698 flow cytometry flow cytometry A technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles (e.g., single cells) suspended in a stream of fluid that passes through a beam of light. It allows for multiple analyses of the physical and chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electrical detection apparatus. NPO_1465 NCIT:C16585 [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] [definition source]: Wikipedia spacer A flexible molecular part that connects two other parts of the same molecule. NPO_485 spacer spacer arm NPO_418 An atom with atomic number 1. 1 hydrogen atom hydrogen atom [definition source]: L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition NPO_578 A protein that contains a non-protein prosthetic group such as sugar, nucleic acid, lipid, or metal ion. conjugated protein conjugated protein CHEBI:38560 pteridine A pteridine compound in which a pyrimidine ring is fused with a pyrazine ring. It has the structure c1cnc2ncncc2n1. NPO_289 pteridine CHEBI:27601 An isothiourea linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an isothiocyanate, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups.. linkage between primary amine and isothiocyanate NPO_372 linkage between primary amine and isothiocyanate An atom with atomic number 78. platinum atom NPO_561 platinum atom 78 NPO_523 Drug that blocks the extracellular domain of the membrane receptor. drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor NPO_522 An element with atomic number 51. antimony antimony surface of micelle NPO_484 Surface of a micelle formed from polar head groups of constituting amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. surface of micelle monoatomic tetracation CHEBI:26937 NPO_1065 monoatomic tetracation A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 4+. NPO_1467 [definition: adapted from http://www.unisa.edu.au/laser/Research/PALS.asp] A light scattering technique for measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of charged particles suspended in nonpolar media (i.e. solvents with much lower relative permittivities than water). phase analysis light scattering phase analysis light scattering PALS 64 gadolinium atom An atom with atomic number 64. gadolinium atom NPO_753 NPO_856 An atom with atomic number 97. 97 berkelium atom berkelium atom NPO_197 A nanocage composed of gold element. gold nanocage gold nanocage Gold nanocages, some 40 nanometers in diameter can be made by replacing the silver atoms of silver nanotubes. NPO_1350 The frequency of transmitted vibrations. frequency of sound frequency of sound PATO:0001520 NPO_1429 An electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning electron microscope. scanning electron microscopy scanning electron microscopy SEM technique sulfonyl chloride group NPO_117 A functional group which is derived by the removal of one chlorine atom from chlorosulfuric acid, and has the structure -S(=O)(=O)-Cl. The group is characteristic of sulfonyl chloride derivatives. sulfonyl chloride group A unit of electric charge where one ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs. ampere hour ampere hour NPO_1304 amp hour Ah fluid NCIT:C25278 NPO_815 A substance which deforms under an applied stress, and conforms to the outline of its container. fluid oxygen atom 8 oxygen atom An atom with atomic number 8. NPO_968 NPO_754 An element with atomic number 76. osmium osmium other non-metal NPO_220 A non-metal which is any of the following elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur. other non-metal targeting function NPO_1395 targeting function A function which inheres in a material entity, and is realized in a process in which the material entity is used to target another material entity. depth A 1-D extent downward or backward or inward. depth PATO:0001595 NPO_1232 NCIT: C17155 spectroscopic technique NPO_1468 A technique for measuring the spectra absorbed or emitted when matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation or light. spectroscopy spectroscopy developmental process GO:0032502 NPO_992 developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [source: GOC:isa_complete] NPO_115 nanodevice A nanomaterial which is defined with respect to its end-directed activity/function. nanodevice beryllium An element with atomic number 4. NPO_198 beryllium aliphatic aminoacid NPO_855 aliphatic aminoacid An aminoacid which is aliphatic in nature. positively charged positive charge An electric charge quality which signifies a deficiency of electrons in the bearer. positive charge NPO_1305 metalloid metalloid An element with properties between a metal and a non-metal. NPO_755 hydrazone group NPO_969 A functional group derived by replacing the =O of an aldehyde or a ketone group with =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R'. It has the structure -C(=N-NH2)- or -C(=N-NH-)-, and the group is characteristic of a hydrazone. hydrazone group NPO_157 A nanotube which consists of a single layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. single-walled nanotube single-walled nanotube An element with atomic number 44. ruthenium ruthenium NPO_816 A class of immunoglobulins, which refers to genetic variations or differences in the constant region of the heavy chain of the Ig NPO_1394 immunoglobulin isotype isotype immunoglobulin class immunoglobulin isotype NPO_1347 A disposition inhering to the bearer by virtue of its sensitivity to the action of radiant energy. photosensitivity photosensitivity PATO:0000927 NPO_221 thiocyanate group thiocyanate group A functional group which has the structure N#C-S-. The group is characteristic of a thiocyanate organic molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. NPO_1469 NCIT:C62329 [definition source: NCI] PCS A spectroscopic technique which utilizes a laser beam to irradiate a sample containing particles in suspension, resulting in light scattering.When the scattered light is collected over a small solid angle, the light will exhibit intensity fluctuations. This is because the Brownian motion of the scatterers causes the phase of the light scattered from each particle to change with time, hence the total scattered intensity also fluctuates with time. The rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity, collected around a mean value at a certain angle, will depend on the particle diffusion and on the particle size. For a given temperature and viscosity, a calculated correlation function yields a diffusion coefficient, which can be used to calculate particle size. DLS Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering photon correlation spectroscopy QELS dynamic light scattering dynamic light scattering A polyatomic entity which consists of two or more chemical elements. heteroatomic molecular entity heteroatomic molecular entity CHEBI:37577 NPO_1024 NPO_195 linkage A fiat material part formed by chemically linking or associating two or more material entities (molecular entities, groups, nanomaterials) or parts thereof by molecular forces. chemical association association linkage PATO:0001522 velocity of sound NPO_1352 speed of sound The speed at which sound travels in a given medium under specified conditions. speed of sound A shape, which resembles a solid figure bounded by plane polyons or faces. NPO_858 polyhedron polyhedron [source]: WordNet zeta potential zeta potential The potential difference between the bulk dispersion medium (liquid) and the stationary layer of liquid near the surface of the dispersed particulate. NPO_1302 NCIT:C62354 ç-potential chemical bonding NPO_119 A force of interaction between atoms, ions, molecules or groups. chemical interaction chemical interaction A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L. NPO_1258 microliter µL microliter UO:0000101 sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SDS-PAGE SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique for separating proteins in a sample which is prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a buffer that maintains the proteins in their denatured states. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis NPO_1427 NPO_1152 A quality which exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation. PATO:0001018 physical quality physical quality NPO_156 ellipsoid ellipsoid A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, having elliptical or circular plane sections. therapeutic function A function inhering in a material entity by virtue of its use for therapeutic purposes. therapeutic function NPO_1397 nanoparticle response to infrared light nanoparticle response to infrared light NPO_756 A nanoparticle response to external stimulus, which occurs in response to infrared light. An atom with atomic number 9. NPO_222 fluorine atom 9 fluorine atom sound amplitude PATO:0001521 NPO_1351 The maximum magnitude (value without regard to sign) of the disturbance of a sound wave. amplitude of sound amplitude of sound vanadium group element NPO_196 Group 5 Element An element of Group 5 of the periodic table. Group 5 Element carbon An element with atomic number 6. carbon NPO_857 nanoliter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L. NPO_1259 nanoliter UO:0000102 nL An element with atomic number 30. zinc NPO_818 zinc statcoulomb Fr electrostatic unit of charge e.s.u. statC statcoulomb An electric charge unit which which is approximately equal to 3.33564 × 10^[−10] C. NPO_1303 Franklin electron microscopy NPO_1428 A microscopy technique based on the use of electron microscope. electron microscopy PATO:0001019 density density A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by its mass. NPO_1273 imaging function imaging function A function inhering in a material entity by virtue of its use for imaging purposes. NPO_1396 A permanent dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom of -OH or -NH part of a molecule and a small, highly electronegative atom of the other polar molecule. hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding NPO_223 CHEBI:16382 iodide NPO_1049 An anion of iodine. iodide cerium atom NPO_757 An atom with atomic number 58. cerium atom 58 multi-walled nanotube NPO_112 multi-walled nanotube A nanotube which consists of multiple layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_193 zinc sulfide quantum dot zinc sulfide quantum dot A quantum dot composed of zinc sulfide. ZnS quantum dot particle diameter Diameter which inheres in a particle. NPO_1539 particle diameter immunoglobulin E NCIT:C567 IgE An immunoglobulin isotype, which has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general. [Source: NCI] NPO_1391 immunoglobulin E dendrimer generation layer NPO_224 A molecular structure which describes an interior layer, formed around the dendrimer core by the addition of dendrimer branches. dendrimer generation layer rhodium rhodium NPO_154 An element with atomic number 45. darmstadtium atom An atom with atomic number 110. 110 darmstadtium atom NPO_819 superparamagnetic Magnetic property -similar to paramagnetism - which is exhibited in materials when the temperature of the material is below the Curie temperature. superparamagnetic NPO_859 francium francium An element with atomic number 87. NPO_111 A polymeric nanoparticle which consists of molecular components that are pH-sensitive. pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticle NPO_1538 pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticle An element with atomic number 26. NPO_568 iron iron IgD NCIT:C566 immunoglobulin D An immunoglobulin isotype, which is expressed on naive B cells along with IgM.[Source: NCI] NPO_1390 immunoglobulin D CHEBI:24532 NPO_692 A cyclic organic compound, which has ring members that are atoms of carbon and at least of one other element such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen. organic heterocyclic compound organic heterocyclic compound two-dimensional nanostructure NPO_226 A nanostructure which has two spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. two-dimensional nanostructure niobium atom An atom with atomic number 41. niobium atom NPO_225 41 PAMAM dendrimer poly(amidoamine) dendrimer NPO_965 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer A dendrimer which contains amide molecules as branches; tertiary amines as branching points and primary amine groups as the terminal or end groups. nanoparticle response to magnetic field nanoparticle response to magnetic field A nanoparticle response to external stimulus, which occurs in response to ultrasound. NPO_153 unit of area UO:0000047 area unit A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of a 2-dimensional surface. NPO_1248 area unit NPO_790 A carboxylic ester is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an carboxylic ester group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. carboxylic ester CHEBI:33308 carboxylic ester NPO_1063 monoatomic polycation A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge greater than 2+. CHEBI:25430 monoatomic polycation frequency unit UO:0000105 frequency unit A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. NPO_1331 NPO_114 A hydrophobic property by virtue of which the molecule is able to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats. lipophilic lipophilicity lipophilic NPO_191 A disposition which inheres in a material entity that can be decomposed by living organisms. biodegradable biodegradable e.g., biodegradable nanoparticle stimulus for nanoparticle function A process which describes an action or event that triggers a specific function of a nanoparticle. NPO_751 stimulus for nanoparticle function targeting ligand A targeting agent, which is a ligand or small molecule that binds to larger molecules. targeting ligand NPO_227 superparamagnetic nanoparticle superparamagnetic nanoparticle NPO_1537 A nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic properties. NPO_152 d-block element d-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy d-orbitals. immunoglobulin M NPO_1393 immunoglobulin M A main immunoglobulin isotype which is secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.[Source: NCI] NCIT:C569 IgM regulator role regulator role A molecular role inhering in a molecule that causes the regulation of a process or the activity of another molecule. NPO_1641 plutonium atom NPO_966 plutonium atom An atom with atomic number 94. 94 UO:0000259 dB decibel NPO_1354 A unit which is an indicator of sound power per unit area. decibel NPO_1630 An inhibitor role inhering in a molecule that inhibits the metabolism or activity of a molecule that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor. antagonist role antagonist role DNA replication GO:0006260 DNA synthesis A process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. DNA replication DNA biosynthesis NPO_142 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tellurium. tellurium molecular entity NPO_1102 tellurium molecular entity CHEBI:33305 hertz A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second. NPO_1332 hertz UO:0000106 Hz acyl chloride group acyl chloride group NPO_113 An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is a chlorine atom. arsenic molecular entity arsenic molecular entity NPO_1094 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of arsenic. CHEBI:22632 cadmium selenide CdSe NPO_228 An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of cadmium and selenium. cadmium selenide NPO_1536 inorganic nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of inorganic molecular entities. inorganic nanoparticle NPO_752 A stimulus for nanoparticle function, which originates from a source that is inside the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. internal stimulus for nanoparticle function internal stimulus for nanoparticle function NPO_1018 nanostructure A nanomaterial which is defined with respect to its structure. nanostructure immunoglobulin G immunoglobulin G NPO_1392 An immunoglobulin isotype, which characterizes secondary immune responses. This isotype is further broken down into several smaller subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 in the mouse; IgG1-4 in the human), and each subclass is differentially synthesized and secreted into the serum upon differential immune stimuli.[Source: NCI] NCIT:C568 IgG NPO_192 protein role A molecular role inhering in a protein molecule by virtue of the protein's function. protein role surface modification of nanoparticle surface modification of nanoparticle A process which is performed to modify the surface of a nanoparticle using surface modifying agents. NPO_1642 erbium atom 68 NPO_967 An atom with atomic number 68. erbium atom An element with atomic number 98. californium californium NPO_151 GO:0045785 positive regulation of cell adhesion NPO_1643 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. positive regulation of cell adhesion angiogenesis angiogenesis GO:0001525 blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels NPO_657 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. tumor pH tumor pH NPO_1575 The pH inhering in a tumor. analysis A process of examining the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole [source: WordNet]. e.g., the identification and measurement of chemical constituents of a substance or specimen. NPO_1422 analysis A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation that is a bearer of imaging function and payload agent role. NPO_1534 imaging payload agent imaging payload agent An element with atomic number 69. thulium NPO_972 thulium NPO_1174 Newton A force unit which is equal to the force required to cause an acceleration of 1m/s2 of a mass of 1 Kg in the direction of the force. Newton N UO:0000108 An atom with atomic number 88. 88 radium atom radium atom NPO_333 NPO_1574 solid tumor A benign or malignant tumor arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. solid tumor solid neoplasm NCIT:C9292 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis technique in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium. NPO_1421 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis NCIT:C16539 NCIT:C19361 tumor angiogenesis NPO_1535 Angiogenesis which is the formation of new blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to a tumor for its growth and maintenance. tumor angiogenesis mitosis Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. [source: GOC:ma, ISBN:0198547684] NPO_712 mitosis GO:0007067 anion CHEBI:22563 An ion which is negatively charged. anion NPO_1030 unit of force UO:0000107 NPO_1173 force unit force unit A unit of measurement for the force applied to accelerate a mass (an amount of matter). NPO_334 chromium An element with atomic number 24. chromium rubidide NPO_1051 A monoatomic monanion of rubidide. rubidide CHEBI:33496 process_aggregate A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a mereological sum of process [span:Process] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries. process aggregate span:ProcessAggregate NPO_397 [source]: BFO v. 1.1 NCIT:C40643 inhibition of folate metabolism An inhibition which involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities of enzymatic biotransforming chemical modifications of folic acid. NPO_1633 folic acid metabolism inhibition inhibition of folic acid metabolism inhibition of folic acid metabolism agarose gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis in which highly purified agar is used as the diffusion medium. agarose gel electrophoresis NPO_1420 NCIT:C16537 neoplasm tumor tumor NPO_1573 NCIT:C3262 An abnormal mass of tissue that results from uncontrolled proliferation of cells. It performs no bodily function. It may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) . drug release from nanoparticle in response to pH change drug release from nanoparticle in response to pH change A nanoparticle response to pH change, which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_975 enzyme activity Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [source: ISBN:0198506732] NPO_584 enzyme activity GO:0003824 catalytic activity organic heterobicyclic compound An organic heterocyclic compound, which has two rings. NPO_454 organic heterobicyclic compound CHEBI:27171 detection of tumors NPO_1532 Detection of the presence or growth of tumors in the body of a human or an animal model. detection of tumors tumor detection potassium atom NPO_300 An atom with atomic number 19. potassium atom 19 An atom with atomic number 92. NPO_335 uranium atom 92 uranium atom NPO_337 supramolecular entity supramolecular entity A molecular entity which is formed and held together by non-covalent interactions of molecules. cube cube A regular hexahedron, with six equal squares as faces. NPO_861 [source]:WordNet anatomical structure formation NPO_993 The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [source: GOC:dph, GOC:jic] anatomical structure formation formation of an anatomical structure GO:0048646 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of dihydrofolate reductase. NPO_1634 inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase activity inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase activity NPO_1572 core-shell silica nanoparticle A silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. core-shell silica nanoparticle NPO_973 A molecular entity which is one of two or more forms of atoms - of a chemical element-that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Hence an isotope differs from an atom in relative atomic mass and physical properties but not in chemical properties; an isotope is a radioactive form of element. isotope isotope therapeutic payload agent therapeutic payload agent A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation that is a bearer of imaging function and has payload agent role. NPO_1533 carboxylate NPO_110 carboxylate A carboxylate is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxylate group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[O-], where 'R' denotes an organic group. chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticle A magnetic nanoparticle which consists of a coating agent composed of chitosan. NPO_1571 chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticle NPO_747 An amide group which has the structure -S(=O)-NH2 or -S(=O)-NH- or -S(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a sulfonamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. sulfonamide group sulfonamide group NPO_1262 cubic centimeter per mole A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic centimeter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. cm^[3]/mole cubic centimeter per mole UO:0000090 protein detection NPO_1426 Detection of proteins or a protein components in a sample. detection of proteins detection of proteins xenon atom 54 xenon atom NPO_862 An atom with atomic number 54. rate of tumor suppression tumor suppression rate The rate of suppression in tumor growth. NPO_1309 tumor suppression rate calcium atom An atom with atomic number 20. NPO_706 20 calcium atom A quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary. diameter NPO_1228 PATO:0001334 diameter wavelength of sound NPO_1353 wavelength of sound The quotient of the speed of a sound wave divided by its wavelength. PATO:0001523 CHEBI:35352 NPO_503 An organonitrogen compound is a heteroorganic compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compound organonitrogen compound polyatomic NPO_1020 A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of more than one atom. polyatomic A parameter measured or calculated in a pharmacokinetic study. pharmacokinetic parameter NPO_1530 pharmacokinetic parameter UO:0000051 unit of concentration concentration unit A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. NPO_1168 concentration unit gadolinium ion gadolinium ion An ion of gadolinium. NPO_1570 An element with atomic number 54. xenon NPO_746 xenon detection NPO_1425 detection A process or action of identifying the presence of something. An atom with atomic number 67. NPO_863 67 holmium atom holmium atom NPO_864 Topoisomerase inhibitor which inhibits the action of topoisomerase I. topoisomerase-I inhibitor topoisomerase-I inhibitor tumor imaging tumor imaging NPO_1531 Imaging the size, shape, surface and structural properties of tumors. imaging of tumors A diazonium compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a diazonium group. It has the structure R-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_330 diazonium compound diazonium compound nanoparticle nanoparticle NPO_707 A nanomaterial which is in the form of a particle with an average size in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range; which has an identifiable and definite chemical composition, property or function that uniquely define the nanoparticle's type as known; and, which may or may not exhibit a size-intensive property. Definition is partly based on ASTM E 2456-06 (Terminology for Nanotechnology). near-infrared spectroscopy FIX:0000321 NIR spectroscopy NPO_1474 An infrared spectroscopy where the beam of light that irradiates the sample has wavelengths within the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. near-infrared spectroscopy GO:0042536 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. inhibition of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process NPO_1662 inhibition of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process immunoglobulin immunoglobulin NPO_1388 An antibody which has molecular mass of 150-950 kDa, and consists of one or more basic units of four polypeptide chains comprising of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulphide links. NCIT:C572 Ig NPO_159 thioether linkage between thiol and maleimide derivative A thioether linkage which is formed between a thiol and a maleimide derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. thioether linkage between thiol and maleimide derivative NPO_479 The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb] cell-cell adhesion cell-cell adhesion GO:0016337 An electric charge quality which signifies zero net charge in the bearer. NPO_1307 neutrally charged neutral charge neutral charge western blot NCIT:C16357 An assay which is used for the detection or identification of proteins or peptides that have been separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane. The proteins are then detected by reaction with enzymatically labeled or radiolabeled antibody probes. western blot analysis western blot analysis western blotting technique western blotting NPO_1424 Magnetic property exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and in these materials the magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed, and the opposing magnetic moments are unequal, and therefore, a spontaneous magnetization remains. This property exists below the Curie temperature. ferrimagnetic NPO_331 ferrimagnetic NPO_799 An element with atomic number 74. tungsten tungsten A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of two or more chemical elements. heteroatomic NPO_1022 heteroatomic Period 6 Element NPO_911 An element in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 6 Element copper atom An atom with atomic number 29. copper atom NPO_865 29 An element with atomic number 96. curium NPO_970 curium potassium An element with atomic number 19. potassium NPO_708 tumor necrosis factor synthesis tumor necrosis factor anabolism tumor necrosis factor alpha biosynthesis tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis TNF alpha biosynthesis GO:0042533 NPO_647 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. [source: GOC:jl, PMID:10891884] NPO_123 gefitinib gefitinib removed 'has_role some epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor' Iressa drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor CHEBI:49668 A type of quinazoline compound. ZD-1839 NPO_1389 An immunoglobulin isotype which is associated with antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. It is secreted as dimers into the mucosa and is the most effective isotype at fixing complement by the alternative pathway, even though it lacks the ability to fix complement by the classical pathway. There are two subtypes in the human - IgA1 and IgA2. [Source: NCI] immunoglobulin A immunoglobulin A NCIT:C565 IgA NPO_748 A covalent linkage where a diazo group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. diazo linkage diazo linkage CHEBI:26865 technetium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of technetium. NPO_1137 technetium molecular entity negatively charged negative charge NPO_1306 An electric charge quality which signifies a surplus of electrons in the bearer. negative charge Met CHEBI:16811 methionine NPO_158 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-S-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. methionine thioether NPO_797 A thioether is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a thioether group. It has the structure R-S-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. thioether inhibition of metastasis An antitumor activity which inhibits or blocks metastasis. NPO_1649 inhibition of metastasis protein analysis NPO_1423 Analysis of protein components in a sample. protein analysis analysis of proteins monoatomic NPO_1021 monoatomic A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of only one atom. surface area Area of an object's surface. surface area NPO_1235 NPO_332 An inner transition element which is any element with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium). Lanthanide Lanthanide acryloyl derivative acryloyl compound NPO_866 An acryloyl compound is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "acryloyl group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH=CH2, where R denotes an organic group. acryloyl compound NPO_709 actinium atom 89 An atom with atomic number 89. actinium atom NPO_1279 A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a second or 10^[-9] s. nanosecond nanosecond ns UO:0000150 UO:0000052 unit of mass density mass density unit mass density unit NPO_1264 A density unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a substance in a given volume. NPO_407 nuclear core of nanocell The central part of a nanocell. nuclear core of nanocell CHEBI:33741 chromium group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a chromium group (Group-6) element. NPO_1115 chromium group molecular entity carboxylic ester group carboxylic ester group NPO_682 A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-O- and it is formally derived from carboxylic acid and organic hydroxy compound. The group is characteristic of a carboxylic ester compound wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. hydrophilic space between lipid bilayers hydrophilic space between lipid bilayers The aqueous space between lipid bilayers (e.g, in a multilamellar vesicle). NPO_260 NPO_486 vanadium vanadium An element with atomic number 23. Group 12 Element Group 12 Element An element of Group 12 of the periodic table. zinc group element NPO_702 cell viability NPO_1343 cell viability Viability of a cell to proliferate, grow, divide, or repair damaged cell components. NPO_644 thioether linkage between thiol and iodoacetyl derivative A thioether linkage which occurs between a thiol and an iodoacetyl derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. thioether linkage between thiol and iodoacetyl derivative fluorochrome A fluorescent dye which is used to stain a specimen or a sample in fluorescence microscopy. NPO_643 NCIT:C503 fluorochrome NPO_1329 meter per second A speed/velocity unit which is equal to the speed of an object traveling 1 meter distance in one second. meter per second UO:0000094 m/s NPO_796 sulfur An element with atomic number 16. sulfur disc NPO_307 A cylinder with height smaller than the cross-sectional diameter. disc disk CHEBI:25698 ether NPO_230 An ether is an organic compound in which an oxygen atom is covalently bound to two carbon atoms. It has the structure R-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. ether GO:0006259 DNA metabolism NPO_1014 DNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. [source: ISBN:0198506732] DNA metabolic process tungsten molecular entity CHEBI:33742 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tungsten. NPO_1128 tungsten molecular entity g-block element f-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy f-orbitals. NPO_408 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix NPO_346 chlorambucil chlorambucil A type of nitrogen mustard and an organochlorine compound. CHEBI:28830 1 NPO_261 chitosan nanoparticle chitosan nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of chitosan polar covalent bonding A covalent bonding in which the sharing of electron pair is unequal due to difference in the electronegativities of atoms that share the electron pair. NPO_683 polar covalent bonding NCIT:C272 MESH:D000964 antimetabolite antineoplastic antimetabolite Antineoplastic agent that inhibits the biosynthesis of pyrimidine or purine nucleotides or mimic natural nucleotides so they interfere with their synthesis or function and subsequently interrupt DNA, RNA, and/or protein synthesis. antineoplastic antimetabolite NPO_487 zinc sulfide NPO_306 zinc sulfide An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of zinc and sulfur. volume unit volume unit UO:0000095 unit of volume A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas. NPO_1253 cobalt An element with atomic number 27. cobalt NPO_795 dendrimer cavity NPO_642 A material site which is a cavity or space formed within the core and generation layer (between branches) of a dendrimer. It can be occupied by molecules other than those which chemically make up the dendrimer. dendrimer cavity Van Der Waals Interaction dipole-dipole interaction dipole-dipole interaction An intermolecular interaction between molecules (polar or non-polar) due to attraction between permanent or temporary molecular dipoles. NPO_582 1-D extent A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extension in one dimension. 1-D extent NPO_1226 PATO:0001708 CHEBI:25697 NPO_1041 A cation which is organic. organic cation organic cation weight ratio weight ratio A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of weights. NPO_1156 Source:Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. snap:Disposition NPO_155 A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the object [snap:Object] in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X (object [snap:Object] has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C. The process occurs as a result of the object's physical structure. A disposition invariably or definitely leads to a certain result given certain circumstances (if not, then the realizable entity is a tendency and not a disposition). disposition disposition CHEBI:27275 NPO_1144 vanadium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of vanadium. vanadium molecular entity Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which inhibits Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase, involved with signal transduction pathways, and may be useful in treating tumors that over express EGFR. [source:NCI_Thesaurus] NPO_409 epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor NCIT: C2167 EGFR-TK inhibitor manganese group molecular entity manganese group molecular entity NPO_1116 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a manganese group (Group-7) element. CHEBI:33743 NCIT:C45302 powder A solid which corresponds to tiny loose particles, produced by pulverization. powder NPO_915 purity NPO_1345 A composition quality which is the degree to which an object bearer is free of contaminants or heterogeneous components. purity histidine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2c1c[nH]cn1)-C(OH)=OH. histidine NPO_329 CHEBI:27570 His 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid americium atom 95 NPO_704 An atom with atomic number 95. americium atom darmstadtium NPO_488 darmstadtium An element with atomic number 110. (definition source): http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antiferromagnetic antiferromagnetic antiferromagnetic Magnetic property exhibited in materials where the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms align in opposite directions, and this quality exists only below the Neel temperature. NPO_262 unit of magnetic flux A unit of measurement for magnetic flux. magnetic flux unit NPO_1159 magnetic flux unit CHEBI:25017 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_285 Leu leucine 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid leucine cubic meter cubic meter A volume unit which is equal to the volume of a cube with edges one meter in length. One cubic meter equals to 1000 liters. NPO_1254 m^[3] UO:0000096 NPO_794 zero-length crosslinker A cross-linking agent for mediating the conjugation of two molecules by forming a bond between functional groups of the molecule while containing no additional atoms. zero-length crosslinker A foreign molecule could be covalently linked to a molecular consitutent or it could occupy a void space/cavity by participating in non-covalent interactions with neighbouring molecular constituents. definition of material site is based on the definition of snap:Site material site NPO_641 [previous definition]: An independent continuant which describes any distinguishable point, site or location in a material entity, and the location is either that of a group of molecular constituents in a material entity, or the space surrounded by the molecular constituents. An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape in relation to some arrangement of material entities and of the medium which is enclosed in whole or in part by this characteristic spatial shape. Material site entities are entities that can be occupied by other material entities. material site gadolinium (4+) ion CHEBI:37294 gadolinium (4+) ion NPO_1071 A monoatomic tetracation of gadolinium. NPO_1117 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a iron group (Group-8) element. iron group molecular entity iron group molecular entity CHEBI:33744 NCIT: C29895 inhibition of cancer cell growth NPO_914 A process which inhibits or blocks the induction, promotion, maintenance, or completion of cell division in cancer cells. inhibition of cancer cell growth nanochannel A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an in vivo implantable device, designed to deliver drugs under zero order rate kinetics at high local drug concentrations to non-resectable tumor lesions. NPO_705 nanochannel [definition source]: Lesinski et al, Biomedical Microdevices, vol 7, number 1, 71-79, 2005 CHEBI:33238 monoatomic entity NPO_1026 A molecular entity which consists of a single atom. monoatomic entity A realizable property which inheres in a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance by virtue of a certain amount of the bearer to have the ability to dissolve or not in a certain volume of a liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution. solubility NPO_489 PATO:0001536 solubility glass NPO_263 A brittle transparent solid substance with irregular atomic structure. glass An ion which is organic. organic ion NPO_1031 organic ion CHEBI:25699 NPO_308 anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of endothelial growth factor. anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor NPO_640 imide imide An imide is an amide which is characterized by the presence of an imide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-N(-R')-C(=O)-R", where R, R" denote organic groups, and R' stands for organic group or hydrogen atom. NPO_1255 cubic centimeter cubic centimeter A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml. UO:0000097 cm^[3] cc NPO_1055 A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 2+. monoatomic dication CHEBI:30412 monoatomic dication carbohydrate NPO_423 MESH: D002241 carbohydrate The generic term 'carbohydrate' includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar' is frequently applied to monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. CHEBI:23008 NCIT: C344 [definition source]: CHEBI NPO_1158 magnetic flux A quantitative measure of magnetism, which is a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area. magnetic flux imine linkage between secondary amine and aldehyde NPO_580 An imine linkage which is formed between a secondary amine and an aldehyde, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. imine linkage between secondary amine and aldehyde salt salt ionic compound NPO_1146 A chemical compound of cations and anions. CHEBI:24866 A standard measure of the work done per unit charge as a charge is moved between two points in an electric field. UO:0000217 NPO_1295 unit of electric potential difference unit of electric potential electric potential difference unit electric potential difference unit arylthioether linkage NPO_648 A covalent linkage where an arylthioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. arylthioether linkage A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carbohydrazide compound. carbohydrazide group NPO_264 carbohydrazide group CHEBI:33003 vanadium 5(+) ion vanadium 5(+) ion NPO_1072 A monoatomic pentacation of vanadium. CHEBI:23906 NPO_1039 monoatomic cation monoatomic cation A cation which consists of a single atom. fullerene NPO_686 A fullerene refers to any cagelike, hollow molecule composed of hexagonal and/or pentagonal groups of carbon atoms , and it is regarded as the third form of carbon after diamond and graphite. fullerene drug directed against membrane receptor Drug directed to interfere with the activity of a membrane protein receptor of the tumor cell. NPO_917 drug directed against membrane receptor NPO_1118 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a copper group (Group-11) element. copper group molecular entity copper group molecular entity CHEBI:33745 CHEBI:23117 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chlorine. chlorine molecular entity NPO_1090 chlorine molecular entity 45 NPO_378 rhodium atom An atom with atomic number 45. rhodium atom CHEBI:24867 monoatomic ion An ion which consists of a single atom. NPO_1034 monoatomic ion NPO_1056 magnesium (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of magnesium. magnesium (2+) ion CHEBI:18420 pHe NPO_1579 pH of the extracellular fluid. extracellular pH extracellular pH NPO_792 The outer surface of a nanotube to which other molecular entities can be attached. (For example, attachment of fullerene on the surface of carbon nanotube.) outer surface of nanotube outer surface of nanotube MESH: D008051 lipid bilayer NPO_338 A lipid membrane which is two (lipid) molecules thick. lipid bilayer milliliter milliliter UO:0000098 mL NPO_1256 A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter. double-walled carbon nanotube A double-walled nanotube which consists of two graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_301 double-walled carbon nanotube CHEBI:23905 monoatomic anion NPO_1035 monoatomic anion An anion which consists of a single atom. unilamellar vesicle unilamellar vesicle A liposome vesicle that has a single lipid bilayer. NPO_916 GO:0003823 antigen binding antigen binding Interacting selectively with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. NPO_959 carbonate ester group A functional group which has the structure -O-C(=O)-O-. The group is characteristic of a carbonate ester molecule wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. NPO_687 carbonate ester group CHEBI:35359 carboxamidine An amidine is an organic compound which is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR, and therefore, it has the structure R'-C(=N-R)-NH2, where R' denotes an organic group. carboxamidine NPO_232 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a vanadium group (Group-5) element. vanadium group molecular entity vanadium group molecular entity NPO_1119 CHEBI:33746 tin atom An atom with atomic number 50. tin atom 50 NPO_377 NPO_688 An element with atomic number 83. bismuth bismuth europium europium An element with atomic number 63. NPO_516 etoposide CHEBI:4911 (5S,5aR,8aR,9R)-9-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-oxo-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexahydrofuro[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl 4,6-O-[(1R)-ethylidene]-β-D-glucopyranoside etoposide An organic compound or molecule, which has a functional parent, podophyllotoxin; which has substructure that classifies it as a beta-D-glucoside. NPO_168 extracellular fluid MeSH: D045604 The body fluid outside of cells. extracellular fluid intercellular fluid NPO_1578 liter liter NPO_1257 A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter. L UO:0000099 A halo group in which the halogen atom is a bromine atom. NPO_339 bromo group bromo group An aminoacid which is aromatic in nature. aromatic aminoacid NPO_791 aromatic aminoacid halogen atom NPO_646 An atom of fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine. halogen atom Group 13 Element An element of Group 13 of the periodic table. NPO_266 boron group element Group 13 Element drug toxicity Toxicity that inheres in a drug which causes adverse effects, when the drug is used therapeutically or diagnostically. drug toxicity NPO_1341 NCIT:C27955 cyano group NPO_588 A cyano group is a substituent group from hydrogen cyanide, and has the structure -C#N. cyano group CHEBI:48819 A quality of continuant inhering in an object by virtue of the quantities or relative ratios of subparts of the inhering entity. NPO_1344 composition composition PATO:0000025 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of nuclei (have non-zero spin). magnetic resonance spectroscopy NPO_1470 Depending on the local chemical environment, different protons in a molecule resonate at slightly different frequencies. Since this frequency shift is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, it is converted into a field-independent dimensionless value known as the chemical shift. The chemical shift is reported as a relative measure from some reference resonance frequency. (For the nuclei1H, 13C, and 29Si, TMS (tetramethylsilane) is commonly used as a reference.) This difference between the frequency of the signal and the frequency of the reference is divided by frequency of the reference signal to give the chemical shift. The frequency shifts are extremely small in comparison to the fundamental NMR frequency. A typical frequency shift might be 100 Hz, compared to a fundamental NMR frequency of 100 MHz, so the chemical shift is generally expressed in parts per million (ppm). By understanding different chemical environments, the chemical shift can be used to obtain some structural information about the molecule in a sample. The conversion of the raw data to this information is called assigning the spectrum. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] When placed in a magnetic field, NMR active nuclei (such as 1H or 13C) absorb at a frequency characteristic of the isotope. The resonant frequency, energy of the absorption and the intensity of the signal are proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. NMR spectroscopy NCIT:C16810 down regulation of DNA-dependent transcription inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription downregulation of DNA-dependent transcription NPO_1652 negative regulation of DNA-dependent transcription down-regulation of DNA-dependent transcription negative regulation of DNA-dependent transcription GO:0045892 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. NPO_1120 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a nickel group (Group-10) element. nickel group molecular entity CHEBI:33747 nickel group molecular entity antitumor activity An activity, which involves the killing of tumor cells; or which causes reduction of tumor size. antitumor activity NPO_919 CHEBI:32863 A secondary amine is an amine which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a secondary amine group. It has the structure R-NH-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. NPO_805 secondary amine secondary amine NCIT: C62372 nanoprobe nanoprobe A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a probing tool of nanometer-size, and combined with a nanosensor, is useful for subcellular detection of activity or phenomenon (e.g. biological phenomenon or process). NPO_684 sulfonamide A sulfonamide is an amide derived from sulfonic acids, and thus characterized by the presence of a sulfonamide group. It has the structure R-S(=O)-NH2, R-S(=O)-NH-R' or R-S(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. NPO_908 sulfonamide CHEBI:35358 NPO_1138 nickel molecular entity CHEBI:33748 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nickel. nickel molecular entity CHEBI:36141 quinone quinone Cyclic ketone having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of ‒CH= groups into ‒C(=O)‒ groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). NPO_774 organic anion organic anion An anion which is organic. NPO_1037 CHEBI:25696 carbamate ester carbamate ester A carbamate ester is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbamate ester group. It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-NH2 or R-O-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-O-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R, R', R" denote organic groups. CHEBI:23003 NPO_828 NPO_1577 intracellular fluid Fluid inside cells. intracellular fluid MeSH: D007424 isocyanate compound isocyanate compound NPO_519 An isocyanate is an organic compound characterized by the presence of isocyanate group. It has the structure R-N=C=O, where R denotes an organic group. An atom with atomic number 17. chlorine atom 17 chlorine atom NPO_305 stimulus of sound stimulus of sound NPO_701 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by sound. NPO_645 A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. topotecan topotecan neodymium An element with atomic number 60. NPO_267 neodymium An electric potential difference unit which is equal to the work per unit charge. One volt is the potential difference required to move one coulomb of charge between two points in a circuit while using one joule of energy. NPO_1296 volt volt UO:0000218 V The reciprocal of density. specific volume A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a mass of substance occupies. NPO_1240 specific volume PATO:0001679 NPO_1340 Toxicity that impairs or damages cells, and it is a desired property for the killing of growing tumor cells. cytotoxicity cytotoxicity NCIT:C27988 positive regulation of DNA-dependent transcription up-regulation of DNA-dependent transcription stimulation of DNA-dependent transcription GO:0045893 up regulation of DNA-dependent transcription activation of DNA-dependent transcription NPO_1651 positive regulation of DNA-dependent transcription Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. upregulation of DNA-dependent transcription NPO_685 A molecule that is used for targeting molecular entities, cells, tissues or organs in a biological system. targeting agent targeting agent A contrast agent, which provides contrast in images captured using acoustic imaging techniques. acoustic imaging contrast agent NPO_918 acoustic imaging contrast agent CHEBI:17478 aldehyde aldehyde An aldehyde is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom, and one organic group or another hydrogen atom. It is characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group, and has the structure R-C(=O)H, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. NPO_415 prefix: aldo- suffix: -al CHEBI:30417 An anion of astatine. NPO_1050 astatide astatide pH of the intracellular fluid in a cell. intracellular pH NPO_1576 intracellular pH pHi optical imaging contrast agent A contrast agent, which has optical properties, and provides contrast in images captured using optical imaging techniques. optical imaging contrast agent NPO_379 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of platinum. platinum molecular entity NPO_1140 platinum molecular entity CHEBI:33749 An element with atomic number 79. gold gold NPO_518 neptunium atom NPO_304 An atom with atomic number 93. neptunium atom 93 NPO_610 An atom with atomic number 18. argon atom 18 argon atom NPO_979 An element of Group 7 of the periodic table. Group 7 Element Group 7 Element manganese group element A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cobalt. NPO_1130 cobalt molecular entity CHEBI:33888 cobalt molecular entity NPO_938 A realizable entity that inheres in a material entity and indicates that the bearer has the ability to be harmless to biological systems. biocompatible biocompatible CHEBI:32876 A tertiary amine is an amine which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a tertiary amine group. It has the structure R-N(-R")-R', where R,R' and R" denote organic groups. NPO_832 tertiary amine tertiary amine CHEBI:33768 NPO_1122 titanium group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a titanium group (Group-4) element. titanium group molecular entity idarubicin NPO_817 anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis idarubicin CHEBI:42068 An anthracycline which is (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin square nanometer An area unit which is equal to 10^[-18] m^[2]. square nanometer NPO_1252 nm^[2] nanowire nanowire A two-dimensional nanostructure which has a wire-like structure made of materials that exhibit unique electrical and optical properties. NPO_383 NCIT: C62376 NPO_825 fluoro group fluoro group A halo group in which the halogen atom is a fluorine atom. mercury atom An atom with atomic number 80. mercury atom NPO_277 80 Group 10 Element nickel group element NPO_611 Group 10 Element An element of Group 10 of the periodic table. NPO_436 inhibits phosphorylation in the signaling pathway, which regulates a variety of fundamental processes, such as cell growth, mitogenesis, metabolism, gene transcription, cell cycle control, and the immune response. CHEBI:37699 NCIT: C1404 protein kinase inhibitor protein kinase inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits the activity of protein kinase. hydroxide hydroxide NPO_1145 A chemical compound containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). CHEBI:24651 NPO_1124 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cadmium. cadmium molecular entity cadmium molecular entity CHEBI:22978 gel electrophoresis Electrophoresis method used for separating molecules of proteins and nucleic acids from a sample mixture of similar molecules through a gelatinous matrix. Subject to an electric field, each molecule in the sample mixture migrates through the matrix at a different rate, depending mainly on electrical charge and size, resulting in spatial separation within the matrix of each molecular species in the sample mixture. Agarose and acrylamide in a cylindrical tube or slab gel are commonly used media for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids. gel electrophoresis NPO_1419 NCIT:C18091 alpha V beta inhibitor NCIT: C2050 NPO_510 alpha V beta inhibitor An endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor that acts by blocking the action of an endothelial cell-surface expressed alpha (v) integrin, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. europium atom An atom with atomic number 63. europium atom NPO_978 63 mV UO:0000247 An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one thousandth of a volt or 10^[-3] V. NPO_1297 millivolt millivolt A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an explosive device. nanobomb nanobomb NCIT: C62367 NPO_239 An explosive device comprised of carbon nanotubes. These nanoscale devices have desirable optical and thermal properties that can be exploited for novel cancer therapeutics. The ability to manipulate these properties facilitates a controlled, localized activation and clearance mechanism of diseased or abnormal cells. DNA binding agent DNA binding agent Antineoplastic agent that binds to DNA to regulate mechanisms central to cellular function, including DNA replication and gene expression. NPO_939 NCIT: C2842 CHEBI:32877 NPO_947 primary amine A primary amine is an amine which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group, and it is characterized by the presence of a primary amine group. It has the structure R-NH2, where R denotes an organic group. primary amine CHEBI:33767 cobalt group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a cobalt group (Group-9) element. cobalt group molecular entity NPO_1121 iron molecular entity iron molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iron. NPO_1134 CHEBI:24873 aromatic NPO_276 A quality inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of a cyclically conjugated molecular entity , with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure. aromatic [definition source]: ChEBI Definition of aromatic is based on that of an aromatic compound (CHEBI:33655) hollow core of nanocage The hollow core region of a nanocage. hollow core of nanocage NPO_612 nanoarray A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a template consisting of two-dimensional patterning of biological molecules on a surface for biological analysis. NPO_691 nanoarray NCIT:C62340 GO:0022403 NPO_999 cell cycle phase A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] cell cycle phase repeat unit repeat unit NPO_1499 A chemical component which occurs as repeated units linked together in a polymer chain. NPO_977 12 An atom with atomic number 12. magnesium atom magnesium atom A monoatomic tetracation of silicon. silicon (4+) ion NPO_1070 silicon (4+) ion CHEBI:30584 amidine linkage A covalent linkage where an amidine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_238 amidine linkage An element with atomic number 57. lanthanum lanthanum NPO_936 dendrimer core The core part of a dendrimer, which is formed by the core initiator group [npo:NPO_803]. NPO_279 dendrimer core monoclonal antibody An antibody produced by a clone or genetically homogenous fast-growing cells i.e., hybridoma. Hybridoma cells are cloned to establish cell lines producing a specific antibody that is chemically and immunologically homogeneous.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] NPO_823 monoclonal antibody NCIT:C20401 MAb cell cycle process A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] NPO_998 cell cycle process GO:0022402 CHEBI:25094 Lys 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid NPO_265 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2)-C(OH)=OH. lysine lysine carbamate ester linkage between primary amine and carbonate ester A carbamate ester linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a carbonate ester, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. carbamate ester linkage between primary amine and carbonate ester NPO_236 NPO_1106 thallium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of thallum. CHEBI:37110 thallium molecular entity cadmium cadmium An element with atomic number 48. NPO_976 NPO_690 iron atom iron atom 26 An atom with atomic number 26. ruthenium atom NPO_382 An atom with atomic number 44. ruthenium atom 44 CHEBI:33887 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of rhodium. NPO_1129 rhodium molecular entity rhodium molecular entity secondary amine linkage NPO_278 secondary amine linkage A covalent linkage where a secondary amine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. carboxamide group A amide group which has the structure -C(=O)-NH2 or -C(=O)-NH- or -C(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carboxamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. carboxamide group NPO_824 stimulus of infrared light NPO_937 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by infrared light. stimulus of infrared light gallium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gallium. NPO_1107 CHEBI:37111 gallium molecular entity heterobifunctional crosslinker A crosslinking agent which contains two different end reactive groups connected by a spacer, and the two reactive groups can couple to two different functional groups. NPO_649 heterobifunctional crosslinker NPO_1360 A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the purity of a chemical substance. purity characterization purity characterization poly(ethylene glycol) A polymer made by the polymerization of ethylene oxide. NPO_444 poly(ethylene glycol) PEG CHEBI:46793 NPO_1497 chemical component chemical component A fiat material part identified as being the chemical make up of a material entity. DNA alkylating agent DNA crosslinking agent, which alkylates DNA. DNA alkylating agent NPO_235 antineoplastic alkylating agent separation method NPO_1416 A technique which is used to separate substances from mixtures. separation technique separation technique iron oxide An oxide of iron. NPO_273 iron oxide NPO_554 100 An atom with atomic number 100. fermium atom fermium atom polydispersity A quality inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size or different sizes. polydispersity NPO_821 RNA anabolism RNA biosynthetic process NPO_1017 RNA biosynthesis RNA synthesis RNA biosynthetic process RNA formation GO:0032774 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. [source: GOC:mah] PATO:0000146 temperature temperature NPO_1287 A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system. CHEBI:31355 A platinum compound in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue. NPO_603 carboplatin carboplatin NCIT: C1282 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix NPO_514 A qualitative measure of solubility in water which indicates that the chemical substance dissolves in water under specific conditions. soluble in water soluble in water water-soluble cadmium selenide quantum dot cadmium selenide quantum dot A quantum dot composed of cadmium selenide. NPO_160 CdSe quantum dot CHEBI:24870 ion ion A molecular entity that has a net electric charge. NPO_546 [definition source]: ChEBI shape characterization NPO_1361 A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the shape of an object. shape characterization indium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of indium. indium molecular entity CHEBI:37112 NPO_1108 succinimidyl carbonate group A functional group, the structure of which consists of a saturated cyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; and each of the two carbon atoms, adjacent to the nitrogen atom, are bonded to an oxygen atom via a double bond, while the nitrogen atom is bonded to one oxygen atom of the carbonate group. NPO_234 succinimidyl carbonate group monomer monomer A small organic molecule which is bonded to other similar molecules to form a polymer. NPO_1498 angiogenesis inhibitor An antineoplastic agent that slows down or prevents the formation and growth of blood or lymphatic vessels. In cancer therapy, angiogenesis inhibitors target blood vessels that supply tumors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. NPO_595 NCIT: C1742 angiogenesis inhibitor CHEBI:48422 MESH: D020533 angiogenesis antagonist GO:0003916 DNA topoisomerase activity Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA. NPO_700 DNA topoisomerase activity microscopy microscopy NPO_1415 microscopy technique A technique which uses a microscope to study a material object or a process that cannot be seen by the naked eye. NPO_449 A functional group which has the structure -N=C=S. The group is characteristic of an isothiocyanate compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. isothiocyanate group isothiocyanate group NPO_553 diamagnetic Magnetic property exhibited in materials which create a weak magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field; thus, causing repulsion of the material in a magnetic field. diamagnetic phosphoramide group phosphoramide group An amide group which has the structure -P(=O)-NH2 or -P(=O)-NH- or -P(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a phosphoramide wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_822 NPO_388 hydrophobic interaction A non-covalent interaction which is a repulsive interaction between hydrophobic molecule or hydrophobic part of an amphiphilic molecule and water molecules in aqueous solutions. It results from energetically favorable interactions between hydrophilic molecules or parts there of and water molecules. hydrophobic interaction basic pH alkaline pH NPO_1199 basic pH pH of value between 7 and 14. CHEBI:23377 copper molecular entity copper molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of copper. NPO_1131 three-dimensional nanostructure NPO_272 A nanostructure which has all three spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. three-dimensional nanostructure A shape, which is the surface of a 3-dimensional object that tapers from a circular base. NPO_515 Cone Cone conical conical shape NPO_233 boron An element with atomic number 5. boron UO:0000248 kV kilovolt An electric potential difference unit which is equal to 10^[3] V. NPO_1298 kilovolt A chemical component which is identified by virtue of its molecular structure that forms part of the basic chemical make up of a nanoparticle in a nanoparticle formulation. molecular component in nanoparticle molecular component in nanoparticle NPO_1495 acyl compound An acyl compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an acyl group R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic group and the carbon atom is not bonded to a hydrogen atom or oxygen atom. NPO_511 acyl compound NPO_1418 A separation technique used for separating charged particles in a fluid or gel under the action of an electric field. The electric field causes the movement of charged particles. electrophoresis electrophoresis alkali metal NPO_448 An element of group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). alkali metal LC-50 LD-50 NPO_1196 Concentration of a chemical or biologic preparation that is likely to cause death in 50% of animals or cells being tested. lethal dose - 50% LC-50 NCIT:C16788 lethal concentration - 50% A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)H. The group is characteristic of an aldehyde wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via covalent bond with hydrogen or carbon atoms. aldehyde group aldehyde group formyl group CHEBI:42485 NPO_590 NPO_385 holmium An element with atomic number 67. holmium quinazoline compound A quinazoline compound is a derivative of quinazoline. NPO_386 quinazoline compound CHEBI:38530 An element with atomic number 55. caesium caesium NPO_275 NPO_552 A type of protein made by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] antibody MESH:D000906 NCIT: C16295 antibody Group 1 Element An element of Group 1 of the periodic table. Group 1 Element NPO_162 nanoparticle component NPO_1496 A chemical component which is identified as a nanoparticle based on its structure, chemical composition or function. nanoparticle component µV UO:0000249 NPO_1299 An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one millionth of a volt or 10^[-6] V. microvolt microvolt centrifugation A separation technique which uses a centrifuge to generate a centrifugal force for separating fluids of different densities from mixtures or for separating liquids from solids. NPO_1417 centrifugation A functional group which has a three-membered cyclic ether structure, where an oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms and the carbon atoms are bonded to each other via single covalent bond. epoxide group NPO_909 oxirane group epoxide group nanopipette NPO_447 nanopipette A two-dimensional nanostructure which is a capillary tube with diameter in the nanometer range. Nanopipettes made from standard quartz capillary tubes are known to detect single molecules which are labeled with gold nanoparticles. gold quantum dot-entrapped poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in which gold quantum dots are entrapped. NPO_551 gold quantum dot-entrapped poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle Quality which exactly or approximately describes the external form or outline of something as distinct from its substance. NPO_274 shape shape The spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance. [source: NCI, WordNet] curium atom 96 NPO_513 curium atom An atom with atomic number 96. Drug that crosses the tumor cell membrane and blocks the intracellular domain of a membrane receptor. NPO_161 drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor nanoparticle surface modifying role nanoparticle surface modifying role Role of a surface modifying agent that is attached to the surface of a nanoparticle in a nanoparticle formulation. NPO_127 A functional group which has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes any organic group. The group is characteristic of acyl azide compounds. acyl azide group NPO_405 The structure of an acyl azide is R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, in which an acyl group is bound to a diazonium group. acyl azide group An element with atomic number 32. germanium germanium NPO_164 CHEBI:35363 carbohydrazide carbohydrazide A carbohydrazide is a hyrazide derived from a carboxylic acid, and therefore has the structure R""-(C=O)-N(-R)-N(-R')-R", where R"" denotes an organic group. NPO_629 mass rate NPO_1310 mass rate The rate of change or movement in the mass (amount of matter) of a physical object. Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located in the tumor cell cytoplasm NPO_496 drug directed against protein in cytoplasm drug directed against protein in cytoplasm drug clearance CI clearance The volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed per unit time drug clearance NPO_1525 NPO_446 An element of Group 17 of the periodic table. Group 17 Element Group 17 Element halogen prefix: hydroxy suffix: -ol hydroxyl group NPO_941 A functional group, in which an oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom, and has the structure -OH. The group is characteristic of an organic hydroxy molecule wherein it is attached to a carbon atom via a single covalent bond. hydroxy group CHEBI:43176 hydroxyl group chloro group chloro group A halo group in which the halogen atom is a chlorine atom. NPO_758 NCIT: C73455 NPO_126 nanotube A two-dimensional nanoparticle which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. nanotube halogen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a halogen (Group-17) element. NPO_1084 halogen molecular entity CHEBI:24471 monoatomic tetraanion A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge -4. NPO_1044 monoatomic tetraanion CHEBI:50086 [definition source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com, L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition A protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed. It does not contain a prosthetic group. simple protein NPO_163 simple protein 73 NPO_497 tantalum atom tantalum atom An atom with atomic number 73. mass rate unit mass rate unit A measure of the change or movement of mass per unit time. NPO_1311 unit of mass rate half maximal inhibitory concentration NPO_1195 IC50 IC50 Concentration of a drug or inhibitor that is required to inhibit a biological process or a participant's activity in that process by half. The amount of drug in the body divided by its concentration in the blood. NPO_1524 Vd volume of distribution volume of distribution An element with atomic number 41. NPO_558 niobium niobium CHEBI:36914 inorganic ion An ion which is inorganic. inorganic ion NPO_1032 nanofilm A one-dimensional nanostructure which is a thin layer of nanostructured material. NPO_759 nanofilm An inner transition element which is any element in the series of 15 radioactive metallic elements with atomic numbers 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium). Actinide NPO_125 Actinide chromium group element Group 6 Element Group 6 Element An element of Group 6 of the periodic table. NPO_271 boron atom boron atom 5 NPO_403 An atom with atomic number 5. NPO_1312 kg/day kilograms per day A unit of mass rate expressed as kilograms per day. kilogram per day kilogram per day 36 krypton atom NPO_443 An atom with atomic number 36. krypton atom contrast agent in fluorescence imaging fluorescence imaging contrast agent NPO_166 An optical imaging contrast agent, which is fluorescent, and provides contrast in images captured using fluorescence imaging techniques. fluorescence imaging contrast agent indium atom indium atom 49 NPO_557 An atom with atomic number 49. NPO_1527 Cmax peak concentration The maximum concentration of an experimental substance or drug in the plasma or a target organ after dose administration. [source: NCI] Cmax maximum concentration NCIT:C70918 NPO_1192 Concentration of a solution expressed in gram equivalents of solute per liter. normality normal concentration normality anti-adhesion agent NPO_124 An antimetastic agent, which prevents metastasis by interfering with the aggregation of tumor cells. anti-adhesion agent NCIT:C2197 nanoshell NPO_270 A three-dimensional nanoparticle which is composed of a spherical core surrounded by a shell of a few nanometer in thickness. If the shell is made of metal particles, then it is called a metallic nanoshell (e.g. Gold nanoshell). nanoshell 39 yttrium atom An atom with atomic number 39. yttrium atom NPO_404 REX:0000290 luminescence luminescence NPO_1399 Spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. An element with atomic number 81. NPO_495 thallium thallium hydrazide A hydrazide is an organic compound or molecule which is derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0) by replacing ‒OH by ‒N(-R)-N(-R')-R" (R,R',R" groups commonly denote H). NPO_583 CHEBI:35362 hydrazide MESH: D004791 enzyme antagonist enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibitor drug Antineoplastic agent, which binds to an enzyme and decreases or blocks the enzyme's activity by hindering the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor drug NPO_442 NCIT: C471 Only those enzyme inhibitors that are used as cancer drugs should be included under this class. An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy some orbital. NPO_555 block element block element CHEBI:29105 A monoatomic dication of zinc. zinc (2+) ion zinc (2+) ion NPO_1053 A monoatomic hexacation of tungsten. tungsten (6+) ion NPO_1075 tungsten (6+) ion CHEBI:49955 elimination rate constant elimination rate constant NPO_1526 A first-order rate constant that determines the rate at which drugs are eliminated from the body. kel NPO_556 NCIT:C67437 taxane-pocket binding agent Tubulin binding agent that binds to the taxane site of the beta-tubulin subunit, a region described as a binding pocket located within the middle domain and corresponding to an approximate residue sequence of 217-231. Specifically, these agents bind to a cysteine residue within the pocket, which is also the binding site for GTP. Agents binding at the taxane site promote the polymerization of dimers to form a very rigid and stable microtubule structure which is not readily disassembled. Interfering with microtubule dynamics, these agents inhibit the normal turnover process essential during mitosis, thereby causing cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. [source: NCIT] taxane-pocket binding agent cell concentration cell concentration Concentration, which is the amount of cells in a medium. NPO_1193 NPO_441 fluorobenzene derivative An aryl halide derived from fluorobenzene. fluorobenzene derivative PATO:0001906 movement quality movement quality NPO_1313 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its participation in movement. An atom with atomic number 24. 24 NPO_934 chromium atom chromium atom apatite A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl. NPO_1565 apatite CHEBI:52254 tungsten atom 74 An atom with atomic number 74. NPO_492 tungsten atom NPO_829 micelle A supramolecular structure which is an aggregate of amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. micelle kilogram per liter NPO_1272 kilograms per liter kg/L A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in liters. kilogram per liter UO:0000174 lithium atom An atom with atomic number 3. lithium atom NPO_400 3 oxaliplatin anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix oxaliplatin CHEBI:31941 NPO_749 NCIT:C1181 A platinum compound in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) and with an oxalate bidentate ligand. NPO_340 An imidoester compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an imidoester group. It has the structure R-C(=[NH2]+)-O-CH3, where R denotes an organic group. imidoester compound imidoester compound molar concentration molarity molarity The number of moles of a solute dissolved in a liter of solution. NPO_1190 bioavailability bioavailability Fraction of the administered dose which reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. NPO_1529 Interacting selectively with an estrogen receptor. estrogen receptor binding estrogen receptor binding GO:0030331 NPO_575 unit of molar volume UO:0000056 molar volume unit NPO_1260 A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. molar volume unit CHEBI:36919 antimony molecular entity NPO_1096 antimony molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of antimony. MESH:D048271 chitosan A linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; deacetylated chitin. NPO_721 chitosan NPO_440 An anti-adhesion agent, which inhibits lectin, a protein that binds carbohydrate on cell surfaces and causes cell agglutination. lectin inhibitor lectin inhibitor NCIT:C2120 receptor receptor NPO_493 NCIT:C18106 A protein that is located on the cell surface, or in the cytoplasm, and which binds to, or responds to, a ligand with high specificity. [based on source: UniProtKB] cobalt atom 27 An atom with atomic number 27. NPO_935 cobalt atom mendelevium NPO_167 mendelevium An element with atomic number 101. gadolinium An element with atomic number 64. NPO_380 gadolinium Mobility of a charged particle in electrophoresis, measured as the rate of migration (usually in cm/s) per unit electric field strength (usually V/cm) of the charged particle. NPO_1315 electrophoretic mobility electrophoretic mobility hydroxyapatite A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). NPO_1566 hydroxyapatite CHEBI:52255 hydroxylapatite NPO_402 A cyanate is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a cyanate group. It has the structure R-O-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. cyanate cyanate UO:0000173 g/mL grams per milliliter gram per milliliter NPO_1265 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in milliliter. gram per milliliter cysteine Cys An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-SH)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:15356 NPO_384 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid cysteine Au nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of gold element. NPO_401 gold nanoparticle gold nanoparticle beryllium atom An atom with atomic number 4. 4 NPO_869 beryllium atom molality The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent. NPO_1191 molality molal concentration cyanate group A functional group which has the structure N#C-O-. The group is characteristic of a cyanate molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. NPO_720 cyanate group threonine threonine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(OH)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_913 CHEBI:26986 Thr Tmax NPO_1528 The length of time it takes to reach the maximum concentration (Cmax) of an exogenous compound or drug in the plasma or a tissue after a dose is administered.[source: NCI] Tmax NCIT:C70919 time to peak concentation time to maximum concentration surface modifying agent coating agent A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation, which is there to modify the nanoparticle's surface properties like surface charge or surface hydrophilicity; or 2) to which other molecular entities can be attached for facilitating linkage between the molecular entities and the nanoparticle. NPO_827 nanoparticle surface modifying agent CHEBI:36916 cation NPO_1029 cation An ion which is positively charged. ytterbium NPO_932 ytterbium An element with atomic number 70. A realizable entity that inheres in a material entity and indicates that the bearer has the ability to produce or elicit an immune response. immunogenic NPO_490 immunogenic phosphoramide phosphoramide NPO_116 A phosphoramide is an amide characterized by the presence of a phosphoramide group. It has the structure R-P(=O)-NH2, R-P(=O)-NH-R' or R-P(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. CHEBI:17102 An element with atomic number 17. chlorine chlorine NPO_129 Nanotechnology involves the application of scientific knowledge from multidisciplinary fields of science and engineering, towards understanding, manipulating and controlling the properties of matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) size dimensions. nanoparticle formulation A nanomaterial which is a particulate, chemical substance that is formulated systematically using nanotechnology, and it contains nanoparticles and active chemical components / ingredients (molecular structures) . NPO_868 nanoparticle formulation CHEBI:36915 inorganic cation NPO_1042 A cation which is inorganic. inorganic cation CHEBI:33696 NPO_1001 nucleic acid A polynucleotide which is present in living cells. nucleic acid GO:0005102 receptor binding Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [source: GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732] NPO_780 receptor binding iodine iodine An element with atomic number 53. NPO_169 NPO_933 An element with atomic number 36. krypton krypton polonium molecular entity NPO_1103 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of polonium. polonium molecular entity CHEBI:36917 unit of electrophoretic mobility unit of electrophoretic mobility A unit of measure of electrophoretic mobility. NPO_1317 ionic bonding An intramolecular interaction between positive and negative ions which are formed by the transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another atom. ionic bonding NPO_491 iodoacetyl group iodoacetyl group An iodoacetyl group is an organic group which has the structure -C(=O)-CH2-I. The group is characteristic of an iodoacetyl molecule in which it is attached either to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom via single covalent bond. NPO_128 polydisperse A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of different sizes. NPO_867 polydisperse unit of molar mass UO:0000055 molar mass unit NPO_1184 A unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. molar mass unit RNA CHEBI:33697 A nucleic acid which is a derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine. ribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid NPO_1003 nM UO:0000065 NPO_1210 A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M. nanomolar nanomolar optical quality NPO_1386 An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. optical quality PATO:0001300 CHEBI:22660 Asp NPO_853 aspartic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH aspartic acid 2-aminobutanedioic acid CHEBI:22928 bromine molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bromine. NPO_1089 bromine molecular entity inorganic anion An anion which is inorganic. NPO_1036 inorganic anion CHEBI:24834 acidic pH pH of value between 0 and 7. NPO_1200 acidic pH An atom with atomic number 6. carbon atom carbon atom 6 NPO_877 dipole-induced dipole interaction A dipole-dipole interaction between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule due to attraction between permanent dipole on the polar molecule and temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule is induced by the permanent dipole on the polar molecule. dipole-induced dipole interaction It occurs when a non-polar molecule dissolves in a polar or a dipolar solvent under the assumption that the solute dissolves because the attractive force between the solvent and solute are stronger than the intermolecular forces, holding the non-polar solute molecules together. NPO_343 UO:0000021 g NPO_1180 A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg. gram gram % (v/v) percent volume NCIT:C48571 UO:0000165 volume percentage percent volume/volume percent volume per volume % vol percent volume per volume A percentage unit concentration which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution. NPO_1325 iron (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of iron. NPO_1057 iron (2+) ion CHEBI:29033 silicon nanotube A nanotube which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of silicon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. NPO_762 silicon nanotube A crosslinker which has two identical reactive ends connected by a carbon chain spacer and are used mostly to crosslink molecules or parts of molecules in a one-step chemical crosslinking procedure. homobifunctional crosslinker NPO_713 homobifunctional crosslinker CHEBI:26835 NPO_1101 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of sulfur. sulfur molecular entity sulfur molecular entity transcription NPO_1015 transcription The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [source: ISBN:0198506732] GO:0006350 µM UO:0000064 NPO_1209 A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M. micromolar micromolar NPO_882 biopolymer CHEBI:33694 biopolymer A polymer formed by living organisms. biomacromolecule MESH: D001704 aryl halide group NPO_344 A functional group which consists of an aromatic ring bonded to one or more halogen atoms. aryl halide group stimulus of visible light NPO_878 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by visible light. stimulus of visible light square centimeter per volt per second NPO_1318 A unit of electrophoretic mobility of a charged particle moving with a velocity of 1cm/s in an electric field of strength equal to 1 volt/s. square centimeter per volt per second cm^[2]/(V s) cadmium atom An atom with atomic number 48. 48 cadmium atom NPO_761 UO:0000166 parts per notation A dimensionless concentration notation which describes the amount of one substance in another. NPO_1319 parts per notation iron (3+) ion CHEBI:29034 iron (3+) ion NPO_1069 A monoatomic trication of iron. A molecular entity which is used to label a material entity for purposes of identification or detection. labeling molecule labeling molecule NPO_1602 molecular label NPO_1105 aluminum molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of aluminum. CHEBI:33620 aluminum molecular entity millimolar A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M. mM millimolar NPO_1208 UO:0000063 NPO_1359 A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the molecular weight of a molecular entity. molecular weight characterization molecular weight characterization NPO_1635 down-regulation of cell adhesion An inhibition which involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities of biologic molecules, biologic complexes, or subcellular components that promote the adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NCIT definition] negative regulation of cell adhesion GO:0007162 A process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. down regulation of cell adhesion inhibition of cell adhesion NCIT:C40708 downregulation of cell adhesion negative regulation of cell adhesion cell adhesion inhibition alkaline earth metal cation alkaline earth metal cation A monatomic cation of an alkaline earth metal. NPO_1077 CHEBI:33513 NPO_1560 oxygen hydride A hydride containing one or more oxygen atoms. CHEBI:33693 oxygen hydride An atom with atomic number 40. NPO_341 zirconium atom zirconium atom 40 An element with atomic number 40. NPO_765 zirconium zirconium Alkyl group is a substituent group from alkane. CHEBI:22323 alkyl group alkyl group NPO_931 A hydrocarbyl group which is derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom. radium An element with atomic number 88. NPO_651 radium NPO_764 organic molecule organic compound A compound or molecule, in which carbon is the principal element. organic compound or molecule organic compound or molecule melphalan anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix melphalan NPO_874 NCIT:C633 An L-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard. serine 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-OH)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:17822 serine Ser NPO_494 NCIT:C48528 A percentage unit of concentration which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. percent mass per mass mass percentage percent mass per mass w/w % UO:0000163 weight-weight percentage NPO_1324 percent weight/weight % w/w percent weight per weight dye A labeling molecule or substance that is used to stain and color other material entities. NPO_1603 dye nanobud [definition source]: Nasibulin, A. G., Peter. V. Pikhitsa, Hua. Jiang, David. P. Brown, A. V. Krasheninnikov, Anton S. Anisimov, Paula Queipo, Anna Moisala, David Gonzalez, Gunther Lientschnig, Abdou Hassanien, Sergey D. Shandakov, Giulio Lolli, Daniel E. Resasco, Mansoo Choi, David Tománek, and Esko I. Kauppinen "A Novel Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterial". Nature Nanotechnology 2(3), 156-161 (2007). nanobud A nanostructure which is formed by the combination of single-walled carbon nanotubes and fullerenes wherein the fullerenes are covalently bonded to the outer surface of the nanotubes. NPO_711 in vivo characterization A type of characterization, which is performed to determine a property/quality that indicates the behavior of a material entity in vivo. NPO_1358 in vivo characterization M UO:0000062 molar molar NPO_1207 A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). radiation quality radiation quality A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with radiation. NPO_1381 PATO:0001739 NCIT:C2153 dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor Enzyme inhibitor that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by interfering with the conversion of Dihydrofolate to Tetrahydrofolate, causing inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis and protein synthesis. NPO_876 dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor high pressure liquid chromatography NPO_1462 HPLC FIX:0000630 A liquid chromatography technique in which the sample is forced by a liquid (mobile phase) at high pressure, through a column that is packed with a solid stationary phase. high performance liquid chromatography high pressure liquid chromatography NCIT: C16434 circular circular shape circle circle An ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. The circle is a closed curve that is the path, traced by a point moving in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point (the circle's center) is a constant. [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI NPO_342 A chemical compound of hydrogen with other chemical elements. NPO_1148 hydride hydride CHEBI:33692 water-dispersible water-dispersible A realizable entity inhering in particles (e.g, nanoparticles), which gives the bearer the ability to disperse in an aqueous medium. NPO_763 NPO_1326 percent mass per volume weight-volume percentage percent weight per volume % w/v NCIT:C48527 A percentage unit concentration which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. UO:0000164 percent mass per volume mass volume percentage succinimidyl carbonate compound NPO_650 succinimidyl carbonate compound An organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a succinimidyl carbonate group. fluorescent dye NPO_1604 A dye which has the property to shine or glow brightly due to fluorescence. fluorescent dye 15 An atom with atomic number 15. NPO_710 phosphorus atom phosphorus atom toxicology study Pharmacological study of the toxicity effects of a drug or drug-containing material. toxicology study NPO_1520 stimulus of ultraviolet light stimulus of ultraviolet light NPO_767 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by ultraviolet light. NPO_1321 A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as long as they are the same or 1 part in 10^[6]. parts per million parts per million UO:0000169 ppm alkaline earth metal NPO_121 An element of Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). alkali earth metal alkali earth metal unit of molarity unit of molarity A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given substance per liter of solution. NPO_1187 UO:0000061 external stimulus for nanoparticle function A stimulus for nanoparticle function, which originates from a source that is outside of the the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. NPO_717 external stimulus for nanoparticle function NPO_348 An element with atomic number 62. samarium samarium An atom with atomic number 98. californium atom NPO_872 californium atom 98 NPO_1456 differential interference contrast microscopy An optical microscopy based on the use of differential interference contrast microscope. differential interference contrast microscopy unit of velocity NPO_1328 A standard measure of the rate of movement. Speed is measured in the same physical units of measurement as velocity, but does not contain the element of direction that velocity has. Speed is thus the magnitude component of velocity. unit of velocity UO:0000060 unit of speed NPO_766 charge-dipole interaction An intermolecular interaction between an ion and a polar molecule by virtue of an attraction between the ionic charge and a permanent dipole on the polar molecule. charge-dipole interaction the polar molecule has permanent molecular dipole moment. NPO_1521 A property that is characteristic of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug by the body. pharmacokinetic property pharmacokinetic property NCIT: C62373 nanorod [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: Nanoscale structures that are shaped like long dowels. The structures have a diameter that is measured in the nanoscale with an extended length parameter. A two-dimensional nanoparticle which is shaped like a long dowel and has diameter measured in the nanoscale. NPO_122 nanorod PATO:0000033 concentration A physical quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of it there is mixed with another substance. concentration NPO_1167 NPO_1455 differential interference contrast microscope An optical microscope which generates contrast within the specimen by exploiting phase differences between a specimen (sample) light ray and a reference ray. The sample and reference rays are created after the ray traverses, and is phase-distorted by, the sample. The phased ray then is split into two equally phased, but spatially separated ("sheared") rays by the action of a Wollaston prism. Finally, the ray-pairs pass through a polarizing filter where they are vibrationally recombined and interact at the image plane. It is the wave interference of these two rays that creates contrast. DIC microscope is based on interferometry, which is the technique of superposing (interfering) two or more waves, to detect differences between them. In interferometry, a single ray of light is split into two rays, one traversing and the other missing the specimen but interacting with the background. The rays are then recombined at the image plane, where wave interference may occur. Image contrast can be modified by altering the phase difference between the reference and specimen rays. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] differential interference contrast microscope DIC microscope thorium atom An atom with atomic number 90. 90 NPO_716 thorium atom UO:0000024 nanogram nanogram NPO_1183 A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g. ng antimetastatic agent An antineoplastic agent, which prevents or impairs tumor metastasis. NPO_873 NCIT:C2196 antimetastatic agent osmium atom 76 NPO_349 osmium atom An atom with atomic number 76. NPO_345 A functional group which consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms in the form of a 3-membered saturated ring structure; it has the structure C1-C-N1. And the group is characteristic of any aziridine derivative. aziridine group aziridine group NCIT:C70915 biological half life NPO_1522 elimination half life The time required for half of an exogenous substance to be removed from either the plasma or whole or part of the body. elimination half life CHEBI:48120 anthracycline NPO_539 A polyketide which has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine. anthracycline GO:0006351 The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. NPO_840 DNA-dependent transcription DNA-dependent transcription drug release from nanoparticle in response to ultrasound A nanoparticle response to ultrasound, which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_715 drug release from nanoparticle in response to ultrasound MESH:D011108 A polymer is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. polymer molecule macromolecule polymer NPO_364 polymer [definition source]: CHEBI CHEBI:33839 NCIT: C62387 single-walled nanohorn NPO_870 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus single-walled nanohorn A nanohorn that is comprised of a single layer of graphitic carbon and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. One of the primary characteristics of carbon nanohorns is their ability to aggregate. This aggregation is advantageous because of the resulting enhanced permeability in both gases and liquids. poor metal other metal A metal which is any of the following elements: aluminium, bismuth, gallium, indium, lead, hallium, tin. NPO_459 other metal NPO_1182 A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g. µg microgram UO:0000023 microgram polar aminoacid NPO_120 polar aminoacid An aminoacid which is polar in nature. ppth UO:0000168 NPO_1322 parts per thousand parts per thousand A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same. [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. nanopore NCIT:C62343 A material site which is a nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. nanopore NPO_768 NPO_1523 The area under the curve in a plot of concentration of a drug in plasma against time area under the plasma concentration time curve area under the plasma concentration time curve AUC area under curve periodic table element An element of the periodic table of elements. NPO_714 periodic table element A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chromium. chromium molecular entity chromium molecular entity NPO_1126 CHEBI:23237 paramagnetic NPO_498 Magnetic property exhibited in a material only when the material is kept in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field, and the magnetism disappears when the magnetic field is removed. The magnetic moments of the atoms are not aligned, and the behavior causes the material to be attracted to external magnetic fields. This behavior exists only above the Curie or Neel Temperature. paramagnetic A fluorescent silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticle NPO_1562 fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticle An element in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 4 Element NPO_871 Period 4 Element 37 rubidium atom rubidium atom NPO_347 An atom with atomic number 37. milligram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g. NPO_1181 milligram UO:0000022 mg germanium atom NPO_609 32 germanium atom An atom with atomic number 32. lutetium lutetium An element with atomic number 71. NPO_981 [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A fullerene-like nanostructure that consists of graphene cylinders and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. NPO_457 nanohorn A two-dimensional nanoparticle which resembles a fullerene-like nanostructure and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. NCIT: C62386 nanohorn An imine linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an aldehyde, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_507 imine linkage between primary amine and aldehyde imine linkage between primary amine and aldehyde down-regulation of angiogenesis down regulation of angiogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. NPO_1646 angiogenesis inhibition negative regulation of angiogenesis downregulation of angiogenesis negative regulation of angiogenesis GO:0016525 inhibition of angiogenesis high resolution transmission electron microscope high resolution transmission electron microscope A transmission electron microscope which operates at an imaging mode that allows the imaging of the crystallographic structure of a sample at an atomic scale. In this mode, the transmitted and the diffracted beams of electrons are allowed to interfere to produce phase-contrast images. [definition source]: http://en.wikipedia.org NPO_1452 HRTEM An element with atomic number 11. sodium sodium NPO_907 CHEBI:24433 A group is a defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity. group group NPO_303 up regulation of DNA replication activation of DNA replication stimulation of DNA replication positive regulation of DNA replication upregulation of DNA replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. up-regulation of DNA replication GO:0045740 NPO_1648 positive regulation of DNA replication amino group NPO_696 amine group A functional group which is formally derived by the removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2 or -NH- or -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of an amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. amine group NPO_658 An atom with atomic number 16. sufur atom sufur atom 16 An assay which is used to test or analyse the biological activity of a substance, and which is performed by studying its effect on an organism or in a test tube under controlled conditions. bioassay NPO_1411 bioassay µs UO:0000029 microsecond A time unit which is equal to one millionth of a second or 10^[-6] s. microsecond NPO_1278 carbamate linkage carbamate ester linkage NPO_456 A covalent linkage where a carbamate ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. carbamate ester linkage ytterbium atom An atom with atomic number 70. ytterbium atom 70 NPO_458 CHEBI:25806 NPO_1099 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of oxygen. oxygen molecular entity oxygen molecular entity NPO_1142 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of titanium. titanium molecular entity CHEBI:37217 titanium molecular entity biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. [source: GOC:curators, ISBN:0198547684] GO:0009058 NPO_1005 biosynthesis anabolism biosynthetic process high resolution transmission electron microscopy A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of high resolution transmission electron microscope. high resolution transmission electron microscopy NPO_1451 NPO_1412 An assay for evaluating the physical properties of a sample. physical assay physical assay An element with atomic number 58. NPO_697 cerium cerium NPO_231 isothiourea linkage A covalent linkage where an isothiourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. isothiourea linkage ms NPO_1277 millisecond A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of a second or 10^[-3] s. millisecond UO:0000028 NPO_505 An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is a fluorine atom. acyl fluoride group acyl fluoride group NPO_1143 CHEBI:37218 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zirconium. zirconium molecular entity zirconium molecular entity liposome vesicle liposome NPO_719 liposome A supramolecular structure which is a closed vesicle that forms on hydration of dry phospholipids above its transition temperature. polyatomic anion An anion which consists of more than one atom. NPO_1038 polyatomic anion CHEBI:33273 The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. folic acid metabolic process GO:0046655 folic acid metabolism folate metabolism folate metabolic process NPO_1629 folic acid metabolic process carbon nanotube A nanotube which consists of one or more graphite sheets (graphene) of hexagonal arrays of carbon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. NPO_606 carbon nanotube CHEBI:26677 silicon molecular entity NPO_1109 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silicon. silicon molecular entity A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning transmission electron microscope. NPO_1454 scanning transmission electron microscopy scanning transmission electron microscopy tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticle NPO_699 A nanoparticle loaded with tamoxifen. tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticle CHEBI:24431 molecular structure NPO_392 A quality inhering in a molecular entity or part thereof, by virtue of its chemical composition and/or connectivity between its constituent atoms; or a complex composition of other molecular entities. molecular structure sound quality A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing. NPO_1349 sound quality PATO:0001519 three-dimensional nanoparticle three-dimensional nanoparticle A three-dimensional nanostructure which is a nanoparticle. NPO_905 3-D nanoparticle CHEBI:49588 europium (2+) ion NPO_1058 europium (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of europium. GO:0003918 DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity DNA topoisomerase type II activity NPO_450 DNA topoisomerase type II activity Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2. NPO_1413 nanoparticle characterization characterization of nanoparticle Characterization of nanoparticles or nanoparticle formulations. nanoparticle characterization NPO_1206 NCIT:C67242 cells per µL A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 microliter. cells per microliter cells per microliter regulation of DNA-dependent transcription Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. NPO_1650 GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-dependent transcription UO:0000027 degree celsius degree celsius A temperature unit on the Celsius scale based on which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is 100 degree Celsius at standard conditions. Celsius scale has its zero at 273.15 K. NPO_1289 104 rutherfordium atom An atom with atomic number 104. NPO_980 rutherfordium atom s-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital. s-block element NPO_718 A covalent linkage where a thioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_504 thioether linkage thioether linkage CHEBI:37196 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bismuth. bismuth molecular entity NPO_1098 bismuth molecular entity arylamine linkage between primary amine and fluorobenzene derivative An arylamine linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a fluorobenzene derivative, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_389 arylamine linkage between primary amine and fluorobenzene derivative The process of directing a molecule or a particle to a specific location in a tumor. NPO_605 tumor targeting tumor targeting scanning transmission electron microscope A transmission electron microscope with which a beam of electrons pass through the specimen, where the beam is focused into a narrow spot that is scanned over the sample specimen in a raster. STEM scanning transmission electron microscope NPO_1453 emulsifying agent emulsifier NPO_1414 emulsifier A compound or substance used for stabilizing an emulsion. NPO_455 palladium palladium An element with atomic number 46. folate receptor mediated endocytosis NPO_904 Receptor mediated endocytosis, which is the process by which cells internalize folate molecules that specifically bind to folate receptors. folate receptor mediated endocytosis NPO_1205 cells per milliliter A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 milliliter. cells per mL UO:0000201 cells per milliliter NPO_750 A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of a carbonyl compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via single covalent bonds. carbonyl group carbonyl group CHEBI:23019 NPO_604 75 An atom with atomic number 75. rhenium atom rhenium atom dye role dye role NPO_1605 A labeling role played by a molecular entity when it is used for dyeing another material entity. stimulus of pH change NPO_653 An internal stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by a change in pH of the medium. stimulus of pH change A nanoparticle which is loaded with gadolinium ions. gadolinium-loaded nanoparticle NPO_1569 gadolinium-loaded nanoparticle active targeting active targeting The process in which material entities (e.g., nanoparticles) are targeted to tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells, with the help of molecular agents (conjugated to the material entities) that recognize and bind to specific biological molecules at the target location. NPO_903 phosphorus molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of phosphorus. NPO_1095 CHEBI:26082 phosphorus molecular entity NPO_986 carbamate ester group A functional group which contains a carboxylic ester bound to a primary or secondary or tertiary amine group. The group is characteristic of a carbamate ester compound. carbamate ester group isoelectric point isoelectric point The pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge. NPO_1204 NPO_1357 in vitro characterization A type of characterization, which is performed to determine a property/quality that indicates the behavior of a material entity in vitro. in vitro characterization CHEBI:26873 NPO_381 Any natural product and related compound formally derived from isoprene units. They may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the same manner as are terpenes. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. terpenoid terpenoid target target NPO_1606 A material entity which is targeted by another material entity during the process of targeting. thorium NPO_652 thorium An element with atomic number 90. hydroxyapatite nanoparticle NPO_1568 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of hydroxyapatite. hydroxyapatite nanoparticle A type of characterization, which is performed to determine the physicochemical (material and structural) properties of an object. physicochemical characterization physicochemical characterization NPO_1356 NPO_453 gold nanocantilever A nanocantilever which is composed of gold. gold nanocantilever disulfide linkage A covalent linkage where a disulfide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_987 disulfide linkage NPO_1607 The process of directing a material entity to another material entity at a specific location. targeting targeting GO:0051427 hormone receptor binding Interacting selectively with a receptor for hormones. [source: GOC:ai] NPO_499 hormone receptor binding A concentration unit which denotes the average cell number in a given volume. NPO_1194 unit of cell concentration unit of cell concentration UO:0000200 oxide CHEBI:25741 NPO_1147 A chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. oxide acidic NPO_1203 A qualitative measure of acidity in the acidic pH range. acidic NPO_540 Ala CHEBI:16449 alanine alanine 2-aminopropanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_602 A nanofiber which is composed of graphene layers arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates. Carbon nanofibers with graphene layers wrapped into perfect cylinders are called carbon nanotubes. carbon nanofiber carbon nanofiber Radioactive deactivation of an excited state of a material entity by which energy is transferred from the material entity to an electromagnetic field. emission NPO_1398 emission REX:0000303 anticancer drug directed against endothelium Drug that is directed to affect the tumor endothelial cells. NPO_509 anticancer drug directed against endothelium amine-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker amine-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has an amine-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. NPO_983 shell shell A material fiat part which is a material layer surrounding the core part [npo:NPO_1617]. NPO_760 NPO_1608 emulsifying role An agent role which inheres in a molecule or compound that causes the stabilization of or formation of an emulsion during the process of emulsification. emulsifying role characterization characterization NPO_1355 An experiment performed to determine the distinctive characteristics (property / behavior) or essential features of a material entity. Period 5 Element An element in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_656 Period 5 Element basic NPO_1202 alkaline A qualitative measure of acidity in the basic pH range. alkaline An element with atomic number 2. helium NPO_901 helium NPO_694 Group 3 Element An element of Group 3 of the periodic table. Group 3 Element scandium group element aryl group aryl group A hydrocarbyl group which is derived from an arene by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. NPO_826 CHEBI:33338 NPO_601 gel A colloid, which is a semi-solid or jelly like material formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid. gel NPO_508 tertiary amine group An amine group which is formally derived by the removal of three hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a tertiary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. tertiary amine group NPO_654 einsteinium atom 99 An atom with atomic number 99. einsteinium atom temperature-sensitive NPO_985 A disposition inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in temperature. temperature-sensitive emulsification A process in which two immiscible liquids are mixed to form an emulsion. NPO_1609 emulsification An attractive non-covalent interaction between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules. NPO_655 intermolecular interaction intermolecular interaction A molecular entity which contains no carbon. inorganic molecular entity inorganic molecular entity NPO_1027 CHEBI:24835 neutral pH NPO_1201 pH of value equal to 7. neutral pH in vivo assay in vivo assay A bioassay conducted inside the body of a living organism. NPO_1410 in vivo bioassay NPO_451 thioester linkage thioester linkage A covalent linkage where a thioester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. dendrimer end group terminal group NPO_695 dendrimer end group 1 A molecular component which is a functional group that is part of a dendrimer and it is located at the surface of a dendrimer. CHEBI:26188 NPO_789 polyketide A ketone which is a natural compound containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('β-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A); or another compound derived from it by further condensations. polyketide sample NPO_1487 A substance which is a small representative portion of a whole material entity. sample bromine An element with atomic number 35. NPO_989 bromine MRI contrast agent CHEBI:37335 A contrast agent, which has magnetic properties and provides contrast in images captured using MRI. MRI contrast agent contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging NPO_581 An atom with atomic number 55. caesium atom 55 caesium atom NPO_209 DNA crosslinking agent NPO_620 DNA binding agent that is able to covalently bind to DNA causing inter- or intra-stranded cross-linking of DNA. The cross-linking results in misreading of the DNA code and inhibition of DNA synthesis. DNA crosslinking agent NCIT:C25760 alkanoyl group CHEBI:22221 acyl group NPO_302 A functional group which is derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid. It has the structure R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic substituent from the oxoacid. acyl group fluorescein isothiocyanate NPO_134 CHEBI:37926 fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC An organic compound which is derived from fluorescein by replacing a hydrogen atom of the benzene ring (the one that does not contain the hydroxyl groups), with an amine-reactive isothiocyanate group. A separation technique for separation of mixtures, in which a mixture dissolved in a mobile liquid or gas medium, is passed hrough a stationary adsorbing medium to separate the components based on differential affinities of the components for the mobile medium and for the stationary medium. chromatography NPO_1458 [definition adapted from NCIT, WordNet, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/chromatography] chromatography FIX:0000053 sol NPO_835 A colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid.[source: WordNet 2008] sol NCIT:C73489 selenium An element with atomic number 34. selenium NPO_948 A nanoparticle formulation which exists as an emulsion and contains nanoparticles as the dispersed phase. NPO_393 nanoemulsion nanoemulsion NCIT: C62369 sample composition NPO_1488 Composition of a sample. sample composition radioactive imaging agent radioactive imaging agent A contrast agent, which provides contrast in images captured using radioactive imaging techniques. NPO_361 CHEBI:37336 thioether linkage between thiol and aziridine derivative thioether linkage between thiol and aziridine derivative NPO_988 A thioether linkage which occurs between a thiol and an aziridine derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. An element with atomic number 14. NPO_439 silicon silicon dendrimer repeat unit NPO_621 A molecule component in dendrimer which repeats to form the branches of a dendrimer. dendrimer repeat unit NPO_1660 inhibition of protein kinase activity inhibition of protein kinase activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of protein kinase 108 hassium atom hassium atom An atom with atomic number 108. NPO_622 CHEBI:25213 NPO_1052 metal cation metal cation A monoatomic cation of a metal. imide group An amide group which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-[*])-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of an imide compound. NPO_394 imide group NPO_836 A nanoparticle which has a biodegradable property. biodegradable nanoparticle biodegradable nanoparticle NPO_1601 specifically dependent continuant A continuant [snap:Continuant] that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. specifically_dependent_continuant snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant Synonyms: property, trope, mode Examples: the mass of a cloud, the smell of mozzarella, the liquidity of blood, the color of a tomato, the disposition of fish to decay, the role of being a doctor, the function of the heart in the body: to pump blood, to receive de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, etc. NPO_949 dextran-coated nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of dextran. dextran-coated nanoparticle NPO_249 An element with atomic number 12. magnesium magnesium A cylinder with height greater than the cross-sectional diameter. NPO_461 rod shape NCIT:C64352 rod rod NPO_1489 A process which is the synthesis or preparation of a sample for analysis, testing or characterization. sample preparation sample preparation assay A technique which is used to 1) analyze or measure (qualitatively/quantitatively) the composition and property of a substance; or, 2) to analyze a process or activity. NPO_1408 assay Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0050789 regulation of biological process regulation of physiological process regulation of biological process NPO_1637 A biopolymer which is genetically encoded, the structure of which essentially consists of long chains of amino acid residues (derived from alpha aminoacids) connected by peptide bonds and have distinct and varied three-dimensional structures, usually containing alpha helices and beta sheets as well as looping and folded chains. protein CHEBI:36080 protein NPO_982 NPO_1409 in vitro bioassay A bioassay conducted in an artificial environment (e.g., test tube) outside the body of a living organism, under controlled conditions. in vitro assay NCIT:C15958 in vitro assay NPO_395 drug-loaded nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is loaded with a drug. drug-loaded nanoparticle An atom with atomic number 7. 7 nitrogen atom nitrogen atom NPO_623 enhanced permeability and retention effect NPO_837 A passive targeting process, which results in the accumulation of particulate substances in angiogenic tumors due to enhanced permeability of particles across leaky tumor endothelium and retention of the particles inside the tumor due to its defective lymphatic drainage system. [definition source]: Y. Matsumur and H. Maeda, A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent Smancs, Cancer Research, 46, 6387-6392 (1986). enhanced permeability and retention effect targeting of cancer cells via EPR EPR diagnostic imaging agent image enhancement agent NCIT:C1966 CHEBI:37334 NPO_681 diagnostic imaging agent A molecular entity which is used to enhance image formation of biological structures and functions for the detection and diagnosis of disease. upregulation of mitosis NPO_1639 GO:0045840 positive regulation of mitosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. stimulation of mitosis activation of mitosis up-regulation of mitosis up regulation of mitosis positive regulation of mitosis folic acid inhibitor NCIT: C511 folic acid antagonist NPO_460 folate antagonist folate inhibitor antifolate folate antagonist Antineoplastic antimetabolite which interferes with folic acid metabolism by inhibiting one or more folate-dependent enzymes, resulting in decreased DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. It has a chemical structure similar to folic acid, a key component in cell proliferation, homoatomic molecular entity homoatomic molecular entity NPO_1025 A polyatomic entity which consists of a single element. experiment NPO_1407 A scientific procedure which is a process of conducting a test under controlled conditions to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact. experiment CHEBI:15986 polynucleotide A biopolymer composed of nucleotide monomers which are covalently bonded in a long chain. NPO_1000 polynucleotide NPO_396 An atom with atomic number 103. lawrencium atom 103 lawrencium atom tantalum NPO_288 tantalum An element with atomic number 73. procedure NPO_1406 A process which is an established way of doing something. procedure method NPO_830 Role played by a material entity that serves as the target for a targeting agent in a targeting process. target role role of a target target role 87 francium atom NPO_205 An atom with atomic number 87. francium atom outer hydrophilic surface of liposome Outer surface of a liposome vesicle, formed by the polar head groups of lipid molecules that compose the lipid bilayer. outer hydrophilic surface of liposome NPO_245 tin molecular entity tin molecular entity NPO_1110 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tin. CHEBI:27008 MRI magnetic resonance imaging A non-invasive imaging method of creating images of internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. MeSH:D008279 NCIT:C16809 magnetic resonance imaging NPO_1483 [definition: adapted from MeSH] magnetic nanoparticle NPO_1370 A nanoparticle which has magnetic property. magnetic nanoparticle lactic acid alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid 2-hydroxypropanoic acid lactic acid CHEBI:28358 An organic compound which has the formula CH3CH(OH)C(OH)=O. NPO_1557 A biopolymer which consists of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [definition source]: CHEBI polysaccharide glycan NPO_912 CHEBI:18154 This term is commonly used only for those polysaccharides that contain more than ten monosaccharide residues. polysaccharide CHEBI:36683 An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. organochlorine compound NPO_194 1 organochlorine compound carboxylate group NPO_831 A functional group derived by the removal of a hydrogen atom from a carboxylic acid, by virtue of which it has structure -C(=O)-[O-]. The group is characteristic of a carboxylate compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via a covalent bond between the oxygen atom and a carbon atom. carboxylate group gallium gallium An element with atomic number 31. NPO_287 characteristic group Each functional group has its characteristic reactivity, which may be modified by its position within the molecule or by the presence of other neighbouring functional groups. (source: Functional Group Chemistry by James R. Hanson and Eddie Abel, published by Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporate 2002) functional group functional group NPO_174 A group which is a specific atom or group of atoms attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule, and it is responsible for characteristic reactions of the molecule. NPO_1064 monoatomic trication monoatomic trication A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 3+. CHEBI:27153 A systematic procedure or a practical method which is used for accomplishing a task. technique technique NPO_1405 thymidylate synthetase inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits thymidylate synthase, an enzyme that catalyses the de novo synthesis of deoxythymidylate and acts as a key rate-limiting enzyme of DNA synthesis. NPO_435 thymidylate synthase inhibitor thymidylate synthase inhibitor up-regulation of enzyme activity GO:0043085 up regulation of enzyme activity upregulation of enzyme activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. NPO_1655 positive regulation of enzyme activity positive regulation of enzyme activity stimulation of enzyme activity activation of enzyme activity component role in nanoparticle A molecular role which inheres specifically in a a chemical component of a nanoparticle formulation with respect to its use in the formulation of nanoparticles. component role in nanoparticle NPO_206 NPO_244 radon radon An element with atomic number 86. NCIT:C17230 NPO_1484 An imaging technique in which ultrasound (sound waves with frequency above the human hearing range) waves are bounced off tissues and the echoes produce a picture (sonogram). ultrasound imaging ultrasound imaging solubility in water NPO_500 Solubility which describes the ability of a certain amount of solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance to dissolve in a certain volume of water solvent. solubility in water An atom with atomic number 51. antimony atom 51 NPO_501 antimony atom nitrogen NPO_173 nitrogen An element with atomic number 7. silver (1+) ion silver (1+) ion A monatomic monocation of silver. NPO_1062 CHEBI:49468 A realizable property which inheres in a molecule that has a strong affinity to a water molecule, or has a tendency to mix with or wetted by water molecules. hydrophilic NPO_204 hydrophilic PATO:0001887 hydrophilicity CHEBI:45863 MESH: D017239 Paclitaxel is isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. NCIT:C1411 paclitaxel A diterpenoid, which consists of a tetracyclic core called baccatin III, and an amide tail. NPO_860 paclitaxel sphere An ellipsoid, where every point on the surface is equidistant from the center of the 3-dimensional object. sphere NPO_286 spherical homoatomic molecule CHEBI:25362 NPO_1028 homoatomic molecule A molecule which consists of atoms of the same element. thalidomide Anticancer Drug Directed Against Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor A synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. NCIT: C870 thalidomide NPO_434 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindoline-1,3-dione [source: IUPAC] palladium molecular entity NPO_1141 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of palladium. palladium molecular entity CHEBI:37230 double-walled nanotube A nanotube which consists of two layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_398 double-walled nanotube An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear. CHEBI:44185 methotrexate A pteridine compound has a pteridine substructure; which has functional parent, L-glutamic acid; which has other substructures that classify it a monocarboxylic acid amide and a dicarboxylic acid. NPO_741 NCIT:C642 methotrexate NPO_1404 A small representative portion of a nanoparticle formulation. nanoparticle sample nanoparticle sample The hydrophobic space within the lipid bilayer. NPO_207 hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. REX:0000233 enzyme inhibition enzyme inhibition inhibition of enzyme activity down regulation of enzyme activity GO:0043086 NPO_1632 ultrasound contrast agent NPO_250 ultrasound contrast agent contrast agent in ultrasound imaging CHEBI:37337 A contrast agent, which provides contrast in images captured using ultrasound imaging techniques. ultrasound imaging contrast agent NPO_438 helium atom helium atom An atom with atomic number 2. 2 NPO_247 A covalent linkage where an imide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. imide linkage imide linkage titanium dioxide titanium(IV) oxide TiO2 titanium dioxide An oxide of titanium consisting of two oxygen atoms bonded to one titanium atom via double bonds. NPO_1485 titanium oxide 61 promethium atom promethium atom NPO_248 An atom with atomic number 61. An amine group which is formally derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2. The group is characteristic of a primary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_502 primary amine group primary amine group targeting role Role played by a molecular entity that is used to target a material entity, and the role is realized during the process of molecular targeting. targeting role NPO_542 NPO_833 The porous shell of a nanocage. porous shell of nanocage porous shell of nanocage PATO:0001035 A physical quality inhering in a object affecting its acceleration. NPO_1166 force force bioluminescence bioluminescence NPO_1403 Chemiluminescence produced by living systems. NPO_437 Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to modify the expression of specific genes. Anticancer drug that modifies expression of specific genes anticancer drug that modifies expression of specific genes NPO_208 fluorobenzene group An aryl halide group containing an aromatic benzene ring attached to one or more fluorine atoms. fluorobenzene group silica nanoparticle NPO_1373 A nanoparticle which is bascially composed of silicon dioxide. silica nanoparticle silicon dioxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle, which is basically composed of titanium dioxide. NPO_1486 titanium oxide nanoparticle titanium oxide nanoparticle TiO2 nanoparticle neon atom neon atom NPO_246 10 An atom with atomic number 10. NPO_171 manganese atom manganese atom An atom with atomic number 25. 25 silicon atom 14 silicon atom An atom with atomic number 14. NPO_541 NPO_834 A substance which has an ordered 3-dimensional structure due to the closely packed arrangement of constituting atoms, molecules or ions. As a result, the substance has a definite shape and volume, and the shape can be modified under application of a force. solid solid NPO_284 two-dimensional nanoparticle A two-dimensional nanostructure which is a nanoparticle. two-dimensional nanoparticle 2-D nanoparticle cellular metabolism GO:0044237 NPO_1011 cellular metabolic process cellular metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. [source: GOC:go_curators] meitnerium NPO_178 An element with atomic number 109. meitnerium pH-sensitive pH-sensitive sensitive to pH Change NPO_200 A disposition, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in pH of the medium containing it. NPO_544 imidoester group A functional group which has the structure C(=[NH2+])-O-CH3. The group is characteristic of an imidoester compound. imidoester group maleimide group NPO_431 An imide group derived from maleimide by the removal of a hydrogen atom that was attached to nitrogen atom of the parent maleimide. The group is characteristic of any maleimide derivative. maleimide group NPO_283 A substance which is composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated. mixture mixture NPO_136 Antineoplastic agent that kills cancer cells by interfering with mitosis. antimitotic agent antimitotic agent NCIT: C273 MESH: D050256 cell surface receptor NPO_1592 cell surface receptor A receptor that is localized to the plasma membrane and may have exposure to the extracellular milieu. [source: NCI] NCIT:C17067 powdered state powdered state Physical state which is characteristic of a powder. NPO_1515 asparagine NPO_452 CHEBI:22653 2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(NH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. Asn asparagine dihydrofolate reductase activity GO:0004146 Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+. dihydrofolate reductase activity NPO_593 hydrazone linkage NPO_430 A covalent linkage where a hydrazone group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. hydrazone linkage large unilamellar vesicle NPO_543 large unilamellar vesicle A unilamellar vesicle, which has size greater than 100 nm. NPO_355 A molecular entity is any molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity CHEBI:23367 molecular entity An element whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively within a series. series element series element NPO_177 An element with atomic number 105. NPO_282 dubnium dubnium NPO_1197 A quality inhering in an entity by virtue of it containing acid (hydrogen ions). acidity acidity PATO:0001842 NPO_940 A chemical interaction which is non-covalent in nature and provides the force to hold molecules or parts of molecules together. non-covalent interaction non-covalent bonding non-covalent interaction NPO_1514 granular state Physical state which is characteristic of a granule. granular state snap:GenericallyDependentContinuant NPO_1600 generically dependent continuant A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. Examples: a certain PDF file that exists in different and in several hard drives generically_dependent_continuant multilamellar vesicle multilamellar vesicle NPO_433 A liposome vesicle that has more than one lipid bilayer, and the bilayers are separated by hydrophilic spaces. NPO_942 An element with atomic number 102. nobelium nobelium An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by near-infrared light. stimulus of near-infrared light stimulus of near-infrared light NPO_176 photoluminescence photoluminescence Luminescence arising from photoexcitation. NPO_1400 REX:0000038 The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [source: ISBN:0198506732] RNA metabolic process NPO_1016 RNA metabolic process RNA metabolism GO:0016070 unit of density UO:0000182 density unit density unit NPO_1263 A unit which is a standard measure of the influence exerted by some mass. anticancer drug role Role of a molecular entity, which brings about an end therapeutic result in cancer therapy. anticancer drug role NPO_281 folate receptor folate receptor NPO_1594 A cell surface receptor that binds to folic acid and reduced folic acid derivatives, and mediate delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the interior of cells.. folate-binding protein light scattering A technique based on the disperson of light or electromagnetic radiation into a range of directions by virtue of its interaction with a material medium through which it passes. light scattering technique FIX:0000402 [definition: adapted from NCIT] light scattering NCIT:C62323 NPO_1466 An entity [bfo:Entity] that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants. span:Occurrent occurrent occurrent NPO_923 perdurant Examples: the life of an organism, a surgical operation as processual context for a nosocomical infection, the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis, the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life, the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor glassy state glassy state NPO_1513 Physical state which is characteristic of a glass. NPO_432 indium indium An element with atomic number 49. SWCNT NPO_943 single-walled carbon nanotube A single-walled nanotube which consists of a single graphite layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. single-walled carbon nanotube arylthioether linkage between thiol and fluorobenzene derivative An arylthioether linkage which is formed between a thiol and a fluorobenzene derivative, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_175 arylthioether linkage between thiol and fluorobenzene derivative DNA topoisomerase type I activity DNA topoisomerase type I activity NPO_203 Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle. CHEBI:25414 monoatomic monocation monoatomic monocation NPO_1054 A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 1+. NPO_138 encapsulation A linkage in which a molecular entity or nanostructure becomes enclosed due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's material site that is fully bounded by the particle's constituting material. encapsulation carbon group element Group 14 Element NPO_280 An element of Group 14 of the periodic table. Group 14 Element NCIT:C17664 growth factor receptor A cell surface receptor which binds to extracellular polypeptide molecules triggering intracellular signaling pathways that activate various cellular responses such as cell proliferation and/or differentiation. (source:NCI) growth factor receptor NPO_1595 NPO_1512 crystalline state Physical state which is characteristic of a crystal. crystalline state amide CHEBI:32988 amide NPO_769 An amide is an organic compound formally derived from an oxoacid by replacing an acidic hydroxyl group of the oxoacid by an amino or substituted amino group. It is characterized by the presence of an "amide group." NPO_800 CHEBI:15428 Gln glycine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH2-C(OH)=OH. glycine aminoacetic acid role is a realizable_entity whose manifestation brings about some result or end that is not typical of its bearer in virtue of the latter's physical structure. Rather role is played by an instance of the corresponding kind of continuant entity because this entity is in some special natural, social or institutional set of circumstances. (Source: Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.) role NPO_517 snap:Role role A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant [snap:Continuant] in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant [snap:Continuant] in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. At the instance-level, a role y is filled by x which is an instance of an independent continuant( x which takes the role of y: x is the filler, y is the role). A role y has a context P (e.g. an occurrent in which x is a participant). Every role term has its own qualities and behavior, given the context. Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton. [source: GOC:mah] cytoskeletal protein binding NPO_984 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding A molecular role inhering in a molecule that causes the occurrence of a process. agent role NPO_1663 agent role Prefi: haloformyl- Suffix: -oyl halide NPO_944 A functional group which has the structure R-C(=O)-X, where R denotes an organic group and X, a halogen atom. The group is characteristic of an acyl halide. acyl halide group acyl halide group anticancer drug directed against tumor cell Drug directed against a tumor cell to affect its division and function. NPO_549 anticancer drug directed against tumor cell NPO_350 An element with atomic number 37. rubidium rubidium snap:DependentContinuant In order for a dependent continuant to exist, some other entity must exist. dependent continuant NPO_607 A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities. dependent_continuant NPO_390 Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of pyrimidines. pyrimidine antagonist pyrimidine antagonist NCIT: C1557 passive targeting A physiologically-dependent process by which a material entity reaches tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells. NPO_945 passive targeting pharmacology pharmacological study Study of the characteristics, effects, and uses of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. NPO_1519 pharmacological study UO:0000067 NPO_1188 unit of molality unit of molality A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given solute per kilogram of solvent. PK Study NPO_1518 pharmacokinetic study NCIT:C49663 A study of what the body does to a drug or a drug-containing material (e.g., drug-loaded nanoparticle). pharmacokinetics study Pharmacological study of the process by which a drug (or drug-containing material) is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. pharmacokinetics study pharmacokinetics buckyball Buckyball (C60) or Buckministerfullerene, is a type of fullerene which comprises of 60 carbon atoms arranged in interlocking hexagons and pentagons, like the patches on a soccer ball. Its geometry is roughly spherical and it has a hollow interior. buckyball NPO_730 A material entity [npo:MaterialEntity] that is part of a material entity but is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. fiat material part fiat material part NPO_1597 A unit of measurement of which is dimensionless. NPO_1154 UO:0000186 dimensionless unit dimensionless unit carboxamidine group carboxamidine group An amidine group which has the structure -C(=N-)-NH2. It is characteristic of a carboxamidine compound. NPO_391 NPO_1162 kilovolt-hour A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to one thousand volt-hours. kilovolt-hour kV h UO:0000230 CHEBI:2634 An amidine is an organic compound which is derived from an oxoacid RnE(=O)OH by replacing the hydroxyl group by an amino group and the oxo group by =NR. R stands for a hydrogen atom or organic group. amidine amidine NPO_309 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of mercury. NPO_1125 mercury molecular entity mercury molecular entity CHEBI:25196 inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase activity NPO_1661 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of protein tyrosine kinase. inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase activity An atom with atomic number 91. 91 NPO_946 protactinium atom protactinium atom amphiphilic A realizable property which inheres in a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. NPO_732 amphipathic amphiphilic stimulus of heat An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by heat. NPO_731 stimulus of heat NPO_1517 study A process which is a detailed examination, analysis, or critical inspection of a subject designed to discover facts about it.[source: NCI] study NCIT:C63536 UO:0000068 m NPO_1211 molal molal A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of a solution of 1 mole per kilogram of solvent (mol/kg). fluorescence imaging fluorescence imaging An optical imaging technique in which images are captured based on contrast provided by the fluorescence emitted from a fluorescent molecule when excited by a light of certain wavelength. NPO_1598 mole percentage mole percentage A percentage unit of molar concentration which is equal to 100 times the mole fraction (number of moles of solute in proportion to the total number of moles in a solution. NPO_1327 mol % percent of total moles % mol nitrogen mustard A type of organonitrogen compound, which has two β-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X‒C2H2‒C2H2)2NR. NPO_172 nitrogen mustard CHEBI:37598 millimolal A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of a molal or 10^[-3] m. millimolal NPO_1212 mm UO:0000069 element A pure substance which is made up of atoms with the same atomic number; hence it cannot be decomposed or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different substance, although it can be transmuted into an isotope (different number of neutrons but the same number of protons) through a nuclear reacion. element NPO_733 atom NPO_179 An atom is the smallest particle that retains all the chemical properties of a given element. atom CHEBI:24913 isoprenoid Any lipid which is formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. NPO_387 isoprenoid NPO_1599 optical imaging An imaging technique, which encompasses many different techniques that use light of the UV to the NIR spectral region to visualize tissue optical characteristics imparted through absorption and scattering of light, as well as emission of fluorescence. [source: abstract from book chapter " Kai Licha, Contast Agents for Optical Imaging, vol. 222/2002, Contast Agents II, 2002."] optical imaging imaging A process of capturing, storing, manipulating, and displaying of images. NPO_1516 imaging inorganic compound or molecule inorganic compound inorganic molecule NPO_351 A compound or molecule, in which carbon is not the principal element. inorganic compound or molecule A disulfide linkage which is formed between two thiol compounds, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective sulfhydryl groups. disulfide linkage between two thiols NPO_887 disulfide linkage between two thiols mendelevium atom mendelevium atom An atom with atomic number 101. NPO_353 101 UO:0000075 N normal normal A unit of concentration which is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given molecule. NPO_1215 CHEBI:33822 hydroxy compound NPO_201 An organic compound which is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms. organic hydroxy compound organic hydroxy compound nanocell A three-dimensional nanoparticle which consists of a nuclear core surrounded by a lighter lipid membrane. NPO_723 Nanocell was first used for sequential delivery of anti-angiogenesis and chemotherapeutic agent to solid tumors.The chemotherapeutic agent can be conjugated to a nanoparticle in the core, while the anti-angiogenesis agent can be encapsulated in the lipid membrane.It was designed to first cause membrane disruption for release of anti-angiogenesis agent, which causes tumor vascular collapse, and finally cause intra-tumoral trapping of the core chemotherapeutic drug-conjugated nanoparticles. [definition source]: Sengupta et al, Nature Letters, vol 436, 2005 nanocell astatine An element with atomic number 85. NPO_663 astatine gram per liter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters. NPO_1271 gram per liter UO:0000175 g/L grams per liter continuous phase A phase which is medium of dispersion for the dispersed phase in a colloid. NPO_1615 continuous phase multi-walled carbon nanotube A multi-walled nanotube which consists of multiple graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_354 multi-walled carbon nanotube MWCNT physical state NPO_888 A quality of continuant, which is the physical condition of a material entity, based on its chemical composition and structure. state of matter physical state dendrimer branch dendrimer branch NPO_776 A molecular structure which is a branch of a dendrimer, formed by the dendrimer's repeating units. UO:0000074 unit of normality NPO_1189 unit of normality A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution. iron (II) oxide iron (II) oxide CHEBI:50820 ferrous oxide An iron oxide with the chemical formula FeO. NPO_1150 palladium atom NPO_722 palladium atom An atom with atomic number 46. 46 A nanoparticle response to magnetic field, which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_662 drug release from nanoparticle in response to magnetic field drug release from nanoparticle in response to magnetic field mg/mL milligrams per milliliter UO:0000176 NPO_1266 milligram per milliliter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters. milligram per milliliter An element with atomic number 65. NPO_775 terbium terbium PATO:0001462 membrane potential A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it. membrane potential NPO_1301 functionalization of nanoparticle NPO_1616 A process in which a nanoparticle is functionalized by linking it to a molecular entity that adds or modifies the properties or functions of the nanoparticle. functionalization of nanoparticle gel state Physical state which is characteristic of a gel. gel state NPO_1509 secondary amine group An amine group which is formally derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH-. The group is characteristic of a secondary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_889 secondary amine group NPO_1104 boron molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of boron. boron molecular entity CHEBI:22916 carbon group molecular entity CHEBI:33582 carbon group molecular entity NPO_1088 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-14 element. amidine group amidine group NPO_725 A functional group which has the structure -E(=N-)-NH2, where E could denote carbon (C) or (Sulfur). The group is characteristic of an amidine compound. A spectroscopic technique in which a beam of infrared light is used to irradiate a sample. The IR absorption spectra obtained with this technique, is used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition based on the correlation of absorption bands in the spectrum of the unknown compound with known absorption frequencies for specific types of bonds. NPO_1473 infrared spectroscopy infrared spectroscopy FIX:0000015 IR spectroscopy The technique is based on the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). core-shell nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a core part and a shell part, and both the core and shell are distinguished by their respective material content. NPO_661 core-shell nanoparticle A phase which is in the gaseous state. gas phase NPO_1613 gas phase process boundary [source]: BFO v. 1.1 A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary. span:ProcessBoundary process_boundary NPO_137 PATO:0000008 speed velocity A physical quality inhering in an object by virtue of the rate of change of its position. NPO_1316 velocity CHEBI:24898 Ile isoleucine NPO_902 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. isoleucine NCIT:C1821 selective estrogen receptor modulator NPO_130 selective estrogen receptor modulator An anticancer drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. nanoparticle response to ultrasound A nanoparticle response to external stimulus, which occurs in response to ultrasound. nanoparticle response to ultrasound NPO_356 CHEBI:33581 NPO_1087 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-13 element. boron group molecular entity boron group molecular entity Nanocapsule A three-dimensional nanoparticle which consists of a shell and a space, in which desired substances may be placed. It can be cylindrical or spherical in shape. Nanocapsule NPO_724 noble gas NPO_660 A non-metal which is any of the following elements: argon, helium, krypton, neon, radon, xenon. noble gas inert element A phase which is dispersed in a colloidal system. NPO_1614 dispersed phase dispersed phase electric potential A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential. PATO:0001464 NPO_1300 electric potential negative regulation of DNA replication negative regulation of DNA replication Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. GO:0008156 inhibition of DNA replication downregulation of DNA replication down regulation of DNA replication down-regulation of DNA replication NPO_1636 An element with atomic number 61. promethium NPO_773 promethium MFM [definition: adapted from http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] magnetic force microscope A scanning probe microscope which is derived from atomic force microscope, having a magnetized tip that map the spatial distribution of magnetism by measuring the magnetic interactions between the sample and the tip. It is used to study magnetic materials. NPO_1447 magnetic force microscope CHEBI:33584 NPO_1111 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of germanium. germanium molecular entity germanium molecular entity NPO_131 An element in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 1 Element Period 1 Element alpha-aminoacid sidechain NPO_357 A group that forms the sidechain of an alpha-aminoacid. alpha-aminoacid sidechain state of sol Physical state which is characteristic of a sol. state of sol NPO_1510 nanomolal A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molal or 10^[-9] m. nanomolal NPO_1214 nm UO:0000071 STM [definition: adapted from http://www.thefreedictionary.com] A scanning probe microscope which consists of a probe with a small voltage applied to it ending in a tiny sharp electrically conducting tip (ideally consisting of one atom) that is moved close the material's surface. It scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons, causing a narrow channel of tunneling electrons to flow between the sample and the beam, and producing three-dimensional images of atomic topography and structure. scanning tunneling microscope NPO_1446 scanning tunneling microscope NCIT:C17374 NPO_445 Example: compound x is related to organic compound through the relation "presence of carbon"; here, the quality that inheres in compound x is organic) A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property). Examples: the color of a tomato, the ambient temperature of air, the circumference of a waist, the shape of a nose, the mass of a piece of gold, the weight of a chimpanzee quality snap:Quality quality A phase which is in the solid state. solid phase NPO_1611 solid phase REX:0000294 chemiluminescence Luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction. chemiluminescence NPO_1402 titanium group element NPO_358 Group 4 Element Group 4 Element An element of Group 4 of the periodic table. homoglycan homopolysaccharide A polysaccharide, which is composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. NPO_896 [definition source]: CHEBI homopolysaccharide CHEBI:37164 neptunium neptunium An element with atomic number 93. NPO_727 NPO_1551 spherical nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has spherical shape. spherical nanoparticle solid state solid state Physical state which is characteristic of a sold. NPO_1511 A homopolysaccharide which is composed of glucose residues. glucan NPO_676 CHEBI:37163 MESH:D005936 glucan NPO_1079 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a noble gas. CHEBI:33583 noble gas molecular entity noble gas compound noble gas molecular entity NPO_132 A sulfonyl chloride derivative is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a sulfonyl chloride group. It has the structure R-S(=O)(=O)-Cl, where R denotes an organic group. sulfonyl chloride derivative sulfonyl chloride derivative A molality unit which is equal to one millionth of a molal or 10^[-6] m. micromolal NPO_1213 micromolal µm UO:0000070 CHEBI:30879 NPO_624 alcohol An alcohol is an organic hydroxy compound in which a hydroxyl group is attached to a saturated carbon atom. It has the general structure OH-C-([*])([*])[*]. alcohol liquid phase liquid phase A phase which is in the liquid state. NPO_1612 NPO_1445 atomic force microscope atomic force microscope [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, http://en.wikipedia.org] SFM A scanning probe microscope which consists of a microscale cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The probe is extremely close to - but does not touch-the surface. As the probe traverses the surface, attractive and repulsive forces arising between it and the atoms on the surface induce forces on the probe that bend the cantilever. The amount of bending is measured and recorded, providing a map of the atoms on the surface. Atomic force microscopes can achieve magnification of a factor of 5 × 10^6, with a resolution of 2 angstroms, sufficient to resolve individual carbon atoms. NCIT:C78804 AFM scanning force microscope berkelium An element with atomic number 97. berkelium NPO_359 s UO:0000010 second A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. NPO_1276 second An element with atomic number 43. NPO_726 technetium technetium A nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron (III) oxide. iron (III) oxide nanoparticle iron (III) oxide nanoparticle Fe2O3 nanoparticle NPO_1550 Definition of aliphatic is based on the CHEBI definition for aliphatic compounds (CHEBI:33653) NPO_950 An organic quality inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, but with the exclusion of aromatic quality. aliphatic aliphatic frequency frequency The rate at which an event occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time. NPO_1330 PATO:0000044 nanosensor A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a sensor/detector of any activity, phenomenon or molecule, within a nanometer-range resolution; it responds to a stimulus by sending a signal that can be measured. nanosensor NPO_779 NCIT: C62374 seaborgium NPO_133 seaborgium An element with atomic number 106. mole A substance unit which is equal to the amount of substance of a molecular system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. mole NPO_1221 mol UO:0000013 iron oxide nanoparticle iron oxide nanoparticle NPO_729 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron oxide. ferrosoferric oxide iron (II,III) oxide CHEBI:50821 An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe3O4. NPO_1151 iron (II,III) oxide lead molecular entity lead molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of lead. CHEBI:33585 NPO_1112 NPO_930 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(NH2)=O)-C(OH)=OH. glutamine glutamine 2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid CHEBI:28300 cell adhesion The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb, GOC:pf] cell adhesion NPO_997 GO:0007155 A monoatomic cation of alkali metal. alkali metal cation alkali metal cation CHEBI:33504 NPO_1076 inhibition of tumor angiogenesis A process or mechanism which inhibits tumor angiogenesis. tumor angiogenesis inhibition NCIT: C26044 tumor angiogenesis inhibition tumor angiogenic inhibition NPO_778 NPO_886 An dipole-dipole interaction between two polar molecules due to attraction between their permanent dipoles. permanent dipole-dipole interaction permanent dipole-dipole interaction mobility mobility PATO:0000004 NPO_1314 A realizable entity inhering in an object by virtue of its ability to move or be moved freely. GO:0008219 NPO_995 The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [source: GOC:ems] cell death cell death K Kelvin UO:0000012 NPO_1291 Kelvin A thermodynamic temperature unit which is equal to the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. NPO_885 An atom with atomic number 106. 106 seaborgium atom seaborgium atom electric charge electric charge NPO_1292 A property of matter responsible for electrical phenomena. charge phase NPO_1610 phase A substance or a portion of a substance, which has uniform physical and chemical properties. acyl iodide group acyl iodide group An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is an iodine atom. NPO_990 NPO_1443 fluorescence microscope An optical microscope which is used to study the properties of a specimen or sample based on the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence. The microscope has a filter which allows radiation of a specific wavelength of light to pass through.The specimen or the sample contains components labeled with a fluorescent molecule which absorbs this light, and then emits light of a longer wavelength. A second filter of the microscope separates the emitted light from the brighter excitation light (shorter wavelength). As a result, the fluorescing regions of the sample shine out against a dark background with high contrast, when observed through the microscope. fluorescence microscope [definition: adapted from http://nobelprize.org; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope ] paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is loaded with paclitaxel. NPO_618 paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticle DNA alkylation GO:0006305 The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis. DNA alkylation NPO_1625 NCIT:C78803 SPM NPO_1442 A microscope which forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen and records the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. scanning probe microsope scanning probe microsope NPO_293 heteroorganic entity heteroorganic molecule CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic compound A heteroorganic compound is an organic compound in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. heteroorganic compound gaseous state gaseous state Physical state which is characteristic of a gas. NPO_1502 gelatin nanoparticle gelatin nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of gelatin. NPO_1555 An element with atomic number 72. NPO_991 hafnium hafnium charge unit electric charge unit A unit which is a measure of the quantity of charge. electric charge unit NPO_1293 NPO_1363 A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the surface property of an object. surface characterization surface characterization carboxylic ester linkage between organo hydroxy compound and acid anhydride carboxylic ester linkage between organo hydroxy compound and acid anhydride A carboxylic ester linkage which is formed between an organo hydroxy compound and an acid anhydride, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_466 isourea linkage isourea linkage NPO_240 A covalent linkage where an isourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_1243 A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m. centimeter cm centimeter UO:0000015 functionalizing role A role which inheres in a material entity by virtue of its ability to add/modify the properties or functions of another material entity by being associated to the latter. NPO_1492 functionalizing role organic disulfide CHEBI:35489 organic disulfide NPO_573 An organic disulfide is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a disulfanedyl group / disulfide bond. It has the structure R-S-S-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. carboxamide carboxamide CHEBI:37622 NPO_269 A carboxamide is an amide derived from carboxylic acids. It is characterized by the presence of a carboxamide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-NH2, R-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" stands for organic groups. NPO_1645 positive regulation of angiogenesis Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. positive regulation of angiogenesis GO:0045766 NPO_703 [source]: BFO v. 1.1 processual_entity An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. processual entity span:ProcessualEntity nanoparticle response to internal stimulus A nanoparticle response to stimulus, which occurs in response to the internal stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. nanoparticle response to internal stimulus NPO_617 NPO_1554 A colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin. (source: Word Net) gelatin gelatin TEMs use electrons as light source and their much lower wavelength makes it possible to get a resolution a thousand times better than with a light microscope.[source: http://Nobelprize.org] NCIT: C78813 transmission electron microscope TEM An electron microscope which transmits a beam of electrons through a finely sliced section of a specimen/sample and creates an image of the specimen/sample based on its effect on the phase of the electrons that pass through. NPO_1441 transmission electron microscope vapor state NPO_1503 Physical state which is characteristic of a vapor. vapor state NPO_468 Role that inheres in or borne by an independent continuant at the molecular level in a particular context. molecular role molecular role NPO_1491 A chemical component which is identified by virtue of its molecular structure in a nanoparticle formulation. molecular component in nanoparticle formulation molecular component in nanoparticle formulation GO:0065009 regulation of molecular function Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. NPO_1653 regulation of molecular function A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that inheres in continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. realizable entity realizable entities are defined by the fact that they can be realized (manifested, actualized, executed) in occurrents of corresponding sorts. NPO_237 snap:RealizableEntity realizable_entity Source: (1) BFO.owl v. 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. NPO_1362 A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the size of an object. size characterization size characterization 62 NPO_467 An atom with atomic number 62. samarium atom samarium atom oblate spheroid A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its minor axis. oblate spheroid NPO_241 amount of substance NPO_1217 A physical property which denotes the amount of substance (matter). amount of substance size-exclusion chromatography GPC gel permeation chromatography FIX:0000626 NCIT:C16433 SEC NPO_1464 gel filtration chromatography size-exclusion chromatography A chromatography technique which uses porous gels to separate solute molecules or particles based on size. CHEBI:24783 imine NPO_734 An imine is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbon-nitrogen double bond, and has the structure R-C(=N-R")-R', where at least one of R,R',R" is a hydrocarbyl group while the remaining being hydrogen atoms. imine fluorescent silica nanoparticle NPO_1553 A silica nanoparticle which has fluorescent property. fluorescent silica nanoparticle SEM An electron microscope which scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons and detects the interaction of the electrons with the atoms on the surface to produce a topographical image of the sample. scanning electron microscope scanning electron microscope NCIT:C78814 NPO_1440 An element with atomic number 95. americium NPO_842 americium The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. phagocytosis phagocytosis NPO_1368 GO:0006909 hydrophobicity PATO:0001885 hydrophobic NPO_399 hydrophobic A realizable property which inheres in a molecule that lacks affinity for water molecules, or has a tendency to repel or not to mix with water molecules. peptide An organic molecule or compound, which consists of two or more amino acids linked by covalent bonding between the amino group of one aminoacid and the carboxyl group of the other. peptide NPO_469 substance NPO_1500 substance A material entity which exists in some physical state. NCIT:C45306 molybdenum An element with atomic number 42. NPO_880 molybdenum aspect ratio aspect ratio NPO_1365 A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of longest and shortest dimensions of an object. micrometer A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m. NPO_1245 micrometer µm UO:0000017 chemical component in nanoparticle formulation chemical component in nanoparticle formulation NPO_1494 A chemical component which is identified as part of a nanoparticle formulation. An aminoacid which can become ionized. ionizable aminoacid NPO_242 ionizable aminoacid NPO_680 [definition source]: CHEBI oligosaccharide A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues. oligosaccharide CHEBI:25679 argon An element with atomic number 18. argon NPO_841 hydrazone NPO_971 hydrazone A hydrazone is an organic compound which is formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R', and thus, characterized by a "hydrazone group." It has the structure R-C(=N-NH2)-R" or R-C(=N-NH-R')-R". CHEBI:38532 CHEBI:25357 mitomycin A quinone which is an aziridine-containing compound isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae. NPO_352 mitomycin NPO_1552 lipid nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of lipid molecules. lipid nanoparticle The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties. DNA modification NPO_1624 GO_0006304 DNA modification nanocage NPO_619 nanocage A three-dimensional nanoparticle with a hollow core and a porous wall or shell. It's structure resembles that of a hollow cage, that is similar to a fullerene type of nanoparticle. Core part of a micelle formed by hydrophobic (non-polar) tails of individual amphiphilic molecules that form the whole micelle in a polar solvent, which has void spaces to include other hydrophobic molecules. hydrophobic core of micelle NPO_881 hydrophobic core of micelle GO:0009987 NPO_994 Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [source: GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete] cellular process cellular process cellular physiological process fluid state Physical state which is characteristic of a fluid. fluid state NPO_1501 surface property surface property NPO_1364 A property inhering in the surface of an object. NCIT: C66829 A quality that inheres in a molecular entity which does not contain carbon as a principal element (some exceptions exist, e.g., carbon dioxide). inorganic inorganic NPO_669 NPO_1136 manganese molecular entity manganese molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of manganese. CHEBI:25154 dysprosium dysprosium An element with atomic number 66. NPO_243 NPO_1493 A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation which adds/modifies functional properties or function of a nanoparticle. functionalizing agent functionalizing agent millimeter mm millimeter UO:0000016 NPO_1244 A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m. body weight NPO_1219 Weight inhering in the body of an animal species. body weight molybdenum atom An atom with atomic number 42. 42 molybdenum atom NPO_772 PLGA nanoparticle PLGA nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer. NPO_1559 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle NPO_1506 state of suspension Physical state which is characteristic of a suspension. state of suspension A carbonyl group which is characteristic of a ketone wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via covalent bonds. NPO_614 ketone group ketone group function A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which is an essentially end-directed activity of a continuant [snap:Continuant] entity in virtue of that continuant [snap:Continuant] entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for. function [source]: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. A realizable entity, which is a necessary function of the bearer, and it is realized as an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant). a function "f" is a realizable dependent continuant; it has a bearer which is an independent continuant; instances of Function F have realizations; each realization is a) a process in which the bearer is participant; b) that It occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up or structure. c) and this physical make-up is something which the bearer possesses because of how it came into being. snap:Function NPO_316 CHEBI:17497 NPO_1558 glycolic acid An organic compound which has the formula (OH)CH2-C(OH)=O. glycolic acid NPO_545 cell division GO:0051301 cell division The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. [source: GOC:go_curators] NPO_668 An element with atomic number 52. tellurium tellurium NPO_1367 A fiat material part which is a thin outer layer or film of material covering the surface of an object (e.g., a nanoparticle). coat coat angstrom NPO_1247 A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m. angstrom UO:0000019 A negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of biological process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. NPO_1647 GO:0048519 PATO:0001353 mass density A density quality which is equal to the mass exerting an influence on a given volume. NPO_1274 mass density NPO_771 hydrogel hydrogel A colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium.[source: WordNet 2008] biological process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. biological process NPO_427 GO:0008150 physiological process [source]: GO colloidal state Physical state which is characteristic of a colloid. colloidal state NPO_1507 FIX:0000016 UV-Vis spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique in which the irradiating light has wavelengths within the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy NPO_1475 ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy NPO_613 51 lead atom lead atom An atom with atomic number 51. adriamycin CHEBI:28748 NPO_788 14-hydroxydaunorubicine An anthracycline which is (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. It has a parent hydride, tetracene, and has substructures that classify it as a deoxy hexoside, and a quinone. anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis doxorubicin doxorubicin NPO_1508 state of emulsion state of emulsion Physical state which is characteristic of an emulsion. CHEBI:29826 disulfanedyl group NPO_884 A functional group which has the structure -S-S-. The group is characteristic of an organic disulfide molecule wherein it is attached to organic groups. disulfanedyl group 1-D nanoparticle one-dimensional nanoparticle A one-dimensional nanostructure which is a nanoparticle. NPO_667 one-dimensional nanoparticle nanometer NPO_1246 A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m. nanometer nm UO:0000018 Group 18 Element noble gas Group 18 Element An element of Group 18 of the periodic table. NPO_463 NPO_1366 mean diameter A measure of diameter obtained by dividng a sum of several diameter values by the total number of values. average diameter average diameter property of nanoparticle nanoparticle property nanoparticle property A property which inheres in or borne by a nanoparticle. NPO_1490 NPO_1008 A material entity, which is the part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. [source: GO] cellular component cellular component GO:0005575 NPO_1617 core part A material fiat part that forms the core of an object. core part Physical state which is characteristic of a liquid. NPO_1504 liquid state liquid state An atom with atomic number 47. silver atom NPO_770 silver atom 47 GO:0048518 positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of biological process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biological process. NPO_1638 Nanocantilevers are often used to explore and characterize the surfaces of biological systems. The motion of the device is recorded and transformed mathematically to provide information about these surface characteristics. nanocantilever A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as the simplest micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) that is easily machined and mass-produced for probing nanoscale specimens. NPO_665 nanocantilever NPO_1371 silicon oxide An oxide of silicon. silicon oxide CHEBI:33327 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor An angiogenesis inhibitor that acts by blocking the action of endothelial integrins. An endothelial-specific integrin/survival signaling inhibitor binds to and blocks the activity of endothelial-specific integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. NPO_616 NCIT: C2144 survival signaling inhibitor PATO:0000161 rate NPO_1308 A quality of occurrent that is the occurrence of a process per unit time. rate NPO_1472 Raman spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique which is based on Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. A laser beam is used to irradiate a spot on the sample under investigation. The scattered radiation produced by the Raman effect contains information about the energies of molecular vibrations and rotations, and these depend on the particular atoms or ions that comprise the molecule, the chemical bonds connect them, the symmetry of their molecule structure, and the physico-chemical environment where they reside. [definition: adapted from http://epsc.wustl.edu/haskin-group/Raman/faqs.htm, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] Raman spectroscopy FIX:0000058 NCIT:C17157 capillary electrophoresis NPO_1457 An electrophoresis technique, in which a sample is introduced into a capillary tube and the components are separated by the application of high voltage. Due to the large surface to volume ratio, cooling is more efficient, allowing use of higher voltages. As a result, separation occurs more quickly and sensitivity is increased. The technique allows for separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. capillary electrophoresis NCIT:C17637 FIX:0000836 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. glutamic acid Glu 2-aminopentanedioic acid NPO_974 CHEBI:18237 glutamic acid A polyhedron, having six plane faces. NPO_666 [source]: WordNet hexahedron hexahedron polydispersity index NPO_1155 A quantitative measure of polydispersity. It is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample. The polydispersity index is calculated as the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight. polydispersity index PDI NPO_1618 definition based on CHEBI:22582 [antibiotic] antibiotic role antibiotic role An inhibitor role borne by a molecule produced by, and obtained from, certain living cells (especially bacteria, yeasts and moulds), or an equivalent synthetic molecule, which is biostatic or biocidal at low concentrations to some other form of life, especially pathogenic or noxious organisms. A nanoparticle which is loaded with etoposide. NPO_464 etoposide-loaded nanoparticle etoposide-loaded nanoparticle Physical state which is characteristic of a mixture. state of mixture state of mixture NPO_1505 metabolic process metabolic process NPO_1004 The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684] metabolism GO:0008152 NPO_462 A functional group which is a substituent group from diazene, and has the structure =[N+]=[N-]. The group is characteristic of a diazo compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. diazo group CHEBI:30105 diazo group transforming growth factor alpha receptor binding EGFR binding epidermal growth factor receptor binding TGF-alpha receptor binding epidermal growth factor receptor binding Interacting selectively with the epidermal growth factor receptor. [source: GOC:ai] NPO_165 EGF receptor binding GO:0005154 drug targeted against protein of tumor cell PLGA polymer PLGA A synthetic copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPO_1556 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Group 8 Element iron group element NPO_664 An element of Group 8 of the periodic table. Group 8 Element NPO_615 oxygen oxygen An element with atomic number 8. NPO_1619 antimetabolite role antimetabolite role definition based on CHEBI:35221 [antimetabolite] A molecule role inhering in molecule, which is structurally similar to a metabolite, which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization. quality inheres in A relation between a quality and its bearer. quality of has identification type A relation which indicates the name of the type of identification, as well as other attributes of an entity. (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) Examples: nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has_participant drug-loaded nanoparticle If P is an occurrent class and C a continuant class, then P has_participant C means that every instance of P involves some instances of C as participants. [formal definition]: P has_participant C hold true, if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that c instantiates C at t and p has participant c at t. A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the occurrent is created, it has atleast one instance of the continuant participating in it at the same time. has participant A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component in a nanoparticle formulation is attached or chemically conjugated to some other chemical components of the same nanoparticle formulation by a method of attachment. has conjugated component part has attached component part has unit has unit of measure A relation which indicates the unit of a measured quantity. A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the continuant is created, it participates in atleast one instance of the occurrent at the same time. [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) If C is a continuant class and P an occurrent class, then C participates_in P means that every instance of C participates in some instances of P. [formal definition]: C participates_in P if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C there is some occurrent p, and some time t, such that p instantiates P and c participates in p at t. Example: catalyst participates_in catalytic reaction fluorometer participates_in measurement of fluorescence intensity participates in is_participant_of A relationship to indicate that one atom has a double covalent bond with another atom. has double bond with has bond with A relationship to indicate that one atom has a covalent bond with another atom. A relationship to indicate that a class is related to another class. has relation to Relation between an independent continuant and a role. has role If C is an independent continuant and C1 a role continuant class, then C has_role R1 means that every instance of C fills some instances of role C1 everytime the role is realized in a particular context. [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) e.g., X (molecular entity) has_role Y (role), i.e, X fills the role of Y A relation which indicates the quality inhering in an entity. It is a general relation between any class and subclasses of Quality. has quality A relation between a material continuant and an immaterial continuant, when the material continuant at any given time is located in but shares no parts in common with the immaterial continuant at the same time. contained in C contained_in C1; Cs are material continuants, C1s are immaterial continuants (holes, cavities): Every C at any given time is located in but shares no parts in common with C1 at the same time. (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) A relation which indicates that the type of instrument used in a process. uses instrument C contains C1; Cs are immaterial continuants, C1s are material continuants: for all C, t, , if c is an instance of C at time t, then there is some c1 such that c1 is an instance of C1 and c1 contained_in c at t. (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) contains A reciprocal relation of contained_in, where given an immaterial continuant at some time, there is a material continuant contained in the immaterial continuant at the same time. unit of A relation that indicates the quantity associated with a unit of measure. It is an inverse relation of "has unit of measure". A relation which indicates the property determined by a characterization. determines property has triple bond with A relationship to indicate that one atom has a triple covalent bond with another atom. has application A relation which indicates the application or use of an entity. stimulus causes response A relationship that indicates the response caused by a stimulus. (e.g., the response caused by the action of a stimulus on a nanoparticle) A relation between a dependent continuant D and an entity E. D inheres_in E iff: given any d that instantiates D at t, there exists some e that instantiates E at t and d *inheres_in* e at t. Here *inheres_in* is the primitive instance level relation. [source: OBI] inheres in has function A relationship that indicates the function inhering in an entity. A relationship between two occurrents where one regulates the other. regulates A relation which indicates the type of process that determines a qualitative or quantitative measure of the property. property determined from realizes A relation between an occurrent to a realizable entity. is realization of A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent that has other participating continuants, which holds iff at every time t an instance of the occurrent is created, there is at least one instance of the continuant participating in it at time t1 > t, and it is formed / derived from the instances of those continuants that participate at time t. has output participant A relation which indicates the process for which the technique is used. technique used for A relation which indicates the technique used for accomplishing a purpose. has technique A relation between an entity and a specifically dependent continuant. has property agent in Relation between a continuant and an occurrent in which the continuant participates in and causes the occurrence of that occurrent. This relation is taken from the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI: Version 2009-11-06 Philly (aka version 1.0) Release Candidate) is realized in executed during is realized as is realized by A relationship between a realizable entity and an occurrent. has realization This relation is taken from the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI: Version 2009-11-06 Philly (aka version 1.0) Release Candidate) has component part A relation used between material continuants where one is composed of the other. In the NPO, this relation is used mostly for representing the composition of nanoparticle formulations or nanoparticles. C has_component_part C1, means that every instance c of C is prepared from some instances c1 of C1 and a significant material portion of c1 becomes part of the constituting material of c when c begins to exist. is composed of A relation which indicates the type of process that determines the value of a parameter. parameter determined from positively regulates A relation between two occurrents where one positively regulates the other. A relationship that indicates the bearer inhering a function. function of blocks inhibits negatively regulates A relation between two occurrents where one negatively regulates the other. A relationship indicating the bearer inhering a role. role of has single bond with A relationship to indicate tnat one atom has a single covalent bond with another atom. A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) is entrapped - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of entrapment. has entrapped component part has encapsulated component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) becomes encapsulated - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of encapsulation. bearer of A relation between an entity and a dependent continuant. has agent A relation which is between a process, a continuant and a time whenever the continuant is a participant in the process and is at the same time directly causally responsible for its occurrence. (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) Only material continuants can fill the agent role, that if c fills the agent role at t, then c must have existed at times earlier than t, that it must exercise its agent role for an interval of time including t, and so on. P has_agent C; Ps are processes, Cs are material continuants. Every P involves some C as agent (the C is involved in and is causally responsible for the P) Transitive parthood relation in which one entity is part of another entity, and the relation is valid for use between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C part_of C1 means that every instance of C (c) at any time is part of some instances of C1 (c1) at the same time []. Note that whenever we read "some instances" it should be understood as reading "one or more instances". [formal definition]: C part_of C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c is part of c1 at t. Examples: carboxyl group part_of carboxylic acid dendrimer generation layer part_of dendrimer hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer part_of lipid bilayer hollow core of nanocage part_of nanocage If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P part_of P1 means that every instance of P is part of some instances of P1. [formal definition]: P part_of P1 holds true if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some process p1 that instantiates P1 such that p is part of p1. Examples: drug release from nanoparticle during systemic circulation part_of systemic circulation of drug-loaded nanoparticle [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) part of is part of (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C has_part C1 means that every instance of C at any time has part some instances of C1 at the same time. [formal definition]: C has_part C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c1 is part of c at t. Examples: fluorescein isothiocyanate has_part isothiocyanate group gold quantum dot has_part gold core-shell nanoparticle has_part core core-shell nanoparticle has_part shell If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P has_part P1 means that every instance of P has part some instances of P1. [formal definition]:P has_part P1 if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some occurrent p1 that instantiates P1 such that p1 is part of p. Examples: covalent linkage has_part covalent interaction visualization of cellular uptake of nanoparticles has_part imaging of nanoparticles has part Transitive parthood relation in which one entity has itself, or another entity as a part, and the relation is valid for use only between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. A relation between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. derives from The temporal relation of derivation is more complex. Transformation, on the instance level, is just the relation of identity: each adult is identical to some child existing at some earlier time. Deri- vation on the instance-level is a relation holding between non-identicals. More precisely, it holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. Thus we will have axioms to the effect that from c derives_from c1 we can infer that c and c1 are not identical and that there is some instant of time t such that c1 exists only prior to and c only subsequent to t. We will also be able to infer that the spatial region occupied by c as it begins to exist at t overlaps with the spatial region occupied by c1 as it ceases to exist in the same instant. [source]:OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) A parthood relation that holds when C is part of C and C1 has part C, where C and C1 are continuant classes. is integral part of [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) e.g.,carbon atom is_integral_part_of carbon (carbon is_a element) The number of protons in an atom. atomic number The property code is used to indicate a unique identification code for every class in the NPO. It begins with the prefix "NPO_" followed by a number (e.g., NPO_250). The smallest code value is NPO_100 of class Cylinder. code definition The property definition is used to indicate the meaning or definition of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. preferred_name The property preferred name is used to indicate the preferred name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. synonym The property synonym is used to indicate an alternate name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. dBXrefID The property dBXrefID is used to indicate the reference ID of a class from an external CV / ontology / database.