http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/npo NanoParticle Ontology (NPO): Ontology for cancer nanotechnology research. Dennis G. Thomas 1.0 PIs: Nathan A. Baker and Rohit V. Pappu; Washington University in St. Louis core site NPO_363 core site A material site which is in the core of a material entity; which is hollow or a void space, into which molecular agents like drugs, imaging agents, etc. can be placed. 66 NPO_538 An atom with atomic number 66. dysprosium atom dysprosium atom An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)-C(OH)=OH. Trp NPO_783 tryptophan tryptophan CHEBI:27897 nucleic acid binding NPO_1620 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid. nucleic acid binding GO:0003676 Group 2 Element Group 2 Element An element of Group 2 of the periodic table. NPO_625 UO:0000226 V s A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to the amount of flux that when linked with a single turn of wire for an interval of one second will induce an electromotive force of one volt. Wb weber weber volt-second NPO_1160 nuclear hormone receptor binding nuclear hormone receptor binding Interacting selectively with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell. [source: GOC:bf] NPO_798 GO:0035257 PATO:0000122 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. length NPO_1227 length stimulus of electric field An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by electric field. NPO_219 stimulus of electric field NPO_579 praseodymium praseodymium An element with atomic number 59. A halo group in which the halogen atom is a iodine atom. NPO_426 iodo group iodo group CHEBI:27470 folic acid folic acid A pterin compound which contains para-aminobenzoic acid and L-glutamate unit conjugated with the pterin structure. NPO_422 NCIT:C1723 NPO_577 Erbitux A recombinant, chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with antineoplastic activity. Cetuximab binds to the extracellular domain of the EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor; the decrease in receptor activation and dimerization may result in an inhibition in signal transduction and anti-proliferative effects. This agent may inhibit EGFR-dependent primary tumor growth and metastasis. EGFR is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumors.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] cetuximab cetuximab drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor A biological process or mechanism by which extracellular materials are taken up by a cell. NPO_296 cellular uptake of extracellular material cellular uptake of extracellular material GO:0035258 steroid hormone receptor binding steroid hormone receptor binding NPO_958 Interacting selectively with a steroid hormone receptor. [source: GOC:bf] GO:0003677 microtubule/chromatin interaction plasmid binding DNA binding Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA binding NPO_1621 Role played by a material entity when it is used for labeling another material entity. NPO_599 labeling role labeling role CHEBI:26628 selenium molecular entity selenium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of selenium. NPO_1100 CHEBI:27364 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zinc. NPO_1123 zinc molecular entity zinc molecular entity amide linkage A covalent linkage where an amide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. amide bond NPO_626 amide linkage NPO_336 span:Process process A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a maximally connected spatiotemporal whole and has bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. [definition source]: BFO process rhenium NPO_425 rhenium An element with atomic number 75. Role borne by a molecular entity which prevents or slows down an activity or process; or that reduces the activity of another molecular entity. inhibitor role NPO_576 inhibitor role imine group NPO_536 imine group A functional group which has the structure -C(=N-)-. The group is the characteristic of an imine. A disposition inhering in a bearer by virtue of its exhibiting photosensitivity. photosensitive NPO_1348 photosensitive PATO:0000547 [source]: GO molecular function GO:0003674 molecular activity molecular function Elemental activity, such as catalysis or binding, describing the actions of a gene product at the molecular level. A given gene product may exhibit one or more molecular functions. NPO_362 NPO_257 fluorine An element with atomic number 9. fluorine pteridine compound CHEBI:26373 pteridine compound NPO_900 An organic heterobicyclic compound which is composed partly or wholly of a pteridine ring system (a pyrimidine ring fused with a pyrazine ring). acoustic-sensitive acoustic-sensitive A disposition, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by sound. NPO_627 An element with atomic number 51. lead lead NPO_424 CHEBI:33240 NPO_1139 coordination compound A chemical compound which consists of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms. coordination compound NPO_298 zinc atom zinc atom An atom with atomic number 30. 30 NPO_1223 A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol. micromole micromole µmole UO:0000039 A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of a carbohydrate. NPO_537 carbohydrate-coated nanoparticle carbohydrate-coated nanoparticle NCIT: C1748 topoisomerase inhibitor Enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the enzymatic activity of topoisomerases. topoisomerase inhibitor NPO_256 CHEBI:37138 astatine molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of astatine. NPO_1093 astatine molecular entity carbon molecular entity NPO_1113 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of carbon. carbon molecular entity NPO_1372 An oxide of silicon in which a silicon atom covalently bonded (double bond) with two oxygen atoms. silicon dioxide CHEBI:30563 silicon dioxide ionizability ionizability A realizable entity that inheres in a molecular entity or group, and that describes the ability of the bearer to be ionized. NPO_628 NPO_218 polymer-coated nanoparticle polymer-coated nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of polymer. An anticancer drug that is pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet light or sunlight, it is converted to its pharmacologically active metabolite. photosensitizing agent photosensitizing agent NPO_596 NCIT: C1420 MESH: D017319 photosensitizer kilodalton A mass unit which is equal to one thousand daltons. NPO_1176 kilodalton kDa UO:0000222 An atom with atomic number 85. 85 NPO_534 astatine atom astatine atom extracellular space intercellular space NPO_1580 FMA:70022 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [source: GO] GO:0005615 extracellular space PEG-coated nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of polyethylene glycol. poly(ethylene) glycol-coated nanoparticle PEGylated nanoparticle PEGylated nanoparticle NPO_801 PEG-modified nanoparticle An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an acyl azide. amide linkage between primary amine and acyl azide amide linkage between primary amine and acyl azide NPO_891 An atom with atomic number 111. NPO_533 111 roentgenium atom roentgenium atom NPO_259 continuant continuant endurant Examples: a heart, a person, the color of a tomato, the mass of a cloud, a symphony orchestra, the disposition of blood to coagulate, the lawn and atmosphere in front of our building An entity [bfo:Entity] that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. snap:Continuant An atom with atomic number 11. sodium atom sodium atom 11 NPO_187 drug directed against protein of tumor cell drug directed against protein of tumor cell Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located at the tumor cell. NPO_473 NCIT:C17369 imaging technique A technique to obtain the image (appearance or form) of the whole or part of a material object. NPO_1477 imaging technique imaging method CHEBI:33246 Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. NPO_1567 inorganic group inorganic group NPO_1007 cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process GO:0034961 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process cellular biopolymer biosynthesis 2-D extent 2-D extent A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in two dimensions. PATO:0001709 NPO_1233 NCIT:C32345 colloid A suspension of particles (dispersed phase) in a liquid medium (dispersion medium or continuous phase). colloid NPO_360 GO:0034960 cellular biopolymer metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins, as carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:mah] cellular biopolymer metabolic process cellular biopolymer metabolism NPO_1012 fluorine molecular entity CHEBI:24062 NPO_1091 fluorine molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of fluorine. 34 An atom with atomic number 34. NPO_535 selenium atom selenium atom NPO_217 protein tyrosine kinase activity protein tyrosine kinase activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate. [source: EC:2.7.10] GO:0004713 organic definition for organic is based on the CHEBI definition for organic compounds (CHEBI:25700) NPO_802 A quality that inheres in a molecular entity which contains carbon as a principal element. organic NCIT: C63848 NCIT:C16502 NPO_1478 diagnostic imaging Imaging of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for the purpose of diagnostic evaluation. diagnostic imaging NPO_429 A carbonate ester is an organic compound which is a diester derivative of carbonate and it is characterized by the presence of a "carbonate ester group." It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. carbonate ester carbonate compound carbonate ester drug directed against tumor DNA Drug affecting the structure, function and synthesis of DNA in tumor cells NPO_188 drug directed against tumor DNA The hollow core of a nanoshell NPO_472 hollow core of nanoshell hollow core of nanoshell A coordination compound which contains platinum as the central atom. platinum coordination compound NPO_297 platinum coordination compound CHEBI:33862 TMP synthetase activity thymidylate synthase activity 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity NPO_820 dTMP synthase activity thymidylate synthetase activity thymidylate synthase activity methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP = dihydrofolate + dTMP. [source: EC:2.1.1.45] GO:0004799 lipid-coated nanoparticle lipid-coated nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of a lipid. NPO_109 CHEBI:51143 nitrogen molecular entity nitrogen molecular entity NPO_1097 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. water-insoluble insoluble in water A qualitative measure of "solubility in water" which indicates the poor ability of the chemical substance to dissolve in water under specific conditions. NPO_598 insoluble in water UO:0000220 C coulomb NPO_1294 An electrical charge unit which is equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second. coulomb drug directed against tumor RNA Anticancer drug which is directed to interfere with the synthesis, function or activity of mRNA. drug directed against tumor RNA NPO_572 electromagnetic radiation quality A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with electromagnetic radiation. NPO_1385 electromagnetic radiation quality PATO:0001291 A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is part of a process but that does not have bona fide beginnings and endings corresponding to real discontinuities. fiat process part NPO_417 is it synonymous with "stage" which refers to temporally distinguised parts of an occurrent (eg., "infancy", "childhood", "adolescence", "adulthood" in the "life of a human being")? span:FiatProcessPart [source]: BFO v. 1.1 fiat_process_part nanofiber A two-dimensional nanostructure which is an elongated fiber of diameter less than 100 nm. NPO_893 nanofiber NPO_428 ionizable A qualitative measure of "ionizability" which indicates that the bearer can be ionized to gain negative or positive charges. ionizable organic functional class CHEBI:33244 organic functional class NPO_202 An organic compound or molecule which is characterized by the presence of a functional group. anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix A platinum compound in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and two chlorine atoms. NPO_608 CHEBI:27899 cisplatin cisplatin entrapment entrapment NPO_471 A linkage in which a molecular structure or nanostructure becomes trapped due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's material site that is partially bounded by the particle's constituting material. An atom with atomic number 57. NPO_189 lanthanum atom 57 lanthanum atom halide anion NPO_1045 An anion of halogen element. halide anion CHEBI:16042 radon atom NPO_531 radon atom 86 An atom with atomic number 86. NPO_1175 A mass unit which is equal to one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the carbon-12 nuclide, at rest and in its ground state. dalton dalton UO:0000221 Da NPO_597 mitroxantrone anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis mitroxantrone An organic compound which functions as a topoisomerase-II inhibitor and an antineoplastic antibiotic. NCIT:C62050 NPO_108 bohrium atom An atom with atomic number 107. 107 bohrium atom efficiency PATO:0001029 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input. NPO_1333 efficiency An atom with atomic number 23. NPO_571 23 vanadium atom vanadium atom water An oxygen hydride which is a liquid and has the chemical formula H2O water NPO_1561 CHEBI:15377 NPO_1127 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of molybdenum. molybdenum molecular entity molybdenum molecular entity CHEBI:25370 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(Cc1ccc(O)cc1)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:18186 tyrosine NPO_906 tyrosine Try monodisperse monodisperse A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size. NPO_892 anticancer drug acting in extracellular matrix anticancer drug acting in extracellular matrix NPO_470 Drug that acts in the extracellular matrix NCIT:C17738 A spectroscopic technique which analyzes fluorescence spectra from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light of a lower energy, typically, but not necessarily, visible light. fluorescence spectroscopy fluorescence spectroscopy NPO_1476 CHEBI:17051 fluoride An anion of fluorine. fluoride NPO_1048 NCIT:C45304 A mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy.[source: WordNet 2008] NPO_532 suspension suspension CHEBI:33704 alpha-aminoacid alpha-aminoacid NPO_632 An aminoacid in which a primary amine group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom, which is called the alpha–carbon.. An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is not in contact with sample's surface. In non contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is attractive. The cantilever is oscillated at a frequency slightly above its resonance frequency where the amplitude of oscillation is typically a few nanometers (<10 nm). The van der Waals forces, which are strongest from 1 nm to 10 nm above the surface, or any other long range force which extends above the surface acts to decrease the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This decrease in resonance frequency combined with the feedback loop system maintains a constant oscillation amplitude or frequency by adjusting the average tip-to-sample distance. Measuring the tip-to-sample distance at each (x,y) data point allows the scanning software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface. Non Contact Atomic Force Microscopy NPO_1449 NC-AFM FIX:0000117 Non Contact Atomic Force Microscopy Anticancer drug, which brings about a cancer therapeutic effect by inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms; i.e., it inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. NPO_777 antineoplastic drug antineoplastic agent NCIT: C274 antineoplastic agent CHEBI:35610 A realizable entity inhering in a bearer or a population, by virtue of the bearer's ability or inability to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population. NPO_1342 viability viability PATO:0000169 dextran NPO_846 A glucan which is a high-molecular-weight polymer of d-glucose, produced by enzymes on the cell surface of certain lactic acid bacteria. MESH:D003911 dextran CHEBI:33674 s-block molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a s-block element. NPO_1082 s-block molecular entity hour hour NPO_1282 A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes. UO:0000032 h NPO_895 crystalline solid crystal NCIT:C61303 crystal A solid which is formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure. fiber-optic nanosensor A nanosensor which is defined as a nanometer-scale measurement device that consists of a biologically or chemically sensitive layer, such as an immobilized receptor, antibody, or nucleic acid, that is covalently attached to an optical transducer. In the case of a receptor-based nanosensor, an interaction between the immobilized receptor and its substrate - the molecule it binds to - produces a perturbation that the optical transducer converts to an electrical signal via laser-induced fluorescence. fiber-optic nanosensor NPO_183 metal NPO_210 metal A series element which is an alkali earth metal or alkali metal or inner transition element or transition element or other metal. NPO_144 53 An atom with atomic number 53. iodine atom iodine atom NPO_1463 A chromatography technique classified based on the mechanism of separation. chromatography by separation mechanism chromatography by separation mechanism FIX:0000610 PATO:0000117 size NPO_1225 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its physical magnitude. size volume volume A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space an object occupies. NPO_1238 PATO:0000918 Group 11 Element NPO_744 Group 11 Element An element of Group 11 of the periodic table. copper group element CHEBI:46345 anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis An organofluorine compound, which has uracil as the funcitonal parent. NPO_365 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil NPO_107 strontium An element with atomic number 38. strontium NCIT:C28265 light microscope optical microscope NPO_1439 optical microscope A microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects.[source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] magnetic force microscopy FIX:0000118 magnetic force microscopy NPO_1450 A non contact atomic force microscopy technique based on the use of magnetic force microscope. NPO_845 p-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy p-orbitals. p-block element NPO_1002 deoxyribonucleic acid A nucleic acid composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar and linked by phosphodiester bonds. DNA contains the genetic information of organisms. deoxyribonucleic acid DNA maleimide derivative maleimide derivative NPO_530 A maleimide derivative is an imide derived from maleimide by replacing the hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen in maleimide by an organic group. It is characterized by the presence of a maleimide group. p-block molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. p-block molecular entity NPO_1078 CHEBI:33675 NPO_894 The structure of an acid anhydride is R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', in which two acyl groups are bonded to the same oxygen atom; and , R,R' denote hydrogen atoms or organic groups. acid anhydride group A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-O-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of acid anhydrides. acid anhydride group einsteinium einsteinium An element with atomic number 99. NPO_184 UO:0000033 A time unit which is equal to 24 hours. day NPO_1283 day PATO:0001242 wavelength wavelength NPO_1346 A physical quality which is equal to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. A nanoparticle which is basically composed of a metal. metal nanoparticle NPO_1384 metal nanoparticle chemical conjugation attachment attachment A linkage in which two molecular entities or parts thereof are joined to form a chemically conjugated molecular entity. NPO_211 carboxylic ester linkage NPO_745 A covalent linkage where a carboxylic ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. carboxylic ester linkage ester linkage NPO_806 69 thulium atom An atom with atomic number 69. thulium atom hydrophilic core of liposome The aqueous space enclosed by lipid bilayer of a liposome. hydrophilic core of liposome NPO_106 A nanoparticle which is loaded with methotrexate. methotrexate-loaded nanoparticle NPO_104 methotrexate-loaded nanoparticle iodoacetyl compound iodoacetyl derivative NPO_185 iodoacetyl compound An iodoacetyl compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an iodoacetyl group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH2-I, where R denotes an organic group or hydrogen atom. isothiocyanate isothiocyanate NPO_844 An isothiocyanate is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an isothiocyanate group. It has the structure R-N=C=S, where R denotes an organic group. long circulating half life NPO_1590 long circulating half life A circulating half life which has a value considered to be long when compared to a reference value. long circulation half-life UO:0000152 t1/2 A length of time which represents the period over which the activity or concentration of a specified chemical or element falls to half its original activity or concentration. NPO_1280 half life half life tomography NPO_1479 An imaging technique in which waves of energy are passed through the sections of a solid object to obtain images of the internal structures of the object. tomography quality of a continuant PATO:0001241 quality of continuant A quality which inheres in or borne by a continuant. physical object quality NPO_728 quality of an object quality of continuant nanoparticle response to external stimulus NPO_146 nanoparticle response to external stimulus A nanoparticle response to stimulus, which occurs in response to the external stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. epoxide derivative epoxide compound epoxide compound NPO_956 An epoxide compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an epoxide group. It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-O1, where R denotes an organic group. core initiator group NPO_803 dendrimer core molecule dendrimer core molecule A molecule component in dendrimer which forms the core of a dendrimer. CHEBI:17996 chloride NPO_1047 An anion of chlorine. chloride GO:0015631 tubulin binding Interacting selectively with monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules. [source: GOC:clt] NPO_814 tubulin binding radioactive NPO_1383 A disposition inhering in the bearer by virtue of it exhibiting or causing radioactivity. PATO:0001741 radioactive PATO:0000128 weight NPO_1218 A quality inhering in an object with mass near a gravitational body. weight aryl halide An organic compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic ring. It is characterized by the presence of aryl halide groups. aryl halide NPO_898 pH NPO_1198 The logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter. (source:Princeton WordNet) pH UO:0000196 NPO_291 A hydrazone linkage which is formed between a carbohydrazide and an aldehyde, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups.. hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and aldehyde hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and aldehyde chalogen NPO_105 Group 16 Element Group 16 Element An element of Group 16 of the periodic table. aluminium atom NPO_103 aluminium atom 13 An atom with atomic number 13. zinc group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a zinc group (Group-12) element. zinc group molecular entity NPO_1114 CHEBI:33673 arylamine linkage NPO_843 arylamine linkage A covalent linkage where an arylamine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. Au quantum dot gold quantum dot A quantum dot composed of gold element NPO_186 gold quantum dot min minute UO:0000031 A time derived unit which is equal to 60 seconds. minute NPO_1281 GO:0005488 The selective, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. NPO_547 binding binding tin An element with atomic number 50. NPO_742 tin A dipole-dipole interaction between non-polar molecules due to attraction between an instantaneous dipole on one non-polar molecule and an induced dipole on the other non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the latter molecule is induced by the randomly occurring (temporary) instantaneous dipole of the former molecule. NPO_743 instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction induced dipole-induced dipole interaction london force instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction nickel NPO_804 nickel An element with atomic number 28. An internal stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by a change in pO2. NPO_957 stimulus of pO2 change stimulus of pO2 change doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle adriamycin-loaded nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is loaded with doxorubicin. NPO_145 doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle barium atom An atom with atomic number 56. NPO_897 barium atom 56 long circulating nanoparticle long circulating nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has a circulating half life longer than that of a reference substance. NPO_1591 radioactivity NPO_1382 Emission of particles or electromagnetic radiation caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atoms of unstable nuclei in order to form atoms with stable nuclei. radioactivity radioactive decay PATO:0000915 thickness NPO_1230 A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. thickness A temperature unit on the Fahrenheit scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point is 212 degrees at standard conditions, placing the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. -40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to -40 degrees Celsius. NPO_1290 degree Fahrenheit degree Fahrenheit F UO:0000195 polyatomic cation NPO_1040 A cation which consists of more than one atom. polyatomic cation CHEBI:33702 reagent NPO_290 A compound or molecule, which is used to produce a chemical reaction, to detect, measure, or produce other substances; or to convert one substance into another by chemical reaction. reagent CHEBI:3992 cyclic ketone NPO_373 cyclic ketone A ketone which is a cyclic compound containing one or more ketone groups. dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle An iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran. NPO_1549 dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle iron oxide nanoparticle coated with dextran CHEBI:26375 pterin compound A pteridine compound which is wholly or partly composed of a pteridine ring system in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. NPO_693 pterin compound prolate spheroid A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis. NPO_102 prolate spheroid biopolymer biosynthetic process biopolymer biosynthetic process biopolymer synthesis biopolymer biosynthesis GO:0043284 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature e.g. polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] biopolymer formation NPO_1006 rutherfordium rutherfordium An element with atomic number 104. NPO_809 An acyl halide compound is an acyl compound which is characterized by the presence of acyl halide group. It has the structure R-(C=O)-X, where 'R' denotes an organic group and X denotes a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br or I). acid halide acyl halide acyl halide NPO_140 UO:0000036 A time unit which is equal to 12 months. NPO_1177 year year electronegativity A realizable entity that describes the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself. NPO_421 electronegativity [definition source]: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html ionizable to gain negative charge NPO_954 An ionizable property inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a negative charge. ionizable to gain negative charge material boundary material surface surface material boundary An independent continuant which describes a 2-dimensional, inner/outer surface of a material entity. The material boundary separates a material entity in its identity from other surrounding material entities. NPO_214 REX:0000002 NPO_1596 chemical reaction A process involving the interconversion of chemical species. chemical reaction fiat dendrimer part A fiat part of a dendrimer. NPO_180 fiat dendrimer part acyl bromide group acyl bromide group An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is a "bromine atom." NPO_740 An element with atomic number 80. mercury mercury NPO_216 NPO_1171 The sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule. molecular weight molecular weight MW Fe3O4 nanoparticle iron (II,III) oxide nanoparticle NPO_1548 iron (II,III) oxide nanoparticle An iron oxide nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron(II,III) oxide. radionuclide NCIT:C799 radioisotope NPO_1380 An isotope which releases radiation as it breaks down. radioisotope An amine is an organic compound which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is thus characterized by the presence of a primary or secondary or tertiary amine groups. It has the structure R-NH2 or R-NH-R' or R-N(-R")-R', where R, R' and R" denote organic groups. NPO_143 amine amine CHEBI:32952 A pterin compound which is wholly composed of a pteridine ring system, in which the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. pterin CHEBI:26374 NPO_550 pterin CHEBI:33709 aminoacid A carboxylic acid containing one or more amine groups. NPO_506 aminoacid Period 7 Element Period 7 Element NPO_849 An element in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. halogen A non-metal which is any of the following elements: astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine. NPO_101 halogen luminous quality NPO_1387 luminous quality A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer. PATO:0001296 obo:OBI_0000086 reagent role NPO_292 reagent role Role played by a molecule or compound used to produce a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or produce other substances. inner transition element NPO_420 A metal which is either an actinide or a lanthanide. inner transition element NPO_955 thalium atom 81 An atom with atomic number 81. thalium atom NCIT:C16956 pathologic process NPO_899 A biological process having an abnormal or deleterious effect at the subcellular, cellular, multicellular, or organismal level. (NCI) pathologic process PATO:0000125 NPO_1169 mass mass A physical quality that inheres in a bearer in proportion to the amount of matter it contains. It is the property of a substance that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field. carbonyl-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker NPO_181 carbonyl-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has a carbonyl-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. UO:0000034 week A time unit which is equal to 7 days. NPO_1284 week polarity NPO_951 polarity A quality that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence or absence of dipole moments. d-block molecular entity NPO_1083 d-block molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a d-block element. CHEBI:33676 A peptide which consists of several aminoacids . NPO_848 polypeptide polypeptide CHEBI:29016 arginine Arg arginine NPO_875 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(NH2)=NH)-C(OH)=OH 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid CHEBI:46662 mineral mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties. NPO_1563 NCIT:C63806 NPO_100 cylindrical shape cylindrical A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, where points on the surface are at a fixed distance from a given straight line (axis of the cylinder). cylinder cylinder NPO_883 An acid anhydride is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an acid anhydride group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R', where R, R' stand for organic groups or hydrogen atoms. acid anhydride acid anhydride CHEBI:36606 amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic acid NPO_807 An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a carboxylic acid. amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic acid sulfonamide linkage NPO_212 sulfonamide linkage A covalent linkage where a sulfonamide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. uranium uranium An element with atomic number 92. NPO_952 polyatomic entity CHEBI:36357 NPO_1023 polyatomic entity A molecular entity which consists of more than one atom. NPO_295 A sulfonamide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a suflonyl chloride derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. sulfonamide linkage between primary amine and sulfonyl chloride derivative sulfonamide linkage between primary amine and sulfonyl chloride derivative UO:0000035 month A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which is taken to be equal to 30 days. NPO_1178 month An element with atomic number 103. NPO_182 lawrencium lawrencium contact atomic force microscopy NPO_1448 [definition: adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org, http://www.nanoscience.com/education/AFM.html] contact atomic force microscopy An atomic force microscopy technique in which the tip of the cantilever is in contact with the sample's surface. In the contact mode, the overall force between the tip and the surface is repulsive and it is kept constant during scanning by maintaining a constant deflection, and therefore constant height above the surface. contact AFM FIX:0000116 FIX:0000041 Photoelectrons are collected and analyzed by the XPS instrument to produce a spectrum of emission intensity versus electron binding energy. Since each element has a unique set of binding energies, XPS can be used to identify the elements on the surface. Also, peak areas at nominal binding energies can be used to quantify concentration of the elements. Small shifts in these binding energies (chemical shifts) provide powerful information about sample chemical states and short-range chemistry . XPS NCIT:C78871 ESCA x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy NPO_1471 A spectroscopic technique which is carried out in vaccum, and in which the material of interest is irradiated with a beam of soft monochromatic (magnesium/aluminum) X-rays while measuring both the kinetic energy and number of electrons that are released from the core orbitals of the top 10 nm (sampling depth is upto 10 nm) of the surface elements of the material. [definition: based on NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com, http://www.chem.umd.edu/facility/xps.php] x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis plutonium plutonium NPO_847 An element with atomic number 94. biopolymer metabolism GO:0043283 biopolymer metabolic process biopolymer metabolic process NPO_1013 The chemical reactions and pathways involving biopolymers, long, repeating chains of monomers found in nature, such as polysaccharides and proteins. [source: GOC:jl, http://en.wikipedia.org/] drug that affects protein activity related to DNA synthesis NPO_294 Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to inhibit a protein activity related to the synthesis of DNA. drug that affects protein activity related to DNA synthesis inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type I activity NPO_1656 inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type I activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of topoisomerase type I REX_0000218 NPO_1631 The decrease in rate of reaction brought about by the addition of a substance (inhibitor), by virtue of its effect on the concentration of a reactant, catalyst or reaction intermediate. inhibition inhibition polyatomic ion An ion which consists of more than one atom. NPO_1033 polyatomic ion CHEBI:36358 NPO_808 arsenic atom arsenic atom 33 An atom with atomic number 33. nickel atom 28 nickel atom NPO_213 An atom with atomic number 28. NPO_141 A functional group which has the structure -S-. The group is characteristic of thioether wherein the sulfur atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. thioether group thioether group biopolymer-coated nanoparticle biopolymer-coated nanoparticle NPO_677 A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of a biopolymer. intracellular fluid in tumor cells intracellular fluid of tumor cells intracellular fluid in a tumor cell Intracellular fluid inside tumor cells. NPO_1585 intracellular fluid in a tumor cell An optical microscopy technique based on the use of fluorescence microscope. NPO_1432 fluorescence microscopy fluorescence microscopy pH-sensitive linker pH-sensitive spacer A spacer, which can be cleaved in response to a change in pH of the solution containing that spacer. NPO_963 pH-sensitive linker width PATO:0000921 breadth width A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite. NPO_1231 A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points. length unit length unit unit of length UO:0000001 NPO_1241 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of DNA topoisomerase. NPO_1658 inhibition of DNA topoisomerase activity inhibition of DNA topoisomerase activity NPO_1460 A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. gas chromatography FIX:0000098 gas chromatography drug A compound or molecule which has the intended function to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of cancer. NCIT: C1909 therapeutic agent chemotherapeutic agent anticancer drug NPO_312 anticancer drug tumor weight tumor weight Weight inhering in a tumor. NPO_1220 NPO_323 An atom with atomic number 105. 105 dubnium atom dubnium atom non-polar covalent bonding non-polar covalent bonding NPO_962 A covalent bonding in which the sharing of electron pair is equal. occurs for covalent bond between similar types of atoms or between atoms that have almost zero electronegativity difference. copper oxide nanoparticle NPO_1544 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of copper oxide. copper oxide nanoparticle PATO:0001710 3-D extent 3-D extent A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extenstion in three dimensions. NPO_1237 NPO_1584 tumor cell Cell of, or derived from, a tumor. tumor cell platinum An element with atomic number 78. platinum NPO_678 NPO_1431 A microscopy technique based on the use of optical microscope. optical microscopy light microscopy optical microscopy NCIT: C390 contrast agent A diagnostic imaging agent, which is used during an imaging procedure to allow the delineation of biological structures in their images. Contrast agents appear opaque due to the difference in absorption of X-rays or other electromagnetic waves and surrounding tissue. NPO_325 contrast agent unit of measurement unit NPO_1153 UO:0000000 A quantitative measure of a property, which is a quantity chosen as a standard measure in terms of which other quantities (measured numerical values) are expressed in. unit of measurement NPO_1657 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of topoisomerase type II inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type II activity inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type II activity NPO_1622 binding function A function inherining in a molecule that has an essential end-directed activity to bind to other molecules. binding function amide linkage between primary amine and acid anhydride amide linkage between primary amine and acid anhydride NPO_311 An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an acid anhydride. An element with atomic number 25. manganese NPO_324 manganese anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix Drug directed against the DNA in a tumor cell to inhibit DNA replication. NPO_961 NPO_1545 copper oxide copper oxide An oxide of copper. NPO_739 An element with atomic number 39. yttrium yttrium Intracellular space within a tumor cell. intracellular space of tumor cell NPO_1587 intracellular space of tumor cell intracellular space of tumor cells PATO:0001711 A 2-D extent quality which is equal to the distance around a given two-dimensional object. NPO_1236 perimeter perimeter technetium atom technetium atom NPO_679 43 An atom with atomic number 43. hydrogel nanoparticle A nanoparticle which exists while dispersed in a hydrogel. hydrogel nanoparticle NPO_1378 A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-CH=CH2, and the group is characteristic of acryloyl compounds. acryloyl group NPO_215 acryloyl group CHEBI:48077 scanning force microscopy atomic force microscopy A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of atomic force microscope. NPO_1434 atomic force microscopy NPO_1623 crosslinking of DNA DNA crosslinking A process which involves the formation of a covalent bond between two bases on DNA. (NCI) NCIT:C25827 DNA crosslinking diazo compound NPO_569 diazo compound A diazo compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a diazo group. It has the structure R=[N+]=[N-], where R denotes an organic group.. CHEBI:39444 NPO_1059 cobalt (2+) ion CHEBI:48828 A monoatomic dication of cobalt. cobalt (2+) ion isocyanate group A functional group which has the structure -N=C=O. The group is characteristic of a isocyanate compounds wherein it is attached to an organic group. NPO_321 isocyanate group period element NPO_310 An element that has the same number of electron shells as other elements of a horizontal row in the periodic table. period element copper (I) oxide copper (I) oxide An oxide of copper having the chemical formula Cu2O. NPO_1546 Cu2O cuprous oxide An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy g-orbitals. g-block element NPO_190 g-block element NCIT:C63814 immunotoxicity NPO_1339 Toxicity that impairs or damages the immune system. immunotoxicity nobelium atom NPO_960 102 nobelium atom An atom with atomic number 102. An amide linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a carboxylic ester. amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic ester NPO_738 amide linkage between primary amine and carboxylic ester NPO_1073 A monoatomic pentacation of molybdenum. molybdenum (5+) ion molybdenum (5+) ion CHEBI:30511 scanning probe microscopy NPO_1433 A microscopy technique based on the use of scanning probe microscope. scanning probe microscopy NCIT:C20346 tumor extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid inside a tumor. NPO_1586 tumor extracellular fluid inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity NPO_1659 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of thymidylate synthase. GO:0006897 NCIT: C16544 endocytosis Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. endocytosis [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus NPO_299 surface of nanoparticle nanoparticle surface The surface of a nanoparticle. NPO_1379 surface of nanoparticle lipid membrane NPO_322 A supramolecular structure which is a membrane composed of lipid molecules. lipid membrane A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge 1-. NPO_1043 monoatomic monoanion CHEBI:33429 monoatomic monoanion NCIT:C27990 toxicity A realizable entity inhering in a bearer which causes harm to the growth and functioning of cells, tissues, organs and the body. NPO_1338 toxicity An oxide of copper having the chemical formula CuO. NPO_1547 copper (II) oxide copper (II) oxide CuO cupric oxide ferric oxide CHEBI:50819 iron (III) oxide NPO_1149 iron (III) oxide An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe2O3. needle shape A long and slender rod, which resembles a needle. NPO_852 needle shape non-polar NPO_786 non-polar A quality that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the absence of dipole moments. A dimensionless unit which denotes a simple count of things. NPO_1320 count UO:0000189 count magnetism A realizable entity which is a property inhering in a material entity by virtue of its ability to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other material entities. NPO_1157 magnetism PATO:0001682 instrument A device or tool that requires skill for proper use, and it is intended for a purpose. NPO_1436 instrument square meter UO:0000080 m^[2] An area unit which is equal to an area enclosed by a square with sides each 1 meter long. NPO_1249 square meter Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. [source: GOC:lr] programmed cell death NPO_996 programmed cell death GO:0012501 NPO_1376 A disposition inhering in a bearer which emits light of longer wavelength during absorption of radiation of shorter (invisible) wavelength. fluorescence property fluorescent PATO:0000018 fluorescent compound or molecule NPO_147 compound or molecule A molecular entity which is either a single molecule or a compound that is constituted by the molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundament unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. NCIT: C259 antitumor antibiotic anticancer antibiotic An antineoplastic agent isolated naturally from microorganisms or synthesized chemically that kills or inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Antineoplastic antibiotics can interfere with the normal function of cellular nucleic acids and proteins. NPO_737 antineoplastic antibiotic antineoplastic antibiotic MeSH:D042541 intracellular space intracellular space The space within a cell, which contains the intracellular fluid. NPO_1581 nanomole NPO_1224 A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol. nanomole nmole UO:0000041 tumor volume NPO_1337 A 3-D extent quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a tumor occupies. tumor volume NPO_1540 An oxide of metal. metal oxide metal oxide 21 scandium atom An atom with atomic number 21. NPO_787 scandium atom A function inhering in a molecule that has the end-directed activity to introduce its one or more alkyl groups to another molecule. NPO_1626 alkylating function alkylating function NCIT:C45299 gas gas NPO_785 A fluid having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely.[source:NCI] A scanning probe microscopy technique based on the use of scanning tunneling microscope. scanning tunneling microscopy NPO_1435 scanning tunneling microscopy NPO_1377 fluorescent nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has fluorescence property. fluorescent nanoparticle non-ionizable non-ionizable NPO_148 A qualitative measure of "ionizability" which indicates that the bearer cannot be ionized to gain negative or positive charges. An area unit which is equal to one thousand of square meter or 10^[-3] m^[2]. square centimeter NPO_1250 square centimeter cm^[2] UO:0000081 silver NPO_736 An element with atomic number 47. silver carboxylic acid NPO_574 prefix: Carboxy- suffix: -oic acid A carboxylic acid is an organic acid compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-OH, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. CHEBI:33575 carboxyl compound carboxylic acid encapsulation efficiency encapsulation efficiency NPO_1336 The efficiency inhering in a nanomaterial or supramolecular structure by virtue of its capacity to encapsulate an amount of molecular entity, isotope or nanomaterial. NPO_149 covalent interaction An intramolecular interaction in which two atoms share one or more electron pairs. covalent interaction covalent bonding millimole NPO_1222 A substance unit equal to a thousandth of a mol or 10^[-3] mol. millimole mmole UO:0000040 metal oxide nanoparticle NPO_1541 metal oxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of a metal oxide. spheroid NPO_320 An ellipsoid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its major axis or minor axis. spheroid cellular biosynthetic process GO:0044249 cellular biosynthetic process NPO_1010 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. [source: GOC:jl] vapor vapor A gas that is a solid or liquid at normal room temperature. [source:NCI] NPO_854 NCIT:C63390 A reagent containing ends reactive to specific functional groups on molecules for modifying and linking molecules together. NPO_922 crosslinking reagent crosslinking reagent crosslinker crosslinking agent carbonyl compound A carbonyl compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group, and therefore, has the structure R-(C=O)-R', where R, R" are organic groups or hydrogen atom. NPO_527 carbonyl compound CHEBI:36586 A 2-D extent inhering in a bearer by virtue of its two dimensional extent. NPO_1234 area area PATO:0001323 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. down-regulation of mitosis downregulation of mitosis negative regulation of mitosis inhibition of mitosis down regulation of mitosis NPO_1640 negative regulation of mitosis GO:0045839 % percentage A ratio unit which denotes numbers as fractions of 100. percent NPO_1323 percent UO:0000187 A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules occupies. NPO_1239 molar volume molar volume PATO:0001680 NCIT:C28219 electron microscope Electron Microscopes(EMs) function exactly as their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of light to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition. The basic steps involved in all EMs: 1. A stream of electrons is formed (by the Electron Source) and accelerated toward the specimen using a positive electrical potential 2. This stream is confined and focused using metal apertures and magnetic lenses into a thin, focused, monochromatic beam. 3. This beam is focused onto the sample using a magnetic lens 4. Interactions occur inside the irradiated sample, affecting the electron beam These interactions and effects are detected and transformed into an image The above steps are carried out in all EMs regardless of type. [source: http://unl.edu/CMRAcfem/em.htm] electron microscope NPO_1438 A microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light. [source:WordNet 3.0] DNA intercalator role NPO_1627 A molecular role inhering in a molecule and is realized during the reversible inclusion of the molecule (or group) between the base pairs of a DNA strand. DNA intercalator role [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI ellipse ellipse NPO_850 A shape, which is a closed, curve whose path is traced by a point moving in a plane such that the sum of its respective distances from two fixed points (the ellipse's foci) is constant. elliptical elliptical shape tumor extracellular space NPO_1583 Extracellular space in a tumor, which contains the tumor extracellular fluid. tumor extracellular space extracellular space of tumor extracellular space in tumor SPIO nanoparticle An iron oxide nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic property. NPO_1374 superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional tree-like architecture, synthesized from monomers where shells of branched molecules are added in discrete steps to a central core. dendrimer [NCI_THESAURUS definition]: A polymeric molecule which has a highly-branched, three-dimensional architecture. Dendrimers are synthesized from monomers and new branches are added in discrete steps to form a tree-like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is achieved through step-wise reactions and purification at each step to regulate the size, architecture, functionality and monodispersity of the molecules. These polymers have desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a polyvalent array of surface groups that make them potential drug delivery vesicles. NPO_735 MESH:D050091 [MeSH definition]: Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS. dendrimer The efficiency inhering in a bearer's ability to facilitate transfection. transfection efficiency NPO_1335 transfection efficiency receptor mediated endocytosis NPO_921 A process by which cells internalize molecules by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. receptor mediated endocytosis gadolinium (3+) ion NPO_1068 A monoatomic trication of gadolinium. CHEBI:49618 gadolinium (3+) ion ZnO nanoparticle zinc oxide nanoparticle zinc oxide nanoparticle NPO_1542 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of zinc oxide. NPO_1437 An instrument which is used for magnifying and viewing images of objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. [source:http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/microscope] microscope NCIT:C20677 microscope molar mass NPO_1170 A physical quality that inheres in a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. molar mass PATO:0001681 NCIT:C40492 DNA binding which involves insertion by covalent linkage of a molecule into the double-stranded deoxyribonucleotide polymer between the internal purine and pyrimidine base pairs stacked one on another perpendicular to the double helix axis. NPO_1628 DNA intercalation DNA intercalation An element with atomic number 100. NPO_851 fermium fermium NPO_1582 pH of the extracellular fluid in a tumor. tumor extracellular pH tumor extracellular pH A nanoparticle which is basically composed of polymer. polymeric nanoparticle polymer nanoparticle NPO_1375 polymeric nanoparticle PATO:0000119 height A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the vertical dimension of extension. NPO_1229 height A peptide compound in which a carbohydrate component is linked to a peptide component. NPO_482 glycopeptide glycopeptide CHEBI:24396 NCIT:C1556 purine inhibitor purine antagonist NPO_920 Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of purines. purine antagonist loading efficiency loading efficiency NPO_1334 A quality inhering in a material entity by virtue of it having the capacity to carry an amount of another material entity. zinc oxide An oxide of zinc. NPO_1543 ZnO zinc oxide UO:0000009 kg kilogram NPO_1179 kilogram A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France. NCIT: C582 DNA intercalator A DNA binding agent that is capable of inserting itself between the successive bases in DNA, thus kinking, uncoiling or otherwise deforming it and therefore preventing its proper functioning. NPO_476 DNA intercalating agent DNA intercalating agent acyl azide acyl azide derivative An acyl azide is an acyl compound which is characterized by the presence of acyl azide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. acyl azide NPO_927 micrograms per milliliter µg/mL A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in milliliters. NPO_1267 microgram per milliliter microgram per milliliter gold atom gold atom NPO_591 An atom with atomic number 79. 79 NPO_782 lithium lithium An element with atomic number 3. UO:0000084 g/cm^[3] grams per cubic centimeter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in cubic centimeters. gram per cubic centimeter NPO_1270 gram per cubic centimeter NPO_839 A glycopeptide, which is isolated from fungus; and with iron, it forms complexes that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide. bleomycin CHEBI:22907 drug targeted against tumor DNA bleomycin m meter UO:0000008 NPO_1242 A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. meter heat generation in response to stimulus of infrared light A nanoparticle response to infrared light, which involves the generation of heat. heat generation in response to stimulus of infrared light NPO_926 stimulus of ultrasound An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by ultrasound. NPO_477 stimulus of ultrasound NPO_251 calcium An element with atomic number 20. calcium An element with atomic number 111. roentgenium roentgenium NPO_570 microgram per microliter micrograms per microliter µg/µL A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in microliters. NPO_1268 microgram per microliter 65 NPO_592 terbium atom terbium atom An atom with atomic number 65. An element with atomic number 89. actinium NPO_781 actinium cellular necrosis necrosis GO:0070265 NPO_1369 cellular necrosis A cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. neodymium atom An atom with atomic number 60. neodymium atom 60 NPO_474 A solid which corresponds to any small grainlike particle. NPO_925 granule granule NCIT:C61363 copper copper NPO_419 An element with atomic number 29. liquid NCIT:C45298 NPO_670 liquid A fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume.[source: NCI] receptor activity Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. GO:0004872 NPO_1593 receptor activity A ketone is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. It is characterized by the presence of a ketone group, and therefore, has the structure R-C(=O)-R', where R,R' stand for organic groups and not hydrogen atoms. ketone CHEBI:17087 NPO_879 ketone An area unit which is equal to one millionth of a square meter or 10^[-6] m^[2]. NPO_1251 square millimeter UO:0000082 mm^[2] square millimeter topoisomerase-II inhibitor type II topoisomerase inhibitor NCIT: C1968 topoisomerase-II inhibitor Topoisomerase inhibitor which either stabilizes DNA-protein complexes damaging DNA (e g., teniposide), or inhibits the catalytic activity of the topoisomerase (e.g., merbarone). NPO_784 solid lipid nanoparticle solid lipid nanoparticle A nanoparticle whuch is basically composed of solidified lipid molecules. NPO_631 metastasis NPO_319 Metastasis is the spread or migration of cancer cells from one part of the body (the organ in which it first appeared) to another. The secondary tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer. (NCI) tumor cell migration metastasis NCIT:C19151 An element of a group of elements in the periodic table, which have similar outer shell electronic configurations of their respective atoms. NPO_475 group element group element substance unit NPO_1216 A base unit which is a standardized quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition. unit of amount of substance UO:0000006 substance unit NPO_924 titanium titanium An element with atomic number 22. CHEBI:33248 hydrocarbyl group hydrocarbyl group NPO_559 A hydrocarbyl group is a univalent substituent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon. The exterior surface of a dendrimer formed by the dendrimer's end/surface groups. exterior surface of dendrimer NPO_671 exterior surface of dendrimer CHEBI:33969 gold molecular entity gold molecular entity NPO_1132 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gold. kilogram per cubic meter NPO_1269 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in cubic meters. kilogram per cubic meter kg/m^[3] UO:0000083 Group 9 Element NPO_630 An element of Group 9 of the periodic table. Group 9 Element cobalt group element NPO_406 A magnetic behavior exhibited 1) by materials which produce magnetic fields to exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials or 2) by materials which become magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field. magnetic magnetic magnetic behavior PATO:0001685 CHEBI:28044 phenylalanine 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid NPO_139 Phe phenylalanine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-c1ccccc1)-C(OH)=OH. An antineoplastic agent, which inhibits the synthesis of DNA. NPO_594 DNA synthesis inhibitor DNA synthesis inhibitor NPO_318 An element with atomic number 84. polonium polonium bismuth atom 83 An atom with atomic number 83. bismuth atom NPO_369 An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] which is spatially extended and composed of matter. The identity of material entities is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. NPO_672 material entity snap:MaterialEntity material entity Matter is any physical substance that has mass and occupies space. REX:0000043 fluorescence fluorescence Photoluminescence which occurs essentially only during the irradiation of a substance by electromagnetic radiation. NPO_1401 ferromagnetic NPO_634 Magnetic property exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and the magnetism is retained for a period even after the magnetic field is removed (magnetic moments of the adjacent atoms are aligned in the same direction at temperatures below the Curie temperature). ferromagnetic unit of temperature UO:0000005 A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. temperature unit NPO_1288 temperature unit NCIT:C17007 PET positron emission tomography [definition source: NCI] positron emission tomography NPO_1482 A tomography technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered. halo group A functional group which has the structure -X, where 'X' denotes a halogen atom. NPO_135 CHEBI:47854 halo group NPO_1074 molybdenum (6+) ion molybdenum (6+) ion CHEBI:49446 A monoatomic hexacation of molybdenum. A molar mass unit which is equal to one gram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. NPO_1186 gram per mole gram per mole g/mole UO:0000088 neon neon An element with atomic number 10. NPO_328 circulation half life plasma half life cirulating half life NPO_1589 The time taken for the concentration of an exogenous substance in the blood plasma to reduce by 50% cirulating half life A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. NPO_1080 alkaline earth molecular entity CHEBI:33299 alkaline earth molecular entity hollow core of nanocapsule NPO_317 hollow core of nanocapsule The hollow core region of a nanocapsule. A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 6+. CHEBI:33423 NPO_1067 monoatomic hexacation monoatomic hexacation bohrium bohrium An element with atomic number 107. NPO_368 NPO_1046 bromide bromide An anion of bromine. CHEBI:15858 NPO_673 An element with atomic number 33. arsenic arsenic anticancer drug based on target anticancer drug based on target [classification source]: E. Espinosa, P. Zamora, J. Feliu and M. G. Baron, Classification of anticancer drugs-a new system based on therapeutic targets, Cancer Treatment Reviews, 29: 515-523 (2003). NPO_633 Anticancer drug, which is the role of a molecular entity, realized from the kind of biological target where the molecular entity is primarily intended or directed to act. NPO_1444 A photoluminescence which is long-lived compared to fluorescence, and involves change in spin multiplicity, typically from triplet to singlet or vice versa. The luminescence from a quartet state to a doublet state is also phosphorescence. [source: http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04569.htm] phosphorescence phosphorescence REX:0000044 other metal A series element which is not a metal. NPO_255 non-metal NPO_1481 A tomographic technique which uses radionuclides that emit single photons in the gamma energy range. The radionuclides are administered into a patient's body and the gamma rays produced by these radionuclides pass through the patient's body, which are then detected by one or more gamma cameras rotated around the patient's body. Series of two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the body, produced by this technique, can be used to create three-dimensional images by computer reconstruction. single photon emission computed tomography single photon emission computed tomography NCIT:C17203 SPECT cubic meter per mole A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic meter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. cubic meter per mole NPO_1261 m^[3]/mole UO:0000089 tumor intracellular pH tumor intracellular pH NPO_1588 pH of the intracellular fluid in a tumor cell. NPO_367 72 hafnium atom hafnium atom An atom with atomic number 72. NPO_1060 gadolinium (2+) ion CHEBI:37286 A monoatomic dication of gadolinium. gadolinium (2+) ion CHEBI:33422 monoatomic pentacation NPO_1066 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 5+. monoatomic pentacation scandium An element with atomic number 21. scandium NPO_929 An element in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. NPO_674 Period 2 Element Period 2 Element Period 3 Element Period 3 Element NPO_478 An element in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. [ChEBI definition]: A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and play important roles in living organisms: these roles include functioning as energy storage molecules, serving as structural components of cell membranes, and constituting important signaling molecules. Lipids can be subdivided into 2 groups: fatty acids and glycerides. An organic compound of biological origin, which contains hydrocarbons and it is insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents. lipid NPO_252 lipid UO:0000229 Vh volt-hour volt-hour NPO_1161 A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to 3600 Wb. unit of time UO:0000003 NPO_1275 time unit A base unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. time unit nanosphere NPO_636 nanosphere A three-dimensional nanoparticle which is spherical, porous or non-porous and its diameter is measured in nanometers. d-block element transition element NPO_529 A metal which is any of the following elements: d-block element or one of the elements in groups 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12. NCIT:C25974 tubulin binding agent An antimitotic agent, which binds to tubulin and inhibits its action. NPO_315 tubulin binding agent CT computed tomography NPO_1480 A medical tomographic technique which uses computer to construct a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of an object from a large series of two-dimensional cross-sectional X-ray images of the object, taken around a single axis of rotation. computed tomography NCIT:C17204 A functional group which has the structure -[N+]#N. The group is characteristic of diazonium compounds. NPO_326 diazonium group diazonium group age NPO_1286 A length of time inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long it has existed. age PATO:0000011 NPO_366 An atom with atomic number 59. 59 praseodymium atom praseodymium atom positive regulation of molecular function Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. NPO_1644 positive regulation of molecular function GO:0044093 cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide NPO_890 CHEBI:4027 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix A type of nitrogen mustard. An electron microscopy technique based on the use of transmission electron microscope. NPO_1430 transmission electron microscopy A light source at the top of the TEM emits the electrons that travel through vacuum in the column of the microscope. Instead of glass lenses focusing the light in the light microscope, the TEM uses electromagnetic lenses to focus the electrons into a very thin beam. The electron beam then travels through the specimen you want to study. Depending on the density of the material present, some of the electrons are scattered and disappear from the beam. At the bottom of the microscope the unscattered electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which gives rise to a shadow image of the specimen with its different parts displayed in varied darkness according to their density. The image can be studied directly by the operator or photographed with a camera. [source: http://Nobelprize.org] transmission electron microscopy TEM technique An element with atomic number 68. NPO_928 erbium erbium stimulus of magnetic field An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by magnetic field. NPO_675 stimulus of magnetic field Val NPO_964 valine CHEBI:27266 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. valine 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid NPO_253 An element with atomic number 91. protactinium protactinium NPO_1165 Tesla UO:0000228 T Wb/m^2 Tesla A unit of magnetic flux density which is equal to one weber per square meter. apoptosis GO:0006915 apoptosis A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposure of phosphatidyl serine on the cell surface. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198506732] NPO_548 apoptotic programmed cell death programmed cell death by apoptosis intramolecular interaction An attractive type of chemical interaction that holds atoms together in a molecule. NPO_313 intramolecular interaction NPO_635 A molecule role in nanoparticle, which inheres in a molecular entity that has active end-directed functions/activities and is transported and delivered by the nanoparticle. payload agent role payload agent role CHEBI:23849 NPO_659 A terpenoid which has a C20 skeleton. diterpenoid diterpenoid A nanoparticle response to internal stimulus, which occurs in response to a change in pH. NPO_528 nanoparticle response to pH change nanoparticle response to pH change alkali metal molecular entity alkali metal molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of an alkali metal. NPO_1081 CHEBI:33296 NPO_314 An element with atomic number 13. aluminium aluminium NPO_327 DNA-RNA transcription regulator Antineoplastic agent,which regulates DNA-dependent transcription. DNA-RNA transcription regulator kilogram per mole UO:0000087 kg/mole NPO_1185 A molar mass unit which is equal to one kilogram of mass of one mole of chemical element or chemical compound. kilogram per mole UO:0000002 unit of mass mass unit A unit of measurement which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object. mass unit NPO_1172 negative regulation of molecular function negative regulation of molecular function GO:0044092 Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. NPO_1654 iridium iridium NPO_150 An element with atomic number 77. The shell of a nanocapsule. NPO_524 shell of nanocapsule shell of nanocapsule liquid chromatography NPO_1461 FIX:0000608 LC liquid chromatography A chromatography technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. GO:0048487 NPO_793 beta-tubulin binding Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein beta-tubulin. [source: GOC:krc] beta-tubulin binding A process that prevents or inhibits the maturation ,growth or spread of tumor cells. NPO_564 antineoplastic activity antineoplastic activity one-dimensional nanostructure A nanostructure which has only one spatial size dimension in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. NPO_411 one-dimensional nanostructure NPO_1019 homoatomic A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of one or more atoms of the same element. homoatomic A functional group which has the structure -E(=O)-NH2 or -E(=O)-NH- or -E(=O)-N(-)-, where E could denote one of the following atoms: carbon (C), sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P). The group is characteristic of an amide compound wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_229 amide group amide group A colloid in which both phases are liquids that are immiscible with each other.[source: WordNet 3.0] emulsion NPO_639 NCIT:C63807 emulsion [source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com chalogen molecular entity NPO_1086 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-16 element. chalogen molecular entity CHEBI:33304 An atom with atomic number 77. iridium atom NPO_525 77 iridium atom strontium atom An atom with atomic number 38. NPO_374 38 strontium atom quality of occurrent NPO_689 PATO:0001236 property of a process A quality which inheres in or borne by an occurrent. quality of a process process quality process property quality of occurrent covalent conjugation covalent attachment covalent linkage An attachment formed via covalent bonding between chemical groups of molecular entities. NPO_563 covalent linkage polar A quality that inheres in a molecule or chemical bond due to the presence of dipole moments. NPO_410 polar carboxyl group carboxyl group A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-OH. The group is characteristic of carboxylic acid compounds, wherein it is attached to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom by a single covalent bond. NPO_838 CHEBI:46883 A functional group which has the structure -O-. The group is characteristic of an ether in which the oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. NPO_268 ether group ether group CHEBI:35734 ruthenium molecular entity ruthenium molecular entity NPO_1135 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of ruthenium. snap:IndependentContinuant substantial entity independent_continuant NPO_118 A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is a bearer of quality [snap:Quality] and realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. independent continuant A covalent linkage where an imine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. imine linkage NPO_526 imine linkage ionizable to gain positive charge An ionizable property inhering in a chemical substance by virtue of having the ability to be ionized and gain a positive charge. NPO_566 ionizable to gain positive charge gold (1+) ion gold (1+) ion A monoatomic monocation of gold. CHEBI:49482 NPO_1061 pnictogen Group 15 Element An element of Group 15 of the periodic table. NPO_375 Group 15 Element NPO_481 small unilamellar vesicle A unilamellar vesicle, which has size less than 100 nm. small unilamellar vesicle NPO_414 A thioether linkage which is formed between a thiol and an acryloyl compound, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. thioether linkage between thiol and acryloyl compound thioether linkage between thiol and acryloyl compound cell NPO_1009 GO:0005623 cell A material entity which is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. [source: GO] NCIT:C1967 NPO_567 tyrosine kinase inhibitor A protein kinase inhibitor, which inhibits tyrosine kinase enzyme, involved with the transduction and processing of many extracellular and intracellular signals including cell proliferation. tyrosine kinase inhibitor amidine linkage between primary amine and imidoester amidine linkage between primary amine and imidoester NPO_637 An amidine linkage which occurs between a primary amine and an imidoester, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. GO:0004672 protein kinase activity NPO_953 Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. [source: MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN] protein kinase activity quantum dot (NCI_Thesaurus definition): Nanometer-sized semiconductor particles, made of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating. The semiconductor material used for the core is chosen based upon the emission wavelength range being targeted: CdS for UV-blue, CdSe for the bulk of the visible spectrum, and CdTe for far red and near-infrared. The size of the particle determines the exact color of a given quantum dot. The polymer coating protects cells from cadmium toxicity but also facilitates the attachment of a variety of targeting molecules, including monoclonal antibodies directed to tumor-specific biomarkers. Because of their small size, quantum dots can function as cell- and even molecule-specific markers that will not interfere with the normal cellular functions. QD A three-dimensional nanoparticle which is made of material that exhibits quantum effects. quantum dot NPO_589 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-15 element. NPO_1085 pnictogen molecular entity CHEBI:33302 pnictogen molecular entity tamoxifen modifies expression of specific genes tamoxifen NPO_254 CHEBI:41774 Tamoxifen is an organic compound, which has a parent hydride, stilbin; and which blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body. It is used to prevent or delay the return of breast cancer or to control its spread. An atom with atomic number 71. 71 lutetium atom lutetium atom NPO_587 FIX:0000607 chromatography by physical state of the mobile phase chromatography by mobile phase state NPO_1459 A chromatography technique classified based on the phase of the mobile medium. chromatography by mobile phase state stimulus of light stimulus of electromagnetic radiation NPO_412 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by light. stimulus of light An isourea linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an isocyanate, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. isourea linkage between primary amine and isocyanate isourea linkage between primary amine and isocyanate NPO_376 NPO_565 nanoparticle response to stimulus A process, which describes the function or activity of a nanoparticle, occurring in response to a stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. nanoparticle response to stimulus titanium atom NPO_810 An atom with atomic number 22. 22 titanium atom CHEBI:29256 mercaptan thiol A thiol is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group. It has the structure R-SH, where R denotes an organic group. thiol NPO_465 magnetic flux density magnetic flux density NPO_1163 The amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow. meitnerium atom NPO_480 109 meitnerium atom An atom with atomic number 109. barium An element with atomic number 56. NPO_413 barium sensitivity to stimulus sensitivity to stimulus NPO_638 A disposition, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by a stimulus. thiocyanate compound thiocyanate A thioyanate compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a thiocyanate group. It has the structure R-S-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_560 thiocyanate compound unit of magnetic flux density magnetic flux density unit NPO_1164 A unit of measurement for magnetic flux density. magnetic flux density unit stimulus of temperature change stimulus of temperature change An internal stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by a change in temperature. NPO_811 CHEBI:24860 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iodine. iodine molecular entity NPO_1092 iodine molecular entity hassium An element with atomic number 108. NPO_586 hassium gallium atom gallium atom NPO_483 An atom with atomic number 31. 31 alpha-tubulin binding NPO_600 Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] alpha-tubulin binding GO:0043014 entity An entity is a thing which exists in reality. NPO_258 entity hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and ketone NPO_416 A hydrazone linkage which is formed between a carbohydrazide and a ketone, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. hydrazone linkage between carbohydrazide and ketone silver molecular entity NPO_1133 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silver. silver molecular entity CHEBI:33964 bromine atom An atom with atomic number 35. NPO_812 35 bromine atom length of time NPO_1285 length of time A quality which is the extent of time for events to occur. NPO_585 polypeptide chain A polypeptide, which is part of some protein molecule. polypeptide chain aziridine derivative aziridine derivative NPO_370 An aziridine derivative is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an aziridine group. It has the structure R-C1H-CH2-C1H, where R denotes an organic group. hydrogen An element with atomic number 1. hydrogen NPO_520 GO:0043015 gamma-tubulin binding Interacting selectively with the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin. [source: GOC:jl] NPO_512 gamma-tubulin binding Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of a receptor of an endothelial growth factor. NPO_562 anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor receptor anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor receptor tellurium atom NPO_813 An atom with atomic number 52. 52 tellurium atom protein amino acid binding GO:0005515 protein binding protein binding NPO_170 Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). [source: GOC:go_curators] NPO_371 phosphorus An element with atomic number 15. phosphorus A mineral which contains phosphate anions. NPO_1564 phosphate mineral CHEBI:46723 phosphate mineral NPO_199 A material entity which is synthesized, characterized, and which has at least one spatial size dimension distinguishable in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. nanomaterial nanomaterial A functional group which has the structure -SH. The group is characteristic of a thiol molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group. NPO_910 CHEBI:29917 sulfhydryl group sulfhydryl group thiol group It is a substituent group from hydrogen sulfide. An atom with atomic number 84. polonium atom NPO_521 polonium atom 84 CHEBI:37143 organofluorine compound NPO_698 organofluorine compound An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond. [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] flow cytometry NCIT:C16585 A technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles (e.g., single cells) suspended in a stream of fluid that passes through a beam of light. It allows for multiple analyses of the physical and chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electrical detection apparatus. NPO_1465 flow cytometry A flexible molecular part that connects two other parts of the same molecule. spacer NPO_485 [definition source]: Wikipedia spacer spacer arm NPO_418 An atom with atomic number 1. hydrogen atom hydrogen atom 1 conjugated protein [definition source]: L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition NPO_578 A protein that contains a non-protein prosthetic group such as sugar, nucleic acid, lipid, or metal ion. conjugated protein CHEBI:38560 pteridine A pteridine compound in which a pyrimidine ring is fused with a pyrazine ring. It has the structure c1cnc2ncncc2n1. NPO_289 CHEBI:27601 pteridine An isothiourea linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an isothiocyanate, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups.. NPO_372 linkage between primary amine and isothiocyanate linkage between primary amine and isothiocyanate An atom with atomic number 78. platinum atom 78 NPO_561 platinum atom drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor Drug that blocks the extracellular domain of the membrane receptor. drug directed against extracellular domain of membrane receptor NPO_523 NPO_522 An element with atomic number 51. antimony antimony surface of micelle surface of micelle NPO_484 Surface of a micelle formed from polar head groups of constituting amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. monoatomic tetracation CHEBI:26937 monoatomic tetracation NPO_1065 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 4+. [definition: adapted from http://www.unisa.edu.au/laser/Research/PALS.asp] phase analysis light scattering A light scattering technique for measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of charged particles suspended in nonpolar media (i.e. solvents with much lower relative permittivities than water). NPO_1467 phase analysis light scattering PALS gadolinium atom An atom with atomic number 64. gadolinium atom NPO_753 64 An atom with atomic number 97. berkelium atom berkelium atom 97 NPO_856 NPO_197 Gold nanocages, some 40 nanometers in diameter can be made by replacing the silver atoms of silver nanotubes. A nanocage composed of gold element. gold nanocage gold nanocage frequency of sound PATO:0001520 The frequency of transmitted vibrations. NPO_1350 frequency of sound An electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning electron microscope. NPO_1429 scanning electron microscopy SEM technique scanning electron microscopy sulfonyl chloride group sulfonyl chloride group A functional group which is derived by the removal of one chlorine atom from chlorosulfuric acid, and has the structure -S(=O)(=O)-Cl. The group is characteristic of sulfonyl chloride derivatives. NPO_117 A unit of electric charge where one ampere-hour is equal to 3600 coulombs. ampere hour NPO_1304 Ah amp hour ampere hour fluid A substance which deforms under an applied stress, and conforms to the outline of its container. fluid NPO_815 NCIT:C25278 8 An atom with atomic number 8. NPO_968 oxygen atom oxygen atom NPO_754 An element with atomic number 76. osmium osmium A non-metal which is any of the following elements: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, sulfur. NPO_220 other non-metal other non-metal A function which inheres in a material entity, and is realized in a process in which the material entity is used to target another material entity. NPO_1395 targeting function targeting function depth A 1-D extent downward or backward or inward. depth NPO_1232 PATO:0001595 spectroscopy spectroscopy NPO_1468 A technique for measuring the spectra absorbed or emitted when matter interacts with electromagnetic radiation or light. NCIT: C17155 spectroscopic technique NPO_992 developmental process developmental process GO:0032502 A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. [source: GOC:isa_complete] nanodevice NPO_115 A nanomaterial which is defined with respect to its end-directed activity/function. nanodevice beryllium An element with atomic number 4. NPO_198 beryllium aliphatic aminoacid An aminoacid which is aliphatic in nature. aliphatic aminoacid NPO_855 positive charge An electric charge quality which signifies a deficiency of electrons in the bearer. NPO_1305 positive charge positively charged NPO_755 An element with properties between a metal and a non-metal. metalloid metalloid hydrazone group NPO_969 A functional group derived by replacing the =O of an aldehyde or a ketone group with =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R'. It has the structure -C(=N-NH2)- or -C(=N-NH-)-, and the group is characteristic of a hydrazone. hydrazone group single-walled nanotube single-walled nanotube NPO_157 A nanotube which consists of a single layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. An element with atomic number 44. ruthenium NPO_816 ruthenium immunoglobulin class isotype NPO_1394 A class of immunoglobulins, which refers to genetic variations or differences in the constant region of the heavy chain of the Ig immunoglobulin isotype immunoglobulin isotype PATO:0000927 photosensitivity A disposition inhering to the bearer by virtue of its sensitivity to the action of radiant energy. NPO_1347 photosensitivity thiocyanate group A functional group which has the structure N#C-S-. The group is characteristic of a thiocyanate organic molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. thiocyanate group NPO_221 NPO_1469 NCIT:C62329 [definition source: NCI] PCS A spectroscopic technique which utilizes a laser beam to irradiate a sample containing particles in suspension, resulting in light scattering.When the scattered light is collected over a small solid angle, the light will exhibit intensity fluctuations. This is because the Brownian motion of the scatterers causes the phase of the light scattered from each particle to change with time, hence the total scattered intensity also fluctuates with time. The rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity, collected around a mean value at a certain angle, will depend on the particle diffusion and on the particle size. For a given temperature and viscosity, a calculated correlation function yields a diffusion coefficient, which can be used to calculate particle size. DLS Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering photon correlation spectroscopy QELS dynamic light scattering dynamic light scattering A polyatomic entity which consists of two or more chemical elements. NPO_1024 heteroatomic molecular entity heteroatomic molecular entity CHEBI:37577 NPO_195 linkage A fiat material part formed by chemically linking or associating two or more material entities (molecular entities, groups, nanomaterials) or parts thereof by molecular forces. chemical association association linkage PATO:0001522 velocity of sound NPO_1352 speed of sound speed of sound The speed at which sound travels in a given medium under specified conditions. polyhedron polyhedron NPO_858 A shape, which resembles a solid figure bounded by plane polyons or faces. [source]: WordNet NCIT:C62354 ç-potential zeta potential NPO_1302 The potential difference between the bulk dispersion medium (liquid) and the stationary layer of liquid near the surface of the dispersed particulate. zeta potential chemical interaction A force of interaction between atoms, ions, molecules or groups. NPO_119 chemical interaction chemical bonding NPO_1258 A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L. microliter µL UO:0000101 microliter SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis NPO_1427 A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique for separating proteins in a sample which is prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a buffer that maintains the proteins in their denatured states. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis A quality which exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation. NPO_1152 physical quality PATO:0001018 physical quality NPO_156 ellipsoid A shape, which is a surface of a 3-dimensional object, having elliptical or circular plane sections. ellipsoid therapeutic function NPO_1397 A function inhering in a material entity by virtue of its use for therapeutic purposes. therapeutic function nanoparticle response to infrared light NPO_756 nanoparticle response to infrared light A nanoparticle response to external stimulus, which occurs in response to infrared light. An atom with atomic number 9. NPO_222 fluorine atom fluorine atom 9 PATO:0001521 sound amplitude The maximum magnitude (value without regard to sign) of the disturbance of a sound wave. NPO_1351 amplitude of sound amplitude of sound vanadium group element Group 5 Element Group 5 Element An element of Group 5 of the periodic table. NPO_196 carbon carbon An element with atomic number 6. NPO_857 nanoliter nL UO:0000102 NPO_1259 nanoliter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L. zinc NPO_818 zinc An element with atomic number 30. statcoulomb Fr electrostatic unit of charge e.s.u. statC statcoulomb An electric charge unit which which is approximately equal to 3.33564 × 10^[−10] C. NPO_1303 Franklin A microscopy technique based on the use of electron microscope. NPO_1428 electron microscopy electron microscopy PATO:0001019 density A physical quality which inhers to the bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by its mass. density NPO_1273 A function inhering in a material entity by virtue of its use for imaging purposes. NPO_1396 imaging function imaging function hydrogen bonding A permanent dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom of -OH or -NH part of a molecule and a small, highly electronegative atom of the other polar molecule. hydrogen bonding NPO_223 iodide An anion of iodine. NPO_1049 iodide CHEBI:16382 58 cerium atom An atom with atomic number 58. NPO_757 cerium atom multi-walled nanotube A nanotube which consists of multiple layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_112 multi-walled nanotube zinc sulfide quantum dot ZnS quantum dot zinc sulfide quantum dot NPO_193 A quantum dot composed of zinc sulfide. particle diameter particle diameter NPO_1539 Diameter which inheres in a particle. An immunoglobulin isotype, which has the unique ability to bind with high affinity to IgE receptors (FceRI) on mast cells and basophils and induce degranulation and cytokine production by these cells when they are crosslinked by antigen. In addition to a central role in atopy and allergic responses, it has been speculated that IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, by its release of mediators that increase vascular permeability, has an important role in the initiation of immune response in general. [Source: NCI] NPO_1391 immunoglobulin E NCIT:C567 immunoglobulin E IgE NPO_224 dendrimer generation layer A molecular structure which describes an interior layer, formed around the dendrimer core by the addition of dendrimer branches. dendrimer generation layer rhodium rhodium NPO_154 An element with atomic number 45. An atom with atomic number 110. 110 NPO_819 darmstadtium atom darmstadtium atom superparamagnetic superparamagnetic Magnetic property -similar to paramagnetism - which is exhibited in materials when the temperature of the material is below the Curie temperature. NPO_859 francium francium An element with atomic number 87. NPO_111 pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticle A polymeric nanoparticle which consists of molecular components that are pH-sensitive. pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticle NPO_1538 An element with atomic number 26. NPO_568 iron iron An immunoglobulin isotype, which is expressed on naive B cells along with IgM.[Source: NCI] NPO_1390 immunoglobulin D immunoglobulin D NCIT:C566 IgD organic heterocyclic compound CHEBI:24532 organic heterocyclic compound NPO_692 A cyclic organic compound, which has ring members that are atoms of carbon and at least of one other element such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen. two-dimensional nanostructure A nanostructure which has two spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. NPO_226 two-dimensional nanostructure niobium atom An atom with atomic number 41. 41 niobium atom NPO_225 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer PAMAM dendrimer A dendrimer which contains amide molecules as branches; tertiary amines as branching points and primary amine groups as the terminal or end groups. NPO_965 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle response to magnetic field nanoparticle response to magnetic field A nanoparticle response to external stimulus, which occurs in response to ultrasound. NPO_153 area unit NPO_1248 A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of a 2-dimensional surface. area unit unit of area UO:0000047 carboxylic ester NPO_790 A carboxylic ester is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an carboxylic ester group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-O-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. CHEBI:33308 carboxylic ester A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge greater than 2+. monoatomic polycation NPO_1063 monoatomic polycation CHEBI:25430 UO:0000105 frequency unit frequency unit NPO_1331 A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. lipophilicity A hydrophobic property by virtue of which the molecule is able to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats. NPO_114 lipophilic lipophilic biodegradable e.g., biodegradable nanoparticle A disposition which inheres in a material entity that can be decomposed by living organisms. NPO_191 biodegradable A process which describes an action or event that triggers a specific function of a nanoparticle. NPO_751 stimulus for nanoparticle function stimulus for nanoparticle function NPO_227 targeting ligand A targeting agent, which is a ligand or small molecule that binds to larger molecules. targeting ligand superparamagnetic nanoparticle NPO_1537 A nanoparticle which has superparamagnetic properties. superparamagnetic nanoparticle d-block element d-block element NPO_152 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy d-orbitals. immunoglobulin M NPO_1393 A main immunoglobulin isotype which is secreted during a primary immune response. IgM binds with low affinity but high avidity (multiple binding sites) because it not only occurs as monomers but also as pentamers and hexamers.[Source: NCI] NCIT:C569 IgM immunoglobulin M regulator role NPO_1641 regulator role A molecular role inhering in a molecule that causes the regulation of a process or the activity of another molecule. An atom with atomic number 94. plutonium atom plutonium atom NPO_966 94 decibel A unit which is an indicator of sound power per unit area. NPO_1354 dB UO:0000259 decibel An inhibitor role inhering in a molecule that inhibits the metabolism or activity of a molecule that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor. antagonist role NPO_1630 antagonist role DNA replication GO:0006260 DNA synthesis A process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. DNA replication DNA biosynthesis NPO_142 CHEBI:33305 tellurium molecular entity tellurium molecular entity NPO_1102 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tellurium. A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second. NPO_1332 hertz UO:0000106 Hz hertz acyl chloride group acyl chloride group NPO_113 An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is a chlorine atom. NPO_1094 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of arsenic. arsenic molecular entity arsenic molecular entity CHEBI:22632 CdSe cadmium selenide cadmium selenide NPO_228 An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of cadmium and selenium. A nanoparticle which is basically composed of inorganic molecular entities. NPO_1536 inorganic nanoparticle inorganic nanoparticle A stimulus for nanoparticle function, which originates from a source that is inside the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. NPO_752 internal stimulus for nanoparticle function internal stimulus for nanoparticle function nanostructure A nanomaterial which is defined with respect to its structure. nanostructure NPO_1018 immunoglobulin G NPO_1392 IgG An immunoglobulin isotype, which characterizes secondary immune responses. This isotype is further broken down into several smaller subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 in the mouse; IgG1-4 in the human), and each subclass is differentially synthesized and secreted into the serum upon differential immune stimuli.[Source: NCI] NCIT:C568 immunoglobulin G A molecular role inhering in a protein molecule by virtue of the protein's function. NPO_192 protein role protein role surface modification of nanoparticle NPO_1642 A process which is performed to modify the surface of a nanoparticle using surface modifying agents. surface modification of nanoparticle NPO_967 68 erbium atom An atom with atomic number 68. erbium atom An element with atomic number 98. californium californium NPO_151 GO:0045785 positive regulation of cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. NPO_1643 positive regulation of cell adhesion blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels GO:0001525 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. angiogenesis angiogenesis NPO_657 tumor pH The pH inhering in a tumor. NPO_1575 tumor pH analysis analysis NPO_1422 A process of examining the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole [source: WordNet]. e.g., the identification and measurement of chemical constituents of a substance or specimen. A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation that is a bearer of imaging function and payload agent role. imaging payload agent NPO_1534 imaging payload agent An element with atomic number 69. thulium NPO_972 thulium N UO:0000108 Newton Newton NPO_1174 A force unit which is equal to the force required to cause an acceleration of 1m/s2 of a mass of 1 Kg in the direction of the force. An atom with atomic number 88. radium atom radium atom 88 NPO_333 NCIT:C9292 solid neoplasm NPO_1574 solid tumor solid tumor A benign or malignant tumor arising from tissues that do not include fluid areas. NCIT:C16539 NPO_1421 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis technique in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium. Angiogenesis which is the formation of new blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to a tumor for its growth and maintenance. NPO_1535 tumor angiogenesis tumor angiogenesis NCIT:C19361 GO:0007067 NPO_712 mitosis Progression through mitosis, the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. [source: GOC:ma, ISBN:0198547684] mitosis anion anion An ion which is negatively charged. NPO_1030 CHEBI:22563 UO:0000107 unit of force force unit force unit A unit of measurement for the force applied to accelerate a mass (an amount of matter). NPO_1173 NPO_334 chromium An element with atomic number 24. chromium CHEBI:33496 rubidide A monoatomic monanion of rubidide. rubidide NPO_1051 span:ProcessAggregate [source]: BFO v. 1.1 A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is a mereological sum of process [span:Process] entities and possesses non-connected boundaries. NPO_397 process aggregate process_aggregate NCIT:C40643 inhibition of folate metabolism An inhibition which involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities of enzymatic biotransforming chemical modifications of folic acid. NPO_1633 folic acid metabolism inhibition inhibition of folic acid metabolism inhibition of folic acid metabolism NCIT:C16537 agarose gel electrophoresis NPO_1420 Gel electrophoresis in which highly purified agar is used as the diffusion medium. agarose gel electrophoresis neoplasm tumor tumor NPO_1573 NCIT:C3262 An abnormal mass of tissue that results from uncontrolled proliferation of cells. It performs no bodily function. It may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) . A nanoparticle response to pH change, which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_975 drug release from nanoparticle in response to pH change drug release from nanoparticle in response to pH change GO:0003824 catalytic activity Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. [source: ISBN:0198506732] enzyme activity NPO_584 enzyme activity organic heterobicyclic compound NPO_454 An organic heterocyclic compound, which has two rings. organic heterobicyclic compound CHEBI:27171 detection of tumors Detection of the presence or growth of tumors in the body of a human or an animal model. NPO_1532 detection of tumors tumor detection potassium atom NPO_300 An atom with atomic number 19. 19 potassium atom uranium atom NPO_335 uranium atom 92 An atom with atomic number 92. supramolecular entity supramolecular entity A molecular entity which is formed and held together by non-covalent interactions of molecules. NPO_337 cube [source]:WordNet cube A regular hexahedron, with six equal squares as faces. NPO_861 anatomical structure formation GO:0048646 formation of an anatomical structure NPO_993 The process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. [source: GOC:dph, GOC:jic] anatomical structure formation inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase activity NPO_1634 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of dihydrofolate reductase. inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase activity core-shell silica nanoparticle NPO_1572 A silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. core-shell silica nanoparticle isotope NPO_973 A molecular entity which is one of two or more forms of atoms - of a chemical element-that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Hence an isotope differs from an atom in relative atomic mass and physical properties but not in chemical properties; an isotope is a radioactive form of element. isotope A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation that is a bearer of imaging function and has payload agent role. NPO_1533 therapeutic payload agent therapeutic payload agent A carboxylate is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carboxylate group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-[O-], where 'R' denotes an organic group. NPO_110 carboxylate carboxylate chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticle NPO_1571 chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticle A magnetic nanoparticle which consists of a coating agent composed of chitosan. sulfonamide group An amide group which has the structure -S(=O)-NH2 or -S(=O)-NH- or -S(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a sulfonamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_747 sulfonamide group cubic centimeter per mole NPO_1262 A molar volume unit which is equal to 1 cubic centimeter occupied by one mole of a substance in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas. cubic centimeter per mole cm^[3]/mole UO:0000090 protein detection detection of proteins Detection of proteins or a protein components in a sample. NPO_1426 detection of proteins xenon atom xenon atom An atom with atomic number 54. 54 NPO_862 tumor suppression rate NPO_1309 The rate of suppression in tumor growth. tumor suppression rate rate of tumor suppression calcium atom An atom with atomic number 20. NPO_706 20 calcium atom PATO:0001334 diameter diameter NPO_1228 A quality which is equal to the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle and whose endpoints are on the circular boundary. The quotient of the speed of a sound wave divided by its wavelength. NPO_1353 wavelength of sound PATO:0001523 wavelength of sound CHEBI:35352 organonitrogen compound organonitrogen compound An organonitrogen compound is a heteroorganic compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. NPO_503 A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of more than one atom. polyatomic polyatomic NPO_1020 pharmacokinetic parameter pharmacokinetic parameter NPO_1530 A parameter measured or calculated in a pharmacokinetic study. concentration unit A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. concentration unit NPO_1168 unit of concentration UO:0000051 An ion of gadolinium. NPO_1570 gadolinium ion gadolinium ion An element with atomic number 54. xenon NPO_746 xenon detection A process or action of identifying the presence of something. detection NPO_1425 An atom with atomic number 67. 67 holmium atom holmium atom NPO_863 topoisomerase-I inhibitor NPO_864 Topoisomerase inhibitor which inhibits the action of topoisomerase I. topoisomerase-I inhibitor Imaging the size, shape, surface and structural properties of tumors. imaging of tumors tumor imaging tumor imaging NPO_1531 diazonium compound NPO_330 A diazonium compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a diazonium group. It has the structure R-[N+]#N, where R denotes an organic group. diazonium compound A nanomaterial which is in the form of a particle with an average size in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range; which has an identifiable and definite chemical composition, property or function that uniquely define the nanoparticle's type as known; and, which may or may not exhibit a size-intensive property. Definition is partly based on ASTM E 2456-06 (Terminology for Nanotechnology). nanoparticle NPO_707 nanoparticle An infrared spectroscopy where the beam of light that irradiates the sample has wavelengths within the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. near-infrared spectroscopy NPO_1474 near-infrared spectroscopy FIX:0000321 NIR spectroscopy inhibition of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process GO:0042536 inhibition of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. NPO_1662 An antibody which has molecular mass of 150-950 kDa, and consists of one or more basic units of four polypeptide chains comprising of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulphide links. immunoglobulin NPO_1388 NCIT:C572 Ig immunoglobulin A thioether linkage which is formed between a thiol and a maleimide derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. thioether linkage between thiol and maleimide derivative thioether linkage between thiol and maleimide derivative NPO_159 GO:0016337 The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb] NPO_479 cell-cell adhesion cell-cell adhesion An electric charge quality which signifies zero net charge in the bearer. neutral charge NPO_1307 neutral charge neutrally charged western blot NCIT:C16357 An assay which is used for the detection or identification of proteins or peptides that have been separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane. The proteins are then detected by reaction with enzymatically labeled or radiolabeled antibody probes. western blot analysis western blot analysis western blotting technique western blotting NPO_1424 NPO_331 Magnetic property exhibited by materials in presence of an external magnetic field and in these materials the magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed, and the opposing magnetic moments are unequal, and therefore, a spontaneous magnetization remains. This property exists below the Curie temperature. ferrimagnetic ferrimagnetic NPO_799 tungsten An element with atomic number 74. tungsten heteroatomic NPO_1022 heteroatomic A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of two or more chemical elements. Period 6 Element An element in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 6 Element NPO_911 29 copper atom copper atom NPO_865 An atom with atomic number 29. curium curium An element with atomic number 96. NPO_970 potassium An element with atomic number 19. potassium NPO_708 tumor necrosis factor synthesis tumor necrosis factor anabolism tumor necrosis factor alpha biosynthesis tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis TNF alpha biosynthesis GO:0042533 NPO_647 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tumor necrosis factor, an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. [source: GOC:jl, PMID:10891884] NPO_123 gefitinib gefitinib removed 'has_role some epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor' Iressa drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor CHEBI:49668 A type of quinazoline compound. ZD-1839 immunoglobulin A NCIT:C565 IgA NPO_1389 An immunoglobulin isotype which is associated with antibody-mediated mucosal immunity. It is secreted as dimers into the mucosa and is the most effective isotype at fixing complement by the alternative pathway, even though it lacks the ability to fix complement by the classical pathway. There are two subtypes in the human - IgA1 and IgA2. [Source: NCI] immunoglobulin A A covalent linkage where a diazo group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. diazo linkage NPO_748 diazo linkage technetium molecular entity CHEBI:26865 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of technetium. NPO_1137 technetium molecular entity negative charge NPO_1306 An electric charge quality which signifies a surplus of electrons in the bearer. negative charge negatively charged methionine CHEBI:16811 Met methionine NPO_158 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-S-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_797 A thioether is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a thioether group. It has the structure R-S-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. thioether thioether inhibition of metastasis An antitumor activity which inhibits or blocks metastasis. NPO_1649 inhibition of metastasis Analysis of protein components in a sample. NPO_1423 protein analysis analysis of proteins protein analysis monoatomic monoatomic A quality inhering in a molecular entity because it consists of only one atom. NPO_1021 Area of an object's surface. NPO_1235 surface area surface area An inner transition element which is any element with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium). NPO_332 Lanthanide Lanthanide acryloyl derivative acryloyl compound NPO_866 An acryloyl compound is an "organic compound" which is characterized by the presence of an "acryloyl group". It has the structure R-C(=O)-CH=CH2, where R denotes an organic group. acryloyl compound NPO_709 actinium atom An atom with atomic number 89. 89 actinium atom nanosecond NPO_1279 A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a second or 10^[-9] s. nanosecond UO:0000150 ns UO:0000052 unit of mass density mass density unit mass density unit NPO_1264 A density unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a substance in a given volume. NPO_407 nuclear core of nanocell The central part of a nanocell. nuclear core of nanocell NPO_1115 chromium group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a chromium group (Group-6) element. CHEBI:33741 chromium group molecular entity carboxylic ester group A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-O- and it is formally derived from carboxylic acid and organic hydroxy compound. The group is characteristic of a carboxylic ester compound wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. NPO_682 carboxylic ester group hydrophilic space between lipid bilayers hydrophilic space between lipid bilayers The aqueous space between lipid bilayers (e.g, in a multilamellar vesicle). NPO_260 NPO_486 vanadium vanadium An element with atomic number 23. NPO_702 An element of Group 12 of the periodic table. Group 12 Element Group 12 Element zinc group element NPO_1343 cell viability Viability of a cell to proliferate, grow, divide, or repair damaged cell components. cell viability thioether linkage between thiol and iodoacetyl derivative thioether linkage between thiol and iodoacetyl derivative NPO_644 A thioether linkage which occurs between a thiol and an iodoacetyl derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. fluorochrome fluorochrome NPO_643 A fluorescent dye which is used to stain a specimen or a sample in fluorescence microscopy. NCIT:C503 NPO_1329 A speed/velocity unit which is equal to the speed of an object traveling 1 meter distance in one second. meter per second meter per second m/s UO:0000094 An element with atomic number 16. sulfur sulfur NPO_796 disc NPO_307 A cylinder with height smaller than the cross-sectional diameter. disc disk An ether is an organic compound in which an oxygen atom is covalently bound to two carbon atoms. It has the structure R-O-R', where R, R' denote organic groups. NPO_230 ether ether CHEBI:25698 DNA metabolic process NPO_1014 DNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. [source: ISBN:0198506732] DNA metabolism GO:0006259 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tungsten. tungsten molecular entity NPO_1128 tungsten molecular entity CHEBI:33742 NPO_408 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy f-orbitals. g-block element f-block element anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix 1 NPO_346 chlorambucil chlorambucil A type of nitrogen mustard and an organochlorine compound. CHEBI:28830 chitosan nanoparticle NPO_261 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of chitosan chitosan nanoparticle polar covalent bonding polar covalent bonding NPO_683 A covalent bonding in which the sharing of electron pair is unequal due to difference in the electronegativities of atoms that share the electron pair. MESH:D000964 NPO_487 NCIT:C272 antineoplastic antimetabolite antimetabolite antineoplastic antimetabolite Antineoplastic agent that inhibits the biosynthesis of pyrimidine or purine nucleotides or mimic natural nucleotides so they interfere with their synthesis or function and subsequently interrupt DNA, RNA, and/or protein synthesis. NPO_306 zinc sulfide zinc sulfide An inorganic compound or molecule which is composed of zinc and sulfur. UO:0000095 unit of volume volume unit A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas. NPO_1253 volume unit NPO_795 An element with atomic number 27. cobalt cobalt dendrimer cavity A material site which is a cavity or space formed within the core and generation layer (between branches) of a dendrimer. It can be occupied by molecules other than those which chemically make up the dendrimer. NPO_642 dendrimer cavity dipole-dipole interaction dipole-dipole interaction NPO_582 An intermolecular interaction between molecules (polar or non-polar) due to attraction between permanent or temporary molecular dipoles. Van Der Waals Interaction PATO:0001708 1-D extent NPO_1226 1-D extent A quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of its extension in one dimension. CHEBI:25697 organic cation NPO_1041 organic cation A cation which is organic. weight ratio NPO_1156 A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of weights. weight ratio Source:Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. snap:Disposition NPO_155 A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] that essentially causes a specific process or transformation in the object [snap:Object] in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature. A general formula for dispositions is: X (object [snap:Object] has the disposition D to (transform, initiate a process) R under conditions C. The process occurs as a result of the object's physical structure. A disposition invariably or definitely leads to a certain result given certain circumstances (if not, then the realizable entity is a tendency and not a disposition). disposition disposition vanadium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of vanadium. NPO_1144 vanadium molecular entity CHEBI:27275 epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which inhibits Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine Kinase, involved with signal transduction pathways, and may be useful in treating tumors that over express EGFR. [source:NCI_Thesaurus] NPO_409 epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor EGFR-TK inhibitor NCIT: C2167 manganese group molecular entity NPO_1116 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a manganese group (Group-7) element. manganese group molecular entity CHEBI:33743 powder NPO_915 powder A solid which corresponds to tiny loose particles, produced by pulverization. NCIT:C45302 purity NPO_1345 A composition quality which is the degree to which an object bearer is free of contaminants or heterogeneous components. purity histidine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2c1c[nH]cn1)-C(OH)=OH. histidine NPO_329 CHEBI:27570 His 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid americium atom NPO_704 An atom with atomic number 95. 95 americium atom darmstadtium NPO_488 darmstadtium An element with atomic number 110. antiferromagnetic NPO_262 Magnetic property exhibited in materials where the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms align in opposite directions, and this quality exists only below the Neel temperature. antiferromagnetic (definition source): http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antiferromagnetic magnetic flux unit unit of magnetic flux A unit of measurement for magnetic flux. magnetic flux unit NPO_1159 CHEBI:25017 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_285 Leu leucine 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid leucine cubic meter m^[3] UO:0000096 cubic meter NPO_1254 A volume unit which is equal to the volume of a cube with edges one meter in length. One cubic meter equals to 1000 liters. zero-length crosslinker A cross-linking agent for mediating the conjugation of two molecules by forming a bond between functional groups of the molecule while containing no additional atoms. NPO_794 zero-length crosslinker A foreign molecule could be covalently linked to a molecular consitutent or it could occupy a void space/cavity by participating in non-covalent interactions with neighbouring molecular constituents. definition of material site is based on the definition of snap:Site material site NPO_641 [previous definition]: An independent continuant which describes any distinguishable point, site or location in a material entity, and the location is either that of a group of molecular constituents in a material entity, or the space surrounded by the molecular constituents. An independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] consisting of a characteristic spatial shape in relation to some arrangement of material entities and of the medium which is enclosed in whole or in part by this characteristic spatial shape. Material site entities are entities that can be occupied by other material entities. material site gadolinium (4+) ion NPO_1071 gadolinium (4+) ion CHEBI:37294 A monoatomic tetracation of gadolinium. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a iron group (Group-8) element. NPO_1117 iron group molecular entity iron group molecular entity CHEBI:33744 inhibition of cancer cell growth A process which inhibits or blocks the induction, promotion, maintenance, or completion of cell division in cancer cells. NPO_914 inhibition of cancer cell growth NCIT: C29895 NPO_705 A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an in vivo implantable device, designed to deliver drugs under zero order rate kinetics at high local drug concentrations to non-resectable tumor lesions. nanochannel nanochannel [definition source]: Lesinski et al, Biomedical Microdevices, vol 7, number 1, 71-79, 2005 monoatomic entity CHEBI:33238 A molecular entity which consists of a single atom. monoatomic entity NPO_1026 solubility A realizable property which inheres in a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance by virtue of a certain amount of the bearer to have the ability to dissolve or not in a certain volume of a liquid solvent to form a homogeneous solution. NPO_489 PATO:0001536 solubility NPO_263 glass glass A brittle transparent solid substance with irregular atomic structure. organic ion NPO_1031 An ion which is organic. organic ion CHEBI:25699 Drug that is directed to affect the synthesis and function of endothelial growth factor. NPO_308 anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor anticancer drug directed against endothelial growth factor NPO_640 An imide is an amide which is characterized by the presence of an imide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-N(-R')-C(=O)-R", where R, R" denote organic groups, and R' stands for organic group or hydrogen atom. imide imide A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml. NPO_1255 cubic centimeter cc cm^[3] cubic centimeter UO:0000097 CHEBI:30412 monoatomic dication monoatomic dication NPO_1055 A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 2+. carbohydrate NPO_423 MESH: D002241 carbohydrate The generic term 'carbohydrate' includes monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more terminal groups to carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. It also includes derivatives of these compounds. The term 'sugar' is frequently applied to monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. CHEBI:23008 NCIT: C344 [definition source]: CHEBI NPO_1158 magnetic flux A quantitative measure of magnetism, which is a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area. magnetic flux imine linkage between secondary amine and aldehyde NPO_580 An imine linkage which is formed between a secondary amine and an aldehyde, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. imine linkage between secondary amine and aldehyde salt salt ionic compound NPO_1146 A chemical compound of cations and anions. CHEBI:24866 A standard measure of the work done per unit charge as a charge is moved between two points in an electric field. UO:0000217 NPO_1295 unit of electric potential difference unit of electric potential electric potential difference unit electric potential difference unit A covalent linkage where an arylthioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_648 arylthioether linkage arylthioether linkage NPO_264 carbohydrazide group A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carbohydrazide compound. carbohydrazide group NPO_1072 A monoatomic pentacation of vanadium. vanadium 5(+) ion CHEBI:33003 vanadium 5(+) ion CHEBI:23906 A cation which consists of a single atom. monoatomic cation NPO_1039 monoatomic cation A fullerene refers to any cagelike, hollow molecule composed of hexagonal and/or pentagonal groups of carbon atoms , and it is regarded as the third form of carbon after diamond and graphite. NPO_686 fullerene fullerene Drug directed to interfere with the activity of a membrane protein receptor of the tumor cell. drug directed against membrane receptor NPO_917 drug directed against membrane receptor NPO_1118 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a copper group (Group-11) element. copper group molecular entity copper group molecular entity CHEBI:33745 NPO_1090 chlorine molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chlorine. chlorine molecular entity CHEBI:23117 NPO_378 rhodium atom An atom with atomic number 45. 45 rhodium atom NPO_1034 monoatomic ion monoatomic ion An ion which consists of a single atom. CHEBI:24867 CHEBI:18420 magnesium (2+) ion NPO_1056 A monoatomic dication of magnesium. magnesium (2+) ion extracellular pH pH of the extracellular fluid. NPO_1579 pHe extracellular pH The outer surface of a nanotube to which other molecular entities can be attached. (For example, attachment of fullerene on the surface of carbon nanotube.) NPO_792 outer surface of nanotube outer surface of nanotube lipid bilayer NPO_338 A lipid membrane which is two (lipid) molecules thick. MESH: D008051 lipid bilayer milliliter NPO_1256 A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter. milliliter UO:0000098 mL double-walled carbon nanotube A double-walled nanotube which consists of two graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_301 double-walled carbon nanotube monoatomic anion monoatomic anion An anion which consists of a single atom. NPO_1035 CHEBI:23905 NPO_916 unilamellar vesicle A liposome vesicle that has a single lipid bilayer. unilamellar vesicle GO:0003823 antigen binding Interacting selectively with an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. antigen binding NPO_959 carbonate ester group NPO_687 A functional group which has the structure -O-C(=O)-O-. The group is characteristic of a carbonate ester molecule wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via single covalent bonds. carbonate ester group carboxamidine CHEBI:35359 carboxamidine An amidine is an organic compound which is a derivative of a carboxylic acid, in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR, and therefore, it has the structure R'-C(=N-R)-NH2, where R' denotes an organic group. NPO_232 CHEBI:33746 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a vanadium group (Group-5) element. vanadium group molecular entity vanadium group molecular entity NPO_1119 tin atom tin atom 50 An atom with atomic number 50. NPO_377 NPO_688 An element with atomic number 83. bismuth bismuth europium europium An element with atomic number 63. NPO_516 etoposide CHEBI:4911 (5S,5aR,8aR,9R)-9-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-oxo-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexahydrofuro[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl 4,6-O-[(1R)-ethylidene]-β-D-glucopyranoside etoposide An organic compound or molecule, which has a functional parent, podophyllotoxin; which has substructure that classifies it as a beta-D-glucoside. NPO_168 extracellular fluid MeSH: D045604 The body fluid outside of cells. extracellular fluid intercellular fluid NPO_1578 NPO_1257 liter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter. L UO:0000099 liter bromo group bromo group A halo group in which the halogen atom is a bromine atom. NPO_339 aromatic aminoacid aromatic aminoacid NPO_791 An aminoacid which is aromatic in nature. An atom of fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine. halogen atom NPO_646 halogen atom boron group element Group 13 Element NPO_266 An element of Group 13 of the periodic table. Group 13 Element drug toxicity NCIT:C27955 NPO_1341 drug toxicity Toxicity that inheres in a drug which causes adverse effects, when the drug is used therapeutically or diagnostically. cyano group cyano group A cyano group is a substituent group from hydrogen cyanide, and has the structure -C#N. NPO_588 CHEBI:48819 composition PATO:0000025 A quality of continuant inhering in an object by virtue of the quantities or relative ratios of subparts of the inhering entity. composition NPO_1344 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of nuclei (have non-zero spin). magnetic resonance spectroscopy NPO_1470 Depending on the local chemical environment, different protons in a molecule resonate at slightly different frequencies. Since this frequency shift is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field, it is converted into a field-independent dimensionless value known as the chemical shift. The chemical shift is reported as a relative measure from some reference resonance frequency. (For the nuclei1H, 13C, and 29Si, TMS (tetramethylsilane) is commonly used as a reference.) This difference between the frequency of the signal and the frequency of the reference is divided by frequency of the reference signal to give the chemical shift. The frequency shifts are extremely small in comparison to the fundamental NMR frequency. A typical frequency shift might be 100 Hz, compared to a fundamental NMR frequency of 100 MHz, so the chemical shift is generally expressed in parts per million (ppm). By understanding different chemical environments, the chemical shift can be used to obtain some structural information about the molecule in a sample. The conversion of the raw data to this information is called assigning the spectrum. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] When placed in a magnetic field, NMR active nuclei (such as 1H or 13C) absorb at a frequency characteristic of the isotope. The resonant frequency, energy of the absorption and the intensity of the signal are proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. NMR spectroscopy NCIT:C16810 down regulation of DNA-dependent transcription inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription downregulation of DNA-dependent transcription NPO_1652 negative regulation of DNA-dependent transcription down-regulation of DNA-dependent transcription negative regulation of DNA-dependent transcription GO:0045892 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. nickel group molecular entity CHEBI:33747 nickel group molecular entity NPO_1120 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a nickel group (Group-10) element. An activity, which involves the killing of tumor cells; or which causes reduction of tumor size. NPO_919 antitumor activity antitumor activity A secondary amine is an amine which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a secondary amine group. It has the structure R-NH-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. secondary amine NPO_805 secondary amine CHEBI:32863 A sulfonamide is an amide derived from sulfonic acids, and thus characterized by the presence of a sulfonamide group. It has the structure R-S(=O)-NH2, R-S(=O)-NH-R' or R-S(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. NPO_908 sulfonamide CHEBI:35358 sulfonamide A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a probing tool of nanometer-size, and combined with a nanosensor, is useful for subcellular detection of activity or phenomenon (e.g. biological phenomenon or process). NPO_684 nanoprobe NCIT: C62372 nanoprobe CHEBI:33748 nickel molecular entity nickel molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of nickel. NPO_1138 CHEBI:36141 Cyclic ketone having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of ‒CH= groups into ‒C(=O)‒ groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). quinone NPO_774 quinone organic anion An anion which is organic. NPO_1037 CHEBI:25696 organic anion CHEBI:23003 carbamate ester NPO_828 A carbamate ester is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbamate ester group. It has the structure R-O-C(=O)-NH2 or R-O-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-O-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R, R', R" denote organic groups. carbamate ester intracellular fluid NPO_1577 MeSH: D007424 intracellular fluid Fluid inside cells. isocyanate compound isocyanate compound NPO_519 An isocyanate is an organic compound characterized by the presence of isocyanate group. It has the structure R-N=C=O, where R denotes an organic group. An atom with atomic number 17. chlorine atom chlorine atom 17 NPO_305 NPO_701 stimulus of sound An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by sound. stimulus of sound topotecan topotecan A semisynthetic derivative of camptothecin, a cytotoxic, quinoline-based alkaloid extracted from the Asian tree Camptotheca acuminata. NPO_645 neodymium An element with atomic number 60. NPO_267 neodymium volt UO:0000218 V An electric potential difference unit which is equal to the work per unit charge. One volt is the potential difference required to move one coulomb of charge between two points in a circuit while using one joule of energy. NPO_1296 volt PATO:0001679 The reciprocal of density. specific volume specific volume NPO_1240 A physical quality of the amount of 3-dimensional space a mass of substance occupies. cytotoxicity Toxicity that impairs or damages cells, and it is a desired property for the killing of growing tumor cells. NPO_1340 cytotoxicity NCIT:C27988 positive regulation of DNA-dependent transcription up-regulation of DNA-dependent transcription stimulation of DNA-dependent transcription GO:0045893 up regulation of DNA-dependent transcription activation of DNA-dependent transcription NPO_1651 positive regulation of DNA-dependent transcription Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. upregulation of DNA-dependent transcription NPO_685 A molecule that is used for targeting molecular entities, cells, tissues or organs in a biological system. targeting agent targeting agent NPO_918 A contrast agent, which provides contrast in images captured using acoustic imaging techniques. acoustic imaging contrast agent acoustic imaging contrast agent CHEBI:17478 prefix: aldo- suffix: -al aldehyde aldehyde NPO_415 An aldehyde is a carbonyl compound wherein the carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom, and one organic group or another hydrogen atom. It is characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group, and has the structure R-C(=O)H, where R denotes an organic group or a hydrogen atom. CHEBI:30417 NPO_1050 An anion of astatine. astatide astatide pH of the intracellular fluid in a cell. NPO_1576 intracellular pH pHi intracellular pH optical imaging contrast agent A contrast agent, which has optical properties, and provides contrast in images captured using optical imaging techniques. NPO_379 optical imaging contrast agent NPO_1140 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of platinum. platinum molecular entity platinum molecular entity CHEBI:33749 An element with atomic number 79. gold gold NPO_518 neptunium atom 93 An atom with atomic number 93. NPO_304 neptunium atom 18 NPO_610 An atom with atomic number 18. argon atom argon atom Group 7 Element NPO_979 An element of Group 7 of the periodic table. Group 7 Element manganese group element A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cobalt. cobalt molecular entity CHEBI:33888 cobalt molecular entity NPO_1130 biocompatible NPO_938 A realizable entity that inheres in a material entity and indicates that the bearer has the ability to be harmless to biological systems. biocompatible tertiary amine CHEBI:32876 A tertiary amine is an amine which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and it is characterized by the presence of a tertiary amine group. It has the structure R-N(-R")-R', where R,R' and R" denote organic groups. NPO_832 tertiary amine CHEBI:33768 titanium group molecular entity titanium group molecular entity NPO_1122 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a titanium group (Group-4) element. idarubicin NPO_817 anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis idarubicin CHEBI:42068 An anthracycline which is (1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin square nanometer NPO_1252 An area unit which is equal to 10^[-18] m^[2]. nm^[2] square nanometer NPO_383 A two-dimensional nanostructure which has a wire-like structure made of materials that exhibit unique electrical and optical properties. nanowire nanowire NCIT: C62376 fluoro group A halo group in which the halogen atom is a fluorine atom. NPO_825 fluoro group mercury atom An atom with atomic number 80. mercury atom NPO_277 80 nickel group element Group 10 Element Group 10 Element An element of Group 10 of the periodic table. NPO_611 protein kinase inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits the activity of protein kinase. NPO_436 inhibits phosphorylation in the signaling pathway, which regulates a variety of fundamental processes, such as cell growth, mitogenesis, metabolism, gene transcription, cell cycle control, and the immune response. NCIT: C1404 CHEBI:37699 protein kinase inhibitor hydroxide NPO_1145 A chemical compound containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). hydroxide CHEBI:24651 cadmium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of cadmium. NPO_1124 CHEBI:22978 cadmium molecular entity gel electrophoresis NCIT:C18091 gel electrophoresis Electrophoresis method used for separating molecules of proteins and nucleic acids from a sample mixture of similar molecules through a gelatinous matrix. Subject to an electric field, each molecule in the sample mixture migrates through the matrix at a different rate, depending mainly on electrical charge and size, resulting in spatial separation within the matrix of each molecular species in the sample mixture. Agarose and acrylamide in a cylindrical tube or slab gel are commonly used media for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids. NPO_1419 alpha V beta inhibitor An endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor that acts by blocking the action of an endothelial cell-surface expressed alpha (v) integrin, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. NPO_510 alpha V beta inhibitor NCIT: C2050 europium atom NPO_978 europium atom 63 An atom with atomic number 63. NPO_1297 An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one thousandth of a volt or 10^[-3] V. millivolt millivolt mV UO:0000247 NCIT: C62367 nanobomb An explosive device comprised of carbon nanotubes. These nanoscale devices have desirable optical and thermal properties that can be exploited for novel cancer therapeutics. The ability to manipulate these properties facilitates a controlled, localized activation and clearance mechanism of diseased or abnormal cells. nanobomb NPO_239 A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as an explosive device. DNA binding agent NCIT: C2842 DNA binding agent Antineoplastic agent that binds to DNA to regulate mechanisms central to cellular function, including DNA replication and gene expression. NPO_939 primary amine NPO_947 A primary amine is an amine which is formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group, and it is characterized by the presence of a primary amine group. It has the structure R-NH2, where R denotes an organic group. primary amine CHEBI:32877 CHEBI:33767 NPO_1121 cobalt group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a cobalt group (Group-9) element. cobalt group molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of iron. iron molecular entity NPO_1134 iron molecular entity CHEBI:24873 NPO_276 A quality inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of a cyclically conjugated molecular entity , with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure. aromatic Definition of aromatic is based on that of an aromatic compound (CHEBI:33655) [definition source]: ChEBI aromatic hollow core of nanocage hollow core of nanocage NPO_612 The hollow core region of a nanocage. A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a template consisting of two-dimensional patterning of biological molecules on a surface for biological analysis. NPO_691 nanoarray nanoarray NCIT:C62340 GO:0022403 cell cycle phase NPO_999 A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through one of the biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] cell cycle phase repeat unit A chemical component which occurs as repeated units linked together in a polymer chain. repeat unit NPO_1499 12 NPO_977 An atom with atomic number 12. magnesium atom magnesium atom silicon (4+) ion silicon (4+) ion CHEBI:30584 A monoatomic tetracation of silicon. NPO_1070 NPO_238 amidine linkage A covalent linkage where an amidine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. amidine linkage An element with atomic number 57. lanthanum lanthanum NPO_936 dendrimer core The core part of a dendrimer, which is formed by the core initiator group [npo:NPO_803]. NPO_279 dendrimer core monoclonal antibody An antibody produced by a clone or genetically homogenous fast-growing cells i.e., hybridoma. Hybridoma cells are cloned to establish cell lines producing a specific antibody that is chemically and immunologically homogeneous.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] NPO_823 MAb NCIT:C20401 monoclonal antibody GO:0022402 NPO_998 cell cycle process A cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. [source: GOC:isa_complete] cell cycle process CHEBI:25094 Lys 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid NPO_265 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2)-C(OH)=OH. lysine lysine carbamate ester linkage between primary amine and carbonate ester A carbamate ester linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a carbonate ester, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_236 carbamate ester linkage between primary amine and carbonate ester CHEBI:37110 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of thallum. NPO_1106 thallium molecular entity thallium molecular entity cadmium cadmium An element with atomic number 48. NPO_976 NPO_690 iron atom iron atom An atom with atomic number 26. 26 NPO_382 ruthenium atom ruthenium atom An atom with atomic number 44. 44 rhodium molecular entity CHEBI:33887 rhodium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of rhodium. NPO_1129 secondary amine linkage NPO_278 secondary amine linkage A covalent linkage where a secondary amine group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. A amide group which has the structure -C(=O)-NH2 or -C(=O)-NH- or -C(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a carboxamide wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_824 carboxamide group carboxamide group stimulus of infrared light stimulus of infrared light NPO_937 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by infrared light. gallium molecular entity CHEBI:37111 gallium molecular entity NPO_1107 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of gallium. A crosslinking agent which contains two different end reactive groups connected by a spacer, and the two reactive groups can couple to two different functional groups. heterobifunctional crosslinker NPO_649 heterobifunctional crosslinker A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the purity of a chemical substance. NPO_1360 purity characterization purity characterization poly(ethylene glycol) A polymer made by the polymerization of ethylene oxide. NPO_444 poly(ethylene glycol) PEG CHEBI:46793 chemical component chemical component NPO_1497 A fiat material part identified as being the chemical make up of a material entity. antineoplastic alkylating agent DNA alkylating agent DNA crosslinking agent, which alkylates DNA. NPO_235 DNA alkylating agent separation technique NPO_1416 A technique which is used to separate substances from mixtures. separation technique separation method iron oxide iron oxide An oxide of iron. NPO_273 100 NPO_554 An atom with atomic number 100. fermium atom fermium atom NPO_821 polydispersity A quality inhering in a collection of particles that are of the same size or different sizes. polydispersity RNA anabolism RNA biosynthetic process NPO_1017 RNA biosynthesis RNA synthesis RNA biosynthetic process RNA formation GO:0032774 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. [source: GOC:mah] PATO:0000146 A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system. NPO_1287 temperature temperature CHEBI:31355 A platinum compound in which the platinum atom is complexed with two ammonia groups and a cyclobutane-dicarboxyl residue. NPO_603 carboplatin carboplatin NCIT: C1282 anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix NPO_514 A qualitative measure of solubility in water which indicates that the chemical substance dissolves in water under specific conditions. soluble in water soluble in water water-soluble A quantum dot composed of cadmium selenide. CdSe quantum dot cadmium selenide quantum dot NPO_160 cadmium selenide quantum dot ion [definition source]: ChEBI NPO_546 A molecular entity that has a net electric charge. ion CHEBI:24870 shape characterization shape characterization NPO_1361 A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the shape of an object. A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of indium. NPO_1108 indium molecular entity indium molecular entity CHEBI:37112 NPO_234 succinimidyl carbonate group A functional group, the structure of which consists of a saturated cyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; and each of the two carbon atoms, adjacent to the nitrogen atom, are bonded to an oxygen atom via a double bond, while the nitrogen atom is bonded to one oxygen atom of the carbonate group. succinimidyl carbonate group monomer A small organic molecule which is bonded to other similar molecules to form a polymer. monomer NPO_1498 angiogenesis inhibitor An antineoplastic agent that slows down or prevents the formation and growth of blood or lymphatic vessels. In cancer therapy, angiogenesis inhibitors target blood vessels that supply tumors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. NPO_595 NCIT: C1742 angiogenesis inhibitor CHEBI:48422 MESH: D020533 angiogenesis antagonist DNA topoisomerase activity Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA. NPO_700 DNA topoisomerase activity GO:0003916 microscopy microscopy technique NPO_1415 A technique which uses a microscope to study a material object or a process that cannot be seen by the naked eye. microscopy A functional group which has the structure -N=C=S. The group is characteristic of an isothiocyanate compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. NPO_449 isothiocyanate group isothiocyanate group diamagnetic diamagnetic Magnetic property exhibited in materials which create a weak magnetic field in opposition to an externally applied magnetic field; thus, causing repulsion of the material in a magnetic field. NPO_553 NPO_822 An amide group which has the structure -P(=O)-NH2 or -P(=O)-NH- or -P(=O)-N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a phosphoramide wherein it is attached to organic groups. phosphoramide group phosphoramide group hydrophobic interaction NPO_388 A non-covalent interaction which is a repulsive interaction between hydrophobic molecule or hydrophobic part of an amphiphilic molecule and water molecules in aqueous solutions. It results from energetically favorable interactions between hydrophilic molecules or parts there of and water molecules. hydrophobic interaction alkaline pH basic pH NPO_1199 pH of value between 7 and 14. basic pH CHEBI:23377 copper molecular entity copper molecular entity NPO_1131 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of copper. three-dimensional nanostructure three-dimensional nanostructure NPO_272 A nanostructure which has all three spatial size dimensions in the nanoscale (1-100 nm) range. conical conical shape A shape, which is the surface of a 3-dimensional object that tapers from a circular base. Cone NPO_515 Cone NPO_233 boron An element with atomic number 5. boron kilovolt An electric potential difference unit which is equal to 10^[3] V. NPO_1298 kilovolt UO:0000248 kV A chemical component which is identified by virtue of its molecular structure that forms part of the basic chemical make up of a nanoparticle in a nanoparticle formulation. NPO_1495 molecular component in nanoparticle molecular component in nanoparticle acyl compound NPO_511 acyl compound An acyl compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an acyl group R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic group and the carbon atom is not bonded to a hydrogen atom or oxygen atom. electrophoresis electrophoresis NPO_1418 A separation technique used for separating charged particles in a fluid or gel under the action of an electric field. The electric field causes the movement of charged particles. alkali metal NPO_448 alkali metal An element of group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). LC-50 LD-50 NPO_1196 Concentration of a chemical or biologic preparation that is likely to cause death in 50% of animals or cells being tested. lethal dose - 50% LC-50 NCIT:C16788 lethal concentration - 50% A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)H. The group is characteristic of an aldehyde wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via covalent bond with hydrogen or carbon atoms. aldehyde group aldehyde group formyl group CHEBI:42485 NPO_590 NPO_385 holmium An element with atomic number 67. holmium CHEBI:38530 quinazoline compound NPO_386 A quinazoline compound is a derivative of quinazoline. quinazoline compound An element with atomic number 55. caesium caesium NPO_275 MESH:D000906 NCIT: C16295 antibody antibody A type of protein made by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody only binds to a specific antigen, helping to destroy the antigen directly or by assisting white blood cells to destroy the antigen.[source: NCI_Thesaurus] NPO_552 Group 1 Element Group 1 Element NPO_162 An element of Group 1 of the periodic table. nanoparticle component NPO_1496 A chemical component which is identified as a nanoparticle based on its structure, chemical composition or function. nanoparticle component microvolt An electric potential difference unit which is equal to one millionth of a volt or 10^[-6] V. microvolt NPO_1299 µV UO:0000249 centrifugation NPO_1417 centrifugation A separation technique which uses a centrifuge to generate a centrifugal force for separating fluids of different densities from mixtures or for separating liquids from solids. epoxide group NPO_909 A functional group which has a three-membered cyclic ether structure, where an oxygen atom is attached to two carbon atoms and the carbon atoms are bonded to each other via single covalent bond. epoxide group oxirane group nanopipette NPO_447 A two-dimensional nanostructure which is a capillary tube with diameter in the nanometer range. Nanopipettes made from standard quartz capillary tubes are known to detect single molecules which are labeled with gold nanoparticles. nanopipette gold quantum dot-entrapped poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer in which gold quantum dots are entrapped. gold quantum dot-entrapped poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticle NPO_551 NPO_274 Quality which exactly or approximately describes the external form or outline of something as distinct from its substance. shape The spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance. [source: NCI, WordNet] shape curium atom 96 NPO_513 curium atom An atom with atomic number 96. drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor Drug that crosses the tumor cell membrane and blocks the intracellular domain of a membrane receptor. drug directed against intracellular domain of membrane receptor NPO_161 nanoparticle surface modifying role Role of a surface modifying agent that is attached to the surface of a nanoparticle in a nanoparticle formulation. NPO_127 nanoparticle surface modifying role A functional group which has the structure R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, where R denotes any organic group. The group is characteristic of acyl azide compounds. acyl azide group NPO_405 The structure of an acyl azide is R-C(=O)-[N+]#N, in which an acyl group is bound to a diazonium group. acyl azide group An element with atomic number 32. germanium germanium NPO_164 carbohydrazide NPO_629 A carbohydrazide is a hyrazide derived from a carboxylic acid, and therefore has the structure R""-(C=O)-N(-R)-N(-R')-R", where R"" denotes an organic group. CHEBI:35363 carbohydrazide mass rate NPO_1310 The rate of change or movement in the mass (amount of matter) of a physical object. mass rate Drug that is directed to interfere with the activity of a protein located in the tumor cell cytoplasm drug directed against protein in cytoplasm NPO_496 drug directed against protein in cytoplasm CI clearance drug clearance The volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed per unit time NPO_1525 drug clearance Group 17 Element NPO_446 halogen Group 17 Element An element of Group 17 of the periodic table. prefix: hydroxy suffix: -ol hydroxyl group NPO_941 A functional group, in which an oxygen atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom, and has the structure -OH. The group is characteristic of an organic hydroxy molecule wherein it is attached to a carbon atom via a single covalent bond. hydroxy group CHEBI:43176 hydroxyl group chloro group chloro group NPO_758 A halo group in which the halogen atom is a chlorine atom. nanotube NCIT: C73455 A two-dimensional nanoparticle which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. NPO_126 nanotube CHEBI:24471 NPO_1084 halogen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a halogen (Group-17) element. halogen molecular entity A monoatomic anion which has ionic charge -4. monoatomic tetraanion NPO_1044 monoatomic tetraanion CHEBI:50086 NPO_163 simple protein A protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed. It does not contain a prosthetic group. [definition source]: http://www.thefreedictionary.com, L. G. Wade Jr. Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition simple protein NPO_497 An atom with atomic number 73. 73 tantalum atom tantalum atom unit of mass rate A measure of the change or movement of mass per unit time. NPO_1311 mass rate unit mass rate unit IC50 Concentration of a drug or inhibitor that is required to inhibit a biological process or a participant's activity in that process by half. NPO_1195 IC50 half maximal inhibitory concentration volume of distribution NPO_1524 The amount of drug in the body divided by its concentration in the blood. volume of distribution Vd An element with atomic number 41. NPO_558 niobium niobium CHEBI:36914 NPO_1032 An ion which is inorganic. inorganic ion inorganic ion nanofilm A one-dimensional nanostructure which is a thin layer of nanostructured material. nanofilm NPO_759 Actinide Actinide NPO_125 An inner transition element which is any element in the series of 15 radioactive metallic elements with atomic numbers 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium). Group 6 Element chromium group element An element of Group 6 of the periodic table. NPO_271 Group 6 Element boron atom 5 boron atom NPO_403 An atom with atomic number 5. kg/day kilograms per day kilogram per day NPO_1312 A unit of mass rate expressed as kilograms per day. kilogram per day krypton atom NPO_443 36 An atom with atomic number 36. krypton atom contrast agent in fluorescence imaging fluorescence imaging contrast agent NPO_166 An optical imaging contrast agent, which is fluorescent, and provides contrast in images captured using fluorescence imaging techniques. fluorescence imaging contrast agent indium atom indium atom NPO_557 An atom with atomic number 49. 49 NPO_1527 Cmax peak concentration The maximum concentration of an experimental substance or drug in the plasma or a target organ after dose administration. [source: NCI] Cmax maximum concentration NCIT:C70918 normal concentration normality NPO_1192 normality Concentration of a solution expressed in gram equivalents of solute per liter. NCIT:C2197 anti-adhesion agent anti-adhesion agent An antimetastic agent, which prevents metastasis by interfering with the aggregation of tumor cells. NPO_124 NPO_270 nanoshell A three-dimensional nanoparticle which is composed of a spherical core surrounded by a shell of a few nanometer in thickness. If the shell is made of metal particles, then it is called a metallic nanoshell (e.g. Gold nanoshell). nanoshell An atom with atomic number 39. yttrium atom 39 NPO_404 yttrium atom REX:0000290 NPO_1399 Spontaneous emission of radiation from an electronically or vibrationally excited species not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. luminescence luminescence An element with atomic number 81. NPO_495 thallium thallium NPO_583 CHEBI:35362 A hydrazide is an organic compound or molecule which is derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l ≠ 0) by replacing ‒OH by ‒N(-R)-N(-R')-R" (R,R',R" groups commonly denote H). hydrazide hydrazide MESH: D004791 enzyme antagonist enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibitor drug Antineoplastic agent, which binds to an enzyme and decreases or blocks the enzyme's activity by hindering the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor drug NPO_442 NCIT: C471 Only those enzyme inhibitors that are used as cancer drugs should be included under this class. block element NPO_555 An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy some orbital. block element zinc (2+) ion zinc (2+) ion A monoatomic dication of zinc. CHEBI:29105 NPO_1053 NPO_1075 tungsten (6+) ion A monoatomic hexacation of tungsten. CHEBI:49955 tungsten (6+) ion A first-order rate constant that determines the rate at which drugs are eliminated from the body. NPO_1526 elimination rate constant elimination rate constant kel NCIT:C67437 taxane-pocket binding agent Tubulin binding agent that binds to the taxane site of the beta-tubulin subunit, a region described as a binding pocket located within the middle domain and corresponding to an approximate residue sequence of 217-231. Specifically, these agents bind to a cysteine residue within the pocket, which is also the binding site for GTP. Agents binding at the taxane site promote the polymerization of dimers to form a very rigid and stable microtubule structure which is not readily disassembled. Interfering with microtubule dynamics, these agents inhibit the normal turnover process essential during mitosis, thereby causing cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. [source: NCIT] NPO_556 taxane-pocket binding agent Concentration, which is the amount of cells in a medium. NPO_1193 cell concentration cell concentration fluorobenzene derivative An aryl halide derived from fluorobenzene. fluorobenzene derivative NPO_441 movement quality NPO_1313 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its participation in movement. movement quality PATO:0001906 chromium atom 24 An atom with atomic number 24. chromium atom NPO_934 CHEBI:52254 apatite apatite A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl. NPO_1565 tungsten atom 74 tungsten atom An atom with atomic number 74. NPO_492 NPO_829 micelle A supramolecular structure which is an aggregate of amphiphilic molecules in a polar solvent. micelle UO:0000174 kilogram per liter kilogram per liter NPO_1272 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in kilograms divided by the volume in liters. kg/L kilograms per liter lithium atom An atom with atomic number 3. lithium atom NPO_400 3 oxaliplatin anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix oxaliplatin CHEBI:31941 NPO_749 NCIT:C1181 A platinum compound in which the platinum atom is complexed with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) and with an oxalate bidentate ligand. imidoester compound An imidoester compound is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of an imidoester group. It has the structure R-C(=[NH2]+)-O-CH3, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_340 imidoester compound molarity molar concentration molarity NPO_1190 The number of moles of a solute dissolved in a liter of solution. bioavailability bioavailability NPO_1529 Fraction of the administered dose which reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. GO:0030331 NPO_575 estrogen receptor binding Interacting selectively with an estrogen receptor. estrogen receptor binding molar volume unit molar volume unit UO:0000056 unit of molar volume NPO_1260 A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. NPO_1096 antimony molecular entity CHEBI:36919 antimony molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of antimony. MESH:D048271 NPO_721 A linear polysaccharide of deacetylated beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; deacetylated chitin. chitosan chitosan NCIT:C2120 An anti-adhesion agent, which inhibits lectin, a protein that binds carbohydrate on cell surfaces and causes cell agglutination. NPO_440 lectin inhibitor lectin inhibitor receptor NCIT:C18106 A protein that is located on the cell surface, or in the cytoplasm, and which binds to, or responds to, a ligand with high specificity. [based on source: UniProtKB] NPO_493 receptor NPO_935 27 cobalt atom An atom with atomic number 27. cobalt atom mendelevium NPO_167 mendelevium An element with atomic number 101. gadolinium An element with atomic number 64. NPO_380 gadolinium electrophoretic mobility electrophoretic mobility NPO_1315 Mobility of a charged particle in electrophoresis, measured as the rate of migration (usually in cm/s) per unit electric field strength (usually V/cm) of the charged particle. A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). NPO_1566 hydroxyapatite hydroxylapatite CHEBI:52255 hydroxyapatite cyanate A cyanate is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a cyanate group. It has the structure R-O-C#N, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_402 cyanate A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in milliliter. NPO_1265 gram per milliliter gram per milliliter UO:0000173 g/mL grams per milliliter Cys cysteine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-SH)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:15356 NPO_384 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid cysteine gold nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of gold element. NPO_401 Au nanoparticle gold nanoparticle beryllium atom beryllium atom NPO_869 4 An atom with atomic number 4. molality NPO_1191 The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent. molality molal concentration A functional group which has the structure N#C-O-. The group is characteristic of a cyanate molecule wherein it is attached to an organic group via a single covalent bond. cyanate group NPO_720 cyanate group threonine Thr An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(OH)-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. NPO_913 threonine CHEBI:26986 Tmax NPO_1528 The length of time it takes to reach the maximum concentration (Cmax) of an exogenous compound or drug in the plasma or a tissue after a dose is administered.[source: NCI] Tmax NCIT:C70919 time to peak concentation time to maximum concentration coating agent surface modifying agent nanoparticle surface modifying agent NPO_827 A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation, which is there to modify the nanoparticle's surface properties like surface charge or surface hydrophilicity; or 2) to which other molecular entities can be attached for facilitating linkage between the molecular entities and the nanoparticle. CHEBI:36916 cation NPO_1029 cation An ion which is positively charged. ytterbium NPO_932 An element with atomic number 70. ytterbium A realizable entity that inheres in a material entity and indicates that the bearer has the ability to produce or elicit an immune response. NPO_490 immunogenic immunogenic CHEBI:17102 phosphoramide phosphoramide NPO_116 A phosphoramide is an amide characterized by the presence of a phosphoramide group. It has the structure R-P(=O)-NH2, R-P(=O)-NH-R' or R-P(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" denote organic groups. An element with atomic number 17. chlorine chlorine NPO_129 Nanotechnology involves the application of scientific knowledge from multidisciplinary fields of science and engineering, towards understanding, manipulating and controlling the properties of matter at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) size dimensions. nanoparticle formulation A nanomaterial which is a particulate, chemical substance that is formulated systematically using nanotechnology, and it contains nanoparticles and active chemical components / ingredients (molecular structures) . NPO_868 nanoparticle formulation CHEBI:36915 inorganic cation inorganic cation NPO_1042 A cation which is inorganic. CHEBI:33696 NPO_1001 A polynucleotide which is present in living cells. nucleic acid nucleic acid Interacting selectively with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [source: GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732] NPO_780 receptor binding receptor binding GO:0005102 iodine iodine An element with atomic number 53. NPO_169 NPO_933 krypton An element with atomic number 36. krypton polonium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of polonium. NPO_1103 CHEBI:36917 polonium molecular entity unit of electrophoretic mobility NPO_1317 A unit of measure of electrophoretic mobility. unit of electrophoretic mobility An intramolecular interaction between positive and negative ions which are formed by the transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another atom. ionic bonding ionic bonding NPO_491 iodoacetyl group An iodoacetyl group is an organic group which has the structure -C(=O)-CH2-I. The group is characteristic of an iodoacetyl molecule in which it is attached either to a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom via single covalent bond. NPO_128 iodoacetyl group A qualitative measure of polydispersity, inhering in a collection of particles that are of different sizes. polydisperse NPO_867 polydisperse UO:0000055 A unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a homogeneous substance containing 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules. NPO_1184 molar mass unit molar mass unit unit of molar mass CHEBI:33697 RNA ribonucleic acid NPO_1003 A nucleic acid which is a derivative of DNA having ribose in place of deoxyribose, and uracil in place of thymine. ribonucleic acid A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M. nanomolar NPO_1210 nanomolar UO:0000065 nM optical quality NPO_1386 An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. optical quality PATO:0001300 CHEBI:22660 Asp NPO_853 aspartic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH aspartic acid 2-aminobutanedioic acid CHEBI:22928 NPO_1089 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bromine. bromine molecular entity bromine molecular entity CHEBI:24834 inorganic anion An anion which is inorganic. NPO_1036 inorganic anion acidic pH pH of value between 0 and 7. acidic pH NPO_1200 An atom with atomic number 6. 6 carbon atom carbon atom NPO_877 A dipole-dipole interaction between a polar molecule and a non-polar molecule due to attraction between permanent dipole on the polar molecule and temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule; the temporary dipole on the non-polar molecule is induced by the permanent dipole on the polar molecule. dipole-induced dipole interaction NPO_343 It occurs when a non-polar molecule dissolves in a polar or a dipolar solvent under the assumption that the solute dissolves because the attractive force between the solvent and solute are stronger than the intermolecular forces, holding the non-polar solute molecules together. dipole-induced dipole interaction gram gram NPO_1180 A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg. g UO:0000021 % (v/v) percent volume NCIT:C48571 UO:0000165 volume percentage percent volume/volume percent volume per volume % vol percent volume per volume NPO_1325 A percentage unit concentration which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution. CHEBI:29033 A monoatomic dication of iron. NPO_1057 iron (2+) ion iron (2+) ion silicon nanotube A nanotube which consists of one or more sheets of hexagonal arrays of silicon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. NPO_762 silicon nanotube NPO_713 homobifunctional crosslinker A crosslinker which has two identical reactive ends connected by a carbon chain spacer and are used mostly to crosslink molecules or parts of molecules in a one-step chemical crosslinking procedure. homobifunctional crosslinker sulfur molecular entity NPO_1101 sulfur molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of sulfur. CHEBI:26835 GO:0006350 transcription The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. [source: ISBN:0198506732] transcription NPO_1015 micromolar NPO_1209 A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M. µM UO:0000064 micromolar NPO_882 biopolymer CHEBI:33694 biopolymer A polymer formed by living organisms. biomacromolecule MESH: D001704 aryl halide group A functional group which consists of an aromatic ring bonded to one or more halogen atoms. NPO_344 aryl halide group NPO_878 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by visible light. stimulus of visible light stimulus of visible light NPO_1318 square centimeter per volt per second cm^[2]/(V s) A unit of electrophoretic mobility of a charged particle moving with a velocity of 1cm/s in an electric field of strength equal to 1 volt/s. square centimeter per volt per second cadmium atom An atom with atomic number 48. NPO_761 cadmium atom 48 UO:0000166 parts per notation parts per notation NPO_1319 A dimensionless concentration notation which describes the amount of one substance in another. iron (3+) ion NPO_1069 CHEBI:29034 iron (3+) ion A monoatomic trication of iron. labeling molecule A molecular entity which is used to label a material entity for purposes of identification or detection. NPO_1602 labeling molecule molecular label CHEBI:33620 aluminum molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of aluminum. NPO_1105 aluminum molecular entity millimolar mM UO:0000063 A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M. millimolar NPO_1208 molecular weight characterization A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the molecular weight of a molecular entity. NPO_1359 molecular weight characterization NPO_1635 down-regulation of cell adhesion An inhibition which involves interference with, or restraint of, the activities of biologic molecules, biologic complexes, or subcellular components that promote the adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NCIT definition] negative regulation of cell adhesion GO:0007162 A process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. down regulation of cell adhesion inhibition of cell adhesion NCIT:C40708 downregulation of cell adhesion negative regulation of cell adhesion cell adhesion inhibition alkaline earth metal cation CHEBI:33513 alkaline earth metal cation NPO_1077 A monatomic cation of an alkaline earth metal. CHEBI:33693 oxygen hydride NPO_1560 A hydride containing one or more oxygen atoms. oxygen hydride zirconium atom zirconium atom NPO_341 An atom with atomic number 40. 40 An element with atomic number 40. NPO_765 zirconium zirconium CHEBI:22323 alkyl group NPO_931 A hydrocarbyl group which is derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom. Alkyl group is a substituent group from alkane. alkyl group radium An element with atomic number 88. NPO_651 radium NPO_764 organic molecule organic compound A compound or molecule, in which carbon is the principal element. organic compound or molecule organic compound or molecule melphalan anticancer drug that induces breakage of DNA helix melphalan NPO_874 NCIT:C633 An L-phenylalanine nitrogen mustard. serine 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2-OH)-C(OH)=OH. CHEBI:17822 serine Ser NPO_494 NCIT:C48528 A percentage unit of concentration which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. percent mass per mass mass percentage percent mass per mass UO:0000163 w/w % weight-weight percentage NPO_1324 percent weight/weight % w/w percent weight per weight A labeling molecule or substance that is used to stain and color other material entities. NPO_1603 dye dye nanobud NPO_711 nanobud A nanostructure which is formed by the combination of single-walled carbon nanotubes and fullerenes wherein the fullerenes are covalently bonded to the outer surface of the nanotubes. [definition source]: Nasibulin, A. G., Peter. V. Pikhitsa, Hua. Jiang, David. P. Brown, A. V. Krasheninnikov, Anton S. Anisimov, Paula Queipo, Anna Moisala, David Gonzalez, Gunther Lientschnig, Abdou Hassanien, Sergey D. Shandakov, Giulio Lolli, Daniel E. Resasco, Mansoo Choi, David Tománek, and Esko I. Kauppinen "A Novel Hybrid Carbon Nanomaterial". Nature Nanotechnology 2(3), 156-161 (2007). A type of characterization, which is performed to determine a property/quality that indicates the behavior of a material entity in vivo. NPO_1358 in vivo characterization in vivo characterization molar A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). molar NPO_1207 UO:0000062 M radiation quality A quality that inheres in an object by virtue of how that object interacts with radiation. NPO_1381 radiation quality PATO:0001739 dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor Enzyme inhibitor that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase by interfering with the conversion of Dihydrofolate to Tetrahydrofolate, causing inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis and protein synthesis. NPO_876 dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor NCIT:C2153 high pressure liquid chromatography NPO_1462 HPLC FIX:0000630 A liquid chromatography technique in which the sample is forced by a liquid (mobile phase) at high pressure, through a column that is packed with a solid stationary phase. high performance liquid chromatography high pressure liquid chromatography NCIT: C16434 [definition based on source]:http://www.cycfoundation.org, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, NCI An ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. The circle is a closed curve that is the path, traced by a point moving in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point (the circle's center) is a constant. circle circle NPO_342 circular circular shape hydride NPO_1148 hydride CHEBI:33692 A chemical compound of hydrogen with other chemical elements. water-dispersible NPO_763 A realizable entity inhering in particles (e.g, nanoparticles), which gives the bearer the ability to disperse in an aqueous medium. water-dispersible NPO_1326 percent mass per volume weight-volume percentage percent weight per volume % w/v NCIT:C48527 A percentage unit concentration which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. UO:0000164 percent mass per volume mass volume percentage NPO_650 succinimidyl carbonate compound An organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a succinimidyl carbonate group. succinimidyl carbonate compound A dye which has the property to shine or glow brightly due to fluorescence. fluorescent dye fluorescent dye NPO_1604 An atom with atomic number 15. 15 NPO_710 phosphorus atom phosphorus atom toxicology study Pharmacological study of the toxicity effects of a drug or drug-containing material. NPO_1520 toxicology study stimulus of ultraviolet light stimulus of ultraviolet light NPO_767 An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by ultraviolet light. parts per million A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as long as they are the same or 1 part in 10^[6]. NPO_1321 parts per million ppm UO:0000169 An element of Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). alkali earth metal alkaline earth metal NPO_121 alkali earth metal UO:0000061 NPO_1187 unit of molarity unit of molarity A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given substance per liter of solution. external stimulus for nanoparticle function A stimulus for nanoparticle function, which originates from a source that is outside of the the medium in which the nanoparticle is located. NPO_717 external stimulus for nanoparticle function NPO_348 An element with atomic number 62. samarium samarium 98 californium atom NPO_872 An atom with atomic number 98. californium atom differential interference contrast microscopy An optical microscopy based on the use of differential interference contrast microscope. differential interference contrast microscopy NPO_1456 unit of velocity unit of speed UO:0000060 unit of velocity NPO_1328 A standard measure of the rate of movement. Speed is measured in the same physical units of measurement as velocity, but does not contain the element of direction that velocity has. Speed is thus the magnitude component of velocity. charge-dipole interaction NPO_766 An intermolecular interaction between an ion and a polar molecule by virtue of an attraction between the ionic charge and a permanent dipole on the polar molecule. charge-dipole interaction the polar molecule has permanent molecular dipole moment. pharmacokinetic property pharmacokinetic property NPO_1521 A property that is characteristic of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug by the body. nanorod [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: Nanoscale structures that are shaped like long dowels. The structures have a diameter that is measured in the nanoscale with an extended length parameter. NCIT: C62373 A two-dimensional nanoparticle which is shaped like a long dowel and has diameter measured in the nanoscale. NPO_122 nanorod PATO:0000033 concentration NPO_1167 concentration A physical quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of it there is mixed with another substance. differential interference contrast microscope NPO_1455 An optical microscope which generates contrast within the specimen by exploiting phase differences between a specimen (sample) light ray and a reference ray. The sample and reference rays are created after the ray traverses, and is phase-distorted by, the sample. The phased ray then is split into two equally phased, but spatially separated ("sheared") rays by the action of a Wollaston prism. Finally, the ray-pairs pass through a polarizing filter where they are vibrationally recombined and interact at the image plane. It is the wave interference of these two rays that creates contrast. differential interference contrast microscope DIC microscope DIC microscope is based on interferometry, which is the technique of superposing (interfering) two or more waves, to detect differences between them. In interferometry, a single ray of light is split into two rays, one traversing and the other missing the specimen but interacting with the background. The rays are then recombined at the image plane, where wave interference may occur. Image contrast can be modified by altering the phase difference between the reference and specimen rays. [source: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] thorium atom An atom with atomic number 90. thorium atom 90 NPO_716 UO:0000024 ng nanogram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g. NPO_1183 nanogram An antineoplastic agent, which prevents or impairs tumor metastasis. NPO_873 antimetastatic agent NCIT:C2196 antimetastatic agent osmium atom NPO_349 osmium atom 76 An atom with atomic number 76. A functional group which consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms in the form of a 3-membered saturated ring structure; it has the structure C1-C-N1. And the group is characteristic of any aziridine derivative. aziridine group NPO_345 aziridine group NCIT:C70915 NPO_1522 biological half life The time required for half of an exogenous substance to be removed from either the plasma or whole or part of the body. elimination half life elimination half life anthracycline CHEBI:48120 anthracycline A polyketide which has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine. NPO_539 The synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA. NPO_840 DNA-dependent transcription GO:0006351 DNA-dependent transcription A nanoparticle response to ultrasound, which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. NPO_715 drug release from nanoparticle in response to ultrasound drug release from nanoparticle in response to ultrasound MESH:D011108 A polymer is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. polymer molecule macromolecule polymer NPO_364 polymer [definition source]: CHEBI CHEBI:33839 NCIT: C62387 single-walled nanohorn single-walled nanohorn NPO_870 A nanohorn that is comprised of a single layer of graphitic carbon and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. One of the primary characteristics of carbon nanohorns is their ability to aggregate. This aggregation is advantageous because of the resulting enhanced permeability in both gases and liquids. [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus A metal which is any of the following elements: aluminium, bismuth, gallium, indium, lead, hallium, tin. other metal other metal NPO_459 poor metal µg UO:0000023 microgram NPO_1182 A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g. microgram NPO_120 polar aminoacid An aminoacid which is polar in nature. polar aminoacid A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1000 regardless of the units of measure as long as they are the same. parts per thousand NPO_1322 ppth UO:0000168 parts per thousand NCIT:C62343 nanopore NPO_768 nanopore A material site which is a nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A nanoscale cavity or channel confined within a membrane or solid matter. AUC area under curve area under the plasma concentration time curve area under the plasma concentration time curve The area under the curve in a plot of concentration of a drug in plasma against time NPO_1523 periodic table element periodic table element NPO_714 An element of the periodic table of elements. chromium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of chromium. NPO_1126 CHEBI:23237 chromium molecular entity Magnetic property exhibited in a material only when the material is kept in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field, and the magnetism disappears when the magnetic field is removed. The magnetic moments of the atoms are not aligned, and the behavior causes the material to be attracted to external magnetic fields. This behavior exists only above the Curie or Neel Temperature. paramagnetic paramagnetic NPO_498 A fluorescent silica nanoparticle which has a core-shell structure. fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticle NPO_1562 fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticle Period 4 Element An element in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 4 Element NPO_871 rubidium atom NPO_347 An atom with atomic number 37. 37 rubidium atom mg UO:0000022 milligram milligram NPO_1181 A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g. germanium atom NPO_609 32 germanium atom An atom with atomic number 32. NPO_981 An element with atomic number 71. lutetium lutetium A two-dimensional nanoparticle which resembles a fullerene-like nanostructure and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. NPO_457 nanohorn nanohorn [NCI_Thesaurus definition]: A fullerene-like nanostructure that consists of graphene cylinders and exhibits an irregular horn-like shape. NCIT: C62386 imine linkage between primary amine and aldehyde An imine linkage which is formed between a primary amine and an aldehyde, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. imine linkage between primary amine and aldehyde NPO_507 down-regulation of angiogenesis down regulation of angiogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. NPO_1646 angiogenesis inhibition negative regulation of angiogenesis downregulation of angiogenesis negative regulation of angiogenesis GO:0016525 inhibition of angiogenesis high resolution transmission electron microscope HRTEM A transmission electron microscope which operates at an imaging mode that allows the imaging of the crystallographic structure of a sample at an atomic scale. In this mode, the transmitted and the diffracted beams of electrons are allowed to interfere to produce phase-contrast images. NPO_1452 high resolution transmission electron microscope [definition source]: http://en.wikipedia.org sodium sodium NPO_907 An element with atomic number 11. A group is a defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity. group NPO_303 group CHEBI:24433 up regulation of DNA replication activation of DNA replication stimulation of DNA replication positive regulation of DNA replication upregulation of DNA replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. up-regulation of DNA replication GO:0045740 NPO_1648 positive regulation of DNA replication amino group NPO_696 amine group A functional group which is formally derived by the removal of one or more hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2 or -NH- or -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of an amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. amine group 16 An atom with atomic number 16. NPO_658 sufur atom sufur atom An assay which is used to test or analyse the biological activity of a substance, and which is performed by studying its effect on an organism or in a test tube under controlled conditions. bioassay NPO_1411 bioassay UO:0000029 µs A time unit which is equal to one millionth of a second or 10^[-6] s. NPO_1278 microsecond microsecond carbamate linkage carbamate ester linkage carbamate ester linkage NPO_456 A covalent linkage where a carbamate ester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. 70 ytterbium atom NPO_458 ytterbium atom An atom with atomic number 70. CHEBI:25806 oxygen molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of oxygen. NPO_1099 oxygen molecular entity titanium molecular entity NPO_1142 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of titanium. titanium molecular entity CHEBI:37217 anabolism biosynthesis GO:0009058 biosynthetic process NPO_1005 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. [source: GOC:curators, ISBN:0198547684] NPO_1451 high resolution transmission electron microscopy A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of high resolution transmission electron microscope. high resolution transmission electron microscopy An assay for evaluating the physical properties of a sample. NPO_1412 physical assay physical assay An element with atomic number 58. NPO_697 cerium cerium isothiourea linkage NPO_231 A covalent linkage where an isothiourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. isothiourea linkage ms UO:0000028 millisecond A time unit which is equal to one thousandth of a second or 10^[-3] s. NPO_1277 millisecond NPO_505 An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is a fluorine atom. acyl fluoride group acyl fluoride group CHEBI:37218 zirconium molecular entity NPO_1143 zirconium molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of zirconium. liposome vesicle A supramolecular structure which is a closed vesicle that forms on hydration of dry phospholipids above its transition temperature. NPO_719 liposome liposome NPO_1038 An anion which consists of more than one atom. polyatomic anion polyatomic anion CHEBI:33273 The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. folic acid metabolic process GO:0046655 folic acid metabolism folate metabolism folate metabolic process NPO_1629 folic acid metabolic process A nanotube which consists of one or more graphite sheets (graphene) of hexagonal arrays of carbon rolled into seamless cylinders with capped ends. carbon nanotube NPO_606 carbon nanotube NPO_1109 silicon molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of silicon. CHEBI:26677 silicon molecular entity scanning transmission electron microscopy A transmission electron microscopy technique based on the use of scanning transmission electron microscope. NPO_1454 scanning transmission electron microscopy A nanoparticle loaded with tamoxifen. NPO_699 tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticle tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticle molecular structure CHEBI:24431 A quality inhering in a molecular entity or part thereof, by virtue of its chemical composition and/or connectivity between its constituent atoms; or a complex composition of other molecular entities. NPO_392 molecular structure sound quality PATO:0001519 A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of vibration, as perceived by the sense of hearing. NPO_1349 sound quality 3-D nanoparticle three-dimensional nanoparticle A three-dimensional nanostructure which is a nanoparticle. three-dimensional nanoparticle NPO_905 A monoatomic dication of europium. europium (2+) ion europium (2+) ion NPO_1058 CHEBI:49588 DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity GO:0003918 Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2. NPO_450 DNA topoisomerase type II activity DNA topoisomerase type II activity NPO_1413 nanoparticle characterization characterization of nanoparticle Characterization of nanoparticles or nanoparticle formulations. nanoparticle characterization A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 microliter. cells per microliter NPO_1206 cells per microliter NCIT:C67242 cells per µL GO:0006355 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. NPO_1650 regulation of DNA-dependent transcription regulation of DNA-dependent transcription A temperature unit on the Celsius scale based on which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees Celsius and the boiling point is 100 degree Celsius at standard conditions. Celsius scale has its zero at 273.15 K. degree celsius UO:0000027 degree celsius NPO_1289 rutherfordium atom NPO_980 An atom with atomic number 104. rutherfordium atom 104 s-block element An element of the periodic table for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital. NPO_718 s-block element thioether linkage A covalent linkage where a thioether group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. thioether linkage NPO_504 CHEBI:37196 NPO_1098 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of bismuth. bismuth molecular entity bismuth molecular entity arylamine linkage between primary amine and fluorobenzene derivative An arylamine linkage which is formed between a primary amine and a fluorobenzene derivative, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_389 arylamine linkage between primary amine and fluorobenzene derivative tumor targeting NPO_605 The process of directing a molecule or a particle to a specific location in a tumor. tumor targeting STEM scanning transmission electron microscope NPO_1453 scanning transmission electron microscope A transmission electron microscope with which a beam of electrons pass through the specimen, where the beam is focused into a narrow spot that is scanned over the sample specimen in a raster. emulsifier NPO_1414 A compound or substance used for stabilizing an emulsion. emulsifier emulsifying agent NPO_455 palladium palladium An element with atomic number 46. folate receptor mediated endocytosis folate receptor mediated endocytosis NPO_904 Receptor mediated endocytosis, which is the process by which cells internalize folate molecules that specifically bind to folate receptors. UO:0000201 cells per mL cells per milliliter NPO_1205 cells per milliliter A unit of cell concentration which is equal to one cell in a volume of 1 milliliter. NPO_750 carbonyl group A functional group which has the structure -C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of a carbonyl compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via single covalent bonds. carbonyl group CHEBI:23019 75 NPO_604 An atom with atomic number 75. rhenium atom rhenium atom A labeling role played by a molecular entity when it is used for dyeing another material entity. NPO_1605 dye role dye role stimulus of pH change NPO_653 An internal stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by a change in pH of the medium. stimulus of pH change NPO_1569 gadolinium-loaded nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is loaded with gadolinium ions. gadolinium-loaded nanoparticle The process in which material entities (e.g., nanoparticles) are targeted to tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells, with the help of molecular agents (conjugated to the material entities) that recognize and bind to specific biological molecules at the target location. NPO_903 active targeting active targeting CHEBI:26082 phosphorus molecular entity phosphorus molecular entity NPO_1095 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of phosphorus. carbamate ester group NPO_986 A functional group which contains a carboxylic ester bound to a primary or secondary or tertiary amine group. The group is characteristic of a carbamate ester compound. carbamate ester group NPO_1204 isoelectric point The pH at which a particular molecule or surface carries no net electrical charge. isoelectric point in vitro characterization NPO_1357 A type of characterization, which is performed to determine a property/quality that indicates the behavior of a material entity in vitro. in vitro characterization terpenoid CHEBI:26873 Any natural product and related compound formally derived from isoprene units. They may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the same manner as are terpenes. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. terpenoid NPO_381 target A material entity which is targeted by another material entity during the process of targeting. NPO_1606 target thorium NPO_652 thorium An element with atomic number 90. hydroxyapatite nanoparticle hydroxyapatite nanoparticle NPO_1568 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of hydroxyapatite. physicochemical characterization A type of characterization, which is performed to determine the physicochemical (material and structural) properties of an object. physicochemical characterization NPO_1356 gold nanocantilever A nanocantilever which is composed of gold. NPO_453 gold nanocantilever A covalent linkage where a disulfide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_987 disulfide linkage disulfide linkage targeting targeting The process of directing a material entity to another material entity at a specific location. NPO_1607 Interacting selectively with a receptor for hormones. [source: GOC:ai] hormone receptor binding NPO_499 GO:0051427 hormone receptor binding unit of cell concentration NPO_1194 unit of cell concentration A concentration unit which denotes the average cell number in a given volume. UO:0000200 A chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. CHEBI:25741 NPO_1147 oxide oxide NPO_1203 A qualitative measure of acidity in the acidic pH range. acidic acidic NPO_540 Ala CHEBI:16449 alanine alanine 2-aminopropanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH3)-C(OH)=OH. carbon nanofiber carbon nanofiber NPO_602 A nanofiber which is composed of graphene layers arranged as stacked cones, cups or plates. Carbon nanofibers with graphene layers wrapped into perfect cylinders are called carbon nanotubes. NPO_1398 emission Radioactive deactivation of an excited state of a material entity by which energy is transferred from the material entity to an electromagnetic field. emission REX:0000303 Drug that is directed to affect the tumor endothelial cells. anticancer drug directed against endothelium NPO_509 anticancer drug directed against endothelium amine-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker NPO_983 A heterobifunctional crosslinker, which has an amine-reactive group at one end and a sulfhydryl-reactive group at the other end. amine-reactive and sulfhydryl-reactive crosslinker A material fiat part which is a material layer surrounding the core part [npo:NPO_1617]. NPO_760 shell shell emulsifying role NPO_1608 emulsifying role An agent role which inheres in a molecule or compound that causes the stabilization of or formation of an emulsion during the process of emulsification. An experiment performed to determine the distinctive characteristics (property / behavior) or essential features of a material entity. NPO_1355 characterization characterization An element in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Period 5 Element Period 5 Element NPO_656 alkaline alkaline A qualitative measure of acidity in the basic pH range. NPO_1202 basic An element with atomic number 2. helium helium NPO_901 scandium group element Group 3 Element An element of Group 3 of the periodic table. NPO_694 Group 3 Element CHEBI:33338 aryl group NPO_826 aryl group A hydrocarbyl group which is derived from an arene by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. gel gel NPO_601 A colloid, which is a semi-solid or jelly like material formed by the coagulation of a colloidal liquid. An amine group which is formally derived by the removal of three hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -N(-)-. The group is characteristic of a tertiary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. tertiary amine group NPO_508 tertiary amine group NPO_654 einsteinium atom An atom with atomic number 99. 99 einsteinium atom temperature-sensitive A disposition inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in temperature. temperature-sensitive NPO_985 emulsification A process in which two immiscible liquids are mixed to form an emulsion. NPO_1609 emulsification intermolecular interaction NPO_655 intermolecular interaction An attractive non-covalent interaction between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules. inorganic molecular entity CHEBI:24835 inorganic molecular entity NPO_1027 A molecular entity which contains no carbon. pH of value equal to 7. NPO_1201 neutral pH neutral pH in vivo bioassay in vivo assay NPO_1410 A bioassay conducted inside the body of a living organism. in vivo assay thioester linkage NPO_451 A covalent linkage where a thioester group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. thioester linkage dendrimer end group 1 terminal group NPO_695 dendrimer end group A molecular component which is a functional group that is part of a dendrimer and it is located at the surface of a dendrimer. A ketone which is a natural compound containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('β-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A); or another compound derived from it by further condensations. NPO_789 polyketide polyketide CHEBI:26188 sample A substance which is a small representative portion of a whole material entity. NPO_1487 sample bromine NPO_989 bromine An element with atomic number 35. MRI contrast agent CHEBI:37335 A contrast agent, which has magnetic properties and provides contrast in images captured using MRI. MRI contrast agent contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging NPO_581 An atom with atomic number 55. 55 caesium atom caesium atom NPO_209 NCIT:C25760 DNA binding agent that is able to covalently bind to DNA causing inter- or intra-stranded cross-linking of DNA. The cross-linking results in misreading of the DNA code and inhibition of DNA synthesis. DNA crosslinking agent NPO_620 DNA crosslinking agent alkanoyl group CHEBI:22221 acyl group NPO_302 A functional group which is derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid. It has the structure R-C(=O)-, where R denotes an organic substituent from the oxoacid. acyl group fluorescein isothiocyanate NPO_134 CHEBI:37926 fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC An organic compound which is derived from fluorescein by replacing a hydrogen atom of the benzene ring (the one that does not contain the hydroxyl groups), with an amine-reactive isothiocyanate group. FIX:0000053 chromatography [definition adapted from NCIT, WordNet, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/chromatography] A separation technique for separation of mixtures, in which a mixture dissolved in a mobile liquid or gas medium, is passed hrough a stationary adsorbing medium to separate the components based on differential affinities of the components for the mobile medium and for the stationary medium. NPO_1458 chromatography sol NPO_835 sol A colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid.[source: WordNet 2008] NCIT:C73489 selenium selenium An element with atomic number 34. NPO_948 A nanoparticle formulation which exists as an emulsion and contains nanoparticles as the dispersed phase. nanoemulsion NPO_393 nanoemulsion NCIT: C62369 sample composition NPO_1488 sample composition Composition of a sample. radioactive imaging agent CHEBI:37336 radioactive imaging agent NPO_361 A contrast agent, which provides contrast in images captured using radioactive imaging techniques. A thioether linkage which occurs between a thiol and an aziridine derivative, through the covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_988 thioether linkage between thiol and aziridine derivative thioether linkage between thiol and aziridine derivative An element with atomic number 14. NPO_439 silicon silicon dendrimer repeat unit A molecule component in dendrimer which repeats to form the branches of a dendrimer. NPO_621 dendrimer repeat unit inhibition of protein kinase activity NPO_1660 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of protein kinase inhibition of protein kinase activity hassium atom hassium atom An atom with atomic number 108. 108 NPO_622 CHEBI:25213 NPO_1052 A monoatomic cation of a metal. metal cation metal cation imide group NPO_394 An amide group which has the structure -C(=O)-N(-[*])-C(=O)-. The group is characteristic of an imide compound. imide group biodegradable nanoparticle biodegradable nanoparticle NPO_836 A nanoparticle which has a biodegradable property. A continuant [snap:Continuant] that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. Synonyms: property, trope, mode Examples: the mass of a cloud, the smell of mozzarella, the liquidity of blood, the color of a tomato, the disposition of fish to decay, the role of being a doctor, the function of the heart in the body: to pump blood, to receive de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, etc. specifically_dependent_continuant NPO_1601 specifically dependent continuant snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant A nanoparticle which has a coating agent composed of dextran. NPO_949 dextran-coated nanoparticle dextran-coated nanoparticle NPO_249 An element with atomic number 12. magnesium magnesium NCIT:C64352 rod rod shape rod NPO_461 A cylinder with height greater than the cross-sectional diameter. sample preparation A process which is the synthesis or preparation of a sample for analysis, testing or characterization. NPO_1489 sample preparation assay A technique which is used to 1) analyze or measure (qualitatively/quantitatively) the composition and property of a substance; or, 2) to analyze a process or activity. assay NPO_1408 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0050789 regulation of biological process regulation of physiological process regulation of biological process NPO_1637 protein NPO_982 A biopolymer which is genetically encoded, the structure of which essentially consists of long chains of amino acid residues (derived from alpha aminoacids) connected by peptide bonds and have distinct and varied three-dimensional structures, usually containing alpha helices and beta sheets as well as looping and folded chains. CHEBI:36080 protein NCIT:C15958 in vitro bioassay in vitro assay A bioassay conducted in an artificial environment (e.g., test tube) outside the body of a living organism, under controlled conditions. NPO_1409 in vitro assay NPO_395 drug-loaded nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is loaded with a drug. drug-loaded nanoparticle An atom with atomic number 7. nitrogen atom nitrogen atom NPO_623 7 A passive targeting process, which results in the accumulation of particulate substances in angiogenic tumors due to enhanced permeability of particles across leaky tumor endothelium and retention of the particles inside the tumor due to its defective lymphatic drainage system. [definition source]: Y. Matsumur and H. Maeda, A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent Smancs, Cancer Research, 46, 6387-6392 (1986). enhanced permeability and retention effect enhanced permeability and retention effect NPO_837 EPR targeting of cancer cells via EPR diagnostic imaging agent NCIT:C1966 CHEBI:37334 A molecular entity which is used to enhance image formation of biological structures and functions for the detection and diagnosis of disease. NPO_681 diagnostic imaging agent image enhancement agent upregulation of mitosis NPO_1639 GO:0045840 positive regulation of mitosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. stimulation of mitosis activation of mitosis up-regulation of mitosis up regulation of mitosis positive regulation of mitosis folic acid inhibitor NCIT: C511 folic acid antagonist NPO_460 folate antagonist folate inhibitor antifolate folate antagonist Antineoplastic antimetabolite which interferes with folic acid metabolism by inhibiting one or more folate-dependent enzymes, resulting in decreased DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. It has a chemical structure similar to folic acid, a key component in cell proliferation, A polyatomic entity which consists of a single element. homoatomic molecular entity homoatomic molecular entity NPO_1025 NPO_1407 experiment A scientific procedure which is a process of conducting a test under controlled conditions to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact. experiment polynucleotide A biopolymer composed of nucleotide monomers which are covalently bonded in a long chain. NPO_1000 CHEBI:15986 polynucleotide 103 NPO_396 An atom with atomic number 103. lawrencium atom lawrencium atom tantalum NPO_288 tantalum An element with atomic number 73. method procedure A process which is an established way of doing something. NPO_1406 procedure role of a target target role NPO_830 Role played by a material entity that serves as the target for a targeting agent in a targeting process. target role 87 francium atom NPO_205 An atom with atomic number 87. francium atom outer hydrophilic surface of liposome outer hydrophilic surface of liposome Outer surface of a liposome vesicle, formed by the polar head groups of lipid molecules that compose the lipid bilayer. NPO_245 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of tin. tin molecular entity NPO_1110 CHEBI:27008 tin molecular entity MRI magnetic resonance imaging A non-invasive imaging method of creating images of internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. MeSH:D008279 NCIT:C16809 magnetic resonance imaging NPO_1483 [definition: adapted from MeSH] magnetic nanoparticle NPO_1370 magnetic nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has magnetic property. lactic acid alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid 2-hydroxypropanoic acid lactic acid CHEBI:28358 An organic compound which has the formula CH3CH(OH)C(OH)=O. NPO_1557 A biopolymer which consists of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. [definition source]: CHEBI polysaccharide glycan NPO_912 CHEBI:18154 This term is commonly used only for those polysaccharides that contain more than ten monosaccharide residues. polysaccharide 1 organochlorine compound organochlorine compound NPO_194 An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. CHEBI:36683 carboxylate group A functional group derived by the removal of a hydrogen atom from a carboxylic acid, by virtue of which it has structure -C(=O)-[O-]. The group is characteristic of a carboxylate compound wherein it is attached to the remaining part of the molecule via a covalent bond between the oxygen atom and a carbon atom. NPO_831 carboxylate group functional group NPO_174 A group which is a specific atom or group of atoms attached to the carbon backbone of an organic molecule, and it is responsible for characteristic reactions of the molecule. Each functional group has its characteristic reactivity, which may be modified by its position within the molecule or by the presence of other neighbouring functional groups. (source: Functional Group Chemistry by James R. Hanson and Eddie Abel, published by Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporate 2002) functional group characteristic group gallium gallium An element with atomic number 31. NPO_287 A monoatomic polycation which has ionic charge 3+. monoatomic trication NPO_1064 monoatomic trication CHEBI:27153 technique NPO_1405 A systematic procedure or a practical method which is used for accomplishing a task. technique thymidylate synthase inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor, which inhibits thymidylate synthase, an enzyme that catalyses the de novo synthesis of deoxythymidylate and acts as a key rate-limiting enzyme of DNA synthesis. NPO_435 thymidylate synthase inhibitor thymidylate synthetase inhibitor up-regulation of enzyme activity GO:0043085 up regulation of enzyme activity upregulation of enzyme activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. NPO_1655 positive regulation of enzyme activity positive regulation of enzyme activity stimulation of enzyme activity activation of enzyme activity A molecular role which inheres specifically in a a chemical component of a nanoparticle formulation with respect to its use in the formulation of nanoparticles. NPO_206 component role in nanoparticle component role in nanoparticle NPO_244 radon radon An element with atomic number 86. ultrasound imaging An imaging technique in which ultrasound (sound waves with frequency above the human hearing range) waves are bounced off tissues and the echoes produce a picture (sonogram). NPO_1484 ultrasound imaging NCIT:C17230 solubility in water solubility in water Solubility which describes the ability of a certain amount of solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance to dissolve in a certain volume of water solvent. NPO_500 An atom with atomic number 51. antimony atom 51 NPO_501 antimony atom nitrogen NPO_173 nitrogen An element with atomic number 7. silver (1+) ion CHEBI:49468 silver (1+) ion A monatomic monocation of silver. NPO_1062 PATO:0001887 hydrophilicity hydrophilic hydrophilic NPO_204 A realizable property which inheres in a molecule that has a strong affinity to a water molecule, or has a tendency to mix with or wetted by water molecules. CHEBI:45863 MESH: D017239 Paclitaxel is isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. NCIT:C1411 paclitaxel A diterpenoid, which consists of a tetracyclic core called baccatin III, and an amide tail. NPO_860 paclitaxel spherical sphere NPO_286 An ellipsoid, where every point on the surface is equidistant from the center of the 3-dimensional object. sphere homoatomic molecule homoatomic molecule NPO_1028 A molecule which consists of atoms of the same element. CHEBI:25362 thalidomide Anticancer Drug Directed Against Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor A synthetic derivative of glutamic acid (alpha-phthalimido-glutarimide) with teratogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Thalidomide acts primarily by inhibiting both the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in stimulated peripheral monocytes and the activities of interleukins and interferons. This agent also inhibits polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and monocyte phagocytosis. In addition, thalidomide inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. NCIT: C870 thalidomide NPO_434 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl) isoindoline-1,3-dione [source: IUPAC] palladium molecular entity NPO_1141 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of palladium. palladium molecular entity CHEBI:37230 A nanotube which consists of two layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of an element or molecule, rolled into two concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. NPO_398 double-walled nanotube double-walled nanotube An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear. CHEBI:44185 methotrexate A pteridine compound has a pteridine substructure; which has functional parent, L-glutamic acid; which has other substructures that classify it a monocarboxylic acid amide and a dicarboxylic acid. NPO_741 NCIT:C642 methotrexate nanoparticle sample nanoparticle sample A small representative portion of a nanoparticle formulation. NPO_1404 The hydrophobic space within the lipid bilayer. NPO_207 hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. REX:0000233 enzyme inhibition enzyme inhibition inhibition of enzyme activity down regulation of enzyme activity GO:0043086 NPO_1632 ultrasound contrast agent NPO_250 ultrasound contrast agent contrast agent in ultrasound imaging CHEBI:37337 A contrast agent, which provides contrast in images captured using ultrasound imaging techniques. ultrasound imaging contrast agent NPO_438 helium atom helium atom 2 An atom with atomic number 2. A covalent linkage where an imide group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. imide linkage NPO_247 imide linkage titanium dioxide titanium(IV) oxide TiO2 titanium dioxide An oxide of titanium consisting of two oxygen atoms bonded to one titanium atom via double bonds. NPO_1485 titanium oxide promethium atom 61 promethium atom NPO_248 An atom with atomic number 61. primary amine group primary amine group NPO_502 An amine group which is formally derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH2. The group is characteristic of a primary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. targeting role targeting role NPO_542 Role played by a molecular entity that is used to target a material entity, and the role is realized during the process of molecular targeting. porous shell of nanocage porous shell of nanocage NPO_833 The porous shell of a nanocage. NPO_1166 A physical quality inhering in a object affecting its acceleration. force force PATO:0001035 bioluminescence Chemiluminescence produced by living systems. NPO_1403 bioluminescence Drug that is directed against a tumor cell to modify the expression of specific genes. anticancer drug that modifies expression of specific genes NPO_437 Anticancer drug that modifies expression of specific genes fluorobenzene group NPO_208 An aryl halide group containing an aromatic benzene ring attached to one or more fluorine atoms. fluorobenzene group silica nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is bascially composed of silicon dioxide. NPO_1373 silica nanoparticle silicon dioxide nanoparticle titanium oxide nanoparticle TiO2 nanoparticle A nanoparticle, which is basically composed of titanium dioxide. NPO_1486 titanium oxide nanoparticle 10 neon atom neon atom NPO_246 An atom with atomic number 10. NPO_171 manganese atom 25 manganese atom An atom with atomic number 25. An atom with atomic number 14. silicon atom silicon atom NPO_541 14 NPO_834 solid solid A substance which has an ordered 3-dimensional structure due to the closely packed arrangement of constituting atoms, molecules or ions. As a result, the substance has a definite shape and volume, and the shape can be modified under application of a force. two-dimensional nanoparticle 2-D nanoparticle NPO_284 two-dimensional nanoparticle A two-dimensional nanostructure which is a nanoparticle. cellular metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. [source: GOC:go_curators] NPO_1011 cellular metabolic process GO:0044237 cellular metabolism meitnerium NPO_178 An element with atomic number 109. meitnerium sensitive to pH Change pH-sensitive NPO_200 pH-sensitive A disposition, inhering in any material entity, whose structure or function can be altered by changes in pH of the medium containing it. imidoester group A functional group which has the structure C(=[NH2+])-O-CH3. The group is characteristic of an imidoester compound. NPO_544 imidoester group maleimide group maleimide group NPO_431 An imide group derived from maleimide by the removal of a hydrogen atom that was attached to nitrogen atom of the parent maleimide. The group is characteristic of any maleimide derivative. mixture A substance which is composed of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and are capable of being separated. NPO_283 mixture Antineoplastic agent that kills cancer cells by interfering with mitosis. NPO_136 antimitotic agent antimitotic agent NCIT: C273 MESH: D050256 cell surface receptor A receptor that is localized to the plasma membrane and may have exposure to the extracellular milieu. [source: NCI] NPO_1592 cell surface receptor NCIT:C17067 NPO_1515 Physical state which is characteristic of a powder. powdered state powdered state asparagine NPO_452 CHEBI:22653 2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoic acid An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH(NH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. Asn asparagine dihydrofolate reductase activity GO:0004146 NPO_593 dihydrofolate reductase activity Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+. hydrazone linkage hydrazone linkage A covalent linkage where a hydrazone group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. NPO_430 NPO_543 A unilamellar vesicle, which has size greater than 100 nm. large unilamellar vesicle large unilamellar vesicle molecular entity molecular entity A molecular entity is any molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. NPO_355 CHEBI:23367 series element An element whose physical and chemical characteristics vary progressively within a series. NPO_177 series element An element with atomic number 105. NPO_282 dubnium dubnium PATO:0001842 acidity A quality inhering in an entity by virtue of it containing acid (hydrogen ions). NPO_1197 acidity non-covalent interaction non-covalent bonding A chemical interaction which is non-covalent in nature and provides the force to hold molecules or parts of molecules together. non-covalent interaction NPO_940 granular state NPO_1514 Physical state which is characteristic of a granule. granular state Examples: a certain PDF file that exists in different and in several hard drives A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. NPO_1600 generically_dependent_continuant generically dependent continuant snap:GenericallyDependentContinuant multilamellar vesicle A liposome vesicle that has more than one lipid bilayer, and the bilayers are separated by hydrophilic spaces. NPO_433 multilamellar vesicle An element with atomic number 102. nobelium NPO_942 nobelium An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by near-infrared light. stimulus of near-infrared light NPO_176 stimulus of near-infrared light REX:0000038 Luminescence arising from photoexcitation. NPO_1400 photoluminescence photoluminescence NPO_1016 The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. [source: ISBN:0198506732] RNA metabolic process RNA metabolic process GO:0016070 RNA metabolism A unit which is a standard measure of the influence exerted by some mass. NPO_1263 density unit UO:0000182 unit of density density unit anticancer drug role NPO_281 Role of a molecular entity, which brings about an end therapeutic result in cancer therapy. anticancer drug role A cell surface receptor that binds to folic acid and reduced folic acid derivatives, and mediate delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the interior of cells.. NPO_1594 folate receptor folate receptor folate-binding protein light scattering A technique based on the disperson of light or electromagnetic radiation into a range of directions by virtue of its interaction with a material medium through which it passes. light scattering technique FIX:0000402 [definition: adapted from NCIT] light scattering NCIT:C62323 NPO_1466 span:Occurrent perdurant occurrent NPO_923 An entity [bfo:Entity] that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. Sometimes also called perdurants. Examples: the life of an organism, a surgical operation as processual context for a nosocomical infection, the spatiotemporal context occupied by a process of cellular meiosis, the most interesting part of Van Gogh's life, the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor occurrent glassy state Physical state which is characteristic of a glass. glassy state NPO_1513 NPO_432 indium indium An element with atomic number 49. single-walled carbon nanotube single-walled carbon nanotube NPO_943 A single-walled nanotube which consists of a single graphite layer or sheet of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled into a seamless cylinder with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. SWCNT arylthioether linkage between thiol and fluorobenzene derivative NPO_175 An arylthioether linkage which is formed between a thiol and a fluorobenzene derivative, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. arylthioether linkage between thiol and fluorobenzene derivative DNA topoisomerase type I activity DNA topoisomerase type I activity NPO_203 Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving one DNA strand at a time to allow passage of another strand; changes the linking number by +1 per catalytic cycle. NPO_1054 A monoatomic cation which has ionic charge 1+. monoatomic monocation monoatomic monocation CHEBI:25414 A linkage in which a molecular entity or nanostructure becomes enclosed due to non-covalent interactions, in a nanoparticle's material site that is fully bounded by the particle's constituting material. encapsulation NPO_138 encapsulation An element of Group 14 of the periodic table. NPO_280 Group 14 Element carbon group element Group 14 Element NPO_1595 A cell surface receptor which binds to extracellular polypeptide molecules triggering intracellular signaling pathways that activate various cellular responses such as cell proliferation and/or differentiation. (source:NCI) growth factor receptor NCIT:C17664 growth factor receptor crystalline state Physical state which is characteristic of a crystal. crystalline state NPO_1512 amide CHEBI:32988 NPO_769 An amide is an organic compound formally derived from an oxoacid by replacing an acidic hydroxyl group of the oxoacid by an amino or substituted amino group. It is characterized by the presence of an "amide group." amide NPO_800 CHEBI:15428 Gln glycine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH2-C(OH)=OH. glycine aminoacetic acid role A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant [snap:Continuant] in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant [snap:Continuant] in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. At the instance-level, a role y is filled by x which is an instance of an independent continuant( x which takes the role of y: x is the filler, y is the role). A role y has a context P (e.g. an occurrent in which x is a participant). Every role term has its own qualities and behavior, given the context. role is a realizable_entity whose manifestation brings about some result or end that is not typical of its bearer in virtue of the latter's physical structure. Rather role is played by an instance of the corresponding kind of continuant entity because this entity is in some special natural, social or institutional set of circumstances. (Source: Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008.) NPO_517 role snap:Role cytoskeletal protein binding NPO_984 Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton. [source: GOC:mah] GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding agent role agent role NPO_1663 A molecular role inhering in a molecule that causes the occurrence of a process. acyl halide group NPO_944 A functional group which has the structure R-C(=O)-X, where R denotes an organic group and X, a halogen atom. The group is characteristic of an acyl halide. acyl halide group Prefi: haloformyl- Suffix: -oyl halide anticancer drug directed against tumor cell Drug directed against a tumor cell to affect its division and function. NPO_549 anticancer drug directed against tumor cell NPO_350 An element with atomic number 37. rubidium rubidium In order for a dependent continuant to exist, some other entity must exist. A continuant [snap:Continuant] that is either dependent on one or other independent continuant [snap:IndependentContinuant] bearers or inheres in or is borne by other entities. NPO_607 dependent continuant dependent_continuant snap:DependentContinuant pyrimidine antagonist NPO_390 pyrimidine antagonist Antineoplastic antimetabolite which affects the metabolism and utilization of pyrimidines. NCIT: C1557 passive targeting A physiologically-dependent process by which a material entity reaches tumor sites, cancer cells or intracellular organelles in cancer cells. NPO_945 passive targeting pharmacology pharmacological study Study of the characteristics, effects, and uses of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. NPO_1519 pharmacological study UO:0000067 unit of molality A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number of moles of a given solute per kilogram of solvent. NPO_1188 unit of molality PK Study NPO_1518 pharmacokinetic study NCIT:C49663 A study of what the body does to a drug or a drug-containing material (e.g., drug-loaded nanoparticle). pharmacokinetics study Pharmacological study of the process by which a drug (or drug-containing material) is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. pharmacokinetics study pharmacokinetics buckyball Buckyball (C60) or Buckministerfullerene, is a type of fullerene which comprises of 60 carbon atoms arranged in interlocking hexagons and pentagons, like the patches on a soccer ball. Its geometry is roughly spherical and it has a hollow interior. NPO_730 buckyball A material entity [npo:MaterialEntity] that is part of a material entity but is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. NPO_1597 fiat material part fiat material part UO:0000186 dimensionless unit NPO_1154 dimensionless unit A unit of measurement of which is dimensionless. carboxamidine group NPO_391 An amidine group which has the structure -C(=N-)-NH2. It is characteristic of a carboxamidine compound. carboxamidine group kV h UO:0000230 kilovolt-hour NPO_1162 A unit of magnetic flux which is equal to one thousand volt-hours. kilovolt-hour amidine NPO_309 An amidine is an organic compound which is derived from an oxoacid RnE(=O)OH by replacing the hydroxyl group by an amino group and the oxo group by =NR. R stands for a hydrogen atom or organic group. amidine CHEBI:2634 mercury molecular entity CHEBI:25196 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of mercury. NPO_1125 mercury molecular entity inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase activity NPO_1661 Any process that stops or reduces the activity of protein tyrosine kinase. inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase activity protactinium atom NPO_946 protactinium atom 91 An atom with atomic number 91. amphiphilic NPO_732 A realizable property which inheres in a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts. amphiphilic amphipathic An external stimulus for nanoparticle function, which is caused by heat. NPO_731 stimulus of heat stimulus of heat NCIT:C63536 study NPO_1517 study A process which is a detailed examination, analysis, or critical inspection of a subject designed to discover facts about it.[source: NCI] molal m NPO_1211 molal UO:0000068 A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of a solution of 1 mole per kilogram of solvent (mol/kg). fluorescence imaging NPO_1598 An optical imaging technique in which images are captured based on contrast provided by the fluorescence emitted from a fluorescent molecule when excited by a light of certain wavelength. fluorescence imaging mole percentage % mol mol % percent of total moles NPO_1327 A percentage unit of molar concentration which is equal to 100 times the mole fraction (number of moles of solute in proportion to the total number of moles in a solution. mole percentage CHEBI:37598 nitrogen mustard nitrogen mustard NPO_172 A type of organonitrogen compound, which has two β-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X‒C2H2‒C2H2)2NR. UO:0000069 mm millimolal millimolal A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of a molal or 10^[-3] m. NPO_1212 element A pure substance which is made up of atoms with the same atomic number; hence it cannot be decomposed or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different substance, although it can be transmuted into an isotope (different number of neutrons but the same number of protons) through a nuclear reacion. element NPO_733 atom NPO_179 An atom is the smallest particle that retains all the chemical properties of a given element. atom CHEBI:24913 Any lipid which is formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. isoprenoid NPO_387 isoprenoid optical imaging An imaging technique, which encompasses many different techniques that use light of the UV to the NIR spectral region to visualize tissue optical characteristics imparted through absorption and scattering of light, as well as emission of fluorescence. [source: abstract from book chapter " Kai Licha, Contast Agents for Optical Imaging, vol. 222/2002, Contast Agents II, 2002."] NPO_1599 optical imaging imaging A process of capturing, storing, manipulating, and displaying of images. NPO_1516 imaging A compound or molecule, in which carbon is not the principal element. inorganic compound or molecule NPO_351 inorganic compound inorganic molecule inorganic compound or molecule disulfide linkage between two thiols A disulfide linkage which is formed between two thiol compounds, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective sulfhydryl groups. NPO_887 disulfide linkage between two thiols mendelevium atom 101 mendelevium atom An atom with atomic number 101. NPO_353 UO:0000075 N normal A unit of concentration which is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given molecule. NPO_1215 normal An organic compound which is characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms. organic hydroxy compound hydroxy compound CHEBI:33822 organic hydroxy compound NPO_201 NPO_723 nanocell A three-dimensional nanoparticle which consists of a nuclear core surrounded by a lighter lipid membrane. nanocell Nanocell was first used for sequential delivery of anti-angiogenesis and chemotherapeutic agent to solid tumors.The chemotherapeutic agent can be conjugated to a nanoparticle in the core, while the anti-angiogenesis agent can be encapsulated in the lipid membrane.It was designed to first cause membrane disruption for release of anti-angiogenesis agent, which causes tumor vascular collapse, and finally cause intra-tumoral trapping of the core chemotherapeutic drug-conjugated nanoparticles. [definition source]: Sengupta et al, Nature Letters, vol 436, 2005 astatine An element with atomic number 85. NPO_663 astatine gram per liter gram per liter NPO_1271 A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters. g/L grams per liter UO:0000175 continuous phase NPO_1615 A phase which is medium of dispersion for the dispersed phase in a colloid. continuous phase A multi-walled nanotube which consists of multiple graphite layers or sheets of hexagonal arrays of carbon, rolled in on themselves to form concentric seamless cylinders with a diameter close to 1 nanometer. multi-walled carbon nanotube NPO_354 MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotube physical state NPO_888 A quality of continuant, which is the physical condition of a material entity, based on its chemical composition and structure. physical state state of matter dendrimer branch NPO_776 A molecular structure which is a branch of a dendrimer, formed by the dendrimer's repeating units. dendrimer branch A concentration unit which is a standard measure of the number gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution. NPO_1189 unit of normality unit of normality UO:0000074 ferrous oxide CHEBI:50820 iron (II) oxide iron (II) oxide An iron oxide with the chemical formula FeO. NPO_1150 palladium atom NPO_722 46 palladium atom An atom with atomic number 46. drug release from nanoparticle in response to magnetic field NPO_662 A nanoparticle response to magnetic field, which involves the release of drugs from a drug-loaded nanoparticle. drug release from nanoparticle in response to magnetic field UO:0000176 milligram per milliliter mg/mL milligrams per milliliter NPO_1266 milligram per milliliter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters. terbium terbium NPO_775 An element with atomic number 65. PATO:0001462 A quality inhering in a cell's plasma membrane by virtue of the electrical potential difference across it. NPO_1301 membrane potential membrane potential A process in which a nanoparticle is functionalized by linking it to a molecular entity that adds or modifies the properties or functions of the nanoparticle. functionalization of nanoparticle NPO_1616 functionalization of nanoparticle gel state Physical state which is characteristic of a gel. NPO_1509 gel state secondary amine group NPO_889 secondary amine group An amine group which is formally derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from ammonia, by virtue of which it has the structure -NH-. The group is characteristic of a secondary amine molecule wherein it is attached to hydrocarbyl groups. NPO_1104 boron molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of boron. boron molecular entity CHEBI:22916 carbon group molecular entity CHEBI:33582 carbon group molecular entity NPO_1088 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-14 element. amidine group NPO_725 A functional group which has the structure -E(=N-)-NH2, where E could denote carbon (C) or (Sulfur). The group is characteristic of an amidine compound. amidine group NPO_1473 A spectroscopic technique in which a beam of infrared light is used to irradiate a sample. The IR absorption spectra obtained with this technique, is used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition based on the correlation of absorption bands in the spectrum of the unknown compound with known absorption frequencies for specific types of bonds. infrared spectroscopy infrared spectroscopy FIX:0000015 The technique is based on the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). IR spectroscopy A nanoparticle which has a core part and a shell part, and both the core and shell are distinguished by their respective material content. core-shell nanoparticle core-shell nanoparticle NPO_661 NPO_1613 A phase which is in the gaseous state. gas phase gas phase process boundary A processual entity [span:ProcessualEntity] that is the fiat or bona fide instantaneous temporal process boundary. NPO_137 span:ProcessBoundary process_boundary [source]: BFO v. 1.1 PATO:0000008 speed velocity A physical quality inhering in an object by virtue of the rate of change of its position. NPO_1316 velocity An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3)-C(OH)=OH. isoleucine CHEBI:24898 isoleucine Ile NPO_902 NCIT:C1821 An anticancer drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. selective estrogen receptor modulator selective estrogen receptor modulator NPO_130 nanoparticle response to ultrasound NPO_356 A nanoparticle response to external stimulus, which occurs in response to ultrasound. nanoparticle response to ultrasound boron group molecular entity boron group molecular entity NPO_1087 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a Group-13 element. CHEBI:33581 Nanocapsule A three-dimensional nanoparticle which consists of a shell and a space, in which desired substances may be placed. It can be cylindrical or spherical in shape. NPO_724 Nanocapsule noble gas noble gas inert element A non-metal which is any of the following elements: argon, helium, krypton, neon, radon, xenon. NPO_660 dispersed phase A phase which is dispersed in a colloidal system. dispersed phase NPO_1614 electric potential A quality that is equal to the potential energy per unit charge associated with a static (time-invariant) electric field, also called the electrostatic potential. electric potential NPO_1300 PATO:0001464 negative regulation of DNA replication negative regulation of DNA replication Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. GO:0008156 inhibition of DNA replication downregulation of DNA replication down regulation of DNA replication down-regulation of DNA replication NPO_1636 An element with atomic number 61. promethium NPO_773 promethium [definition: adapted from http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] magnetic force microscope A scanning probe microscope which is derived from atomic force microscope, having a magnetized tip that map the spatial distribution of magnetism by measuring the magnetic interactions between the sample and the tip. It is used to study magnetic materials. magnetic force microscope NPO_1447 MFM germanium molecular entity CHEBI:33584 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of germanium. NPO_1111 germanium molecular entity Period 1 Element NPO_131 Period 1 Element An element in the first row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. alpha-aminoacid sidechain NPO_357 A group that forms the sidechain of an alpha-aminoacid. alpha-aminoacid sidechain state of sol Physical state which is characteristic of a sol. NPO_1510 state of sol nanomolal NPO_1214 A molality unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molal or 10^[-9] m. nanomolal nm UO:0000071 STM [definition: adapted from http://www.thefreedictionary.com] A scanning probe microscope which consists of a probe with a small voltage applied to it ending in a tiny sharp electrically conducting tip (ideally consisting of one atom) that is moved close the material's surface. It scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons, causing a narrow channel of tunneling electrons to flow between the sample and the beam, and producing three-dimensional images of atomic topography and structure. scanning tunneling microscope NPO_1446 scanning tunneling microscope NCIT:C17374 NPO_445 Example: compound x is related to organic compound through the relation "presence of carbon"; here, the quality that inheres in compound x is organic) A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that is exhibited if it inheres in an entity or entities at all (a categorical property). Examples: the color of a tomato, the ambient temperature of air, the circumference of a waist, the shape of a nose, the mass of a piece of gold, the weight of a chimpanzee quality snap:Quality quality solid phase A phase which is in the solid state. NPO_1611 solid phase chemiluminescence Luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction. NPO_1402 chemiluminescence REX:0000294 titanium group element Group 4 Element Group 4 Element NPO_358 An element of Group 4 of the periodic table. homoglycan CHEBI:37164 [definition source]: CHEBI homopolysaccharide homopolysaccharide A polysaccharide, which is composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. NPO_896 neptunium neptunium An element with atomic number 93. NPO_727 spherical nanoparticle A nanoparticle which has spherical shape. NPO_1551 spherical nanoparticle Physical state which is characteristic of a sold. solid state NPO_1511 solid state CHEBI:37163 MESH:D005936 glucan A homopolysaccharide which is composed of glucose residues. NPO_676 glucan noble gas molecular entity NPO_1079 noble gas molecular entity A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of a noble gas. noble gas compound CHEBI:33583 A sulfonyl chloride derivative is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a sulfonyl chloride group. It has the structure R-S(=O)(=O)-Cl, where R denotes an organic group. NPO_132 sulfonyl chloride derivative sulfonyl chloride derivative µm UO:0000070 micromolal NPO_1213 A molality unit which is equal to one millionth of a molal or 10^[-6] m. micromolal CHEBI:30879 alcohol NPO_624 An alcohol is an organic hydroxy compound in which a hydroxyl group is attached to a saturated carbon atom. It has the general structure OH-C-([*])([*])[*]. alcohol liquid phase A phase which is in the liquid state. NPO_1612 liquid phase NPO_1445 atomic force microscope atomic force microscope [definition: adapted from NCIT, http://www.thefreedictionary.com, http://en.wikipedia.org] SFM A scanning probe microscope which consists of a microscale cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The probe is extremely close to - but does not touch-the surface. As the probe traverses the surface, attractive and repulsive forces arising between it and the atoms on the surface induce forces on the probe that bend the cantilever. The amount of bending is measured and recorded, providing a map of the atoms on the surface. Atomic force microscopes can achieve magnification of a factor of 5 × 10^6, with a resolution of 2 angstroms, sufficient to resolve individual carbon atoms. NCIT:C78804 AFM scanning force microscope berkelium An element with atomic number 97. berkelium NPO_359 UO:0000010 second A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. second NPO_1276 s An element with atomic number 43. NPO_726 technetium technetium A nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron (III) oxide. iron (III) oxide nanoparticle NPO_1550 iron (III) oxide nanoparticle Fe2O3 nanoparticle aliphatic An organic quality inhering in a chemical substance due to the presence of cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, but with the exclusion of aromatic quality. NPO_950 Definition of aliphatic is based on the CHEBI definition for aliphatic compounds (CHEBI:33653) aliphatic NPO_1330 The rate at which an event occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time. frequency frequency PATO:0000044 NPO_779 A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as a sensor/detector of any activity, phenomenon or molecule, within a nanometer-range resolution; it responds to a stimulus by sending a signal that can be measured. nanosensor NCIT: C62374 nanosensor seaborgium NPO_133 seaborgium An element with atomic number 106. mole A substance unit which is equal to the amount of substance of a molecular system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. NPO_1221 mol UO:0000013 mole iron oxide nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of iron oxide. NPO_729 iron oxide nanoparticle NPO_1151 An iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe3O4. iron (II,III) oxide iron (II,III) oxide CHEBI:50821 ferrosoferric oxide NPO_1112 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of lead. lead molecular entity lead molecular entity CHEBI:33585 glutamine NPO_930 CHEBI:28300 glutamine An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(NH2)=O)-C(OH)=OH. 2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid cell adhesion The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [source: GOC:hb, GOC:pf] NPO_997 cell adhesion GO:0007155 alkali metal cation A monoatomic cation of alkali metal. NPO_1076 alkali metal cation CHEBI:33504 inhibition of tumor angiogenesis A process or mechanism which inhibits tumor angiogenesis. tumor angiogenesis inhibition NCIT: C26044 tumor angiogenesis inhibition tumor angiogenic inhibition NPO_778 permanent dipole-dipole interaction permanent dipole-dipole interaction An dipole-dipole interaction between two polar molecules due to attraction between their permanent dipoles. NPO_886 PATO:0000004 A realizable entity inhering in an object by virtue of its ability to move or be moved freely. mobility mobility NPO_1314 cell death GO:0008219 The specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. [source: GOC:ems] NPO_995 cell death Kelvin NPO_1291 Kelvin A thermodynamic temperature unit which is equal to the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. K UO:0000012 NPO_885 An atom with atomic number 106. seaborgium atom 106 seaborgium atom charge electric charge NPO_1292 electric charge A property of matter responsible for electrical phenomena. phase phase NPO_1610 A substance or a portion of a substance, which has uniform physical and chemical properties. An acyl halide group in which the halogen atom is an iodine atom. acyl iodide group NPO_990 acyl iodide group NPO_1443 An optical microscope which is used to study the properties of a specimen or sample based on the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence. The microscope has a filter which allows radiation of a specific wavelength of light to pass through.The specimen or the sample contains components labeled with a fluorescent molecule which absorbs this light, and then emits light of a longer wavelength. A second filter of the microscope separates the emitted light from the brighter excitation light (shorter wavelength). As a result, the fluorescing regions of the sample shine out against a dark background with high contrast, when observed through the microscope. fluorescence microscope [definition: adapted from http://nobelprize.org; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope ] fluorescence microscope A nanoparticle which is loaded with paclitaxel. NPO_618 paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticle paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticle DNA alkylation NPO_1625 The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis. DNA alkylation GO:0006305 A microscope which forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen and records the probe-surface interaction as a function of position. NPO_1442 scanning probe microsope SPM NCIT:C78803 scanning probe microsope CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic entity heteroorganic molecule heteroorganic compound A heteroorganic compound is an organic compound in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. heteroorganic compound NPO_293 gaseous state gaseous state Physical state which is characteristic of a gas. NPO_1502 gelatin nanoparticle A nanoparticle which is basically composed of gelatin. gelatin nanoparticle NPO_1555 hafnium hafnium An element with atomic number 72. NPO_991 charge unit electric charge unit A unit which is a measure of the quantity of charge. electric charge unit NPO_1293 surface characterization surface characterization NPO_1363 A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the surface property of an object. isourea linkage A covalent linkage where an isourea group is formed due to covalent bonding between atoms of chemical groups. isourea linkage NPO_240 carboxylic ester linkage between organo hydroxy compound and acid anhydride carboxylic ester linkage between organo hydroxy compound and acid anhydride A carboxylic ester linkage which is formed between an organo hydroxy compound and an acid anhydride, through covalent interactions between atoms of respective functional groups. NPO_466 NPO_1243 A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m. centimeter centimeter UO:0000015 cm functionalizing role A role which inheres in a material entity by virtue of its ability to add/modify the properties or functions of another material entity by being associated to the latter. NPO_1492 functionalizing role CHEBI:35489 NPO_573 An organic disulfide is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a disulfanedyl group / disulfide bond. It has the structure R-S-S-R', where R,R' denote organic groups. organic disulfide organic disulfide carboxamide NPO_269 A carboxamide is an amide derived from carboxylic acids. It is characterized by the presence of a carboxamide group. It has the structure R-C(=O)-NH2, R-C(=O)-NH-R' or R-C(=O)-N(-R")-R', where R,R',R" stands for organic groups. carboxamide CHEBI:37622 positive regulation of angiogenesis GO:0045766 Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. NPO_1645 positive regulation of angiogenesis processual_entity span:ProcessualEntity An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. processual entity NPO_703 [source]: BFO v. 1.1 NPO_617 A nanoparticle response to stimulus, which occurs in response to the internal stimulus acting on the nanoparticle. nanoparticle response to internal stimulus nanoparticle response to internal stimulus gelatin gelatin NPO_1554 A colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin. (source: Word Net) TEMs use electrons as light source and their much lower wavelength makes it possible to get a resolution a thousand times better than with a light microscope.[source: http://Nobelprize.org] NCIT: C78813 transmission electron microscope TEM An electron microscope which transmits a beam of electrons through a finely sliced section of a specimen/sample and creates an image of the specimen/sample based on its effect on the phase of the electrons that pass through. NPO_1441 transmission electron microscope vapor state Physical state which is characteristic of a vapor. NPO_1503 vapor state NPO_468 Role that inheres in or borne by an independent continuant at the molecular level in a particular context. molecular role molecular role molecular component in nanoparticle formulation NPO_1491 A chemical component which is identified by virtue of its molecular structure in a nanoparticle formulation. molecular component in nanoparticle formulation NPO_1653 regulation of molecular function regulation of molecular function Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GO:0065009 A specifically dependent continuant [snap:SpecificallyDependentContinuant] that inheres in continuant [snap:Continuant] entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. NPO_237 Source: (1) BFO.owl v. 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. realizable entities are defined by the fact that they can be realized (manifested, actualized, executed) in occurrents of corresponding sorts. realizable_entity snap:RealizableEntity realizable entity A type of physical characterization, which is performed to determine the size of an object. size characterization NPO_1362 size characterization samarium atom NPO_467 samarium atom An atom with atomic number 62. 62 oblate spheroid A spheroid, which is generated by half-revolution of an ellipse around its minor axis. NPO_241 oblate spheroid amount of substance amount of substance A physical property which denotes the amount of substance (matter). NPO_1217 size-exclusion chromatography GPC gel permeation chromatography FIX:0000626 NCIT:C16433 SEC NPO_1464 gel filtration chromatography size-exclusion chromatography A chromatography technique which uses porous gels to separate solute molecules or particles based on size. CHEBI:24783 An imine is an organic compound which is characterized by the presence of a carbon-nitrogen double bond, and has the structure R-C(=N-R")-R', where at least one of R,R',R" is a hydrocarbyl group while the remaining being hydrogen atoms. NPO_734 imine imine fluorescent silica nanoparticle NPO_1553 A silica nanoparticle which has fluorescent property. fluorescent silica nanoparticle SEM An electron microscope which scans the surface of a sample with a beam of electrons and detects the interaction of the electrons with the atoms on the surface to produce a topographical image of the sample. scanning electron microscope scanning electron microscope NCIT:C78814 NPO_1440 americium NPO_842 americium An element with atomic number 95. NPO_1368 The process whereby phagocytes engulf external particulate material. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. phagocytosis phagocytosis GO:0006909 hydrophobic A realizable property which inheres in a molecule that lacks affinity for water molecules, or has a tendency to repel or not to mix with water molecules. NPO_399 hydrophobic hydrophobicity PATO:0001885 NPO_469 peptide peptide An organic molecule or compound, which consists of two or more amino acids linked by covalent bonding between the amino group of one aminoacid and the carboxyl group of the other. substance NCIT:C45306 A material entity which exists in some physical state. NPO_1500 substance molybdenum An element with atomic number 42. molybdenum NPO_880 aspect ratio NPO_1365 A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio of longest and shortest dimensions of an object. aspect ratio micrometer UO:0000017 µm A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m. micrometer NPO_1245 A chemical component which is identified as part of a nanoparticle formulation. NPO_1494 chemical component in nanoparticle formulation chemical component in nanoparticle formulation NPO_242 An aminoacid which can become ionized. ionizable aminoacid ionizable aminoacid oligosaccharide NPO_680 A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues. oligosaccharide CHEBI:25679 [definition source]: CHEBI NPO_841 An element with atomic number 18. argon argon hydrazone NPO_971 A hydrazone is an organic compound which is formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =N-NH2 or =N-NH-R', and thus, characterized by a "hydrazone group." It has the structure R-C(=N-NH2)-R" or R-C(=N-NH-R')-R". hydrazone CHEBI:38532 CHEBI:25357 mitomycin A quinone which is an aziridine-containing compound isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae. NPO_352 mitomycin lipid nanoparticle lipid nanoparticle NPO_1552 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of lipid molecules. GO_0006304 DNA modification NPO_1624 The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties. DNA modification nanocage NPO_619 A three-dimensional nanoparticle with a hollow core and a porous wall or shell. It's structure resembles that of a hollow cage, that is similar to a fullerene type of nanoparticle. nanocage hydrophobic core of micelle Core part of a micelle formed by hydrophobic (non-polar) tails of individual amphiphilic molecules that form the whole micelle in a polar solvent, which has void spaces to include other hydrophobic molecules. NPO_881 hydrophobic core of micelle NPO_994 Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. [source: GOC:go_curators, GOC:isa_complete] cellular process cellular physiological process GO:0009987 cellular process fluid state Physical state which is characteristic of a fluid. NPO_1501 fluid state A property inhering in the surface of an object. surface property surface property NPO_1364 inorganic inorganic NPO_669 A quality that inheres in a molecular entity which does not contain carbon as a principal element (some exceptions exist, e.g., carbon dioxide). NCIT: C66829 NPO_1136 A molecular entity which contains one or more atoms of manganese. manganese molecular entity CHEBI:25154 manganese molecular entity dysprosium dysprosium An element with atomic number 66. NPO_243 functionalizing agent functionalizing agent A chemical component in a nanoparticle formulation which adds/modifies functional properties or function of a nanoparticle. NPO_1493 A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m. NPO_1244 millimeter UO:0000016 mm millimeter body weight NPO_1219 Weight inhering in the body of an animal species. body weight An atom with atomic number 42. 42 molybdenum atom NPO_772 molybdenum atom poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle PLGA nanoparticle NPO_1559 A nanoparticle which is basically composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer. PLGA nanoparticle NPO_1506 state of suspension Physical state which is characteristic of a suspension. state of suspension ketone group A carbonyl group which is characteristic of a ketone wherein it is attached to two carbon atoms via covalent bonds. NPO_614 ketone group function A realizable entity [snap:RealizableEntity] the manifestation of which is an essentially end-directed activity of a continuant [snap:Continuant] entity in virtue of that continuant [snap:Continuant] entity being a specific kind of entity in the kind or kinds of contexts that it is made for. function [source]: (1) BFO.owl 1.1; (2) Robert Arp and Barry Smith "Function, Role and Disposition in Basic Formal Ontology" NATURE PROCEEDINGS, 2008. A realizable entity, which is a necessary function of the bearer, and it is realized as an end-directed activity (a process in which the bearer is a participant). a function "f" is a realizable dependent continuant; it has a bearer which is an independent continuant; instances of Function F have realizations; each realization is a) a process in which the bearer is participant; b) that It occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up or structure. c) and this physical make-up is something which the bearer possesses because of how it came into being. snap:Function NPO_316 glycolic acid An organic compound which has the formula (OH)CH2-C(OH)=O. NPO_1558 glycolic acid CHEBI:17497 NPO_545 cell division GO:0051301 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. [source: GOC:go_curators] cell division NPO_668 An element with atomic number 52. tellurium tellurium coat A fiat material part which is a thin outer layer or film of material covering the surface of an object (e.g., a nanoparticle). NPO_1367 coat angstrom angstrom NPO_1247 A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m. A UO:0000019 NPO_1647 negative regulation of biological process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. negative regulation of biological process GO:0048519 mass density PATO:0001353 mass density NPO_1274 A density quality which is equal to the mass exerting an influence on a given volume. hydrogel NPO_771 hydrogel A colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium.[source: WordNet 2008] [source]: GO biological process NPO_427 biological process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. physiological process GO:0008150 colloidal state NPO_1507 Physical state which is characteristic of a colloid. colloidal state NPO_1475 FIX:0000016 ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy UV-Vis spectroscopy A spectroscopic technique in which the irradiating light has wavelengths within the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy NPO_613 lead atom lead atom 51 An atom with atomic number 51. adriamycin CHEBI:28748 NPO_788 14-hydroxydaunorubicine An anthracycline which is (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxyacetyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-1-yl 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside. It has a parent hydride, tetracene, and has substructures that classify it as a deoxy hexoside, and a quinone. anticancer drug that inhibits protein activity related to DNA synthesis doxorubicin doxorubicin state of emulsion state of emulsion Physical state which is characteristic of an emulsion. NPO_1508 CHEBI:29826 disulfanedyl group A functional group which has the structure -S-S-. The group is characteristic of an organic disulfide molecule wherein it is attached to organic groups. NPO_884 disulfanedyl group A one-dimensional nanostructure which is a nanoparticle. 1-D nanoparticle one-dimensional nanoparticle NPO_667 one-dimensional nanoparticle A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m. NPO_1246 nanometer nanometer nm UO:0000018 NPO_463 Group 18 Element An element of Group 18 of the periodic table. noble gas Group 18 Element mean diameter average diameter A measure of diameter obtained by dividng a sum of several diameter values by the total number of values. NPO_1366 average diameter property of nanoparticle nanoparticle property nanoparticle property NPO_1490 A property which inheres in or borne by a nanoparticle. cellular component cellular component A material entity, which is the part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. [source: GO] NPO_1008 GO:0005575 core part NPO_1617 A material fiat part that forms the core of an object. core part liquid state liquid state Physical state which is characteristic of a liquid. NPO_1504 An atom with atomic number 47. 47 silver atom NPO_770 silver atom positive regulation of biological process NPO_1638 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biological process. GO:0048518 positive regulation of biological process nanocantilever NPO_665 A nanodevice which has the end-directed activity/function to serve as the simplest micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) that is easily machined and mass-produced for probing nanoscale specimens. Nanocantilevers are often used to explore and characterize the surfaces of biological systems. The motion of the device is recorded and transformed mathematically to provide information about these surface characteristics. nanocantilever silicon oxide silicon oxide CHEBI:33327 An oxide of silicon. NPO_1371 [definition source]: NCI_Thesaurus survival signaling inhibitor NPO_616 endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor An angiogenesis inhibitor that acts by blocking the action of endothelial integrins. An endothelial-specific integrin/survival signaling inhibitor binds to and blocks the activity of endothelial-specific integrins, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell-cell interactions, endothelial cell-matrix interactions, and angiogenesis. NCIT: C2144 endothelial-specific integrin inhibitor rate A quality of occurrent that is the occurrence of a process per unit time. rate NPO_1308 PATO:0000161 FIX:0000058 NCIT:C17157 A spectroscopic technique which is based on Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. A laser beam is used to irradiate a spot on the sample under investigation. The scattered radiation produced by the Raman effect contains information about the energies of molecular vibrations and rotations, and these depend on the particular atoms or ions that comprise the molecule, the chemical bonds connect them, the symmetry of their molecule structure, and the physico-chemical environment where they reside. Raman spectroscopy NPO_1472 Raman spectroscopy [definition: adapted from http://epsc.wustl.edu/haskin-group/Raman/faqs.htm, http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com] capillary electrophoresis NPO_1457 An electrophoresis technique, in which a sample is introduced into a capillary tube and the components are separated by the application of high voltage. Due to the large surface to volume ratio, cooling is more efficient, allowing use of higher voltages. As a result, separation occurs more quickly and sensitivity is increased. The technique allows for separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. capillary electrophoresis FIX:0000836 NCIT:C17637 An alpha-aminoacid with chemical formula NH2-CH(CH2CH2C(OH)=O)-C(OH)=OH. glutamic acid Glu 2-aminopentanedioic acid NPO_974 CHEBI:18237 glutamic acid [source]: WordNet hexahedron NPO_666 hexahedron A polyhedron, having six plane faces. polydispersity index A quantitative measure of polydispersity. It is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample. The polydispersity index is calculated as the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight. NPO_1155 polydispersity index PDI antibiotic role definition based on CHEBI:22582 [antibiotic] NPO_1618 An inhibitor role borne by a molecule produced by, and obtained from, certain living cells (especially bacteria, yeasts and moulds), or an equivalent synthetic molecule, which is biostatic or biocidal at low concentrations to some other form of life, especially pathogenic or noxious organisms. antibiotic role etoposide-loaded nanoparticle etoposide-loaded nanoparticle NPO_464 A nanoparticle which is loaded with etoposide. state of mixture NPO_1505 state of mixture Physical state which is characteristic of a mixture. metabolism GO:0008152 metabolic process NPO_1004 The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. [source: GOC:go_curators, ISBN:0198547684] metabolic process A functional group which is a substituent group from diazene, and has the structure =[N+]=[N-]. The group is characteristic of a diazo compound wherein it is attached to an organic group. diazo group NPO_462 diazo group CHEBI:30105 transforming growth factor alpha receptor binding EGFR binding epidermal growth factor receptor binding TGF-alpha receptor binding epidermal growth factor receptor binding Interacting selectively with the epidermal growth factor receptor. [source: GOC:ai] NPO_165 EGF receptor binding GO:0005154 drug targeted against protein of tumor cell PLGA polymer PLGA A synthetic copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPO_1556 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) iron group element NPO_664 An element of Group 8 of the periodic table. Group 8 Element Group 8 Element NPO_615 oxygen oxygen An element with atomic number 8. antimetabolite role definition based on CHEBI:35221 [antimetabolite] antimetabolite role A molecule role inhering in molecule, which is structurally similar to a metabolite, which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization. NPO_1619 quality inheres in quality of A relation between a quality and its bearer. A relation which indicates the name of the type of identification, as well as other attributes of an entity. has identification type A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the occurrent is created, it has atleast one instance of the continuant participating in it at the same time. (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) Examples: nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has_participant drug-loaded nanoparticle If P is an occurrent class and C a continuant class, then P has_participant C means that every instance of P involves some instances of C as participants. [formal definition]: P has_participant C hold true, if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some continuant c, and some time t, such that c instantiates C at t and p has participant c at t. has participant has attached component part has conjugated component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component in a nanoparticle formulation is attached or chemically conjugated to some other chemical components of the same nanoparticle formulation by a method of attachment. A relation which indicates the unit of a measured quantity. has unit of measure has unit A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent, which holds iff at every time an instance of the continuant is created, it participates in atleast one instance of the occurrent at the same time. [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) If C is a continuant class and P an occurrent class, then C participates_in P means that every instance of C participates in some instances of P. [formal definition]: C participates_in P if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C there is some occurrent p, and some time t, such that p instantiates P and c participates in p at t. Example: catalyst participates_in catalytic reaction fluorometer participates_in measurement of fluorescence intensity participates in is_participant_of has double bond with A relationship to indicate that one atom has a double covalent bond with another atom. has bond with A relationship to indicate that one atom has a covalent bond with another atom. A relationship to indicate that a class is related to another class. has relation to has role Relation between an independent continuant and a role. If C is an independent continuant and C1 a role continuant class, then C has_role R1 means that every instance of C fills some instances of role C1 everytime the role is realized in a particular context. [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006) e.g., X (molecular entity) has_role Y (role), i.e, X fills the role of Y A relation which indicates the quality inhering in an entity. It is a general relation between any class and subclasses of Quality. has quality (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) C contained_in C1; Cs are material continuants, C1s are immaterial continuants (holes, cavities): Every C at any given time is located in but shares no parts in common with C1 at the same time. A relation between a material continuant and an immaterial continuant, when the material continuant at any given time is located in but shares no parts in common with the immaterial continuant at the same time. contained in A relation which indicates that the type of instrument used in a process. uses instrument contains (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) C contains C1; Cs are immaterial continuants, C1s are material continuants: for all C, t, , if c is an instance of C at time t, then there is some c1 such that c1 is an instance of C1 and c1 contained_in c at t. A reciprocal relation of contained_in, where given an immaterial continuant at some time, there is a material continuant contained in the immaterial continuant at the same time. A relation that indicates the quantity associated with a unit of measure. It is an inverse relation of "has unit of measure". unit of A relation which indicates the property determined by a characterization. determines property A relationship to indicate that one atom has a triple covalent bond with another atom. has triple bond with A relation which indicates the application or use of an entity. has application A relationship that indicates the response caused by a stimulus. (e.g., the response caused by the action of a stimulus on a nanoparticle) stimulus causes response A relation between a dependent continuant D and an entity E. D inheres_in E iff: given any d that instantiates D at t, there exists some e that instantiates E at t and d *inheres_in* e at t. Here *inheres_in* is the primitive instance level relation. [source: OBI] inheres in has function A relationship that indicates the function inhering in an entity. regulates A relationship between two occurrents where one regulates the other. property determined from A relation which indicates the type of process that determines a qualitative or quantitative measure of the property. is realization of A relation between an occurrent to a realizable entity. realizes has output participant A relationship between a continuant and an occurrent that has other participating continuants, which holds iff at every time t an instance of the occurrent is created, there is at least one instance of the continuant participating in it at time t1 > t, and it is formed / derived from the instances of those continuants that participate at time t. technique used for A relation which indicates the process for which the technique is used. has technique A relation which indicates the technique used for accomplishing a purpose. has property A relation between an entity and a specifically dependent continuant. Relation between a continuant and an occurrent in which the continuant participates in and causes the occurrence of that occurrent. agent in This relation is taken from the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI: Version 2009-11-06 Philly (aka version 1.0) Release Candidate) is realized in executed during is realized as is realized by A relationship between a realizable entity and an occurrent. has realization This relation is taken from the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI: Version 2009-11-06 Philly (aka version 1.0) Release Candidate) A relation used between material continuants where one is composed of the other. In the NPO, this relation is used mostly for representing the composition of nanoparticle formulations or nanoparticles. C has_component_part C1, means that every instance c of C is prepared from some instances c1 of C1 and a significant material portion of c1 becomes part of the constituting material of c when c begins to exist. has component part is composed of A relation which indicates the type of process that determines the value of a parameter. parameter determined from positively regulates A relation between two occurrents where one positively regulates the other. function of A relationship that indicates the bearer inhering a function. A relation between two occurrents where one negatively regulates the other. negatively regulates blocks inhibits role of A relationship indicating the bearer inhering a role. A relationship to indicate tnat one atom has a single covalent bond with another atom. has single bond with has entrapped component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) is entrapped - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of entrapment. has encapsulated component part A has_component_part type of relation, which is used to infer that a particular component (molecular structure or nanostructure) becomes encapsulated - due to non-covalent interactions - in a nanoparticle by a method of encapsulation. bearer of A relation between an entity and a dependent continuant. (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) Only material continuants can fill the agent role, that if c fills the agent role at t, then c must have existed at times earlier than t, that it must exercise its agent role for an interval of time including t, and so on. P has_agent C; Ps are processes, Cs are material continuants. Every P involves some C as agent (the C is involved in and is causally responsible for the P) has agent A relation which is between a process, a continuant and a time whenever the continuant is a participant in the process and is at the same time directly causally responsible for its occurrence. If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C part_of C1 means that every instance of C (c) at any time is part of some instances of C1 (c1) at the same time []. Note that whenever we read "some instances" it should be understood as reading "one or more instances". [formal definition]: C part_of C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c is part of c1 at t. Examples: carboxyl group part_of carboxylic acid dendrimer generation layer part_of dendrimer hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer part_of lipid bilayer hollow core of nanocage part_of nanocage If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P part_of P1 means that every instance of P is part of some instances of P1. [formal definition]: P part_of P1 holds true if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some process p1 that instantiates P1 such that p is part of p1. Examples: drug release from nanoparticle during systemic circulation part_of systemic circulation of drug-loaded nanoparticle [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) part of Transitive parthood relation in which one entity is part of another entity, and the relation is valid for use between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. is part of (source): OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) If C and C1 are continuant classes, then C has_part C1 means that every instance of C at any time has part some instances of C1 at the same time. [formal definition]: C has_part C1 holds true if and only if every continuant c that instantiates C at some time t, there is some continuant c1 that instantiates C1 at t such that c1 is part of c at t. Examples: fluorescein isothiocyanate has_part isothiocyanate group gold quantum dot has_part gold core-shell nanoparticle has_part core core-shell nanoparticle has_part shell If P and P1 are occurrent classes, then P has_part P1 means that every instance of P has part some instances of P1. [formal definition]:P has_part P1 if and only if every occurrent p that instantiates P there is some occurrent p1 that instantiates P1 such that p1 is part of p. Examples: covalent linkage has_part covalent interaction visualization of cellular uptake of nanoparticles has_part imaging of nanoparticles Transitive parthood relation in which one entity has itself, or another entity as a part, and the relation is valid for use only between continuants or between occurrents but not between a continuant and an occurrent. has part derives from A relation between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. The temporal relation of derivation is more complex. Transformation, on the instance level, is just the relation of identity: each adult is identical to some child existing at some earlier time. Deri- vation on the instance-level is a relation holding between non-identicals. More precisely, it holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. Thus we will have axioms to the effect that from c derives_from c1 we can infer that c and c1 are not identical and that there is some instant of time t such that c1 exists only prior to and c only subsequent to t. We will also be able to infer that the spatial region occupied by c as it begins to exist at t overlaps with the spatial region occupied by c1 as it ceases to exist in the same instant. [source]:OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99, date 07:14:2006); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) is integral part of A parthood relation that holds when C is part of C and C1 has part C, where C and C1 are continuant classes. [source]: OBO Relation Ontology (release version 0.99); Barry Smith et al, Relations in biomedical ontologies, Genome Biology (2005) e.g.,carbon atom is_integral_part_of carbon (carbon is_a element) atomic number The number of protons in an atom. It begins with the prefix "NPO_" followed by a number (e.g., NPO_250). The smallest code value is NPO_100 of class Cylinder. The property code is used to indicate a unique identification code for every class in the NPO. code The property definition is used to indicate the meaning or definition of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. definition preferred_name The property preferred name is used to indicate the preferred name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. synonym The property synonym is used to indicate an alternate name of a class or a class-level association in the NPO. The property dBXrefID is used to indicate the reference ID of a class from an external CV / ontology / database. dBXrefID