3D bioprinting is the process of generating spatially-controlled cell patterns using 3D printing technologies, where cell function and viability are preserved within the printed construct http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_bioprinting RD
2015/04/10 09:24 created by rachel 2015/04/10 09:24 Synonym 3-dimensional printing added by rachel 2015/04/10 09:25 Synonym 3-D printing added by rachel 2015/04/10 09:26 Synonym 3D-printing added by rachel 2015/04/10 09:31 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/04/10 09:31 Synonym Additive manufacturing added by rachel
3D printing (or additive manufacturing, AM) is any of various processes used to make a three-dimensional object.[1] In 3D printing, additive processes are used, in which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control.[2] These objects can be of almost any shape or geometry, and are produced from a 3D model or other electronic data source. A 3D printer is a type of industrial robot. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing RD
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
http://www.hms.harvard.edu/neprc/neuro.html says ADHD is Neuropsychiatric disorder - hence adding BT 2014/04/04 (RD)
80.20.130.10^Ab initio quantum chemistry methods
abaxial abaxial - facing away from the axis of an organ or organism; "the abaxial surface of a leaf is the underside or side facing away from the stem" ab·ax·i·al adj. Located away from or on the opposite side of the axis, as of an organ or organism. RD
60.470.330.60.10^Abdominal hysterectomy|60.470.380.20.10^Abdominal hysterectomy
Surgical and invasive medical procedures
60.110.40.170.10^Abdominal ultrasound|60.430.10.170.10^Abdominal ultrasound|90.190.50.170.10^Abdominal ultrasound
60.510.40.80.10^Abnormal uterine bleeding
Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
Acanthodii or acanthodians (sometimes called spiny sharks) is a paraphyletic class of extinct fish, sharing features with both bony fish and cartilaginous fish. In form they resembled sharks, but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteans (gars, bowfins). They represent several independent phylogenetic branch of fishes leading to the still-extant Chondrichthyes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii RD
10.260.40.20.10^Access to consciousness|10.260.50.30.20.10^Access to consciousness
10.60.300.830.10^Acetylcholine receptors|10.120.230.150.10^Acetylcholine receptors
An achievement test is a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type of achievement test is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction.
10.350.160.10^Achievement tests|110.90.160.10^Achievement tests
2015/03/09 09:23 created by rachel 2015/03/09 09:24 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/09 09:26 BT Limb reduction defects added by rachel
Achondroplasia is a form of short-limbed dwarfism. The word achondroplasia literally means "without cartilage formation." Cartilage is a tough but flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton during early development. However, in achondroplasia the problem is not in forming cartilage but in converting it to bone (a process called ossification), particularly in the long bones of the arms and legs. Achondroplasia is similar to another skeletal disorder called hypochondroplasia, but the features of achondroplasia tend to be more severe. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=achondroplasia RD
30.10.20.10^Acid deposition|40.90.10.10^Acid deposition|80.20.150.10.10^Acid deposition
Term added as part of sort-out of Amino acids, prompted by over-indexing of 'Amino acids' 2013/05/06 (RD)
10.230.60.10.10.10.10^Acinetobacter baumannii|10.280.30.10.10^Acinetobacter baumannii|60.360.90.50.10.10.10^Acinetobacter baumannii
Term moved as part of partitioning Taxonomy NTs away from Animals division, provoked by New Terms Amphioxus and Chordata 2013/09/05 (RD)
80.50.10.10^Acoustic scattering|80.50.340.10^Acoustic scattering
10.210.120.10^Acquired immune system|60.180.120.10^Acquired immune system
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. When this happens, your bones increase in size, including those of your hands, feet and face. Acromegaly usually affects middle-aged adults. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/basics/definition/con-20019216 RD
2015/03/09 08:47 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/09 08:48 Moved from Endocrinology by rachel
Moved as part of Neurophysiology/Electrophysiology reorganisation prompted by eTOC testing 2013/07/04 (RD)
60.40.10^Acute cardiovascular problems|60.40.20.10^Acute cardiovascular problems
60.170.70.10.20.10^Acute lymphoblastic leukemia|60.300.60.140.10.20.10^Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
2015/03/09 09:04 BT Bacterial diseases added by rachel 2015/03/09 09:06 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Acute prostatitis – symptoms are severe and develop rapidly. This is caused by a bacterial infection of the prostate gland. It's a medical emergency, as without prompt treatment with antibiotics, the prostate and surrounding areas can become damaged. An estimated one in every 10,000 men will develop acute prostatitis. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Prostatitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
60.120.20.70.10^Acute prostatitis|60.190.10.20^Acute prostatitis
20.320.10^Adaptive systems|80.40.190.10^Adaptive systems
ad·ax·i·al adj. 1. Located on the side nearest to the axis of an organ or organism. 2. Of or relating to the side or surface facing or nearest to the axis of an organ, such as the upper surface of a leaf; ventral. (Botany) facing towards the axis, as the surface of a leaf that faces the stem. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/adaxial RD
Addiction is the continued repetition of a behavior despite adverse consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors.Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, exercise addiction, food addiction, computer addiction and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial.
10.260.30.30.10^Additive neurogenesis|10.260.70.50.10^Additive neurogenesis
60.300.60.60.10.10^Adenocarcinoma of the lung|60.300.60.160.10^Adenocarcinoma of the lung
ENZYME entry: EC 3.6.1.3 http://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.6.1.3 ATPases (EC 3.6.1.3, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, adenosine 5'-triphosphatase, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion.[1][2][3][4][5][6] This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life. Some such enzymes are integral membrane proteins (anchored within biological membranes), and move solutes across the membrane, typically against their concentration gradient. These are called transmembrane ATPases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase RD
10.60.170.60.190.20^Adenosine triphosphatase|10.60.300.230.190.20^Adenosine triphosphatase
10.120.230.40.380.10^Adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade
adipokine: A cytokine (for example, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6) produced by adipose tissue and acting locally in an autocrine-paracrine fashion or systemically as a hormone. adipokine: A generic term for cytokines and other modulating proteins which are secreted by adipocytes. Some—e.g., IL-6—are pro-inflammatory, whilst others—e.g., adiponectin—have anti-inflammatory or insulin-sensitising properties. Adipokine dysregulation appears to play a central role in adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and the co-morbidities of obesity including cardiovascular disease. adipocytokine: A molecule secreted by fat cells that affects the physiology of cells in other parts of the body. Some of these molecules influence appetite, the storage of fat in the body, and systemic inflammation. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/adipokine RD
10.20.20.10^Adipose tissue|60.10.20.10^Adipose tissue
Added as part of renovation of Organogenesis term (adding NTs). 2013/07/22 (RD)
10.170.190.20.10^Adipose tissue development
60.380.20.10^Adjustment of dosage at steady state
60.60.20.10.10^Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy|60.300.50.50.10^Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy|60.300.90.10.10^Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy|60.380.40.60.10^Adjuvant cancer chemotherapy
60.60.20.10.20^Adjuvant chemotherapy|60.300.50.50.20^Adjuvant chemotherapy|60.300.90.10.20^Adjuvant chemotherapy|60.380.40.60.20^Adjuvant chemotherapy
10.210.50.10^Adoptive transfer|60.60.10.10^Adoptive transfer|60.180.50.10^Adoptive transfer
10.20.90.10^Adrenal cortex|60.10.90.10^Adrenal cortex
10.20.90.20^Adrenal glands|60.10.90.20^Adrenal glands
10.120.230.10^Adrenergic signal transduction
10.60.190.120.20^Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare inherited disorder affecting the adrenal glands and ‘white matter’ of the brain, causing a progressive loss of physical and mental skills. http://www.gosh.nhs.uk/medical-information/search-medical-conditions/adrenoleukodystrophy http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/x-linked-adrenoleukodystrophy RD
Added to mark the appointment of Veronique Kiemer to PLOS as Executive Editor. See PMID:19892975. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892975 RD
10.260.30.30.20^Adult neurogenesis|10.260.70.50.20^Adult neurogenesis
10.230.60.10.10.30^Aeromonas hydrophila|10.280.30.40.10^Aeromonas hydrophila|60.360.90.50.10.30^Aeromonas hydrophila
10.260.40.20.20^Affective consciousness|10.260.50.30.20.20^Affective consciousness
10.230.60.10.30.200.10^African horse sickness virus|10.280.90.60.230.10^African horse sickness virus|10.280.90.80.200.10^African horse sickness virus|60.360.90.50.30.200.10^African horse sickness virus
60.190.180.310.10^African trypanosomiasis|60.350.190.70.10^African trypanosomiasis|60.480.20.10^African trypanosomiasis
Afrotheria is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, sengis (also known as elephant shrews), tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants, sea cows, and several extinct clades. They share few anatomical features but many are partly or entirely African in their distribution. This probably reflects the fact that Africa was an island continent through the early Cenozoic. Because the continent was isolated by water, Laurasian groups such as insectivores, rabbits, carnivorans and ungulates could not become established. Instead, the niches occupied by those groups were filled by tenrecs, hyraxes and elephants that evolved from the ancestral afrothere. This adaptive radiation may have occurred in response to the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotheria RD
90.150.30.10^Agarose gel electrophoresis
20.320.20^Agent-based modeling|80.40.190.20^Agent-based modeling|90.320.10^Agent-based modeling
60.60.20.10.30^Aggressive chemotherapy|60.300.50.50.30^Aggressive chemotherapy|60.300.90.10.30^Aggressive chemotherapy|60.380.40.60.30^Aggressive chemotherapy
10.10.20^Agricultural economics|110.30.10^Agricultural economics
30.40.70.80.10^Agricultural land|40.240.10^Agricultural land|110.40.80.10^Agricultural land
10.10.50^Agricultural soil science|40.210.10^Agricultural soil science
10.230.150.10.10^Agrobacterium tumefaciens|10.280.30.50.10^Agrobacterium tumefaciens|10.330.160.10.10^Agrobacterium tumefaciens
The application of ecological knowledge about organism distribution and abundance to enhance crop yields and protect crops from insect or disease attack.
Agroecology is The application of ecology to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems. A whole-systems approach to agriculture and food systems development based on traditional knowledge, alternative agriculture, and local food system experiences. Linking ecology, culture, economics, and society to sustain agricultural production, healthy environments, and viable food and farming communities. http://www.agroecology.org/ RD
the science and technology of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber. Agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science.[1] Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences like biology, chemistry, ecology, earth science, and genetics
The fraction of incident electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface, especially of a celestial body
10.270.10.10^Alcohol consumption|60.290.10.10^Alcohol consumption
10.270.10.20.10^Alcoholic beverages|60.290.10.20.10^Alcoholic beverages
Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with ethanol (commonly referred to as alcohol), and generally refers to alcohol addiction, which is the compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically an addictive illness.
Could use attention. BT Plants might meet with some objection. -BG, 21 May 2012 Microorganisms might be better, in theory. - gabe, 6/14 But some algae are several meters long. Perhaps put in Botany, but not under Plants. -BG, 7 August 2012
80.40.10.50^Algebraic topology|80.40.200.10^Algebraic topology
10.60.300.40.20^Aliphatic amino acids|80.20.60.430.80.20^Aliphatic amino acids|80.20.200.20.80.20^Aliphatic amino acids
http://www.ithanet.eu/ithapedia/index.php/Protocol:Hb_F_quantitation_by_alkali_denaturation 2014/01/21 (RD)
10.20.30.30.10^Alkali denaturation technique|10.240.30.60.10^Alkali denaturation technique|10.320.20.30.10^Alkali denaturation technique|60.10.30.30.10^Alkali denaturation technique|60.170.20.10^Alkali denaturation technique|60.400.20.30.10^Alkali denaturation technique|90.240.60.10^Alkali denaturation technique
10.230.60.10.30.80.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus|10.230.60.10.30.90.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.40.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.60.120.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.80.80.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.80.90.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus|60.360.90.50.30.80.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus|60.360.90.50.30.90.10^Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus
Asthma and allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), food allergy, and atopic dermatitis (eczema), are common for all age groups in the United States. For example, asthma affects more than 17 million adults and more than 7 million children. Hay fever, respiratory allergies, and other allergies affect approximately 10 percent of children under 18 years old. In addition, food allergy affects an estimated 5 percent of children under 5 years old and 4 percent of children ages 5 to 17 years old and adults. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/allergicdiseases/Pages/default.aspx RD
2015/03/10 06:08 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/10 06:25 Moved from Clinical immunology by rachel
2015/03/10 06:02 created by rachel 2015/03/10 06:03 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/10 06:03 BT Allergic diseases added by rachel 2015/03/10 06:07 Synonym Hay fever added by rachel
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS. MeSH: D006255 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=5982&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
10.210.50.120.10^Allergy immunotherapy|60.60.10.120.10^Allergy immunotherapy|60.180.50.120.10^Allergy immunotherapy
60.160.120.10^Allied health care professionals
10.60.170.10.30.10^Allosteric regulation|10.60.300.30^Allosteric regulation
60.380.40.120.10^Alpha-adrenergic antagonist therapy
10.260.40.20.30^Altered states of consciousness|10.260.50.30.20.30^Altered states of consciousness
10.60.230.40.90.10^Alternative splicing|10.200.120.100.10^Alternative splicing
Altruistic behaviour is common throughout the animal kingdom, particularly in species with complex social structures. For example, vampire bats regularly regurgitate blood and donate it to other members of their group who have failed to feed that night, ensuring they do not starve. In numerous bird species, a breeding pair receives help in raising its young from other ‘helper’ birds, who protect the nest from predators and help to feed the fledglings. Vervet monkeys give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys of the presence of predators, even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves, increasing their personal chance of being attacked. In social insect colonies (ants, wasps, bees and termites), sterile workers devote their whole lives to caring for the queen, constructing and protecting the nest, foraging for food, and tending the larvae. Such behaviour is maximally altruistic: sterile workers obviously do not leave any offspring of their own—so have personal fitness of zero—but their actions greatly assist the reproductive efforts of the queen. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/ RD
Alveolar echinococcosis is characterized by an asymptomatic incubation period of 5–15 years and the slow development of a primary tumour-like lesion which is usually located in the liver. Lesions may also involve other organs such as the spleen, lungs and brain following dissemination of the parasite via the blood and lymphatic system. Clinical signs include weight loss, abdominal pain, general malaise and signs of hepatic failure. If left untreated, alveolar echinococcosis is progressive and fatal. http://www.who.int/echinococcosis/symptoms/en/ People who accidentally swallow the eggs of the Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm are at risk for infection. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/gen_info/ae-faqs.html RD
60.350.80.30.10^Alveolar echinococcosis|60.480.20.130.10^Alveolar echinococcosis
60.250.50.10^Alzheimer disease|60.280.120.10^Alzheimer disease|60.280.220.10^Alzheimer disease
Molecular biology assays and analysis techniques
10.240.30.190.10^Amino acid analysis|90.240.190.10^Amino acid analysis
10.240.30.230.110.10^Amino acid sequence analysis|90.240.230.110.10^Amino acid sequence analysis
90.80.10.10^Amino acid specific chromatography
10.60.300.40.30^Amino acid substitution|80.20.60.430.80.30^Amino acid substitution|80.20.200.20.80.30^Amino acid substitution
A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Amino+Acyl-tRNA+Synthetases D000604 RD
10.60.170.60.130.10^Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases|10.60.300.230.130.10^Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Ammonites are perhaps the most widely known fossil, possessing the typically ribbed spiral-form shell as pictured above. These creatures lived in the seas between 240 - 65 million years ago, when they became extinct along with the dinosaurs. The name 'ammonite' (usually lower-case) originates from the Greek Ram-horned god called Ammon. Ammonites belong to a group of predators known as cephalopods, which includes their living relatives the octopus, squid, cuttlefish and nautilus. http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/ammonites.htm RD
90.250.10.20.10^Ammonium sulfate precipitation
Amniotes include most of the land-dwelling vertebrates alive today, namely, mammals, turtles, Sphenodon, lizards, crocodylians and birds. It is a diverse clade with over 20000 living species. Amniotes include nearly all of the large plant- and flesh-eating vertebrates on land today, and they live all over the planet in virtually every habitat. http://tolweb.org/Amniota Amniotes ..... are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds and mammals that lay their eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote RD
Amplification-refractory mutation system analysis
Artificial gene amplification and extension
Amplification refractory mutation system analysis
10.240.30.10.10^Amplification-refractory mutation system analysis|90.240.10.10^Amplification-refractory mutation system analysis
10.240.30.10.20^Amplified fragment length polymorphism|90.240.10.20^Amplified fragment length polymorphism
Plaques form when protein pieces called beta-amyloid (BAY-tuh AM-uh-loyd) clump together. Beta-amyloid comes from a larger protein found in the fatty membrane surrounding nerve cells. Beta-amyloid is chemically "sticky" and gradually builds up into plaques. The most damaging form of beta-amyloid may be groups of a few pieces rather than the plaques themselves. The small clumps may block cell-to-cell signaling at synapses. They may also activate immune system cells that trigger inflammation and devour disabled cells. https://www.alz.org/braintour/plaques.asp RD
Amyloids are insoluble fibrous protein aggregates sharing specific structural traits. They are insoluble and arise from at least 18 inappropriately folded versions of proteins and polypeptides present naturally in the body.[1] These misfolded structures alter their proper configuration such that they erroneously interact with one another or other cell components forming insoluble fibrils. They have been associated with the pathology of more than 20 serious human diseases in that abnormal accumulation of amyloid fibrils in organs may lead to amyloidosis, and may play a role in various neurodegenerative disorders https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid RD
Amyloidosis is a group of rare but serious conditions caused by deposits of abnormal protein, called amyloid, in tissues and organs throughout the body. Proteins begin as a string of amino acids that fold themselves into a three-dimensional shape. This 'protein folding' allows them to perform useful functions within our cells. Amyloid is a description of proteins which have folded abnormally and then collected together. In this form they do not break down as easily as normal proteins and can build up in tissues and organs. If this build-up causes the tissues or organs to stop working properly, the resulting conditions are called amyloidosis. The amyloid deposits occasionally only affect one part of the body (localised amyloidosis), but more often several different part of the body are affected (systemic amyloidosis), such as the heart, kidneys, liver, or nerves. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/amyloidosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
60.280.220.40.10^Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Anal cancer is an abnormal growth of cells in or around the anus or anal canal, the short passage through which bowel movements pass. The most common type of cancer found in this location is believed to be related to a type of viral infection linked to causing other types of cancers as well. Anal cancers are usually treated with radiation and chemotherapy, but surgery alone may be useful for very small or early anal cancers or when other therapy is not an option or unsuccessful in treating the anal cancer. https://www.fascrs.org/patients/disease-condition/anal-cancer RD
An anal abscess is an infected cavity filled with pus found near the anus or rectum. Ninety percent of abscesses are the result of an acute infection in the internal glands of the anus. Occasionally, bacteria, fecal material or foreign matter can clog an anal gland and tunnel into the tissue around the anus or rectum, where it may then collect in a cavity called an abscess. An anal fistula (also commonly called fistula-in-ano) is frequently the result of a previous or current anal abscess. This occurs in up to 50% of patients with abscesses. Normal anatomy includes small glands just inside the anus. The fistula is the tunnel that forms under the skin and connects the clogged infected glands to an abscess. A fistula can be present with or without an abscess and may connect just to the skin of the buttocks near the anal opening. https://www.fascrs.org/patients/disease-condition/abscess-and-fistula-expanded-information RD
Anal warts are small warts that can occur inside and around the anus. The condition is also called condyloma acuminata. Anal warts are a form of genital warts. http://www.healthline.com/health/anal-warts#Overview1 RD
80.40.180.70.10^Analysis of variance|90.210.100.10^Analysis of variance
Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death. MeSH: D000707 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
2015/03/10 06:24 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/10 06:25 Moved from Clinical immunology by rachel 2015/03/10 06:31 Synonym Anaphylactic shock added by rachel
60.300.60.60.150.10^Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma|60.300.60.90.90.10^Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
90.30.30.10^Anchorage dependent cell culture
Angiogenesis is a physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels. Placental vascular growth begins as early as 21 days p.c. and continues throughout gestation. When the primary villi are formed, the cytotrophoblast core is covered by a thick layer of syncytiotrophoblasts. With the development of secondary villi, a core of irregularly dispersed, homogenous connective tissue cells can be recognized beneath the cytotrophoblast layer. At 6 weeks of gestation, a basal lamina can be detected around the villous vessels. The development of villous capillaries from hemangioblastic cells can be observed until 10–12 weeks of gestation. From 12 weeks onwards, the capillaries coil, bulge, form sinusoids, and protrude towards the trophoblastic layers, forming a so-called syncytiocapillary membrane. Although reliable signs of formation of new vessels are absent in the second half of pregnancy, some capillary sprouts can be seen. Wang Y, Zhao S. Vascular Biology of the Placenta. San Rafael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2010. Chapter 6, Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis of Human Placenta. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53252/ 2014/10/10 (RD)
10.40.20^Animal behavior|10.450.20^Animal behavior
10.450.10.10^Animal cardiovascular anatomy
10.260.50.20.10^Animal cognition|10.450.30^Animal cognition
The journal, Animal Genetics, reports frontline research on immunogenetics, molecular genetics and functional genomics of economically important and domesticated animals. Publications include the study of variability at gene and protein levels, mapping of genes, traits and QTLs, associations between genes and traits, genetic diversity, and characterization of gene expression and control. -- http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0268-9146
Influenza is a disease common to man and a limited number of lower animal species mainly horses, pigs, domestic and wild birds, wild aquatic mammals such as seals and whales, minks and farmed carnivores. There are 3 types of influenza viruses A, B and C. Types B and C are human viruses mainly affecting young children and causing a mild disease. Type A virus is the important type as far as cross-species infections are concerned. http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/animal_influenza/en/ RD
10.40.20.10^Animal migration|10.450.20.10^Animal migration
10.230.10^Animal models of infection|90.10.10.10^Animal models of infection
10.450.10.40^Animal musculoskeletal anatomy
10.40.20.10.10^Animal navigation|10.450.20.10.10^Animal navigation
10.190.70.40.10^Animal phylogenetics|10.410.20.40.10^Animal phylogenetics|10.450.50^Animal phylogenetics|20.170.30.20.40.10^Animal phylogenetics
10.450.40.20^Animal prion diseases|60.190.110.10^Animal prion diseases|60.190.180.240.10^Animal prion diseases
10.40.20.20^Animal sexual behavior|10.450.20.20^Animal sexual behavior
2015/03/21 13:01 RT Bioacoustics removed by rachel
10.40.20.30^Animal signaling and communication|10.450.20.30^Animal signaling and communication
10.40.20.40^Animal sociality|10.450.20.40^Animal sociality
10.410.10^Animal taxonomy|10.450.70^Animal taxonomy|20.170.30.10^Animal taxonomy
40.90.50.10^Anion exchange capacity|40.210.60.10^Anion exchange capacity|80.20.150.50.10^Anion exchange capacity
90.80.50.30.10^Anion exchange chromatography
10.210.50.40.10^Ankylosing spondylitis|60.60.10.40.10^Ankylosing spondylitis|60.180.50.40.10^Ankylosing spondylitis
80.50.340.20^Anomalous scattering|90.110.50.10.10^Anomalous scattering
10.450.10.90^Antennae (animal physiology)|10.450.60.10^Antennae (animal physiology)
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
60.470.240.10^Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
60.470.250.110.10^Anterior temporal lobectomy|60.470.380.40.10.10^Anterior temporal lobectomy
Needs attention. I strongly urge that this term be deleted, and the narrower terms moved up as appropriate. The term serves no purpose, and it doesn't fit under Social sciences. -BG, 16 August 2012
the systematic collection and correlation of measurements of the human body. Now one of the principal techniques of physical anthropology, the discipline originated in the 19th century, when early studies of human biological and cultural evolution stimulated an interest in the systematic description of populations both living and extinct. -- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27531/anthropometry
60.380.40.100.10^Anti-addiction drug therapy
Branch needs SME attention; methods spreadsheet doesn't seem entirely right. -BG, 22 June 2012
10.210.200.10^Antibacterial therapy|60.180.200.10^Antibacterial therapy|60.410.130.50.10^Antibacterial therapy
Moved as part of review of Medical microbiology after implementation of new eTOCs 2013/08/07 (RD)
10.210.200.100.10^Antibiotic prophylaxis|60.180.200.100.10^Antibiotic prophylaxis|60.410.130.50.100.10^Antibiotic prophylaxis
Antibiotic resistance refers specifically to the resistance to antibiotics that occurs in common bacteria that cause infections. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/ RD
10.230.70.10.10^Antibiotic resistance|60.390.20.10^Antibiotic resistance
Narrower terms may need SME attention. Are they exclusive to antibiotic susceptibility testing? -BG, 22 June 2012
Minimal bactericidal concentration analysis
Minimal inhibitory concentration analysis
60.390.190.10^Antibiotic susceptibility testing
90.200.10^Antibody isotype determination
Monoclonal antibody supernatant production
10.210.100.10^Antibody response|60.180.100.10^Antibody response
10.60.300.350.10.30^Antibody specificity|10.210.130.10.30^Antibody specificity|10.320.80.10.30^Antibody specificity|60.180.130.10.30^Antibody specificity|60.400.80.10.30^Antibody specificity
10.210.50.30^Antibody therapy|60.60.10.30^Antibody therapy|60.180.50.30^Antibody therapy|60.300.50.20^Antibody therapy
10.120.70.10.130.10^Antibody-producing cells|10.210.80.10^Antibody-producing cells|60.180.80.10^Antibody-producing cells
60.380.40.100.20^Antidepressant drug therapy
10.60.300.60^Antifreeze proteins|10.160.10.10^Antifreeze proteins
10.210.120.50.10^Antigen presentation|60.180.120.50.10^Antigen presentation
10.210.20^Antigen processing and recognition|60.180.20^Antigen processing and recognition
10.120.70.10.130.20^Antigen-presenting cells|10.210.80.20^Antigen-presenting cells|60.180.80.20^Antigen-presenting cells
10.60.300.350.20.20^Antigenic variation|10.210.130.20.20^Antigenic variation|10.320.80.20.20^Antigenic variation|60.180.130.20.20^Antigenic variation|60.400.80.20.20^Antigenic variation
60.380.40.50.30^Antihypertensive drug therapy
In particle physics, antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter, where antimatter is composed of antiparticles in the same way that normal matter is composed of particles.
Antimicrobial resistance is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. Resistant microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs, such as antibacterial drugs (e.g. antibiotics), antifungals, antivirals, and antimalarials, so that standard treatments become ineffective and infections persist, increasing the risk of spread to others. The evolution of resistant strains is a natural phenomenon that occurs when microorganisms replicate themselves erroneously or when resistant traits are exchanged between them. The use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs accelerates the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Poor infection control practices, inadequate sanitary conditions and inappropriate food-handling encourage the further spread of antimicrobial resistance. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/ RD
10.230.70.10^Antimicrobial resistance|60.390.20^Antimicrobial resistance
10.210.200.20^Antiparasitic therapy|60.180.200.20^Antiparasitic therapy|60.410.130.50.20^Antiparasitic therapy
60.40.20.40.10^Antiphospholipid syndrome|60.170.30.10.10^Antiphospholipid syndrome
Added this term to serve as broader term for "oral antiplatelet therapy" in the methods spreadsheet. Broader term in the spreadsheet, under "drug therapy", is "hematology". -BG, 26 June 2012
2015/03/17 07:35 Moved from Vaccination and immunization by rachel 2015/03/17 08:03 RT Antiretrovirals added by rachel
10.210.200.30.10^Antiretroviral therapy|60.180.200.30.10^Antiretroviral therapy|60.410.130.50.30.10^Antiretroviral therapy
Added BT Snapdragons as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
10.60.240.70.10^Antisense oligonucleotides
Antiviral immunity Innate immune responses are the front line of defence of the host against virus infection. The host cell can detect an invading virus and induce expression of interferons (IFNs) and cytokines. In turn, these IFNs can establish an antiviral state in uninfected neighbouring cells by suppressing protein production, promoting the degradation of mRNA, and by inducing expression of a variety of IFN-stimulated gene products (ISGs) with broad antiviral activity. IFNs can also modulate the acquired immune response, activating immune effector cells and thereby providing a link between innate and adaptive immunity. http://www.gla.ac.uk/researchinstitutes/iii/cvr/researchprogrammes/antiviralimmunity/ RD
2015/03/11 11:30 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
10.210.100.20^Antiviral immune response|60.180.100.20^Antiviral immune response
2015/03/17 06:52 RT Antiviral therapeutics added by rachel
10.210.200.30^Antiviral therapy|60.180.200.30^Antiviral therapy|60.410.130.50.30^Antiviral therapy
2015/03/17 08:05 BT Virology added by rachel 2015/03/17 08:09 Synonym Antiviral therapeutics added by rachel 2015/03/17 08:16 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. MeSH:D000998 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=946&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
Anxiety is an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior, such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints and rumination. It is the subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated events, such as the feeling of imminent death. Anxiety is not the same as fear, which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat; whereas anxiety is the expectation of future threat.
http://www.semel.ucla.edu/research/conditions suggests Anxiety disorder to be Neurosis hence adding BT 2014/04/04 (RD) http://www.hms.harvard.edu/neprc/neuro.html suggests Anxiety disorder to be Neuropsychiatric disorder hence adding BT 2014/04/04 (RD)
60.250.120.20^Anxiety disorders|60.250.130.10^Anxiety disorders
10.20.60.10.20^Aortic bifurcation|60.10.60.10.20^Aortic bifurcation
There are about 4000 species of aphids worldwide, of which about 250 are serious pests. Aphids are garden pests as they feed on plant sap by inserting their stylets (mouthparts) into the plant's phloem. As well as damaging the plant, they can transmit plant viruses. Plant sap is high in sugars, but low in proteins, so aphids have to ingest large volumes of sap to get a balanced diet. This is why aphids produce honeydew, a sugary excretion, which can provide a substrate for sooty moulds. http://www.royensoc.co.uk/insect_info/what/aphids.htm RD
Needs attention for placement. -BG, 8 June 2012
60.170.10.10^Aplastic anemia|60.170.50.10^Aplastic anemia
10.120.230.40.380.30^Apoptotic signaling cascade
I doubt that many of the child terms of "Applied Chemistry" belong there. Jeremy Standiford
10.110.10^Applied microbiology|10.230.20^Applied microbiology
Applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in real life situations. Mental health, organizational psychology, business management, education, health, product design, ergonomics, and law are just a few of the areas that have been influenced by the application of psychological principles and findings.
10.350.20^Applied psychology|110.90.20^Applied psychology
he germ tubes of some fungi produce special pressing organs called appressoria, from which a microscopic, needlelike peg presses against and punctures the epidermis of the host; after penetration, a mycelium develops in the usual manner. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/30761/appressorium 2014/10/08 (RD)
A test or examination (informally, exam) is an assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs). A test may be administered verbally, on paper, on a computer, or in a confined area that requires a test taker to physically perform a set of skills. Tests vary in style, rigor and requirements.
Aquaculture, a type of agriculture, is the practice of cultivating aquatic animals and plants in managed aquatic environments. http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/A-Bi/Aquaculture.html Read more: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/A-Bi/Aquaculture.html#ixzz3ejPZbDM4 The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/aquaculture The cultivation of marine or freshwater organisms, especially food fish or shellfish such as salmon or oysters, under controlled conditions. Also called aquafarming. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=aquaculture the cultivation of freshwater and marine resources, both plant and animal, for human consumption or use http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/aquaculture The cultivation of aquatic produce such as aquatic plants, fish and other aquatic animals. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aquaculture Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms in both coastal and inland areas involving interventions in the rearing process to enhance production. http://www.fao.org/aquaculture/en/ RD
30.100.10^Aquatic environments|40.10^Aquatic environments
10.450.10.110^Aquatic respiratory anatomy
Added BT Brassica as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
10.280.50.20.10^Arabidopsis thaliana|90.230.30.20^Arabidopsis thaliana
10.120.230.40.380.40^Arachidonic acid signaling cascades
Arboviral (short for arthropod-borne) diseases are caused by arboviruses that are spread to people by a bite of an infected arthropod, including mosquitoes and ticks. http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/communicable/arboviraldiseases/Index.htm 2014/10/10 (RD)
80.40.170.80.10^Arc-related random variables
10.230.30.30^Archaeal physiology|10.230.120.10^Archaeal physiology
10.230.30.40^Archaeal taxonomy|10.410.30.10^Archaeal taxonomy|20.170.30.30.10^Archaeal taxonomy
Archaea are a group of microscopic organisms that were discovered in the early 1970s. Like bacteria, they are single-celled prokaryotes. Archaeans were originally thought to be bacteria until DNA analysis showed that they are different. In fact, they are so different that the discovery prompted scientists to come up with a new system for classifying life. There is still much about archaeans that is not known. What we do know is that they can exist under some of the most extreme conditions, such as extremely hot, acidic, or alkaline environments. http://biology.about.com/od/evolution/p/archaea.htm 2014/10/15 (RD)
based on the physical remnants of past cultures and former conditions of contemporary cultures, usually found buried in the earth
The Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR)...specializes in trace-element analysis (i.e., chemical fingerprinting) of archaeological specimens for the purpose of determining their provenance (source) by making available the following analytical techniques – instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Archaeometry is an international research journal covering the application of the physical and biological sciences to archaeology and the history of art. The topics covered include dating methods, artifact studies, mathematical methods, remote sensing techniques, conservation science, environmental reconstruction, biological anthropology and archaeological theory. The journal is published on behalf of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, in association with Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie, ARCHAEOMETRIE, the Society for Archaeological Sciences (SAS), and Associazione Italian di Archeometria.
Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians. This group also includes all extinct dinosaurs, extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosauria, the archosaur clade, is a crown group that includes the most recent common ancestor of living birds and crocodilians. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur
The Arenaviridae are a family of viruses whose members are generally associated with rodent-transmitted diseases in humans. Each virus usually is associated with a particular rodent host species in which it is maintained. Arenavirus infections are relatively common in humans in some areas of the world and can cause severe illnesses. The virus particles are spherical and have an average diameter of 110-130 nanometers. All are enveloped in a lipid (fat) membrane. Viewed in cross-section, they show grainy particles that are ribosomes acquired from their host cells. It is this characteristic that gave them their name, derived from the Latin "arena", which means "sandy". Their genome, or genetic material, is composed of RNA only, and while their replication strategy is not completely understood, we know that new viral particles, called virions, are created by budding from the surface of their hosts' cells. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/arenaviridae.html 2014/10/09 (RD)
60.190.170.460.10^Argentine hemorrhagic fever|60.480.20.460.10^Argentine hemorrhagic fever
Located completely within the Asian continent, but is a member of the Council of Europe. -BG
for processing signals from arrays of sensors
10.240.30.190.140.10^Arrayed library screening|90.240.190.140.10^Arrayed library screening
10.20.60.10.30.10^Arterial bifurcations|60.10.60.10.30.10^Arterial bifurcations
10.260.20.70.10^Arterial spin labelling|10.260.180.70.10^Arterial spin labelling|60.110.40.110.30.10^Arterial spin labelling|60.430.10.110.30.10^Arterial spin labelling|90.190.50.110.30.10^Arterial spin labelling|90.190.110.70.10^Arterial spin labelling
10.240.30.10.30^Artificial DNA amplification|90.240.10.30^Artificial DNA amplification
Polymerase chain reaction-overlap extension method
Random amplified polymorphic DNA technique
10.240.30.10^Artificial gene amplification and extension|90.240.10^Artificial gene amplification and extension
10.240.30.20^Artificial genetic recombination|90.240.20^Artificial genetic recombination
10.260.50.10^Artificial intelligence|20.10^Artificial intelligence
'Neural networks' is a phrase used in the literature with a very solid and distinct ambiguity - both in neurosci context and a comp sci context - see http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/cs11/report.html for example. It is difficult to disambiguate the usage from Artificial neural networks in rulebase, so using BTs to set both in both places, for ease of access by users in navigable menus. 2014/03/03 (RD).
10.140.60.10^Artificial neural networks|10.260.50.10.10^Artificial neural networks|10.260.60.10^Artificial neural networks|20.10.10^Artificial neural networks
Artiodactyla, or cloven-hooved mammals, include such familiar animals as sheep, goats, camels, pigs, cows, deer, giraffes, and antelopes — most of the world's species of large land mammals are artiodactyls. Many living artiodactyls have evolved features that are adaptive for life on open grasslands. As beasts of burden and as sources of meat, hair, and leather, artiodactyls have assumed important roles in many cultures around the world. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/artio/artiodactyla.html RD
An estimated 807-1,221 million people in the world are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides (sometimes called just "Ascaris"). Ascaris, hookworm, and whipworm are known as soil-transmitted helminths (parasitic worms). Together, they account for a major burden of disease worldwide. Ascariasis is now uncommon in the United States. Ascaris lives in the intestine and Ascaris eggs are passed in the feces of infected persons. If the infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the feces of an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. They can then mature into a form that is infective. Ascariasis is caused by ingesting eggs. This can happen when hands or fingers that have contaminated dirt on them are put in the mouth or by consuming vegetables or fruits that have not been carefully cooked, washed or peeled. People infected with Ascaris often show no symptoms. If symptoms do occur they can be light and include abdominal discomfort. Heavy infections can cause intestinal blockage and impair growth in children. Other symptoms such as cough are due to migration of the worms through the body. Ascariasis is treatable with medication prescribed by your health care provider. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/ RD
Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD) or simply Asperger's, is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation of linguistic and cognitive development.
10.230.60.10.20.50^Aspergillus fumigatus|10.250.60.50^Aspergillus fumigatus|10.280.40.60.10.20^Aspergillus fumigatus|60.360.90.50.20.50^Aspergillus fumigatus
10.280.40.60.10.30^Aspergillus nidulans|90.230.60.10^Aspergillus nidulans
60.510.40.10^Assisted reproductive technology
80.10.40.10^Astroparticle physics|80.50.20.10^Astroparticle physics|80.50.250.20^Astroparticle physics
May need attention. Possibly too vague. -BG, 6 June 2012
30.10.20^Atmospheric chemistry|40.90.10^Atmospheric chemistry|80.20.150.10^Atmospheric chemistry
30.10.40.10.10^Atmospheric circulation|30.70.10.10.10^Atmospheric circulation|80.50.140.10.10.10^Atmospheric circulation
30.10.40.10.20^Atmospheric clouds|30.70.10.10.20^Atmospheric clouds|80.50.140.10.10.20^Atmospheric clouds
30.10.40.10^Atmospheric dynamics|30.70.10.10^Atmospheric dynamics|80.50.140.10.10^Atmospheric dynamics
30.10.40.20^Atmospheric layers|30.70.10.20^Atmospheric layers|80.50.140.10.20^Atmospheric layers
30.10.40^Atmospheric physics|30.70.10^Atmospheric physics|80.50.140.10^Atmospheric physics
90.340.10.10^Atomic absorption spectrometry
Methods (as synonym for Scanning probe microscopy)
2015/03/10 06:12 Synonym Atopic eczema added by rachel 2015/03/10 06:12 Moved from Dermatology by rachel 2015/03/10 06:12 BT Allergic diseases added by rachel 2015/03/10 06:15 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a non-contagious inflammatory skin condition that affects an estimated 30 percent of the U.S. population, mostly children and adolescents. It is a chronic disease characterized by dry, itchy skin that can weep clear fluid when scratched. People with eczema also may be particularly susceptible to bacterial, viral, and fungal skin infections. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/eczema/understanding/Pages/info.aspx RD
10.60.190.120.170.10^Atrial natriuretic peptide
Attention is a concept studied in cognitive psychology that refers to how we actively process specific information present in our environment....attention "is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what may seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thoughts…It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others. (http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/f/attention.htm) Attention is a selection process for an external (sound, image, smell...) or internal (thoughts) event which has to be maintained at a certain level of awareness. It is not a stable but rather a fluctuating skill. It isn't continuously sustained and is often unconsciously let up on during a task (http://www.happy-neuron.com/brain-and-training/attention) Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of processing resources. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention) 2014/03/03 (RD)
Attention is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information, whether deemed subjective or objective, while ignoring other perceivable information. Attention has also been referred to as the allocation of limited processing resources.Attention remains a major area of investigation within education, psychology, neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology.
"Psychologists define attitudes as a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way. This can include evaluations of people, issues, objects or events. Such evaluations are often positive or negative, but they can also be uncertain at times. For example, you might have mixed feelings about a particular person or issue. Researchers also suggest that there are several different components that make up attitudes. An Emotional Component: How the object, person, issue or event makes you feel. A Cognitive Component: Your thoughts and beliefs about the subject. A Behavioral Component: How the attitude influences your behavior. Attitudes can also be explicit and implicit. Explicit attitudes are those that we are consciously aware of and that clearly influence our behaviors and beliefs. Implicit attitudes are unconscious, but still have an effect on our beliefs and behaviors." http://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/a/attitudes.htm 2014/08/05 KH and RD
An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object). Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport once described attitudes "the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology.". Attitude can be formed from a person's past and present.
10.350.30^Attitudes (psychology)|110.90.30^Attitudes (psychology)
for electrical signals representing sound, such as speech or music
60.470.300.110.10^Augmentation mammaplasty
Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus afarensis is one of the longest-lived and best-known early human species—paleoanthropologists have uncovered remains from more than 300 individuals! Found between 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania), this species survived for more than 900,000 years, which is over four times as long as our own species has been around. It is best known from the sites of Hadar, Ethiopia (‘Lucy’, AL 288-1 and the 'First Family', AL 333); Dikika, Ethiopia (Dikika ‘child’ skeleton); and Laetoli (fossils of this species plus the oldest documented bipedal footprint trails). Similar to chimpanzees, Au. afarensis children grew rapidly after birth and reached adulthood earlier than modern humans. This meant Au. afarensis had a shorter period of growing up than modern humans have today, leaving them less time for parental guidance and socialization during childhood. Au. afarensis had both ape and human characteristics: members of this species had apelike face proportions (a flat nose, a strongly projecting lower jaw) and braincase (with a small brain, usually less than 500 cubic centimeters -- about 1/3 the size of a modern human brain), and long, strong arms with curved fingers adapted for climbing trees. They also had small canine teeth like all other early humans, and a body that stood on two legs and regularly walked upright. Their adaptations for living both in the trees and on the ground helped them survive for almost a million years as climate and environments changed. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-afarensis RD
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life. The signs typically develop gradually, but some children with autism will reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace and then regress.Autism is highly heritable, but the cause includes both environmental factors and genetic susceptibility.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects social interaction, communication, interests and behaviour. It includes Asperger syndrome and childhood autism. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autistic-spectrum-disorder/Pages/Introduction.aspx 2014/09/11 (RD)
The autism spectrum or autistic spectrum describes a range of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the fifth revision of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5).
10.350.70.10^Autism spectrum disorder|110.90.70.10^Autism spectrum disorder
10.120.230.40.20^Autocrine signaling|10.320.60.20^Autocrine signaling|60.120.30.20^Autocrine signaling|60.400.60.20^Autocrine signaling
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1
10.210.50.40^Autoimmune diseases|60.60.10.40^Autoimmune diseases|60.180.50.40^Autoimmune diseases
10.210.50.40.20^Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1|60.50.60.20.20^Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1|60.60.10.40.20^Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1|60.180.50.40.20^Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1
10.240.30.150.10^Automated fluorescent genotyping|90.240.150.10^Automated fluorescent genotyping
90.190.100.10^Automated sperm morphometry analysis
10.20.180.10^Autonomic nervous system|60.10.180.10^Autonomic nervous system
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
2015/03/17 08:34 NT Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy added by rachel
10.200.200.10.10^Autosomal dominant traits
60.50.60.20^Autosomal recessive diseases
10.200.200.20.10^Autosomal recessive traits
Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird) influenza (flu) Type A viruses. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/ There are many different strains of bird flu virus, most of which don't infect humans. However, two particular strains have caused serious concern in recent years: H5N1 (since 1997) H7N9 (since 2013) Although these viruses don't infect people easily and aren't usually transmitted from human to human, several people have been infected around the world, leading to a number of deaths. Other bird flu viruses – particularly H7N7 and H9N2, and more recently H6N1, H10N8 and H5N6 – have also infected people, but these have been very rare or only rarely caused severe illness. Bird flu affects many species of birds, including chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese. It can be passed between commercial, wild and pet birds. Birds don't always get sick from infection, so seemingly healthy birds may still pose a risk to people who come into contact with them. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Avian-flu/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
avian malaria, also called bird malaria, infectious disease of birds that is known particularly for its devastation of native bird populations on the Hawaiian Islands. It is similar to human malaria in that it is caused by single-celled protozoans of the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. (http://www.britannica.com/science/avian-malaria) KH
90.180.20.10^Avidin-Biotin immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.10^Avidin-Biotin immunohistochemistry
10.120.230.20^Axon guidance receptors|10.260.30.10.10^Axon guidance receptors|10.260.70.10.10^Axon guidance receptors
10.240.30.80.20.10^BAC library construction|90.240.80.20.10^BAC library construction
Bacterial artificial chromosome library screening
Bacteria artificial chromosome sequencing
10.230.60.10.10.50.40^Bacillus thuringiensis|10.280.30.80.40^Bacillus thuringiensis|60.360.90.50.10.50.40^Bacillus thuringiensis
80.50.10.30^Background noise (acoustics)
20.230.10^Background signal noise|50.370.40^Background signal noise
90.220.30.10^Backscattered electron imaging
10.240.30.80.10^Bacterial artificial chromosomes|90.240.80.10^Bacterial artificial chromosomes
Needs attention. Should have BT Biofilms. -BG
10.230.40.20^Bacterial biofilms|10.230.50.10^Bacterial biofilms
60.390.190.10.20^Bacterial broth dilution
Overwhelming post-splenectomy infections
60.390.190.10.30^Bacterial disk diffusion
10.190.100.40.10^Bacterial evolution|10.230.40.30^Bacterial evolution|10.230.90.10^Bacterial evolution
60.140.130.10^Bacterial gastroenteritis|60.190.10.60^Bacterial gastroenteritis|60.480.20.30^Bacterial gastroenteritis
10.200.300.10^Bacterial genetics|10.230.40.40^Bacterial genetics
10.200.260.140.10^Bacterial genomics|10.200.300.10.10^Bacterial genomics|10.230.40.40.10^Bacterial genomics|10.230.100.10^Bacterial genomics
60.190.10.70^Bacterial meningitis|60.190.80.60.10^Bacterial meningitis|60.200.20.10^Bacterial meningitis|60.280.170.60.10^Bacterial meningitis
10.230.60.10.10^Bacterial pathogens|60.360.90.50.10^Bacterial pathogens
10.230.40.50^Bacterial physiology|10.230.120.20^Bacterial physiology
60.190.10.80^Bacterial pneumonia|60.420.140.10^Bacterial pneumonia
10.230.40.50.40^Bacterial sporulation|10.230.120.20.40^Bacterial sporulation
10.230.40.60^Bacterial taxonomy|10.410.30.20^Bacterial taxonomy|20.170.30.30.20^Bacterial taxonomy
60.190.120.10^Bacterial vaginosis|60.490.70.10^Bacterial vaginosis
10.240.30.190.90.10^Bacteriophage vector techniques|90.240.190.90.10^Bacteriophage vector techniques
90.20.100.10^Basal metabolic rate measurement
10.60.300.600.20^Basic helix–loop–helix domain
10.60.300.600.30^Basic leucine zipper domain
10.230.60.10.20.60^Basidiobolus ranarum|10.250.60.60^Basidiobolus ranarum|60.360.90.50.20.60^Basidiobolus ranarum
May need rule building attention. -BG, 8 June 2012
80.40.180.70.30^Bayesian statistics|90.210.100.30^Bayesian statistics
Needs rule building attention. -BG, 8 June 2012
Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to repeatedly perform a rewarding non-drug-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being. Behavior persisting in spite of these consequences can be taken as a sign of addiction.
10.350.10.30^Behavioral addiction|110.90.10.30^Behavioral addiction
60.410.10^Behavioral and social aspects of health
Behavioral ecologists study the ways in which behavior may be adaptive by allowing an animal to increase or even maximize its reproductive success. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/raven6b/graphics/raven06b/other/raven06_27.pdf The study concerned with the ecological function of animal behavior in its evolution, survival and adaptation. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Behavioral_ecology RD Behavioral ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_ecology RD
10.40.20.50^Behavioral ecology|10.180.20^Behavioral ecology|10.450.20.50^Behavioral ecology|40.80.20^Behavioral ecology
The combined discipline of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications (MeSH D060909 "Economics, Behavioral") 2014/02/20 (RD)
10.40.40^Behavioral economics|110.30.20^Behavioral economics
30.40.70.10^Behavioral geography|110.40.10^Behavioral geography
study of the effects of drugs on behavior. Includes preclinical and in vivo research, such as small animal and rodent testing used to evaluate behavioral responses to novel drug treatment.
80.20.120.50^Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction
60.490.140.10^Benign prostatic hyperplasia
60.380.40.120.20^Beta-adrenergic antagonist therapy
10.240.30.190.210.10^Bicinchoninic acid assay|90.240.190.210.10^Bicinchoninic acid assay
20.320.30^Bifurcation theory|80.40.190.30^Bifurcation theory
60.470.330.80.10^Bilateral mastectomy|60.470.380.60.10^Bilateral mastectomy
Binocular vision is vision in which creatures having two eyes use them together. The word binocular comes from two Latin roots, bini for double, and oculus for eye. According to Fahle (1987), having two eyes confers six advantages over having one.It gives a creature a spare eye in case one is damaged. It gives a wider field of view.
80.40.170.80.20^Binomial random variables
May need SME attention. Note original terminology that included Bioassays. -BG, 19 June 2012
Methods (BIOASSSAYS/PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)
90.20^Bioassays and physiological analysis
Various bioassays appear elsewhere; Biochemical analysis seems to cover the scope of the narrower terms in the spreadsheet. -BG, 20 June 2012.
Methods (Bioassays & Biochemical Analysis)
10.60.50^Biochemical simulations|10.140.10^Biochemical simulations
Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics.
Biodiversity An accepted shortening of the phrase ‘biological diversity’. The biological variation found in a defined spatial area: can refer to variation at the level of genome, phenotype, species, community or ecosystem. Most commonly used to describe species richness or diversity, but this common usage should not restrict its correct wider definition. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
Methods (electrochemistry, but in bio and analysis contexts)
Bioenergy is energy contained in living or recently living biological organisms, a definition which specifically excludes fossil fuels. Plants get bioenergy through photosynthesis, and animals get it by consuming plants. Organic material containing bioenergy is known as biomass. Humans can use this biomass in many different ways, through something as simple as burning wood for heat, or as complex as genetically modifying bacteria to create cellulosic ethanol. Since almost all bioenergy can be traced back to energy from sunlight, bioenergy has the major advantage of being a renewable energy source. However, it is important that bioenergy be harnessed in a sustainable fashion. A specific plant or substance used for bioenergy is called a feedstock. Feedstocks are usually converted into a more easily usable form, usually a liquid fuel. http://bioenergy.ucdavis.edu/outreach.php RD
A feedstock is defined as any renewable, biological material that can be used directly as a fuel, or converted to another form of fuel or energy product. Biomass feedstocks are the plant and algal materials used to derive fuels like ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, and other hydrocarbon fuels. Examples of biomass feedstocks include corn starch, sugarcane juice, crop residues such as corn stover and sugarcane bagasse, purpose-grown grass crops, and woody plants. http://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/biomass-feedstocks RD
Methods (biofilm, under Culturing techniques)
A biofilm is an assemblage of microbial cells that is irreversibly associated (not removed by gentle rinsing) with a surface and enclosed in a matrix of primarily polysaccharide material. Noncellular materials such as mineral crystals, corrosion particles, clay or silt particles, or blood components, depending on the environment in which the biofilm has developed, may also be found in the biofilm matrix. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732559/ RD
10.10.80.30.10^Biofuel feedstocks|10.10.120.40.10^Biofuel feedstocks
Added Biogenic Amines and re-worked BT/NT structure beneath in accordance with http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11035/ 2013/10/02 (RD)
10.60.80^Bioinorganic chemistry|80.20.170.10^Bioinorganic chemistry
80.20.60.320.10^Bioinorganic compounds|80.20.170.20.10^Bioinorganic compounds
Added as a consequence of user feedback in advance of new eTOC release - restructuring to separate specific named biological databases from Information technology. 2013/07/16 (RD).
10.450.60.20^Biological defense mechanisms
10.90.10^Biological fluid mechanics|10.100.10^Biological fluid mechanics|80.50.40.10^Biological fluid mechanics
10.90.20^Biological locomotion|10.320.10^Biological locomotion|60.400.10^Biological locomotion
10.110.30.10^Biological systems engineering|50.40.10^Biological systems engineering
Might need attention. Change term to Animal tissue? -BG, 4 June 2012
10.20.20^Biological tissue|60.10.20^Biological tissue
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a technology that uses light emitted by enzyme-catalyzed reactions to report activity at the molecular level. Bioluminescent reporters require a small chemical substrate for non-invasive imaging in cell biology and small animal studies. BLI does not require incident light like fluorescence or phosphorescence, avoiding phototoxicity. http://www.nature.com/subjects/bioluminescence-imaging 2014/09/16 RD
90.60.100.10^Bioluminescence imaging|90.190.10^Bioluminescence imaging
BRET assay technology is based on the efficient Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) between a bioluminescent donor moiety and a fluorescent acceptor moiety. RET was first described in the 1940’s by Förster and is characterized by the radiationless transfer of excited state energy from a donor to an acceptor molecule. From a practical point of view, Förster and others have shown that energy transfer efficiency is highly dependent on the distance between the donor and acceptor moieties and their relative orientation with respect to each other. In most RET-based assays, the typical effective distance between the donor and acceptor is 10 to 100 angstroms (Å). This range correlates well with most biological interactions thus making RET an excellent tool for monitoring macromolecular interac- tions. Examples of RET-based technologies are Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET). http://www2.cbm.uam.es/confocal/Manuales/bret.pdf RD
90.60.100.10.10^Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer|90.190.10.10^Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
10.60.90^Biomacromolecule-ligand interactions|10.240.10^Biomacromolecule-ligand interactions
All of the living material in a given area; often refers to vegetation. Total dry weight of all living organisms that can be supported at each tropic level in a food chain. Also, materials that are biological in origin, including organic material (both living and dead) from above and below ground, for example, trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, roots, and animals and animal waste. http://www.ecologydictionary.org/BIOMASS RD
materials that are derived from and/or used with biological systems.
10.110.30.20^Biomedical engineering|50.40.20^Biomedical engineering
10.240.30.30^Biomolecular isolation|90.240.30^Biomolecular isolation
10.100.30^Biophysical simulations|10.140.40^Biophysical simulations|80.50.40.30^Biophysical simulations
Biostratigraphy is a sub-discipline of sedimentary geology that relies on the physical zonation of biota, both in time and space, in order to establish the relative stratigraphic position (i.e. older, younger, same age) of sedimentary rocks between different geographic localities. http://www.mcz.harvard.edu/Departments/InvertPaleo/Trenton/Intro/GeologyPage/Sedimentary%20Geology/biostrat.htm RD
The combined flora and fauna of a region.
The types of plant and animal life found in specific regions at specific times. All the plant and animal life of a particular region.The organisms that occupy and ecological Niche or ecosystem. www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Biota RD
10.450.60.30^Bird physiology|10.450.170.20^Bird physiology
2015/04/16 09:01 created by rachel 2015/04/16 09:02 BT Avian biology added by rachel 2015/04/16 09:18 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/04/16 09:20 Synonym Bird vocalization added by rachel
The musical vocalizations of a bird or birds, typically uttered by a male songbird in characteristic bursts or phrases for territorial purposes. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/birdsong RD
NTs reviewed using http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/types.html as source 2013/10/08 (RD)
10.170.170.20^Birth defects|60.80.10^Birth defects
Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior toward both males and females, and may also encompass romantic or sexual attraction to people of any gender identity or to a person irrespective of that person's biological sex or gender, which is sometimes termed pansexuality.The term bisexuality is mainly used in the context of human attraction to denote romantic or sexual feelings toward both men and women, and the concept is one of the three main classifications of sexual orientation along with heterosexuality and homosexuality, which are each parts of the heterosexual–homosexual continuum.
90.200.20.10^Bispecific antibody production
60.490.10^Bladder and ureteric disorders
60.350.30^Blastocystis hominis infection
10.230.60.10.20.70^Blastomyces dermatitidis|10.250.60.70^Blastomyces dermatitidis|60.360.90.50.20.70^Blastomyces dermatitidis
Methods (Blood and Lymphatic System, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
60.470.40^Blood and lymphatic system procedures
10.320.30.20^Blood circulation|60.400.30.20^Blood circulation
60.110.10.30.10^Blood transfusion|60.170.180.10^Blood transfusion
Blood brain barrier permeability analysis
Blood-brain barrier permeability analysis
90.20.30.10^Blood-brain barrier permeability assay
10.60.300.420.20^Blue fluorescent protein
Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70.10^Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Bluetongue is an infectious arthropod-borne viral disease primarily of domestic and wild ruminants. (http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/bluetongue/overview_of_bluetongue.html) KH
Perhaps this term should be just 'body plans'
10.320.130.20^Body temperature|60.400.130.20^Body temperature
"Diseases affecting bone and mineral metabolism encompass a wide range of skeletal and soft tissue disorders. Broadly, these disorders may be grouped as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, Paget disease of bone, and developmental disorders of bone. " -- Mayo Clinic
10.60.210.40^Bone and mineral metabolism
60.470.40.10^Bone marrow transplantation|60.470.430.10^Bone marrow transplantation
Abortion is usually defined as the production of one or more calves between 50 and 270 days of gestation; with calves being born dead or surviving for less than 24 hours. On a practical basis most abortions occurring during the second and third month go undetected until the cow fails to calve or returns to heat, so abortion rates are usually calculated from cattle that abort from 120 days onwards. Most herds have an abortion rate of around 1 to 2%, so a single abortion is no cause for alarm. An annual abortion rate of > 5% is considered to be the point at which intervention should take place. Often, however, intervention is based on a group of cows aborting at the same time rather than the annual abortion rate, which may not be higher than 5%. This more proactive strategy is particularly useful in seasonally calving herds. http://www.nadis.org.uk/bulletins/fertility-in-dairy-herds-%28module-1%29/part-6-dealing-with-abortion.aspx RD
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is also a TSE, affecting a number of species (cattle, human, cats, some types of animals in 300 settings). BSE is a transmissible, neuro-degenerative fatal brain disease of cattle. The disease has a long incubation period of 4-5 years and it is fatal for cattle within weeks to months of its onset. The nature of the BSE agent is still being debated. Strong evidence currently available supports the theory that the agent is composed largely, if not entirely, of a self-replicating protein, referred to as a prion. It is transmitted through the consumption of BSE-contaminated meat and bone meal supplements in cattle feed. http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/bse/en/ RD
10.450.40.20.10^Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|60.190.110.10.10^Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|60.190.180.40^Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|60.190.180.240.10.10^Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
60.190.10.1060.10^Bovine tuberculosis in humans|60.480.30.10^Bovine tuberculosis in humans
Added as part of tidying of Animals node 2013/08/09 (RD)
Depsite their relative obscurity today, brachiopods have a long and rich paleontological history. During the Paleozoic era, they were extremely abundant. They diversified into a number of different morphologies and even participated in the build-up of ancient reefs. At the end of the Paleozoic, some 250 million years ago, they were decimated in the worst mass extinction of all time, the Permo-Triassic event. Their numbers have never been as great since that time. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/brachiopoda/brachiopoda.html RD
10.260.210.20^Brain electrophysiology|10.320.50.40.20^Brain electrophysiology|60.400.50.40.20^Brain electrophysiology|90.20.50.10^Brain electrophysiology
10.60.190.120.170.20^Brain natriuretic peptide
10.260.20.20^Brainbow labeling|10.260.180.20^Brainbow labeling|90.190.110.20^Brainbow labeling
10.120.30.10.10^Branched actin filaments
Plastic surgery and reconstructive techniques
Broca’s area, located in the left hemisphere, is associated with speech production and articulation. Our ability to articulate ideas, as well as use words accurately in spoken and written language, has been attributed to this crucial area. http://memory.ucsf.edu/brain/language/anatomy KH
10.240.30.40.10^Bromodeoxyuridine labeling|90.240.40.10^Bromodeoxyuridine labeling|90.330.70.170.10^Bromodeoxyuridine labeling
10.20.20.10.10^Brown adipose tissue|60.10.20.10.10^Brown adipose tissue
10.240.30.190.20^Bulked-segregant analysis|90.240.190.20^Bulked-segregant analysis
The Bunyaviridae are a very large family of single-strand, enveloped RNA viruses (more than 300 viruses) and consists of five genera of viruses: Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, Hantavirus, and Tospovirus (Tospoviruses infect only plants). They are found in and transmitted by arthropods (e.g. mosquitoes, ticks, sand flies) and rodents, and can occasionally infect humans. Several viruses of the Bunyaviridae virus family can produce mild to severe disease in human, in animals, and sometimes in both. This is the base for the requirements of handling some of these viruses in high containment (Biosafety Level 3 or even Biosafety level 4). http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/bunyaviridae.html 2014/10/09 (RD)
10.230.60.10.10.100.10^Burkholderia cenocepacia|10.280.30.150.10^Burkholderia cenocepacia|60.360.90.50.10.100.10^Burkholderia cenocepacia
10.230.60.10.10.100.20^Burkholderia cepacia complex|10.280.30.150.20^Burkholderia cepacia complex|60.360.90.50.10.100.20^Burkholderia cepacia complex
10.230.60.10.10.100.40^Burkholderia pseudomallei|10.280.30.150.40^Burkholderia pseudomallei|60.360.90.50.10.100.40^Burkholderia pseudomallei
50.220.10^Business process reengineering
Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase assay
Clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats
60.470.430.50.50.10^Cadaveric renal transplantation|60.470.450.50.10^Cadaveric renal transplantation
10.280.10.40.80.50.10^Caenorhabditis elegans|90.230.10.20^Caenorhabditis elegans
10.120.230.40.380.50^Calcineurin signaling cascade
60.380.40.120.30^Calcium antagonist therapy
10.240.30.240.20^Calcium phosphate transfection|90.240.240.20^Calcium phosphate transfection
10.120.230.40.380.60^Calcium signaling cascade
10.60.300.390.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels|10.100.60.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels|10.260.210.40.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels|10.320.50.20.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels|10.320.50.40.40.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels|60.400.50.20.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels|60.400.50.40.40.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels|80.50.40.60.80.10^Calcium-activated potassium channels
The name of these members of the Caliciviridae family of nonenveloped RNA viruses reflects their structure. They are icosahedral with 32 typical surface depressions that are sometimes described as hollows or cups (from Latin calyx, meaning cup). Feline calicivirus, a member of the genus Vesivirus, causes respiratory disease in cats. Members of other genera, Norovirus and Sapovirus, cause gastrointestinal disease in humans. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/12/e1-1512_article 2014/10/09 (RD)
In methods spreadsheet, under both matabolic analysis and chemical characterization. Not specific to metabolic analysis. -BG, 28 June 2012
Campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States; over 2 million cases are reported each year. Although Campylobacter doesn't commonly cause death, it is estimated that approximately 100 persons with Campylobacter infections die each year. Gram-negative bacteria, S-shaped or spiral rods, approximately 0.5 micron wide and 2 microns long. A polar tail at one or both ends propels the bacteria through liquid. Thrives in birds; spreads through raw and undercooked poultry, raw milk, and untreated water. http://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/pathogens/campylobacter.html 2014/10/09 (RD)
10.120.30.20.10^Cancer cell migration|10.170.40.10^Cancer cell migration
60.300.20^Cancer detection and diagnosis
60.300.10.10^Cancer drug discovery|60.390.90.30.10^Cancer drug discovery
Immunotherapies are treatments that restore or enhance the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. In just the past few years, the rapidly advancing field of cancer immunology has produced several new methods of treating cancer that increase the strength of immune responses against tumors. These therapies either stimulate the activities of specific components of the immune system or counteract signals produced by cancer cells that suppress immune responses. http://www.cancer.gov/researchandfunding/progress/immunotherapy-using-immune-system-to-treat-cancer RD
10.210.50.120.20^Cancer immunotherapy|60.60.10.120.20^Cancer immunotherapy|60.180.50.120.20^Cancer immunotherapy|60.300.50.30^Cancer immunotherapy
Hematologic cancers and related disorders
10.240.30.230.20.20^Capillary sequencing|90.240.230.20.20^Capillary sequencing
10.230.60.10.10.120^Capnocytophaga canimorsus|60.360.90.50.10.120^Capnocytophaga canimorsus
10.60.170.60.10^Carbonic anhydrases|10.60.300.230.10^Carbonic anhydrases
10.240.30.230.90.10^Carboxy-terminal sequencing|90.240.230.90.10^Carboxy-terminal sequencing
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. D002273 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=2163&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
The heart is divided into four chambers that are connected by heart valves . The lower two chambers of the heart are called ventricles. They are separated by a septum into the left ventricle and the right ventricle. The upper two heart chambers are called atria . Atria receive blood returning to the heart from the body and ventricles pump blood from the heart to the body. Due to the force needed to pump blood to the body, ventricles have thicker walls than do atria. http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/ventricles.htm 2014/10/14 (RD)
60.470.60.40^Cardiac transplantation|60.470.430.50.10^Cardiac transplantation
10.20.60.30.30^Cardiac ventricles|60.10.60.30.30^Cardiac ventricles
10.230.60.10.10.130^Cardiobacterium hominis|60.360.90.50.10.130^Cardiobacterium hominis
10.20.60^Cardiovascular anatomy|60.10.60^Cardiovascular anatomy
60.130.30^Cardiovascular disease epidemiology
60.40.20.30^Cardiovascular diseases in women|60.510.20^Cardiovascular diseases in women
60.40.30^Cardiovascular imaging|60.110.40.40^Cardiovascular imaging|60.430.10.40^Cardiovascular imaging|90.190.50.40^Cardiovascular imaging
60.40.40^Cardiovascular pharmacology|60.390.40^Cardiovascular pharmacology
10.320.30^Cardiovascular physiology|60.400.30^Cardiovascular physiology
10.60.300.90^Cargo receptors|10.120.230.30^Cargo receptors
Carnivora [...] is a diverse order that includes over 280 species of placental mammals. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, whereas the word "carnivore" (often popularly applied to members of this group) can refer to any meat-eating organism. Carnivorans are the most diverse in size of any mammalian order, ranging from the least weasel (Mustela nivalis), at as little as 25 g (0.88 oz) and 11 cm (4.3 in), to the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which can weigh up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), to the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), whose adult males weigh up to 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) and measure up to 6.9 m (23 ft) in length. The first carnivoran was a carnivore, and nearly all carnivorans today primarily eat meat. Some, such as cats and pinnipeds, depend entirely on meat for their nutrition. Others, such as raccoons and bears, depending on the local habitat, are more omnivorous: the giant panda is almost exclusively a herbivore, but will take fish, eggs and insects, while the polar bear subsists mainly on seals. Carnivorans have teeth, claws adapted for catching and eating other animals. Many hunt in packs and are social animals, giving them an advantage over larger prey. Carnivorans apparently evolved in North America out of members of the family Miacidae (miacids) about 42 million years ago. They soon split into cat-like and dog-like forms (Feliformia and Caniformia). Their molecular phylogeny shows the extant Carnivora are a monophyletic group, the crown group of the Carnivoramorpha. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora RD
10.180.110.20^Carrying capacity|10.340.40.20^Carrying capacity|40.80.110.20^Carrying capacity
interactions and structures between solid-gas solid-liquid or solid-solid interfaces.
40.90.50.20^Cation exchange capacity|40.210.60.20^Cation exchange capacity|80.20.150.50.20^Cation exchange capacity
90.80.50.30.20^Cation exchange chromatography
Caudata is a group of amphibians containing the salamanders (Urodela) and all extinct species of salamander-like amphibians more closely related to salamanders than to frogs. They are typically characterized by a superficially lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudata RD
10.280.30.170.10^Caulobacter crescentus|90.230.40.20^Caulobacter crescentus
80.10.40.20^Celestial mechanics|80.50.20.20^Celestial mechanics
the binding of a cell to a surface, extracellular matrix or another cell using cell adhesion molecules such as selectins, integrins, and cadherins
10.120.50.60^Cell cycle and cell division
Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated fluoresceinated dUTP nick end labeling
10.240.30.40^Cell labeling|90.240.40^Cell labeling
10.90.40^Cell mechanics|10.100.40^Cell mechanics|80.50.40.40^Cell mechanics
10.120.30.20^Cell migration|10.170.40^Cell migration
10.120.230.40.60^Cell movement signaling
NTs need attention; had been assigned as synonyms (although several belong elsewhere). Also, Cell physiology should be moved or deleted. -BG, 17 May 2012
Synonym Cellular processes is from STEM. -BG, 8 June 2012
10.320.80.40^Cell surface molecules|60.400.80.40^Cell surface molecules
10.60.300.630.10^Cell-free protein synthesis|90.70.20.30.10^Cell-free protein synthesis
10.210.140.10^Cell-mediated immunity|60.180.140.10^Cell-mediated immunity
90.20.40.30^Cellular signal transduction analysis
There are two distinct types of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Though the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ (see prokaryote, eukaryote), their molecular compositions and activities are very similar. The chief molecules in cells are nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. A cell is bounded by a membrane that enables it to exchange certain materials with its surroundings. In plant cells, a rigid cell wall encloses this membrane. --http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101396/cell
10.120.60^Cellular structures and organelles
Moved Brain up to directly under Anatomy and physiology, because of hierarchy level constraints. -BG, 12 July 2012 Removed BT "Neurophysiology" as part of new eTOC output review. 2013/07/31 (RD)
10.20.180.20^Central nervous system|60.10.180.20^Central nervous system
30.40.70.20^Central-place theory|110.40.20^Central-place theory
Amphioxus is a Cephalochordate but NT relationship not made explicit because we do not want specific named Animals to BT back to Taxonomy. 2013/09/05 (RD)
preparation, examination and evaluation of ceramic microstructures Ceramography is part of the broader field of materialography, which includes all the microscopic techniques of material analysis, such as metallography, petrography and plastography. Ceramography is usually reserved for high-performance ceramics for industrial applications the study of the microstructures of high-temperature materials and refractories, including structural ceramics such as RCC, polycrystalline silicon carbide and transformation toughened ceramics
10.20.50.60^Cerebellar cortex|60.10.50.60^Cerebellar cortex
10.20.50.70.10^Cerebellar nuclei|60.10.50.70.10^Cerebellar nuclei
10.20.50.70^Cerebral cortex|60.10.50.70^Cerebral cortex
10.20.50.80^Cerebral hemispheres|60.10.50.80^Cerebral hemispheres
60.350.120.10^Cerebral malaria|60.480.10.10^Cerebral malaria
90.20.100.20^Cerebral metabolic rate assay
10.20.30.40^Cerebrospinal fluid|10.20.180.30^Cerebrospinal fluid|10.320.20.40^Cerebrospinal fluid|60.10.30.40^Cerebrospinal fluid|60.10.180.30^Cerebrospinal fluid|60.400.20.40^Cerebrospinal fluid
10.20.160.70.10^Cervical vertebrae|60.10.160.70.10^Cervical vertebrae
Cetacea is a widely distributed and diverse infraorder of fully aquatic marine mammals. There are 88 extant species of cetaceans. The two suborders of cetaceans, Mysticeti and Odontoceti, are thought to have split up around 34 million years ago. Whales and dolphins, the paraphyletic groups of Cetacea, as well as porpoises, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates; their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses which diverged about 40 million years ago. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea The Cetacea are one of the most distinctive and highly specialized orders of mammals. They include the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale; the highly intelligent and communicative dolphins; the tusked narwhals and blind river dolphins and singing humpback whales — nearly eighty living species in all. Although hunting and other human activities have endangered most cetacean species, the outlook for many is improving. Whales are highly specialized for life in the water. Most species are marine, but dolphin species are found in the Yangtze, Amazon, Paraná, Indus and Ganges Rivers. Whales have streamlike bodies with highly compressed neck vertebrae, dorsal fins, and a tail with two finlike flukes arranged horizontally. Modern whales have greatly elongated anterior skull bones, and the nostrils are located on the top of the head, forming the blowhole. The forelimbs are specialized to form flippers, and the hind limbs and pelvis are extremely small and do not normally extend out of the body wall of the animal. Modern whales may be divided into two subgroups: the Odontoceti (toothed whales) and the Mysticeti (baleen whales). Odontocetes bear teeth — typically numerous and peglike, although sometimes modified, as in the single tusk of the narwhal or the odd, fanglike lower teeth of the beaked whales. Many odontocetes can navigate by echolocation, producing sound waves using a complex system of nasal sacs and passages, and using the echoes to navigate. Dolphins Whale and porpoises are examples of odontocetes, as are belugas, narwhals, killer whales, sperm whales, and beaked whales. Baleen whales lack teeth completely as adults (although teeth are present in fetal baleen whales). They feed by straining small marine organisms out of the water using plates of baleen, a hornlike substance that forms filaments that hang down from the roof of the mouth. Blue, right, humpback, minke, gray, and fin whales are well-known examples of baleen whales. Some baleen whales, most famously the humpack whales, are known for the strange and complex songs they produce; their function is not clear, but unlike toothed whales, baleen whales do not use their songs for echolocation. The fossil record of whales is rich, and recent discoveries have shed much light on the origin of the Cetacea. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/cetacea/cetacean.html RD
20.320.40^Chaotic systems|80.40.190.40^Chaotic systems
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, or CMT, is a group of inherited disorders that affect the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. There are more than 70 kinds of CMT. Each kind is caused by a different kind of mutation, and more causes are being discovered every year. CMT is just one kind of neuropathy (also called peripheral neuropathy), meaning simply that the peripheral nerves are damaged. There are many other causes of neuropathy, including the most common cause—diabetes. CMT affects about 2.8 million people worldwide, of all races and ethnic groups. http://www.cmtausa.org/understanding-cmt/what-is-cmt/ A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy ( HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. Unique ID: D002607 https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=2487&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
60.50.60.30^Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease|60.280.270.20.10^Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
10.60.130^Chemical biology|80.20.40^Chemical biology
Needs attention. Per methods speadsheet (except for taking the whole branch out of the molecular biology techniques section), but several of the NTsdon't seem to belong here. -BG, 28 June 2012
50.230.30.10^Chemical deposition|80.20.220.20^Chemical deposition
Ambiguous; needs attention. -BG, 18 May 2012
10.180.50^Chemical ecology|40.80.50^Chemical ecology
50.50^Chemical engineering|80.20.80^Chemical engineering
Mutagenesis and gene deletion techniques
10.240.30.210.10^Chemical mutagenesis|90.240.210.10^Chemical mutagenesis
80.20.90^Chemical physics|80.50.50^Chemical physics
50.50.10^Chemical production|80.20.80.10^Chemical production
80.20.100^Chemical properties|80.20.220.50^Chemical properties
80.20.110^Chemical radicals|80.20.220.60^Chemical radicals
50.230.30.10.10^Chemical vapor deposition|80.20.220.20.10^Chemical vapor deposition
90.60.100.20^Chemiluminescence techniques
10.260.30.10.20^Chemoattractant axon guidance|10.260.70.10.20^Chemoattractant axon guidance
Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called chemoradiation. http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=306494 KH
60.300.100.10^Chemotherapeutic agents|60.390.110.180^Chemotherapeutic agents
Not limited to cancer treatment. -BG, 6 June 2012
80.40.170.80.30^Chi-squared random variables
Chickens have been invaluable for elucidating the molecular basis of limb development and cell migration in the nervous system. They have helped to uncover the molecular basis of many limb and neural defects in humans. http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020805.html Selection of appropriate animal models is essential to the advancement of basic and clinical research. This chapter provides an overview of the reproductive biology of the chicken (Gallus domesticus), also known as the domestic hen, and then introduces the chicken as a model for investigations of mechanisms controlling ovarian follicular growth and maturation, ovulation, and changes in ovarian function with aging. The chicken is currently the only animal model available to probe the etiology and progression of human ovarian cancer as well as to test chemotherapy agents. Finally the chicken is an ideal model for toxicology studies because of its sensitivity and rapid response to environmental toxicants and expression of external indicators, e.g., number of eggs laid, thickness of shell, as a mark of toxic exposure. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-59745-285-4_18 2014/09/16 RD
60.190.170.60^Chikungunya infection|60.480.20.80^Chikungunya infection
60.160.110.10^Child and adolescent health policy
60.370.40^Child health|60.410.20^Child health
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera [..] whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, can only glide for short distances. Bats do not flap their entire forelimbs, as birds do, but instead flap their spread-out digits, which are very long and covered with a thin membrane or patagium. Bats are the second largest order of mammals (after the rodents), representing about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with about 1,240 bat species divided into two suborders: the less specialized and largely fruit-eating megabats, or flying foxes, and the highly specialized and echolocating microbats. About 70% of bat species are insectivores. Most of the rest are frugivores, or fruit eaters. A few species, such as the fish-eating bat, feed from animals other than insects, with the vampire bats being hematophagous, or feeding on blood. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat RD
10.230.60.10.10.140^Chlamydia trachomatis|10.280.30.180.10^Chlamydia trachomatis|60.360.90.50.10.140^Chlamydia trachomatis
Added BT Algae as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
10.280.50.10.10^Chlamydomonas reinhardtii|90.230.30.30^Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
10.230.60.10.10.150^Chlamydophila pneumoniae|60.360.90.50.10.150^Chlamydophila pneumoniae
10.230.60.10.10.160^Chlamydophila psittaci|60.360.90.50.10.160^Chlamydophila psittaci
60.140.50.10^Cholecystitis and biliary colic
10.60.170.20.30^Cholinesterase inhibitors
Term added as part of revision provoked by needing to include Cephalochordate Amphioxus 2013/09/02 (RD) Term moved as part of partitioning Taxonomy NTs away from Animals division, provoked by New Terms Amphioxus and Chordata 2013/09/05 (RD)
Chordates (/ˈkɔrdeɪts/) are animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles. Taxonomically, the phylum includes the subphyla Vertebrata, which includes mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds; Tunicata, which includes salps and sea squirts; and Cephalochordata, comprising the lancelets. Members of the phylum Chordata are bilaterally symmetric, deuterostome coelomates, and the vertebrate chordates display segmentation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate RD
60.110.80.20^Chorionic villus sampling|60.470.260.30^Chorionic villus sampling
10.140.110.20^Chromatin immunoprecipitation|10.200.260.70.20^Chromatin immunoprecipitation
10.120.80.10.10^Chromatin modification|10.200.70.10.10^Chromatin modification|10.200.120.10.10^Chromatin modification
Tsvet’s neglected work, rediscovered in the 1930s, uses the different affinities of substances in a solution in a mobile phase (a moving stream of gas or liquid) for adsorption onto a stationary phase (a fine-grained solid, a sheet of filtering material, or a thin film of a liquid on a solid surface). Choices of materials for these phases allow enormous versatility for separating substances including biological fluids (e.g., amino acids, steroids, carbohydrates, pigments), chemical mixtures, and forensic samples. In the original technique, an organic solvent flowed through a column of powdered alumina (see aluminum), sodium carbonate, or even powdered sugar to separate mixed plant pigments. Among current adaptations are paper chromatography (PC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography (LC, including high-performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC), and gas chromatography (GC). Some remain laboratory techniques, but others (especially HPLC) can be used on an industrial scale. They require different methods for detecting and identifying the separated components, including colorimetry, spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and measurement of fluorescence, ionization potential, or thermal conductivity
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
10.230.60.10.10.170^Chromobacterium violaceum|60.360.90.50.10.170^Chromobacterium violaceum
The Center of Excellence in Chromosome Biology (CECB), open to all NCI intramural investigators, brings together experts from fields such as dynamics of chromatin structure and function; epigenetics and gene expression; chromosome segregation and cell division; DNA replication, repair, and recombination; chromosome organization and gene localization; and nuclear protein interaction dynamics. The CECB integrates the intellectual and physical resources within NCI's Intramural Research Program to support outstanding research in chromosome biology. --Center for Cancer Research The Centre for Cell and Chromosome Biology (CCCB) is focused on understanding fundamental aspects of cell and chromosome structure and function particuarly in the areas of genome organisation, cellular and organismal ageing, DNA damage and response mechanisms, bone metabolism, inherited disorders and chromosome aberration formation. --Brunel University, West London
10.240.30.110.10^Chromosome mapping|90.240.110.10^Chromosome mapping
10.120.80.30.40^Chromosome structure and function
60.190.10.200^Chronic bacterial prostatitis
60.280.250.10^Chronic fatigue syndrome|60.450.20^Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic hepatitis is defined as inflammatory disease of the liver lasting for more than six months. The histological differentiation between chronic persistent hepatitis (no cell necrosis) and chronic active hepatitis (cell necrosis) does not correlate with prognosis and is therefore now much less used. Aetiology: Viral hepatitis: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus. Metabolic: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), haemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Toxic and drugs: alcoholic liver disease, amiodarone, isoniazid, methyldopa, methotrexate, nitrofurantoin. Autoimmune: autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis. Sarcoidosis. http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/chronic-hepatitis 2014/10/09 (RD)
60.170.70.10.20.20^Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia|60.300.60.140.10.20.20^Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
60.170.70.10.10^Chronic myelogenous leukemia|60.300.60.140.10.10^Chronic myelogenous leukemia
60.170.70.10.40.20^Chronic myeloid leukemia|60.170.70.50.10^Chronic myeloid leukemia|60.300.60.140.10.40.20^Chronic myeloid leukemia|60.300.60.140.50.10^Chronic myeloid leukemia
60.420.50^Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a transmissible neurological disease of deer and elk that produces small lesions in brains of infected animals. It is characterized by loss of body condition, behavioral abnormalities and death. CWD is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), and is similar to mad cow disease in cattle and scrapie in sheep. Infectious agents of CWD are neither bacteria nor viruses, but are hypothesized to be prions. Prions are infectious proteins without associated nucleic acids http://www.cwd-info.org/index.php/fuseaction/about.main 2014/10/09 (RD)
10.450.40.20.20^Chronic wasting disease|60.190.110.10.20^Chronic wasting disease|60.190.180.240.10.20^Chronic wasting disease
90.80.10.20.10^Cibacron blue chromatography
10.20.50.110^Cingulate cortex|60.10.50.110^Cingulate cortex
10.280.10.60.10^Ciona intestinalis|90.230.10.40^Ciona intestinalis
10.60.150^Circadian oscillators|10.130.10^Circadian oscillators
90.340.20^Circular dichroism spectroscopy
60.410.130.20.10^Circumcision for HIV prevention
10.210.40^Class switching|60.180.40^Class switching
Synonyms seem strange; may need attention. -BG, 24 May 2012
Classical swine fever is a contagious, often fatal, disease of pigs clinically characterized by high body temperature, lethargy, yellowish diarrhea, vomiting, and a purple skin discoloration of the ears, lower abdomen, and legs. (http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/classical_swine_fever/overview_of_classical_swine_fever.html) KH
10.170.170.20.10^Cleft lip and palate|60.80.10.10^Cleft lip and palate|60.330.10^Cleft lip and palate
60.470.300.20^Cleft lip and palate surgery
Rather pedestrian example to use in a demo - look at Paleontology for more than one BT! 2014/24/11 (RD) And Natural disasters for range of NTs 2014/24/11 (RD)
Climate change Long-term changes in the climatic variables experienced in a defined spatial area (which could vary from local weather to global climate). Recent usage refers to recent and future climate change, which is expected to impose stresses on human standard of living and on the integrity of natural systems. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
10.210.50^Clinical immunology|60.60.10^Clinical immunology|60.180.50^Clinical immunology
Application of diagnostic techniques in medical laboratories such as assays, microscope analysis.
Clinical oncology consists of three primary disciplines: medical oncology (the treatment of cancer with medicine, including chemotherapy), surgical oncology (the surgical aspects of cancer including biopsy, staging, and surgical resection of tumors), and radiation oncology (the treatment of cancer with therapeutic radiation). http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18683 RD
60.60.20^Clinical oncology|60.300.90^Clinical oncology
Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration.
10.350.40^Clinical psychology|110.90.40^Clinical psychology
60.60.30.10^Clinical trial reporting|60.390.90.10.10^Clinical trial reporting|90.90.10^Clinical trial reporting
Not exclusive to pharmaceuticals. -BG, 22 June 2012
60.60.30^Clinical trials|60.390.90.10^Clinical trials|90.90^Clinical trials
60.300.50.60^Clinical trials (cancer treatment)
10.210.100.30^Clonal selection|60.180.100.30^Clonal selection
Attention: should this be elsewhere in deference to the fact that it's also a natural process?
10.280.30.260.60^Clostridium perfringens
60.60.30.20^Cluster trials|60.390.90.10.20^Cluster trials|90.90.20^Cluster trials
90.200.50.10^Co-immunoprecipitation assay
60.40.20.40^Coagulation disorders|60.170.30.10^Coagulation disorders
60.40.20.40.20^Coagulation factor deficiencies|60.170.30.10.20^Coagulation factor deficiencies
10.60.300.120^Coagulation factors|60.170.30.20^Coagulation factors
60.420.80.20.20^Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
10.180.60^Coastal ecology|10.220.10^Coastal ecology|30.100.30^Coastal ecology|30.100.50.10^Coastal ecology|40.80.60^Coastal ecology
10.180.150.10^Coastal ecosystems|40.80.150.10^Coastal ecosystems
10.140.60.20^Coding mechanisms|10.260.60.20^Coding mechanisms
Deleted, added as NPT BT, deleted as NPT, and then added term back in, in order to get rid of phantom NPT. -BG, 2 August 2012
a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymes
Added and then deleted Coenzymes as NPT in order to get rid of phantom NPT. -BG, 2 August 2012
10.60.170.10.10^Cofactors (biochemistry)
A heuristic is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. These rule-of-thumb strategies shorten decision-making time and allow people to function without constantly stopping to think about their next course of action. While heuristics are helpful in many situations, they can also lead to biases. Heuristics play important roles in both problem-solving and decision-making. When we are trying to solve a problem or make a decision, we often turn to these mental shortcuts when we need a quick solution. http://psychology.about.com/od/hindex/g/heuristic.htm Heuristic - refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery that find a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal, but good enough for a given set of goals. Where the exhaustive search is impractical, heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution via mental shortcuts to ease the cognitive load of making a decision. Examples of this method include using a rule of thumb, an educated guess, an intuitive judgment, stereotyping, profiling, or common sense. More precisely, heuristics are strategies using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control problem solving in human beings and machines http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic RD
10.260.50.20.20.10^Cognitive heuristics|10.260.50.40.110.10^Cognitive heuristics|10.350.50.110.10^Cognitive heuristics|110.90.50.110.10^Cognitive heuristics
10.260.40.10.10^Cognitive impairment|10.260.50.30.10.10^Cognitive impairment|60.280.90.10^Cognitive impairment
10.260.40.10^Cognitive neurology|10.260.50.30.10^Cognitive neurology|60.280.90^Cognitive neurology
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience investigates brain-behavior interaction and promotes lively interchange among the mind sciences. Contributions address both descriptions of function and underlying brain events and reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the field covering developments in neuroscience, neuropsychology, cognitive psychology, neurobiology, linguistics, computer science, and philosophy. The Cognitive Neuroscience Program seeks highly innovative and interdisciplinary proposals aimed at advancing a rigorous understanding of how the human brain supports thought, perception, affect, action, social processes, and other aspects of cognition and behavior, including how such processes develop and change in the brain and through time. --http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5316
10.260.40^Cognitive neuroscience|10.260.50.30^Cognitive neuroscience
advances in the study of memory, language processing, perception, problem solving, and thinking. --http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622807/description
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity and thinking." Much of the work derived from cognitive psychology has been integrated into various other modern disciplines of psychological study including social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, and economics.
10.260.50.40^Cognitive psychology|10.350.50^Cognitive psychology|110.90.50^Cognitive psychology
60.450.30.10.10^Collagen vascular diseases
10.240.30.90.10^Collagenase digestion|90.240.90.10^Collagenase digestion
10.40.20.60^Collective animal behavior|10.450.20.60^Collective animal behavior
80.50.70.40^Collective excitations|80.50.250.40^Collective excitations
Collective behavior is a type of social behavior that occurs in crowds or masses. Riots, mobs, mass hysteria, fads, fashions, rumor, and public opinion are all examples of collective behavior. It is argued that people tend to surrender their individuality and moral judgment in crowds and give in to the hypnotic powers of leaders who shape crowd behavior as they like. https://globalsociology.pbworks.com/w/page/14711166/Collective%20Behavior http://sociology.about.com/od/C_Index/g/Collective-Behavior.htm 2013/10/29 (RD)
10.350.60^Collective human behavior|110.90.60^Collective human behavior
60.300.60.60.10.20^Colon adenocarcinoma|60.300.60.100.30^Colon adenocarcinoma
10.10.70.20^Colony collapse|10.180.10.20^Colony collapse|40.80.10.20^Colony collapse
Color vision is the ability of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit. Colors can be measured and quantified in various ways; indeed, a human's perception of colors is a subjective process whereby the brain responds to the stimuli that are produced when incoming light reacts with the several types of Cone cells in the eye.
Colorimetric protein concentration assays
Methods (colorimetry, under protein concentration assays)
10.240.30.190.210.30^Colorimetric protein concentration assays|90.20.20.40.10^Colorimetric protein concentration assays|90.240.190.210.30^Colorimetric protein concentration assays
10.290.90.10.10^Columbian supercontinent|30.40.80.10.10^Columbian supercontinent|30.130.90.10.10^Columbian supercontinent
60.60.20.10.40^Combination chemotherapy|60.300.50.50.40^Combination chemotherapy|60.300.90.10.40^Combination chemotherapy|60.380.40.60.40^Combination chemotherapy
Commensalism An interaction in which one organism gains resources (or shelter from conditions) from the presence of the other species. The latter species gains no benefit or cost from its interaction with the commensal. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
10.20.60.10.30.50^Common carotid arteries|60.10.60.10.30.50^Common carotid arteries
10.180.70.10^Community assembly|40.80.70.10^Community assembly
10.180.70^Community ecology|40.80.70^Community ecology
All species in a defined spatial area or ecosystem, which interact via trophic, competitive, commensal, amensal or mutualistic interactions. Members of a community may interact directly, or indirectly (e.g. apparent competition) if they share interaction links to other species in the community. There is some debate regarding the true scale at which a ‘community’ can be defined as an independent unit of organisation, with no interaction links outside its boundaries. A common obfuscation is to define a ‘sub-community’ (an arbitrarily chosen set of species that are part of a wider community) as a ‘community’ associated with a key species (e.g. the herbivore ‘community’ associated with a certain plant species). http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
10.180.70.20^Community structure|40.80.70.20^Community structure
10.20.70^Comparative anatomy|10.450.90^Comparative anatomy|60.10.70^Comparative anatomy
to improve health outcomes by developing and disseminating evidencebased information to patients, providers, and health care decision-makers about the effectiveness of treatments relative to other options. Identifying the most effective and efficient interventions has the potential to reduce unnecessary treatments, which in turn, may help lower costs. --http://www.kff.org/healthreform/upload/7946.pdf
90.280.20.30^Comparative effectiveness research
The study of human genetics by comparisons with model organisms such as mice, the fruit fly, and the bacterium E. coli. -- http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-C/comparative_genomics.html comparative sequence analysis have become the primary modern tools for the investigation of the evolutionary patterns and processes that shape DNA sequences. These methods have strengthened inferences -- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-genetics/
10.140.50^Comparative genomics|10.200.260.20^Comparative genomics
10.240.30.230.110.20^Comparative sequence analysis|90.240.230.110.20^Comparative sequence analysis
10.240.30.200.60.10^Competition hybridization|90.240.200.60.10^Competition hybridization
10.60.300.350.30.10^Complement activation|10.210.120.30.10^Complement activation|10.210.130.30.10^Complement activation|10.320.80.50.10^Complement activation|60.180.120.30.10^Complement activation|60.180.130.30.10^Complement activation|60.400.80.50.10^Complement activation
10.60.300.350.30.20^Complement inhibitors|10.210.120.30.20^Complement inhibitors|10.210.130.30.20^Complement inhibitors|10.320.80.50.20^Complement inhibitors|60.180.120.30.20^Complement inhibitors|60.180.130.30.20^Complement inhibitors|60.400.80.50.20^Complement inhibitors
10.60.300.350.50.20^Complement receptors|10.120.230.60.20^Complement receptors|10.210.130.50.20^Complement receptors|60.180.130.50.20^Complement receptors
10.60.300.350.30^Complement system|10.210.120.30^Complement system|10.210.130.30^Complement system|10.320.80.50^Complement system|60.180.120.30^Complement system|60.180.130.30^Complement system|60.400.80.50^Complement system
10.240.30.10.30.10^Complementary DNA amplification|90.240.10.30.10^Complementary DNA amplification
10.240.30.50.20.10^Complementary DNA cloning|90.240.50.20.10^Complementary DNA cloning
60.70^Complementary and alternative medicine
20.320.50^Complex systems|80.40.190.50^Complex systems
Complex traits are features whose properties are controlled by many genes and whose inheritance does not follow the simple rules of Mendelian genetics. The principal reasons complex traits do not follow Mendelian inheritance is that the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic variation is non-linear, and the relevant genes do not interact additively. -- http://www.biology.duke.edu/nijhout/complextraits.htm
Branch needs attention. Questionable NTs. -BG, 24 May 2012
NTs of this branch need attention; some seem misplaced. -BG, 6 June 2012
10.140.60^Computational neuroscience|10.260.60^Computational neuroscience
Removed 'Brain mapping' BT as testing showed that on balance this term is used so widely in areas of research other than Brain mapping tha the BT/NT relationship does more harm than good for accurate article retrieval. RD.
10.260.180.40^Computed axial tomography|60.110.40.160.10^Computed axial tomography|60.430.10.160.10^Computed axial tomography|90.190.50.160.10^Computed axial tomography|90.190.110.40^Computed axial tomography
Computer addiction can be described as the excessive or compulsive use of the computer which persists despite serious negative consequences for personal, social or occupational function. Another clear conceptualization is made by Block who stated that "Conceptually, the diagnosis is a compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder that involves online and/or offline computer usage and consists of at least three subtypes: excessive gaming, sexual preoccupations, and e-mail/text messaging".
10.350.10.40^Computer addiction|110.90.10.40^Computer addiction
Study of computers, their design (see computer architecture), and their uses for computation, data processing, and systems control, including design and development of computer hardware and software, and programming. The field encompasses theory, mathematical activities such as design and analysis of algorithms, performance studies of systems and their components, and estimation of reliability and availability of systems by probabilistic techniques. Because computer systems are often too large and complicated for failure or success of a design to be predicted without testing, experimentation is built into the development cycle. -- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/130675/computer-science
20.310.10^Computer benchmarking|50.380.10^Computer benchmarking
PC games, also known as computer games, are video games played on a personal computer rather than a dedicated video game console or arcade machine. Their defining characteristics include a lack of any centralized controlling authority and greater capacity in input, processing, and output. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_game RD
20.40.10.10^Computer terminals|50.190.30.10^Computer terminals
60.390.90.20.10^Computer-aided drug design
The branch of physics concerned with the study of very large numbers of strongly interacting particles, including the study of the solid and liquid states, dense plasmas, liquid crystals, glasses, polymers, and gels
Condylarthra, Phenacodus [Credit: Courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History, New York] extinct group of mammals that includes the ancestral forms of later, more advanced ungulates (that is, hoofed placental mammals). The name Condylarthra was once applied to a formal taxonomic order, but it is now used informally to refer to ungulates of Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene times. Their greatest diversity occurred during the Paleocene Epoch (65.5–55.8 million years ago), but similar forms persisted into the middle of Oligocene Epoch and died out about 30 million years ago. Condylarths appear to have originated in Asia during the Cretaceous Period (145.5–65.5 million years ago). The earliest condylarths were the zhelestids, rodent-sized ungulates from the late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. A somewhat later North American form is the genus Protungulatum that lived near the end of Cretaceous or early in the Paleocene. The condylarths were a diverse group that developed many traits of adaptive significance; they are thought to be the ancestors of the perissodactyls and perhaps even the cetaceans. Some forms remained relatively small, whereas others attained large size. Phenacodus, a well-known condylarth from the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago), grew to be as large as a modern tapir. In addition, the teeth of some condylarths appear almost carnivore-like; Arctocyon, for example, has long canines and triangular premolars. http://www.britannica.com/animal/Condylarthra RD
60.190.120.50^Condyloma acuminata|60.490.70.40^Condyloma acuminata
90.220.50.20.10^Confocal laser microscopy
60.50.60.20.50^Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
10.170.170.20.20^Congenital heart defects|60.30.70^Congenital heart defects|60.80.10.20^Congenital heart defects
60.50.20^Congenital hereditary myopathies
10.20.20.20^Connective tissue|60.10.20.20^Connective tissue
10.20.20.20.30^Connective tissue cells|10.120.70.10.50^Connective tissue cells|60.10.20.20.30^Connective tissue cells
10.150^Conservation biology|40.50.10^Conservation biology
10.150.10^Conservation genetics|10.200.30^Conservation genetics|40.50.10.10^Conservation genetics
80.20.60.350.10^Constitutional isomers|80.20.280.20^Constitutional isomers|80.20.280.30.20.10^Constitutional isomers
Constitutive expression vector techniques
10.240.30.190.90.20^Constitutive expression vector techniques|90.240.190.90.20^Constitutive expression vector techniques
60.230.50.10^Continuing medical education|110.100.60.40.10^Continuing medical education
90.30.30.70^Continuous cultures|90.30.50^Continuous cultures
A continuous performance task, continuous performance test, or CPT, is any of several kinds of neuropsychological test that measures a person's sustained and selective attention. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_performance_task RD
10.260.40.10.20.10^Continuous performance tests|10.260.50.30.10.20.10^Continuous performance tests|10.260.220.10.10^Continuous performance tests|10.350.100.10.10^Continuous performance tests|60.280.90.20.10^Continuous performance tests|110.90.100.10.10^Continuous performance tests
Methods (contraceptives, under drug therapy)
20.320.60^Control systems|50.70.20^Control systems|80.40.190.60^Control systems
20.320.70^Control theory|50.70.30^Control theory|80.40.190.70^Control theory
90.150.30.40.10^Coomassie Blue staining|90.330.70.80.10^Coomassie Blue staining
10.140.120.10^Copy number variation|10.200.260.80.10^Copy number variation
Re frequency: "PLoS ONE has a huge standing and popularity in the Coral Reef world–it is where all the great stuff is coming out. I think it is really popular in part because so many coral reef scientists are in developing countries, with little access to paid subscription journals.” – John F. Bruno (PLoS ONE Author & Editorial Board member)" -BG, 25 May 2012
Moved from Viral transmission and infection, to get it more in the ballpark. May need attention to get more precise placement. -BG, 24 May 2012
10.20.190.30.30^Corneal epithelium|60.10.190.30.30^Corneal epithelium
60.470.270.30^Corneal transplantation|60.470.430.30^Corneal transplantation
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Methods, in synonyms for balloon angioplasty
60.470.60.70^Coronary artery bypass grafting
60.470.60.170.10^Coronary revascularization
60.470.60.80^Coronary stenting|60.470.360.10^Coronary stenting
Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus
10.20.50.120^Corpus callosum|60.10.50.120^Corpus callosum
Double quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy
Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy
10.260.30.30.30^Cortical neurogenesis|10.260.70.50.30^Cortical neurogenesis
10.60.190.120.50^Corticotropin-releasing hormone
10.230.60.10.10.190^Corynebacterium diphtheriae|10.280.30.190.10^Corynebacterium diphtheriae|60.360.90.50.10.190^Corynebacterium diphtheriae
110.30.70.20^Cost-effectiveness analysis
Any of the lobules located on the uterine surface of the detached placenta, consisting mainly of a rounded mass of villi; the functional unit of the placenta. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cotyledon 2014/08/01 RD
10.20.220.20^Cotyledons (anatomy)|60.10.220.20^Cotyledons (anatomy)
Entire branch may need SME attention. -BG, 20 June 2012
10.240.30.100.10^Covalent binding method|90.240.100.10^Covalent binding method
Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and in some way valuable is created (such as an idea, a joke, a literary work, painting or musical composition, a solution, an invention etc).
Creodonts are an extinct group of carnivorous mammals that were long thought to be the ancestors of modern Carnivora. This is no longer thought to be the case. Creodonts were the dominant group of carnivorous mammals in the early Tertiary and were quite diverse. They ranged from very large, wolf-like animals as Hyaenodon (left) to small mongoose-like forms such as Prototomus vulpeculus. Creodonts lived in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa. They were once thought to be the ancestral group of placental mammals when the group was originally described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1877. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/eutheria/creodonta.html RD
creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd),a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse)from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) or mad cow disease
60.190.110.20^Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease|60.190.180.240.20^Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease|60.280.220.20^Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
60.190.170.460.20^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever|60.480.20.460.20^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
10.230.60.10.30.40.10^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus|10.230.60.10.30.90.20^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.40.20^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.60.60.10^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.80.40.10^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus|10.280.90.80.90.20^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus|60.360.90.50.30.40.10^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus|60.360.90.50.30.90.20^Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
60.90^Critical care and emergency medicine
60.90.10^Critical care team organization
Per Wikipedia article: "Crohn's disease has traditionally been described as an autoimmune disease, but recent investigators have described it as a disease of immune deficiency."
10.210.60^Cross reactivity|60.180.60^Cross reactivity
May need attention. Cf. interference terms. -BG, 4 June 2012
the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology
Cryptic speciation is a biological process that results in a group of species (which, by definition, cannot interbreed) that contain individuals that are morpholigically identical to each other but belong to different species. http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/cryptic-speciation KH
Infectious diseases of the nervous system
60.190.80.10^Cryptococcal meningitis|60.280.170.10^Cryptococcal meningitis
Not all C. are pathogens. This is why the NTs are individually under Fungal pathogens, and Cryptococcus isn't. -BG
10.230.60.10.20.100^Cryptococcus albidus|10.250.60.100^Cryptococcus albidus|10.280.40.30.10^Cryptococcus albidus|60.360.90.50.20.100^Cryptococcus albidus
10.230.60.10.20.120^Cryptococcus neoformans|10.250.60.120^Cryptococcus neoformans|10.280.40.30.30^Cryptococcus neoformans|60.360.90.50.20.120^Cryptococcus neoformans
10.280.70.30.10^Cryptosporidium parvum|10.280.70.50.50.10^Cryptosporidium parvum
10.120.120.10^Crystalline inclusions|30.110.20^Crystalline inclusions
Microdiffraction electron crystallography
a science that deals with the forms and structures of crystals Modern crystallography is largely based on the analysis of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals acting as optical gratings. Using X-ray crystallography, chemists are able to determine the internal structures and bonding arrangements of minerals and molecules, including the structures of large complex molecules such as proteins and DNA.
30.40.70.30^Cultural geography|110.40.30^Cultural geography
50.150.50.40^Culture media|90.30.60^Culture media
60.350.80.70.10^Cutaneous larva migrans|60.480.20.210.10^Cutaneous larva migrans
In cutaneous mastocytosis, mast cells gather in the skin but aren't found in large numbers elsewhere in the body. Cutaneous mastocytosis mainly affects children, with three-quarters of cases occurring in children who are between one and four years of age. It's also known as paediatric mastocytosis. The most common symptom of cutaneous mastocytosis is abnormal growths (lesions) on the skin, such as bumps and spots, which can form on the body and can sometimes blister. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Mastocytosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
2015/03/10 06:18 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
10.320.140.250.40^Cutaneous respiration|60.400.140.250.40^Cutaneous respiration
Cuticular hydrocarbons are present on the surface of all insects and play an important role in the life of insects. Although primarily anti-desiccation agents, cuticular hydrocarbons are emerging as important chemicals in insect communication. https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=14472 http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/2/394.full.pdf RD
10.450.60.50.10.10^Cuticular hydrocarbons|10.450.100.40.10^Cuticular hydrocarbons
10.60.300.420.30^Cyan fluorescent protein
A toxin (from Ancient Greek: τοξικόν toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms;[1][2] man-made substances created by artificial processes are thus excluded. -- Wikipedia
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
10.60.300.390.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.100.60.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.260.210.40.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.320.50.20.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.320.50.40.40.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|60.400.50.20.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|60.400.50.40.40.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|80.50.40.60.20^Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
Located in Asia, but belongs to European organizations. -BG
10.60.170.20.100.30^Cysteine protease inhibitors
Cystic echinococcosis is characterized by an asymptomatic incubation period that can last many years until cysts the parasite grows to an extent that triggers clinical signs, depending on the location and size of the cysts and the pressure exerted on the surrounding tissues. In cystic echinococcosis, The larval stages of the parasite develop as one or more cysts mainly in the liver and lungs, and less frequently in the bones, kidneys, spleen, muscles, central nervous system, and eyes. Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting are commonly seen when cysts occur in the liver. If the lung is affected, clinical signs include chronic cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. http://www.who.int/echinococcosis/symptoms/en/ Cystic echinocccosis (CE), also known as hydatid disease, is caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a ~2-7 millimeter long tapeworm found in dogs (definitive host) and sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs (intermediate hosts). http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/ RD
60.350.80.30.20^Cystic echinococcosis|60.480.20.130.20^Cystic echinococcosis
10.170.100.10^Cystic fibrosis|60.50.60.20.60^Cystic fibrosis|60.420.60^Cystic fibrosis
1)study of chromosome structure and behavior 2)combines genetic crossing data and cytological landmarks to locate genes on chromosomes. Cytological landmarks include trisomics, reciprocal translocations, and deficiencies -- Costich, Denise E. "Maize." Genetics. Ed. Richard Robinson. Online. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2009. Science Resource Center. Gale. 04 May 2010
Might need attention. Three BTs. -BG, 17 May 2012
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that can infect almost anyone. Most people don't know they have CMV because it rarely causes symptoms. However, if you're pregnant or have a weakened immune system, CMV is cause for concern. Once infected with CMV, your body retains the virus for life. However, CMV usually remains dormant if you're healthy. CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, semen and breast milk. CMV spread through breast milk usually doesn't make the baby sick. However, if you are pregnant and develop an active infection, you can pass the virus to your baby. There's no cure for CMV, but drugs can help treat newborns and people with weak immune systems. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/basics/definition/con-20029514 2014/10/09 (RD)
Membrane-associated cytoskeletal proteins
60.60.20.10.50^Cytotoxic chemotherapy|60.300.50.50.50^Cytotoxic chemotherapy|60.300.90.10.50^Cytotoxic chemotherapy|60.380.40.60.50^Cytotoxic chemotherapy
10.430.40^Cytotoxicity assay|60.360.170.40^Cytotoxicity assay
10.60.230.10.130.20^DNA Sierpinski triangles|10.200.60.130.20^DNA Sierpinski triangles|10.240.20.10.20^DNA Sierpinski triangles|80.40.90.110.10.10^DNA Sierpinski triangles
10.60.230.10.20^DNA amplification|10.200.60.20^DNA amplification|10.200.100.10^DNA amplification
Wording of term taken from DNA construct article in WIkipedia. -BG, 27 June 2012
10.240.30.80^DNA construction|90.240.80^DNA construction
10.240.30.60.20^DNA denaturation|90.240.60.20^DNA denaturation
10.60.230.10.50^DNA electrophoresis|10.200.60.50^DNA electrophoresis|90.150.20^DNA electrophoresis
10.240.30.80.30.20^DNA fragment ligation|90.240.80.30.20^DNA fragment ligation
10.60.230.10.60^DNA fragmentation|10.200.60.60^DNA fragmentation
10.240.30.80.30.30^DNA fragmentation techniques|90.240.80.30.30^DNA fragmentation techniques
DNA helicases are essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied. During DNA replication, DNA helicases unwind DNA at positions called origins where synthesis will be initiated. DNA helicase continues to unwind the DNA forming a structure called the replication fork, which is named for the forked appearance of the two strands of DNA as they are unzipped apart. The process of breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide base pairs in double-stranded DNA requires energy. To break the bonds, helicases use the energy stored in a molecule called ATP, which serves as the energy currency of cells. DNA helicases also function in other cellular processes where double-stranded DNA must be separated, including DNA repair and transcription. http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/helicase-307 2014/10/14 (RD)
Wording of term based on Library (biology) article in Wikipedia. -BG, 27 June 2012
10.240.30.80.20^DNA library construction|90.240.80.20^DNA library construction
10.240.30.80.30^DNA manipulations|90.240.80.30^DNA manipulations
10.60.230.10.90^DNA modification|10.200.60.90^DNA modification|10.200.70.20^DNA modification|10.200.120.20^DNA modification
10.240.30.210.30^DNA mutational analysis|90.240.210.30^DNA mutational analysis
Term added as a consequence of 20121105_random_sample.RD.121122 work. 2013/03/26 (RD)
10.60.230.10.100^DNA recombination|10.200.60.100^DNA recombination
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. PMID:11563486 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0006281 RD
90.60.10.30^DNA-protein binding analysis
10.240.30.190.50^DNase protection assay|90.240.190.50^DNase protection assay
Apparently, the actual part of the finger is more accurately called "friction ridges." "Fingerprints" is used to describe unique identifiers in many disciplines, so I nearly put it in Methodology, but that didn't seem quite right.
Removed BT Databases as a consequence of user feedback in advance of new eTOC release - restructuring to separate specific named biological databases from Information technology. 2013/07/16 (RD).
Methods (Databases/Informatics & Software)
Specific named Biological databases moved from under Databases as consequence of user feedback in advance of new eTOC release - restructuring to separate specific named biological databases away from Information technology/Databases. 2013/07/16 (RD).
attention Better place for this term + NTs?
Mortality rate merged with Death rates as part of work prompted by eTOC testing 2013/07/04 (RD)
50.220.20^Decision analysis|90.140^Decision analysis
80.40.20.20^Decision theory|80.40.180.40^Decision theory
10.260.50.10.30.10^Decision tree learning|20.10.30.10^Decision tree learning|50.220.20.10.10^Decision tree learning|90.140.10.10^Decision tree learning
50.220.20.10^Decision trees|90.140.10^Decision trees
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot in one of the deep veins in the body. Blood clots that develop in a vein are also known as venous thrombosis. DVT usually occurs in a deep leg vein, a larger vein that runs through the muscles of the calf and the thigh. It can cause pain and swelling in the leg and may lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism. This is when a piece of blood clot breaks off into the bloodstream and blocks one of the blood vessels in the lungs. DVT and pulmonary embolism together are known as venous thromboembolism (VTE). http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Deep-vein-thrombosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation
10.260.20.40^Deep-brain stimulation|10.260.210.20.10^Deep-brain stimulation|10.320.50.40.20.10^Deep-brain stimulation|60.400.50.40.20.10^Deep-brain stimulation|90.20.50.10.10^Deep-brain stimulation
10.260.20.10.10^Deformation-based morphometry|10.260.180.10.10^Deformation-based morphometry|60.110.40.110.10.10^Deformation-based morphometry|60.430.10.110.10.10^Deformation-based morphometry|90.190.50.110.10.10^Deformation-based morphometry|90.190.100.20^Deformation-based morphometry|90.190.110.10.10^Deformation-based morphometry
60.110.110.100^Dehydration (medicine)|60.360.140.100^Dehydration (medicine)
10.240.30.210.20^Deletion mutagenesis|90.240.210.20^Deletion mutagenesis
60.250.50.20^Dementia with Lewy bodies|60.280.120.20^Dementia with Lewy bodies
70.20.10.140^Democratic Republic of the Congo
Demography is the statistical study of populations, including of human beings. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics). Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to time, birth, migration, ageing, and death. Based on the demographic research of the earth, earth’s population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by the demographers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography For the purposes of the PLOS thesaurus we have limited the application of "Demography" to human demographics. RD RD
90.150.30.20^Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
10.60.300.630.20^Dendritic protein synthesis|90.70.20.30.20^Dendritic protein synthesis
Dendrochronology is the dating and study of annual rings in trees. http://ltrr.arizona.edu/about/treerings RD
Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees (primarily properties of the annual tree rings). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroclimatology RD
80.20.130.20^Density functional theory|80.50.290.10^Density functional theory
90.310.10.10^Density gradient centrifugation
Methods (Dental/Oral, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being.[1][2] People with depressed mood can feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, ashamed or restless. They may lose interest in activities that were once pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering details or making decisions, and may contemplate, attempt or commit suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, aches, pains, digestive problems or reduced energy may also be present.[3] Depressed mood is a feature of some psychiatric syndromes such as major depressive disorder,[2] but it may also be a normal reaction to life events such as grief, a symptom of some bodily ailments or a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 RD
80.20.10.20.10^Desorption-ionization mass spectrometry|90.340.120.10^Desorption-ionization mass spectrometry
Needs placement attention. Would somewhere in political science or economics be better?
30.40.70.40^Developing nations|110.40.40^Developing nations
seeks to explain the changes that occur in economic systems over time
60.280.140^Developmental and pediatric neurology|60.370.50^Developmental and pediatric neurology
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan.
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of systematic cognitive, social, emotional and perceptual changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Developmental psychologists work in a range of fields including education, research, clinical and health care and social care. Developmental psychology makes an impact across a huge range of areas in society, from influencing programmes for improving reading at schools to devising effective strategies for countering bullying, to understanding how infants learn and develop, to parenting, to countering problems with social and cognitive functioning in old age. Understanding developmental processes and individuals’ developmental histories is fundamental to all psychology, and a core area of psychological research. http://www.bps.org.uk/psychology-public/areas-psychology/developmental-psychology-0 KH
10.350.70^Developmental psychology|110.90.70^Developmental psychology
10.120.230.40.100^Developmental signaling
Overnight dexamethasone suppression test
Dexamethasone suppression CRH stimulation test
Dexamethasone suppression corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation test
Dexamethasone suppression corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test
60.390.200.20^Dexamethasone suppression test
60.110.30^Diabetes diagnosis and management
2015/03/09 08:41 BT Endocrine disorders added by rachel
60.120.20.30^Diabetes mellitus|60.260.10^Diabetes mellitus
Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with deafness
60.50.80.10^Diabetes mellitus and deafness
When people talk about prevention of diabetes, it is usually about preventing type 2 diabetes. In the majority of cases, type 2 diabetes is brought on by lifestyle factors which can often be prevented. These include an unbalanced diet, a lack of activity along with smoking and alcohol. By making lifestyles changes, one can help to decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-prevention/ http://www.idf.org/prevention RD
60.110.40^Diagnostic radiology|60.430.10^Diagnostic radiology|90.190.50^Diagnostic radiology
Added as part of clearing TEQ backlog. 2013/07/24 (RD)
10.280.60.20.10.10.10^Dictyostelium discoideum|90.230.50.10.10^Dictyostelium discoideum
10.170.140.20.10^Dictyostelium fruiting body|10.230.120.40.20.10^Dictyostelium fruiting body
10.170.140.20^Dictyostelium growth and development|10.230.120.40.20^Dictyostelium growth and development
10.170.140.20.10.10^Dictyostelium spore cells|10.230.120.40.20.10.10^Dictyostelium spore cells
10.170.140.20.10.20^Dictyostelium stalk cells|10.230.120.40.20.10.20^Dictyostelium stalk cells
10.240.30.230.20.40^Dideoxy DNA sequencing|90.240.230.20.40^Dideoxy DNA sequencing
80.20.120.290.10^Diels-Alder reaction|80.20.200.40.10^Diels-Alder reaction
60.120.20.30.30.10^Diet and type 2 diabetes|60.260.10.30.10^Diet and type 2 diabetes
90.310.10.20^Differential centrifugation
90.60.20.10^Differential scanning calorimetry
Differential screening using polymerase chain reaction
10.240.30.190.140.40^Differential screening using PCR|90.240.190.140.40^Differential screening using PCR
60.170.70.20.20^Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma|60.300.60.140.20.20^Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
10.260.20.10.20^Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging|10.260.180.10.20^Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging|60.110.40.110.10.20^Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging|60.430.10.110.10.20^Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging|90.190.50.110.10.20^Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging|90.190.110.10.20^Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging
10.260.20.10.40.10^Diffusion spectrum imaging|10.260.180.10.40.10^Diffusion spectrum imaging|60.110.40.110.10.40.10^Diffusion spectrum imaging|60.430.10.110.10.40.10^Diffusion spectrum imaging|90.190.50.110.10.40.10^Diffusion spectrum imaging|90.190.110.10.40.10^Diffusion spectrum imaging
10.260.20.10.30^Diffusion tensor imaging|10.260.180.10.30^Diffusion tensor imaging|60.110.40.110.10.30^Diffusion tensor imaging|60.430.10.110.10.30^Diffusion tensor imaging|90.190.50.110.10.30^Diffusion tensor imaging|90.190.110.10.30^Diffusion tensor imaging
10.260.20.10.40^Diffusion weighted imaging|10.260.180.10.40^Diffusion weighted imaging|60.110.40.110.10.40^Diffusion weighted imaging|60.430.10.110.10.40^Diffusion weighted imaging|90.190.50.110.10.40^Diffusion weighted imaging|90.190.110.10.40^Diffusion weighted imaging
10.320.40^Digestive physiology|60.400.40^Digestive physiology
10.320.40.20^Digestive regulation|60.400.40.20^Digestive regulation
10.20.80^Digestive system|60.10.80^Digestive system
Methods (Digestive System, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
E-epidemiology is the science underlying the acquisition, maintenance and application of epidemiological knowledge and information using digital media such as the internet, mobile phones, digital paper, digital TV. E-epidemiology also refers to the large-scale epidemiological studies that are increasingly conducted through distributed global collaborations enabled by the Internet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-epidemiology RD
90.220.50.200.10^Digital video imaging microscopy
90.220.50.200.20^Digital video microscopy
80.20.90.10^Dimers (Chemical physics)|80.50.50.10^Dimers (Chemical physics)
Dinosaurs, one of the most successful groups of animals (in terms of longevity) that have ever lived, evolved into many diverse sizes and shapes, with many equally diverse modes of living. The term "Dinosauria" was invented by Sir Richard Owen in 1842 to describe these "fearfully great reptiles," specifically Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus, the only three dinosaurs known at the time. The creatures that we normally think of as dinosaurs lived during the Mesozoic Era, from late in the Triassic period (about 225 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago). But we now know that they actually live on today as the birds. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.html RD
80.20.220.10.40^Dipole-dipole interactions
So far not only is Diprotodon the largest of the Australian megafauna,‭ ‬but it is also the largest known marsupial mammal to ever exist.‭ ‬Often loosely dubbed as rhinoceros-sized,‭ ‬there is some variation between specimens which was once taken to indicate various species.‭ ‬More modern analysis of the differences in these specimens has now concluded however that these differences are between males and females,‭ ‬something that has resulted in many previous species being‭ ‬re-established as synonyms of the type species.‭ ‬The larger specimens of Diprotodon have a greater incidence of injuries to the bones which has been interpreted that the larger specimens are of males that regularly fought amongst themselves,‭ ‬possibly for access to females. The feet of Diprotodon were not found until later discoveries were made,‭ ‬but when found they revealed that they were plantigrade.‭ ‬This means that Diprotodon walked with all of the bones horizontally flat towards the ground,‭ ‬an arrangement that would have offered‭ ‬the most support for its large weight.‭ ‬These discoveries also revealed the toes pointed inwards like in other wombats.‭ ‬Also like in other wombats we see today,‭ ‬the pouch that young are kept in faces backwards.‭ ‬This is an adaptation to prevent dirt collecting and building up in the pouch as the wombat digs burrows,‭ ‬although given its large size,‭ ‬Diprotodon almost certainly didn’t dig out burrows,‭ ‬the adaptation remaining more as a family trait inherited from smaller burrowing ancestors. http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/d/diprotodon.html RD
90.180.20.20^Direct immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.20^Direct immunohistochemistry
10.240.30.230.10^Direct sequencing|90.240.230.10^Direct sequencing
20.200.10.10^Directed acyclic graphs|80.40.100.10.10^Directed acyclic graphs
10.120.30.20.20^Directed cell migration|10.170.40.20^Directed cell migration
20.200.10^Directed graphs|80.40.100.10^Directed graphs
10.240.30.50.10^Directional cloning|90.240.50.10^Directional cloning
10.190.60.170.10^Directional selection|10.190.120.80.10^Directional selection|10.200.370.80.10^Directional selection|10.340.30.80.10^Directional selection
10.210.50.40.90.10^Discoid lupus erythematosus|60.60.10.40.90.10^Discoid lupus erythematosus|60.180.50.40.90.10^Discoid lupus erythematosus
80.40.170.80.50^Discrete random variables
Disease ecology focuses on understanding how infectious diseases spread through and impact host populations, and how hosts and pathogens react and evolve in response to one another. -- http://www.biomed.uga.edu/initiatives/disease_ecology/
The ecological study of host-pathogen interactions within the context of their environment and evolution. http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/disease-ecology-15947677 The interaction of the behavior and ecology of hosts with the biology of pathogens, as it relates to the impact of diseases on populations. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Disease+ecology Disease ecologists study the interactions between pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria, fungi) or parasites (e.g. protozoa, helminthes) and their human or non-human hosts. Outbreaks of infectious diseases are frequently caused by changes to the ecology of the host, the pathogen, or the environment. Therefore, understanding the incidence, prevalence, or timing of diseases requires understanding the ecology of the interaction. https://www.eemb.ucsb.edu/research/ecology/disease RD
10.180.80^Disease ecology|40.80.80^Disease ecology|60.130.70^Disease ecology
10.210.50.50^Disease susceptibility|60.60.10.50^Disease susceptibility|60.180.50.50^Disease susceptibility
60.40.20.40.30^Disseminated intravascular coagulation|60.170.30.10.30^Disseminated intravascular coagulation
30.40.70.50^Distance-decay models|110.40.50^Distance-decay models
Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography
60.390.200.100.20^Dobutamine-atropine testing
10.280.10.30.20^Domestic animals|10.450.80.20^Domestic animals
the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.
Maximum steady state concentration method
90.200.50.20^Double immunodiffusion assays
Double quantum filtered J correlated spectroscopy
Double quantum filtered J-correlated spectroscopy
Double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy
Double quantum-filtered J correlated spectroscopy
Double quantum-filtered J-correlated spectroscopy
Double-quantum filtered J-correlated spectroscopy
Double-quantum-filtered J correlated spectroscopy
Double-quantum-filtered J-correlated spectroscopy
90.340.130.10.10^Double quantum-filtered correlation spectroscopy
Not a fungus, but fungus-like. Unrelated to Powdery mildew. Various species - host-specific http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/publications/documents/factsheets/downyMildew.pdf http://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=683 2014/06/24 RD.
10.280.10.40.20.30.80.10^Drosophila melanogaster|90.230.10.50^Drosophila melanogaster
Added as part of Addiction work prompted by eTOC testing 2013/07/04 (RD)
Methods (combined with drug therapy term)
60.380.60.10^Drug delivery system preparation
60.390.90.30.20^Drug discovery for neglected diseases
Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem. WHO established its Programme for International Drug Monitoring in response to the thalidomide disaster detected in 1961. Together with the WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring, Uppsala, WHO promotes PV at the country level. At the end of 2010, 134 countries were part of the WHO PV Programme. The aims of PV are to enhance patient care and patient safety in relation to the use of medicines; and to support public health programmes by providing reliable, balanced information for the effective assessment of the risk-benefit profile of medicines. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/pharmvigi/en/ KH
Hydrophobic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor synthesis
A drug user is a person who uses drugs either legally or illegally. A drug user may or may not also be a drug abuser, and may or may not have one or more drug addictions.
10.200.270.60.10.10.20^Duchenne muscular dystrophy|60.50.110.20^Duchenne muscular dystrophy|60.280.200.10^Duchenne muscular dystrophy
60.300.60.50.30^Ductal carcinoma in situ|60.300.60.60.40^Ductal carcinoma in situ
2015/03/09 09:26 Moved from Endocrinology by rachel 2015/03/09 09:29 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height. MeSH: D004392 RD
60.110.40.80.10^Dynamic renal scintigraphy|60.430.10.80.10^Dynamic renal scintigraphy|90.190.50.80.10^Dynamic renal scintigraphy
20.320.90^Dynamic response|80.40.190.90^Dynamic response
20.320.100^Dynamical systems|80.40.190.100^Dynamical systems
Removed BT Neurolinguistics as part of eTOC testing review 2013/05/31 RD
Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling
60.500.70.10^Early-onset coronary artery disease
50.90.10^Earthquake resistant structures
10.230.60.10.30.230.10.30^Eastern equine encephalitis virus|10.280.90.60.280.10.30^Eastern equine encephalitis virus|10.280.90.80.230.10.30^Eastern equine encephalitis virus|60.360.90.50.30.230.10.30^Eastern equine encephalitis virus
60.190.170.460.30^Ebola hemorrhagic fever|60.480.20.460.30^Ebola hemorrhagic fever
2015/03/21 13:01 RT Bioacoustics added by rachel
cological informatics, or ecoinformatics, is the development and application of computer technologies relevant to the management of ecological data and information. It is an emerging discipline focusing upon research and development of structures and algorithms that improve communication, understanding, and management of ecological information. Ecoinformatics focuses on the development of software tools to manipulate, store, distribute, and display ecological information. The objective of ecoinformatics is to integrate data, knowledge, and methods necessary to provide ecological data to a scientific or policy-making process. https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/nceas-web/projects/2059/ecoinformatics.html http://www.ecoinformatics.org/ RD
10.180.100^Ecological economics|40.80.100^Ecological economics|110.30.50^Ecological economics
10.180.110^Ecological metrics|40.80.110^Ecological metrics
Ecological niche: The sum total of all the resources used by, and the biotic and abiotic conditions suffered by, a species. Each resource (e.g. food, shelter) and condition (e.g. temperature, exposure) forms an axis of a multi-dimensional ‘hypervolume’ that describes the ecological requirements and constraints that allow a species to maintain long-term average population growth. An important distinction exists between a species’ fundamental niche (where it could persist) and its realised niche (where it does persist). http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
10.180.120^Ecological niches|40.80.120^Ecological niches
Global climate change dangers, energy crises, and financial turmoil have dramatized the critical problems associated with the economic system of developed countries and the global economy as a whole. Our economic behavior, on the one hand, and our scientific understanding of ecological capacities and limits of the earth, on the other, are seriously out of alignment. The Ecological Political Economy project is working to re-conceive the economic theories, underlying worldviews, and ethical values upon which the institutional structure of the economy rests. http://www.humansandnature.org/ecological-political-economy-project-2.php RD
10.10.70.30^Ecological political economy|10.180.10.30^Ecological political economy|10.180.100.10^Ecological political economy|40.80.10.30^Ecological political economy|40.80.100.10^Ecological political economy|110.30.50.10^Ecological political economy
deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediation#Bioremediation RD
10.180.70.30^Ecological remediation|40.80.70.30^Ecological remediation
An ecological risk assessment is the process for evaluating how likely it is that the environment may be impacted as a result of exposure to one or more environmental stressors such as chemicals, land change, disease, invasive species and climate change. Every day, people face questions about environmental concerns, many of them related to plants, animals, ecosystems as a whole, and how we interact with them. These questions may be about potential risks such as impacts on the aesthetic value of a place due to physical alterations, effects of pollution on endangered species, or the consequences of long-term release of contaminants to an ecosystem. http://www.epa.gov/risk_assessment/ecological-risk.htm Ecological Risk Assessment is the term ascribed to the method(s) for determining risk posed by a stressor (contaminant or perceived threat) to the survival and health of ecosystems. Under these procedures risk is defined as the probability that an adverse effect will occur as a result of ecosystem exposure to a particular ‘concentration’ of the stressor. Hence risk is determined by measuring two components: the consequences (also measured as effects)of an adverse event; and the likelihood or probability of the event occurring (exposure). http://www.environment.gov.au/science/supervising-scientist/research/ecological-risk RD
10.180.70.40^Ecological risk|40.80.70.40^Ecological risk
10.190.60.170.20^Ecological selection|10.190.120.80.20^Ecological selection|10.200.370.80.20^Ecological selection|10.340.30.80.20^Ecological selection
Ecological succession is the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. Nothing remains the same and habitats are constantly changing. There are two main types of succession, primary and secondary. Primary succession is the series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before. For example, a newly quarried rock face or sand dunes. Secondary succession is the series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat. For example, after felling trees in a woodland, land clearance or a fire. http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/summary.htm RD "Ecological succession" is the observed process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. Within any community some species may become less abundant over some time interval, or they may even vanish from the ecosystem altogether. Similarly, over some time interval, other species within the community may become more abundant, or new species may even invade into the community from adjacent ecosystems. This observed change over time in what is living in a particular ecosystem is "ecological succession". http://www.psu.edu/dept/nkbiology/naturetrail/succession.htm RD
10.180.130^Ecological succession|40.80.130^Ecological succession
There is this web site http://www.ecologydictionary.org/ which has some useful terms that could be considered for addition to this domain, though a lot of un-useful records. Not yet figured out how to download it. RD
Ecology: The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and population alterations. Unique ID: D004463 RD The scientific study of the distribution, abundance and dynamics of organisms, their interactions with other organisms and with their physical environment. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
Renamed to 'Ecology and environmental sciences' from 'Environmental sciences and ecology' to highlight Ecology. There is considerable overlap between ecology and environmental sciences so we'll keep the categories together. It would be nice to find a BT for drought, wilderness, daylight, biota, extremophiles, etc. 2013/02/16 (RD) Reversing change - i.e. changing from 'Ecology and environmental sciences' from 'Environmental sciences and ecology' because of as yet unresolved issues about mapping forward the changes from one release to the next 2013/05/03 (RD)
Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. There are also other ways in which ecology is divided in fields. One is by method: observational, experimental and theoretical ecology. Another is by type of organism: microbial, plant, and animal ecology. A third way is by habitat type: terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecology. I think these are all major subdisciplines of ecology which should be mentioned in the article. -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Ecology
30.40.30^Economic geography|110.30.80^Economic geography
110.30.170.10^Economics of technical change
110.30.160.30^Economics of training and education
10.180.150.30^Ecosystem engineering|40.80.150.30^Ecosystem engineering
10.180.150.40^Ecosystem functioning|40.80.150.40^Ecosystem functioning
10.140.70^Ecosystem modeling|10.180.150.50^Ecosystem modeling|40.80.150.50^Ecosystem modeling
Biomes-- often referred to as ecosystems
Ecosystem: All organisms and the abiotic environment found in a defined spatial area. For an ecosystem to be a useful unit of biological organisation, it is generally assumed to be the collective description of a community and its physical environment. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
Ecotoxicology is the environmental science sub-discipline that melds the fields of ecology and toxicology. The word derives from the Greek words eīkos (meaning household), toxicos (meaning poisonous), and logia (meaning study of). Its focus concerns monitoring, investigation and assessment of adverse effects of chemical (and radiological) substances on ecological systems and their biotic components and processes. http://www.eoearth.org/topics/view/51cbfc78f702fc2ba8129e7e/ RD
2015/03/10 06:09 BT Allergic diseases added by rachel 2015/03/10 06:11 BT Allergic diseases removed by rachel
Term added during review of tasks deferred from building of plos2012thes. 2013/07/18 (RD)
10.190.120.10^Effective population size|10.200.370.10^Effective population size|10.340.30.10^Effective population size|10.340.40.40^Effective population size|10.340.40.80.10^Effective population size
Term added as part of review of Rheumatology inspired by user comment (Arthur Schuh) 2013/09/10 (RD)
60.190.10.230.10^Ehrlichiosis (canine)|60.190.180.80^Ehrlichiosis (canine)
30.10.50.50^El Niño-Southern Oscillation|30.100.90.20^El Niño-Southern Oscillation
"Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism." -- Wikipedia
90.20.50.40.10^Electrical potential recording
NTs need attention; were formerly synonyms. -BG, 18 May 2012
50.230.30.10.20^Electrochemical deposition|80.20.220.20.20^Electrochemical deposition
Not to be confused with "Electrode Potential" which is a related, but different term. Jstandiford
80.50.110.20^Electromagnetic interference
80.20.100.40^Electron affinity|80.20.220.50.40^Electron affinity
Electron beam spectrum analysis techniques
90.340.30^Electron beam spectrum analysis techniques
90.340.50.10^Electron resonance spin trapping
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
90.340.50^Electron spin resonance spectroscopy
80.20.90.20^Electron transfer|80.50.50.20^Electron transfer
Added as part of response to eTOC testing feedback. 2013/07/22 (RD)
An electronic cigarette (e-cig or e-cigarette), personal vaporizer (PV) or electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) is a battery-powered vaporizer which has a similar feel to tobacco smoking. Electronic cigarettes do not contain tobacco, although they do use nicotine from tobacco plants. They do not produce cigarette smoke but rather an aerosol, which is frequently but inaccurately referred to as vapor. In general, they have a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution known as e-liquid.
10.40.90.40.10^Electronic cigarettes|10.350.10.70.10^Electronic cigarettes|60.250.200.40.10^Electronic cigarettes|60.410.160.40.10^Electronic cigarettes|110.90.10.70.10^Electronic cigarettes
2015/02/25 07:59 created by rachel 2015/02/25 07:59 Synonym Electronic health records added by rachel 2015/02/25 08:00 Synonym EMRs added by rachel
If not deleted, may need rule building attention. -BG, 8 June 2012
"Electronics engineering, or electronic engineering, is an engineering discipline where non-linear and active electrical components such as electron tubes, and semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, are utilized to design electronic circuits, devices and systems, typically also including passive electrical components and based on printed circuit boards." -- Wikipedia
10.240.30.200.20^Electrophoretic blotting|90.150.30.30^Electrophoretic blotting|90.240.200.20^Electrophoretic blotting
10.240.30.110.140.10^Electrophoretic mobility shift assay|90.240.110.140.10^Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
90.150.30.40^Electrophoretic staining|90.330.70.80^Electrophoretic staining
10.320.50.10^Electrophysiological properties|60.400.50.10^Electrophysiological properties
90.20.50^Electrophysiological techniques
BT changed (Electrophysiology deleted) as part of Neurophysiology/Electrophysiology reorganisation prompted by eTOC testing 2013/07/04 (RD)
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
80.20.10.20.20^Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry|90.340.120.20^Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
80.20.10.20.30^Electrospray mass spectrometry|90.340.120.30^Electrospray mass spectrometry
90.340.10.20^Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
80.50.250.80.10.10^Electroweak interaction
80.50.250.80^Elementary particle interactions
60.390.190.30.20^Elimination half-life calculation
10.170.170.100.10^Embryonic pattern formation
In psychology and philosophy, emotion is a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. Emotion is often associated and considered reciprocally influential with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. It also is influenced by hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, oxytocin, cortisol and GABA.
An emotion is a feeling such as happiness, love, fear, anger, or hatred, which can be caused by the situation that you are in or the people you are with. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/emotions RD
Needs attention, unless covered in SME feedback. -BG, 8 August 2012
90.180.20.30^EnVision immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.30^EnVision immunohistochemistry
10.150.20^Endangered species|40.50.10.20^Endangered species
10.120.70.10.240.70^Endangered species stem cells
10.20.90.30^Endocrine cells|10.120.70.10.60^Endocrine cells|60.10.90.30^Endocrine cells
2015/03/09 08:40 created by rachel 2015/03/09 08:45 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
If your hormone levels are too high or too low, you may have a hormone disorder. Hormone diseases also occur if your body does not respond to hormones the way it is supposed to. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/endocrinediseases.html Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two categories: Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance. Endocrine disease due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may not affect hormone levels. http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/endocrine-system-disorders RD
10.320.60^Endocrine physiology|60.120.30^Endocrine physiology|60.400.60^Endocrine physiology
10.120.230.40.120^Endocrine signaling|10.320.60.30^Endocrine signaling|60.120.30.30^Endocrine signaling|60.400.60.30^Endocrine signaling
10.20.90^Endocrine system|60.10.90^Endocrine system
Methods (Endocrine System, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
NTs, including but not exclusively those with commas, need attention. -BG, 31 May 2012
60.300.60.60.50^Endometrial carcinoma|60.300.60.120.20^Endometrial carcinoma
10.120.50.190.20^Endoplasmic reticulum|10.120.60.120^Endoplasmic reticulum
10.120.50.100.10^Endoplasmic reticulum stress response
60.470.140.10.10^Endoscopic plastic surgery|60.470.300.50^Endoscopic plastic surgery
60.470.140.10.20^Endoscopic sinus surgery|60.470.280.20^Endoscopic sinus surgery
10.170.190.20.50^Endosperm development|10.170.200.10.10^Endosperm development|10.330.150.10.10^Endosperm development
Endourology is the branch of urology that deals with minimally invasive surgical procedures
60.110.40.50^Energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis|60.430.10.50^Energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis|90.190.50.50^Energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis
90.340.30.30^Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
90.340.30.20^Energy dispersive spectroscopy
Energy filtering transmission electron microscopy
Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy
90.220.30.100.30^Energy filtering transmission electron microscopy
In ecology, energy flow, also called the calorific flow, refers to the flow of energy through a food chain. In an ecosystem, ecologists seek to quantify the relative importance of different component species and feeding relationships. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_%28ecology%29 RD
10.60.210.90^Energy metabolism|10.320.140.130^Energy metabolism|60.400.140.130^Energy metabolism
10.60.210.90.10^Energy metabolism in cancer cells|10.320.140.130.10^Energy metabolism in cancer cells|60.400.140.130.10^Energy metabolism in cancer cells
Mitochondria added as NPT for "Energy Producing Organelles". While there are other energy producing organelles, mitochondria are the main energy producing organelles.
10.60.70.20^Energy-producing organelles|10.120.60.130^Energy-producing organelles
Pinworm infection is caused by a small, thin, white roundworm called Enterobius vermicularis. Although pinworom infection can affect all people, it most commonly occurs among children, institutionalized persons, and household members of persons with pinworm infection. Pinworm infection is treatable with over-the-counter or prescription medication, but reinfection, which occurs easily, should be prevented. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinworm/ RD
10.20.20.30.10.50^Enterochromaffin cells|10.120.70.10.70.50^Enterochromaffin cells|60.10.20.30.10.50^Enterochromaffin cells
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs125/en/ 2014/01/28 (RD)
60.190.10.290.10^Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli
NT relationships added for relevant Insect-related pre-existing NTs to boost number of hits to Zoology/Entomology. 2013/09/03 (RD)
10.20.50.70.30^Entorhinal cortex|60.10.50.70.30^Entorhinal cortex
Environmental and occupational lung diseases
60.420.80^Environmental and occupational lung diseases
60.300.40.20^Environmental causes of cancer
40.90^Environmental chemistry|80.20.150^Environmental chemistry
40.100^Environmental economics|110.30.110^Environmental economics
Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, and genetics. - http://www.who.int/topics/environmental_health/en/
60.160.60^Environmental health|60.410.50^Environmental health
40.50.20^Environmental protection|40.150^Environmental protection
Methods (digestion, under EXTRACTION, ISOLATION, PURIFICATION & SEPARATION TECHNIQUES)
10.240.30.90^Enzymatic digestion techniques|90.240.90^Enzymatic digestion techniques
10.240.30.100.20^Enzyme entrapment|90.240.100.20^Enzyme entrapment
Enzyme immobilization by electrodeposition
Enzyme immobilization by phase separation
Enzyme immobilization by physical adsorption
10.240.30.100^Enzyme immobilization|90.240.100^Enzyme immobilization
Enzyme immobilisation by electro deposition
Enzyme immobilisation by electro-deposition
Enzyme immobilisation by electrodeposition
Enzyme immobilization by electro deposition
Enzyme immobilization by electro-deposition
10.240.30.100.30^Enzyme immobilization by electrodeposition|90.240.100.30^Enzyme immobilization by electrodeposition
10.240.30.100.40^Enzyme immobilization by liquid drying|90.240.100.40^Enzyme immobilization by liquid drying
Enzyme immobilisation by phase separation
10.240.30.100.50^Enzyme immobilization by phase separation|90.240.100.50^Enzyme immobilization by phase separation
Enzyme immobilisation by physical adsorption
10.240.30.100.60^Enzyme immobilization by physical adsorption|90.240.100.60^Enzyme immobilization by physical adsorption
90.60.50^Enzyme kinetics characterization
90.200.50.40^Enzyme-antibody conjugation
60.130.120^Epidemiological methods and statistics
60.130.120.10^Epidemiological statistics
The study of the spread of diseases within and between populations. -- http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-E/epidemiology.html
10.320.60.40.10^Epidermal growth factor|60.120.30.40.10^Epidermal growth factor|60.400.60.40.10^Epidermal growth factor
90.220.50.40.10^Epifluorescence microscopy
the study of inherited changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA interference, and their effects in gene activation and inactivation, are increasingly understood to be more than "bit players" in phenotype transmission and development
10.60.300.630.30^Epithelial cell protein synthesis|90.70.20.30.30^Epithelial cell protein synthesis
10.60.300.390.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels|10.100.60.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels|10.260.210.40.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels|10.320.50.20.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels|10.320.50.40.40.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels|60.400.50.20.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels|60.400.50.40.40.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels|80.50.40.60.100.10^Epithelial sodium channels
10.230.60.10.30.200.30^Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus|10.280.90.60.230.30^Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus|10.280.90.80.200.30^Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus|60.360.90.50.30.200.30^Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
an outbreak of disease affecting many animals of one kind at the same time http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epizootic RD
Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis
60.190.170.130^Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis
30.100.20.70.50^Equatorial ocean regions
Reviewed BT/NT relationship of this node. 2013/08/09 (RD)
60.190.10.290^Escherichia coli infections
60.380.40.90.10.10^Estrogen replacement therapy
10.240.30.40.20^Ethidium bromide labeling|90.240.40.20^Ethidium bromide labeling
70.10.40^Ethnic groups|110.10.10.30^Ethnic groups
Narrower terms are largely from the WIkipedia article, List of ethnic groups by population. -BG
Ethnoarchaeology is the use of ethnologic (anthropological) data from living groups as an analogy for understanding people of the past. --http://archaeology.about.com/od/eterms/g/ethnoarchaeol.htm One need that [the journal] Ethnoarchaeology addresses is that there is little that unifies or defines our subdiscipline, although there has been an exponential increase in ethnoarchaeological and experimental research in the past thirty years. With such growth we must explore what distinguishes these approaches as a subdiscipline, what methods connect practitioners, and what unique suite of research attributes we contribute to the better understanding of the human condition. http://www.lcoastpress.com/journal.php?id=9
descriptive study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study.
10.120.230.40.380.110^Ethylene signaling cascade
The Euarchonta are a grandorder of mammals containing four orders: the Dermoptera or colugos, the Scandentia or treeshrews, the extinct Plesiadapiformes, and the Primates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchonta RD
10.120.60.20.80.10^Eukaryotic membrane proteins
Eutheria is the taxonomical name for the main group of living mammals.[2] This taxon contains the placental mammals, of which humans are one species. Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are now found on all continents and in all oceans. The terms 'Eutheria and 'Placental' do not mean quite the same thing. A few early eutherians in the Lower Cretaceous were not placentals. Eomaia is the earliest example. All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eutherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed. Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which (like the earliest eutherians) are not placental. Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria Placental mammals are a rather diverse group, with nearly 4000 described species, mostly rodents and bats (photos at left). The placental mammals include such diverse forms as whales, elephants, shrews, and armadillos. They are also some of the most familiar organisms to us, including pets such as dogs and cats, as well as many farm and work animals, such as sheep, cattle, and horses. And humans, of course, are also placental mammals. Placental mammals all bear live young, which are nourished before birth in the mother's uterus through a specialized embryonic organ attached to the uterus wall, the placenta. The placenta is derived from the same membranes that surround the embryos in the amniote eggs of reptiles, birds, and monotreme. mammals. The term "placental mammals" is somewhat of a misnomer because marsupials also have placentae. The difference is that the placenta of marsupials is very short-lived and does not make as much of a contribution to fetal nourishment as it does in eutherians, as "placental mammals" are known scientifically. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/eutheria/placental.html RD
10.260.20.60.10^Event-related potentials|10.260.180.60.10^Event-related potentials|10.260.210.20.20.10^Event-related potentials|10.320.50.40.20.20.10^Event-related potentials|60.110.20.10.10^Event-related potentials|60.400.50.40.20.20.10^Event-related potentials|90.20.50.10.20.10^Event-related potentials|90.190.110.60.10^Event-related potentials
The practice of evidence-based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research -- http://www.cochrane.org/about-us/evidence-based-health-care EBP allows the practitioner to assess current and past research, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to identify relevant literature while differentiating between high-quality and low-quality findings -- http://www.biomed.lib.umn.edu/learn/ebp/mod01/index.html
80.40.20.10.20^Evolutionary algorithms|90.100.30.10^Evolutionary algorithms|90.320.20.20^Evolutionary algorithms
10.170.80^Evolutionary developmental biology|10.190.10^Evolutionary developmental biology
10.180.170^Evolutionary ecology|10.190.20^Evolutionary ecology|40.80.170^Evolutionary ecology
Evolutionary genetics is the broad field of studies that resulted from the integration of genetics and Darwinian evolution, called the ‘modern synthesis’ (Huxley 1942), achieved through the theoretical works of R. A. Fisher, S. Wright, and J. B. S. Haldane and the conceptual works and influential writings of J. Huxley, T. Dobzhansky, and H.J. Muller. This field attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species. In this view, four evolutionary forces (mutation, random genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow) acting within and among populations cause micro-evolutionary change and these processes are sufficient to account for macro-evolutionary patterns, which arise in the longer term from the collective action of these forces. That is, given very long periods of time, the micro-evolutionary forces will eventually give rise to the macro-evolutionary patterns that characterize the higher taxonomic groups. Thus, the central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary forces shape the patterns of biodiversity observed in nature. -- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-genetics/ Evolution: Change in the relative frequencies of heritable genetic information across generations of organisms. This change can be driven by the deterministic process of natural selection, which acts on genetic variation caused by stochastic mutation processes. Or, evolutionary change can occur via stochastic genetic drift in small populations: drift favours some alleles numerically even though they offer no fitness advantage to their carriers. There exists an important distinction between microevolution, which is change in heritable characteristics within species over short evolutionary timescales, and macroevolution, which is the larger-scale formation of new species during adaptive radiations. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
An approach to the study of human language based on evolutionary theory and attempting to account both for the emergence of the language faculty and for the historical development of specific human languages. https://www.academia.edu/2604962/Evolutionary_linguistics Evolutionary linguistics is the scientific study of the origins and development of language. https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Evolutionary_linguistics.html 2014/09/16 RD
Rate of evolution is a measurement of the rate of genotype change of species and organisms over a period of time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rate_of_evolution The rate of divergence between taxonomic groups measurable as amino acid substitutions per million years. http://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-E/evolutionary_rate.html RD
Having "Evolutionary systematics" beneath Taxonomy breaks the "all or some" rule, in that some of "Evolutionary systematics" does not necessarily form a part of Taxonomy, but having it here gives a better range of places for peopel to go after Browsing down to Taxonomy. 2013/09/19 (RD)
10.190.70^Evolutionary systematics|10.410.20^Evolutionary systematics|20.170.30.20^Evolutionary systematics
Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy
60.470.270.50.10^Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy
2015/03/02 07:49 Synonym EPSP added by rachel
10.320.50.30.40^Excitatory postsynaptic potentials|60.400.50.30.40^Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
10.20.100^Exocrine glands|60.10.100^Exocrine glands
The reconstruction of how people did things in the past. Experimental archaeology is a branch of archaeological study that replicates or attempts to replicate past processes to understand how the deposits came about. This includes everything from flint knapping or atlatl studies to past farming techniques to building entire villages. The logical extension of experimental archaeology is ethnoarchaeology, which studies living cultures to determine what the remains of their activities look like. Pioneers of experimental archaeology include John Lubbock and A.H.L. Fox Pitt-Rivers.
Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to the study of behavior and the processes that underlie it. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, including, among others sensation & perception, memory, cognition, learning, motivation, emotion; developmental processes, social psychology, and the neural substrates of all of these.
10.350.90^Experimental psychology|110.90.90^Experimental psychology
10.240.30.230.30^Expressed sequence tags analysis|90.240.230.30^Expressed sequence tags analysis
60.190.10.1060.20^Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis|60.480.30.20^Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
60.190.10.300^External otitis|60.330.50.40^External otitis
10.180.110.30^Extinction risk|40.80.110.30^Extinction risk
10.120.60.140.20^Extracellular matrix adhesions
10.120.60.140.30^Extracellular matrix composition
10.60.300.240^Extracellular matrix proteins
10.120.230.40.130^Extracellular matrix signaling
Originally an NPT of Cellular types. Could use review. -BG, 18 May 2012
In 1992 scientists first detected a planet outside our Solar System, orbiting a pulsar. A few years later, the planet 51 Pegasi B was found orbiting a star similar to the Sun. Hundreds of these extrasolar planets, or exoplanets, have been found since. Most exoplanets can only be detected indirectly because bright light from the stars that they orbit drowns them out. One method is to look for tiny wobbles in stars' positions caused by their gravitational interactions with orbiting planets. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/sights/extrasolar_planets RD
10.30.10^Extraterrestrial life|80.10.10.10^Extraterrestrial life
2015/03/17 08:29 created by rachel 2015/03/17 08:30 Synonym FSHD added by rachel
60.50.60.10.10^Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy|60.280.200.20^Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
10.20.220.30^Fallopian tubes|60.10.220.30^Fallopian tubes
60.50.60.10.20^Familial hypercholesterolemia
10.140.110.80.10^Family-based association studies|10.200.260.70.80.10^Family-based association studies|10.200.290.40.10^Family-based association studies
60.190.110.30^Fatal familial insomnia|60.190.180.240.30^Fatal familial insomnia
20.310.20^Fault tolerance|50.70.40^Fault tolerance|50.380.20^Fault tolerance
Fear is an emotion induced by a threat perceived by living entities, which causes a change in brain and organ function and ultimately a change in behavior, such as running away, hiding or freezing from traumatic events. Fear may occur in response to a specific stimulus happening in the present, or to a future situation, which is perceived as risk to health or life, status, power, security, or in the case of humans wealth or anything held valuable
70.20.60.70^Federated States of Micronesia
Female genital mutilation is classified into four major types. Clitoridectomy: partial or total removal of the clitoris (a small, sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals) and, in very rare cases, only the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris). Excision: partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora (the labia are "the lips" that surround the vagina). Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner, or outer, labia, with or without removal of the clitoris. Other: all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ RD
110.100.100.10^Female genital mutilation
60.490.110.50.10^Female subfertility|60.510.40.40^Female subfertility
Methods (Both main term and synonym appear in column B, in different sections)
FGF family members bind heparin and possess broad mitogenic and angiogenic activities. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2247 RD
10.320.60.40.20^Fibroblast growth factor|60.120.30.40.20^Fibroblast growth factor|60.400.60.40.20^Fibroblast growth factor
Filarial worms and their larvae are parasitic thread-like round nematodes that cause a group of tropical infectious disease called Filariasis (Philariasis). The larvae are transmitted to humans through a mosquito bite. http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/genome/filarial_worms/MultiHome.html 2014/10/13 (RD)
Filoviruses belong to a virus family called Filoviridae and can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. So far, only two members of this virus family have been identified: Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus. Five species of Ebolavirus have been identified: Taï Forest (formerly Ivory Coast), Sudan, Zaire, Reston and Bundibugyo. Ebola-Reston is the only known Filovirus that does not cause severe disease in humans; however, it can still be fatal in monkeys and it has been recently recovered from infected swine in South-east Asia. Structurally, filovirus virions (complete viral particles) may appear in several shapes, a biological features called pleomorphism. These shapes include long, sometimes branched filaments, as well as shorter filaments shaped like a "6", a "U", or a circle. Viral filaments may measure up to 14,000 nanometers in length, have a uniform diameter of 80 nanometers, and are enveloped in a lipid (fatty) membrane. Each virion contains one molecule of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA. New viral particles are created by budding from the surface of their hosts' cells; however, filovirus replication strategies are not completely understood. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/filoviridae.html 2014/10/09 (RD)
Fine roots: Primary roots usually less than 2 mm diameter that have the function of water and nutrient uptake. They are often heavily branched and support mycorrhizas. These roots may be short lived, but are replaced by the plant in an ongoing process of root 'turnover'. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-626awt RD
2015/03/16 11:41 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
10.240.30.110.50^Fine structure mapping|90.240.110.50^Fine structure mapping
NT relationships added for relevant Fish-related pre-existing NTs to boost number of hits to Zoology/Fish biology. 2013/09/03 (RD)
10.170.130.20^Fish metamorphosis|10.450.120.10^Fish metamorphosis
A place where fish are reared for commercial purposes. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/fishery The industry of catching, processing, and selling fish a place where this is carried on a place where fish are reared a fishing ground http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fisheries Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery.[1] According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features" A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery 1. The industry or occupation devoted to the catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic animals. 2. A place where fish or other aquatic animals are caught. 3. A fishing business. 4. A hatchery for fish. 5. The legal right to fish in specified waters or areas. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fisheries Harvesting of aquatic resources and production is done either in the wild (capture fisheries) or in controlled environments (aquaculture). Both use a large variety of technologies - from artisanal to highly-industrial - encompassing vessels and equipment as well as fishing gears and methods. http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/2800/en RD
10.220.40^Fisheries science|30.100.50.40^Fisheries science
10.90.20.50^Flagellar rotation|10.230.40.50.50^Flagellar rotation|10.230.120.20.50^Flagellar rotation|10.320.10.50^Flagellar rotation|60.400.10.50^Flagellar rotation
90.340.10.30^Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
The Flaviviridae are a family of positive, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. They are found in arthropods, (primarily ticks and mosquitoes), and can occasionally infect humans. Members of this family belong to a single genus, Flavivirus, and cause widespread morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Some of the mosquitoes-transmitted viruses include: Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Other Flaviviruses are transmitted by ticks and are responsible of encephalitis and hemorrhagic diseases: Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE), Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) and Alkhurma disease, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/flaviviridae.html 2014/10/09 (RD)
Placement attention - may have more to do with animal migration. Move to animal behavior?
Analysis of biological material by detection of the light-absorbing or fluorescing properties of cells or subcellular fractions (i.e., chromosomes) passing in a narrow stream through a laser beam. An absorbance or fluorescence profile of the sample is produced. Automated sorting devices, used to fractionate samples, sort successive droplets of the analyzed stream into different fractions depending on the fluorescence emitted by each droplet. -- http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-F/flow_cytometry.html
10.20.30.50^Fluid physiology|10.320.20.50^Fluid physiology|60.10.30.50^Fluid physiology|60.400.20.50^Fluid physiology
Also under Photometry in Methods spreadsheet. -BG, 14 June 2012
90.340.210.40.20^Fluorescence polarization
90.340.210.50.10^Fluorescence polarization anisotropy
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
90.220.50.50^Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
90.340.210.50.20^Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
90.340.210.50.30^Fluorescence spectrometry
Under Gamma spectrometry in Methods spreadsheet, but this seemed questionable. - BG, 14 June 2012
Fluorescence activated chromosome sorting
Fluorescence-activated chromosome sorting
90.340.210.10.20^Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
10.240.30.200.60.40^Fluorescent in situ hybridization|90.120.20^Fluorescent in situ hybridization|90.240.200.60.40^Fluorescent in situ hybridization
10.240.30.230.80.10^Fluorescent nucleotide sequencing|90.240.230.80.10^Fluorescent nucleotide sequencing
10.240.30.190.60^Focus-forming assay|90.240.190.60^Focus-forming assay
10.60.190.120.70^Follicle-stimulating hormone
10.120.70.10.130.20.10.10^Follicular dendritic cells|10.210.80.20.10.10^Follicular dendritic cells|60.180.80.20.10.10^Follicular dendritic cells
10.20.30.60^Follicular fluid|10.20.220.50.10^Follicular fluid|10.320.20.60^Follicular fluid|60.10.30.60^Follicular fluid|60.10.220.50.10^Follicular fluid|60.400.20.60^Follicular fluid
60.300.60.60.150.20^Follicular thyroid carcinoma|60.300.60.90.90.20^Follicular thyroid carcinoma
2015/03/10 06:04 Moved from Allergies by rachel
Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens
60.110.110.500.10.10^Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens|60.360.140.500.10.10^Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens
10.180.70.60^Food web structure|40.80.70.60^Food web structure
60.350.80.60^Foodborne trematodiases|60.480.20.150^Foodborne trematodiases
Foot and mouth disease affects cloven-hoofed animals including: cattle sheep pigs It doesn’t affect humans. https://www.gov.uk/foot-and-mouth-disease
10.120.70.10.90.10^Foreign-body giant cells
60.110.10.20.20^Forensic genetics|110.50.70.20^Forensic genetics
60.110.10.20.30^Forensic pathology|60.360.10.30^Forensic pathology|110.50.70.30^Forensic pathology
10.430.80^Forensic toxicology|60.110.10.20.40^Forensic toxicology|60.360.170.80^Forensic toxicology|110.50.70.40^Forensic toxicology
10.180.190^Forest ecology|40.80.190^Forest ecology
Fossil assemblages, or faunal assemblages, are simply groups of fossils found together in strata. http://wiki.aapg.org/Fossil_assemblage RD
10.290.30.10^Fossil assemblage|30.130.30.10^Fossil assemblage
10.290.30.20^Fossil calibration|30.130.30.20^Fossil calibration
90.340.110.10^Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
10.20.50.140^Fourth ventricle|60.10.50.140^Fourth ventricle
Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives; together, they form the fowl clade which is scientifically known as Galloanserae (initially termed Galloanseri). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowl RD
10.230.60.10.10.270^Francisella tularensis|10.280.30.250.10^Francisella tularensis|60.360.90.50.10.270^Francisella tularensis
20.320.120^Frequency response|80.40.190.120^Frequency response
No articles hit for SA ʺLimnetic ecologyʺ so deleted it (given Limnology/Freshwater ecology) as term in its own right but add as non-pref for Freshwater ecology (there are 30 or so articles in PubMed for 'Limnetic ecology") 2013/09/23 (RD)
10.180.200^Freshwater ecology|30.100.40.20^Freshwater ecology|40.80.200^Freshwater ecology|40.180.20^Freshwater ecology
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, and vegetation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem RD
10.180.150.70^Freshwater ecosystems|40.80.150.70^Freshwater ecosystems
30.100.10.10^Freshwater environments|40.10.10^Freshwater environments
10.260.20.70.20^Functional connectivity MRI|10.260.180.70.20^Functional connectivity MRI|60.110.40.110.30.20^Functional connectivity MRI|60.430.10.110.30.20^Functional connectivity MRI|90.190.50.110.30.20^Functional connectivity MRI|90.190.110.70.20^Functional connectivity MRI
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique that uses electrical currents to activate nerves innervating extremities affected by paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI), head injury, stroke and other neurological disorders. FES is primarily used to restore function in people with disabilities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical_stimulation RD
60.470.160^Functional electrical stimulation
* genomics (in recombinant DNA technology (genetics): Genomics; Functional genomics attempts to understand function at the broadest level (the genomic level). In one approach, gene functions of as many ORFs as possible are assigned as above in an attempt to obtain a full set of proteins encoded by the genome (called a proteome). The proteome broadly defines all the cellular functions used by the organism. Function in relation to specific developmental... in genomics: Functional genomics ) Analysis of genes at the functional level is one of the main uses of genomics, an area known generally as functional genomics. Determining the function of individual genes can be done in several ways. Classical, or forward, genetic methodology starts with a randomly obtained mutant of interesting phenotype and uses this to find the normal gene sequence and its function. Reverse genetics starts... -- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1389594/functional-genomics
10.260.20.70^Functional magnetic resonance imaging|10.260.180.70^Functional magnetic resonance imaging|60.110.40.110.30^Functional magnetic resonance imaging|60.430.10.110.30^Functional magnetic resonance imaging|90.190.50.110.30^Functional magnetic resonance imaging|90.190.110.70^Functional magnetic resonance imaging
In general, functional morphology is the analysis of the mechanical and evolutionary relationship of anatomical form to organismal behavior and dynamics. As such the topic is of great interest to paleontology, holding out the hope that a sufficiently rigorous analysis of a fossil taxon's form might enable us to infer its behavior in detail. http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331funky.html RD
10.170.80.10^Functional morphology|10.190.10.10^Functional morphology|10.190.50.10^Functional morphology
90.340.110.20.10^Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
80.50.250.80.10^Fundamental interactions
10.200.90^Fungal genetics|10.250.50^Fungal genetics
10.200.90.10^Fungal genomics|10.200.260.60^Fungal genomics|10.250.50.10^Fungal genomics
Added BT Microbial pathogens as part of review of Medical microbiology after implementation of new eTOCs 2013/08/07 (RD)
10.230.60.10.20^Fungal pathogens|10.250.60^Fungal pathogens|60.360.90.50.20^Fungal pathogens
10.230.120.30^Fungal physiology|10.250.70^Fungal physiology
Added as part of disambiguation of Germination - plant seed or fungal spore 2013/09/23 (RD)
Removed BT Palynomorphs as BT track back to Paleontology unhelpful 2013/05/03 (RD) Term changed as part of work to disambiguate spores and introduce other variants than fungal. 2013/08/20 (RD)
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), is a devastating disease of wheat and barley. Diseased spikelets exhibit symptoms of premature bleaching shortly after infection. The fungus produces a mycotoxin known as deoxynivalenol that poses a significant threat to the health of domestic animals and humans. Disease forecasting models may help to optimize FHB management by targeting fungicide and biocontrol applications. http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Pages/Fusarium.aspx 2014/10/13 (RD)
F. oxysporum is a broad host range pathogen that has caused some of the world's most dramatic and economically devastating plant disease epidemics. Recently F. oxysporum has also emerged as a model for soil-borne fungal diseases with Arabidopsis and tomato as hosts. http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html 2014/10/13 (RD)
10.230.60.10.10.280.10^Fusobacterium necrophorum|10.280.30.260.100.10^Fusobacterium necrophorum|60.360.90.50.10.280.10^Fusobacterium necrophorum
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of plasma membrane receptors of which rhodopsin and adrenergic receptors are the most familiar. They are integral plasma membrane proteins that transduce signals from extracellular ligands to signals in intracellular relay proteins, the heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins). By coupling to many downstream effectors, the G proteins initiate pleiotropic changes in many targets. Thus, the extracellular signal is typically amplified to produce robust, varied, and cell-specific responses. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/G_protein-coupled_receptor RD
10.60.300.830.20^G protein coupled receptors|10.120.230.150.20^G protein coupled receptors
Gait training or gait rehabilitation is the act of learning how to walk, either as a child, or, more frequently, after sustaining an injury or disability. Physical therapists, or physiotherapists, generally help their patients with gait training. Gait training can take a number of forms, but repetition of the actual motions performed during walking is the most important factor. Parallel bars may be used to help with gait training, especially in the early stages when a patient is first learning or re-learning to walk. They involve a person walking between two handrails to support themselves, often with the therapist either helping to support the patient or physically moving the patient's legs. Gait trainer or other gait aids are also utilized. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait_training RD
10.170.190.20.60^Gallbladder development
Problem gambling (or ludomania, but usually referred to as gambling addiction) is an urge to continuously gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. Problem gambling is often defined by whether harm is experienced by the gambler or others, rather than by the gambler's behavior. Severe problem gambling may be diagnosed as clinical pathological gambling if the gambler meets certain criteria.
10.350.10.60^Gambling addiction|60.250.70^Gambling addiction|110.90.10.60^Gambling addiction
The Galliformes are an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkey, grouse, chicken, New World quail and Old World quail, ptarmigan, partridge, pheasant, junglefowl and the Cracidae. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliformes RD
60.470.330.40^Gamete intra-fallopian transfer
60.470.250.90.10^Gamma Knife radiosurgery
10.60.220.40.40^Gamma-aminobutyric acid|10.260.150.40.40^Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Hydrogen flame ionization chromatography
Nitrogen selective detection chromatography
Nitrogen-selective detection chromatography
Might need technical attention - slash in synonym. -BG, 14 June 2012
80.20.10.20.40^Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry|90.80.40^Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry|90.340.120.40^Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
10.60.190.120.80^Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
10.20.160.30.30^Gastrocnemius muscles|60.10.160.30.30^Gastrocnemius muscles
60.160.70^Gastrointestinal critical care
Serial imaging with 99mTc red blood cells
Serial imaging with 99mTc-red blood cells
60.110.40.70^Gastrointestinal imaging|60.430.10.70^Gastrointestinal imaging|90.190.50.70^Gastrointestinal imaging
60.140.160^Gastrointestinal motility disorders
60.300.60.100.80^Gastrointestinal stromal tumors
10.20.80.10^Gastrointestinal tract|60.10.80.10^Gastrointestinal tract
Malignant neoplasms of the small intestine
60.110.40.110.40^Gated magnetic resonance imaging|60.430.10.110.40^Gated magnetic resonance imaging|90.190.50.110.40^Gated magnetic resonance imaging
80.40.170.80.60^Gaussian random variables
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
10.240.30.110.140.20^Gel mobility shift assay|90.240.110.140.20^Gel mobility shift assay
10.240.30.190.70^Gel retardation assay|90.240.190.70^Gel retardation assay
Geminiviruses are plant viruses which have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (i.e. geminivirus genomes are ambisense). According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminiviridae 2013/10/13 (RD)
110.100.100.20^Gender discrimination|110.100.110.10^Gender discrimination
10.240.30.210.40^Gene deletion analysis|90.240.210.40^Gene deletion analysis
Inducible expression cassette techniques
10.240.30.190.90^Gene expression and vector techniques|90.240.190.90^Gene expression and vector techniques
10.200.150^Gene identification and analysis
Single strand conformational polymorphism analysis
10.140.110.30.10^Gene ontology annotations|10.200.260.70.30.10^Gene ontology annotations
10.140.110.30.20^Gene ontology associations|10.200.260.70.30.20^Gene ontology associations
10.140.110.30.30^Gene ontology curation|10.200.260.70.30.30^Gene ontology curation
10.140.100^Gene regulatory networks|10.200.160^Gene regulatory networks
60.20.10.10^General anesthesia|60.380.40.20.10^General anesthesia
110.30.220.10^General equilibrium theory
60.20.10.10.10^General inhalational anesthesia|60.380.40.20.10.10^General inhalational anesthesia
60.160.120.20.30.10^General practitioners|70.30.50.100.30.10^General practitioners
80.50.150.20^General relativity|80.50.310.20^General relativity
80.40.180.70.70^Generalized linear model|90.210.100.70^Generalized linear model
80.40.20.10.30^Genetic algorithms|90.320.20.30^Genetic algorithms
10.200.290.10^Genetic association studies
The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
10.200.260.100.10^Genetic counseling|10.200.290.20^Genetic counseling|60.50.50^Genetic counseling
BT Forensics removed at part of testing eTOC BT path lucidity 2013/05/31 RD
10.240.30.130.10^Genetic fingerprinting|90.240.130.10^Genetic fingerprinting
10.240.30.130^Genetic fingerprinting and footprinting|90.240.130^Genetic fingerprinting and footprinting
10.240.30.130.20^Genetic footprinting|90.240.130.20^Genetic footprinting
Term added as consequence 20121105_random_sample.RD.121122 work. 2013/03/26 (RD)
10.140.110.50^Genetic networks|10.200.260.70.50^Genetic networks|20.250.20^Genetic networks
10.190.120.50^Genetic polymorphism|10.200.370.50^Genetic polymorphism|10.340.30.50^Genetic polymorphism
10.260.50.10.20^Genetic programming|20.10.20^Genetic programming|80.40.20.10.30.10^Genetic programming|90.320.20.30.10^Genetic programming
Gene tests (also called DNA-based tests), the newest and most sophisticated of the techniques used to test for genetic disorders, involve direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. Other genetic tests include biochemical tests for such gene products as enzymes and other proteins and for microscopic examination of stained or fluorescent chromosomes
10.430.90^Genetic toxicology|60.360.170.90^Genetic toxicology
This branch needs SME attention. Some of the narrower terms added per the methods spreadsheet don't seem to belong. -BG, 29 June 2012
10.240.30.140^Genetic transformation|90.240.140^Genetic transformation
Removed BT 'Animal types' to stop all transgenics backing up BTs to Zoology 2013/09/09 (RD)
10.10.10.10.10^Genetically modified animals|10.110.70.20.10^Genetically modified animals
10.10.10.10.20.10^Genetically modified crops|10.110.70.20.20.10^Genetically modified crops|10.110.100.10.10^Genetically modified crops|10.280.50.100.10^Genetically modified crops|10.330.100.10.10^Genetically modified crops
10.10.10.10^Genetically modified organisms|10.110.70.20^Genetically modified organisms
10.10.10.10.20^Genetically modified plants|10.110.70.20.20^Genetically modified plants|10.110.100.10^Genetically modified plants|10.280.50.100^Genetically modified plants|10.330.100.10^Genetically modified plants
10.210.50.60^Genetics of the immune system|10.210.70^Genetics of the immune system|60.60.10.60^Genetics of the immune system|60.180.50.60^Genetics of the immune system|60.180.70^Genetics of the immune system
10.20.220.40^Genital anatomy|60.10.220.40^Genital anatomy
60.110.40.80^Genitourinary imaging|60.430.10.80^Genitourinary imaging|90.190.50.80^Genitourinary imaging
60.300.60.110^Genitourinary tract tumors
10.140.110^Genome analysis|10.200.260.70^Genome analysis
Term added as a result of 20121105_random_sample.RD.121122 work. 2013/03/26 (RD)
10.140.110.60^Genome annotation|10.200.260.70.60^Genome annotation
10.140.120^Genome complexity|10.200.260.80^Genome complexity
10.110.30.50.10^Genome engineering|10.390.10.10^Genome engineering|50.40.50.10^Genome engineering|50.400.10.10^Genome engineering
10.140.130^Genome evolution|10.190.90.20^Genome evolution|10.200.260.90^Genome evolution
10.140.110.140.10^Genome expression analysis|10.200.260.70.140.10^Genome expression analysis
10.240.30.230.40^Genome sequencing|90.240.230.40^Genome sequencing
Statistical analysis of genetic association
A genome-wide association study is an approach that involves rapidly scanning markers across the complete sets of DNA, or genomes, of many people to find genetic variations associated with a particular disease. Once new genetic associations are identified, researchers can use the information to develop better strategies to detect, treat and prevent the disease. Such studies are particularly useful in finding genetic variations that contribute to common, complex diseases, such as asthma, cancer, diabetes, heart disease and mental illnesses. http://www.genome.gov/20019523 2014/11/28 (RD)
10.140.110.80^Genome-wide association studies|10.200.260.70.80^Genome-wide association studies|10.200.290.40^Genome-wide association studies
Moved from Databases to Biological databases as a consequence of user feedback in advance of new eTOC release - restructuring to separate specific named biological databases from Information technology. 2013/07/16 (RD).
10.140.110.90^Genomic databases|10.200.260.70.90^Genomic databases|90.130.20.10^Genomic databases
10.170.110^Genomic imprinting|10.200.70.30^Genomic imprinting
10.240.30.80.20.20^Genomic library construction|90.240.80.20.20^Genomic library construction
10.240.30.190.140.50^Genomic library screening|90.240.190.140.50^Genomic library screening
the engineering discipline that studies the processing of genomic signals. It encompasses various methodologies concerning expression profiles: detection, prediction, classification, control, and statistical and dynamical modeling of gene networks. --http://gsp.tamu.edu/
10.120.230.40.140^Genomic signal processing
10.140.140^Genomics statistics|10.200.260.110^Genomics statistics
science of determining the absolute age of rocks, fossils, and sediments
Geographic and national differences in health care
110.10.10.80^Geographic and national differences
60.160.80^Geographic and national differences in health care|110.10.10.80.10^Geographic and national differences in health care
20.190.10^Geographic information systems|30.40.50.10^Geographic information systems
Hopefully not too redundant with parent term; geographically defined regions, rather than terms related to the subdiscipline, could go here by name.
Moved from beneath Social sciences as part of eTOC related work in advanced of new eTOCs 2013/06/03 RD
Geological Engineering has been described as the application of the principles of geology to the solutions of problems in engineering practice -- http://campus.mst.edu/gee/undergraduate/
60.150.50.10^Geriatric depression|60.250.80.10^Geriatric depression|60.250.110.20.10^Geriatric depression
60.150.30^Geriatric nephrology|60.270.30^Geriatric nephrology
60.150.40^Geriatric ophthalmology|60.310.40^Geriatric ophthalmology
60.150.50^Geriatric psychiatry|60.250.80^Geriatric psychiatry
Geriatric rehabilitation covers three areas – normal aging due to disuse and deconditioning, cardiovascular problems like vascular disease and stroke, and skeletal problems including osteoporosis and osteoarthritis conditions such as knee and hip replacements. Physical medicine Physicians use rehabilitation to work toward the goal of returning the patient to a pre-injury quality of life and may use physical, occupational, and speech therapies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric_rehabilitation RD
60.150.60^Geriatric rehabilitation|60.440.30^Geriatric rehabilitation
60.150.70^Geriatric urology|60.490.80^Geriatric urology
Geriatrics or geriatric medicine[1] is a specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people.[2] It aims to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults. There is no set age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician or geriatric physician, a physician who specializes in the care of elderly people. Rather, this decision is determined by the individual patient's needs, and the availability of a specialist. It is important to note the difference between geriatrics, the care of aged people, and gerontology, which is the study of the aging process itself. The term geriatrics comes from the Greek γέρων geron meaning "old man", and ιατρός iatros meaning "healer". However, geriatrics is sometimes called medical gerontology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatrics RD
60.190.110.40^Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease|60.190.180.240.40^Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease
60.120.20.30.10^Gestational diabetes|60.260.10.10^Gestational diabetes
60.230.60.20^Ghostwriting in medical journals
Gigantism is a rare condition that causes abnormal growth in children. It occurs when a child’s body produces too much growth hormone. Early diagnosis is important. Prompt treatment can stop or slow the changes that may cause a child to grow larger than normal. However, the condition can be hard for parents to detect, since symptoms of gigantism might first be seen as normal childhood growth spurts. http://www.healthline.com/health/gigantism#Overview1 RD
2015/03/09 08:53 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/09 08:53 Moved from Endocrinology by rachel
Moved/changed as part of renovation of Organogenesis term (adding NTs). 2013/07/22 (RD)
60.280.240.50^Glioblastoma multiforme|60.300.60.40.10^Glioblastoma multiforme|60.300.60.210.50^Glioblastoma multiforme
10.180.210^Global change ecology|40.80.210^Global change ecology
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment. The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/ RD
Global Warming: A significant, long-term increase in mean global temperatures (air or ocean) during the 20th century, and projected to continue into the future. Commonly used synonymously with climate change, but actually only a subset of the climatic parameters that are predicted to change. It should also be noted that an increase in global mean temperature does not mean that any specific part of the globe can expect to be warmer in the future. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
10.20.50.150^Globus pallidus|60.10.50.150^Globus pallidus
10.320.160.20^Glomerular filtration rate|60.400.160.20^Glomerular filtration rate
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
60.170.10.20.10^Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
10.60.170.60.220.30^Glutamic acid proteases|10.60.300.230.220.30^Glutamic acid proteases
90.20.20.60.30^Glutathione S-transferase assay
90.80.10.10.20^Glutathione chromatography
60.50.60.20.90^Glycogen storage diseases|60.260.60.20^Glycogen storage diseases
The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0070085 RD
Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulation test
Golgi's method is a silver staining technique discovered by Italian physician and scientist Camillo Golgi (1843–1926) in 1873 that is used to visualize nervous tissue under light microscopy. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi%27s_method 2014/10/14 (RD)
90.330.70.110.40^Gomori's trichrome staining
10.210.50.40.40^Goodpasture's syndrome|60.60.10.40.40^Goodpasture's syndrome|60.180.50.40.40^Goodpasture's syndrome
110.30.130.20.20^Government spending and taxation
10.20.20.20.40^Granulation tissue|60.10.20.20.40^Granulation tissue
90.20.20.60.40^Granule enzyme exocytosis assay
20.200^Graph theory|80.40.100^Graph theory
20.40.30.10^Graphical user interface|50.190.30.20^Graphical user interface
Graptolites are normally found in dark mudstones and shales, and have a shiny look to them, as though they had been drawn onto the rock with a pencil. This is how they get their name, which means 'writing on the rock'. Like corals they were colonial - each graptolite was made up of many tiny individual animals, all linked together into a single colony. Unlike corals though, most graptolite colonies were not attached to the sea floor, but floated near the surface of the seas, feeding on tiny pieces of food in the water. Graptolites died out about 370 million years ago. They first appeared about 490 million years ago and quickly evolved into many new forms. Experts can use graptolite fossils from a rock to tell how old it is, just by looking to see which types are there. This makes graptolites an important tool for geologists. http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/fossils/inverts/grapt.htm RD
2015/03/04 03:32 created by rachel 2015/03/04 05:38 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Gratitude is the appreciation of what is valuable and meaningful to oneself; it is a general state of thankfulness and/or appreciation. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3010965/ RD
Gratitude, thankfulness, gratefulness, or appreciation is a feeling or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive. The experience of gratitude has historically been a focus of several world religions, and has been considered extensively by moral philosophers such as Lee Clement.
80.10.40.60^Gravitational waves|80.50.20.60^Gravitational waves|80.50.150.30^Gravitational waves
2015/04/16 07:27 Synonym GFP added by rachel 2015/04/16 07:28 Synonym EGFP added by rachel
10.60.300.420.40^Green fluorescent protein
Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between 1943 and the late 1970s, that increased industrialized agriculture production in many developing nations.
A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about 15 °C (27 °F) colder than the present average of 14 °C (57 °F). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas RD
30.10.20.30^Greenhouse gases|40.90.10.30^Greenhouse gases|80.20.150.10.30^Greenhouse gases
60.190.10.350^Group A streptococcal infection
60.190.10.360^Group B streptococcal infection
Growth hormone: A hormone made in the pituitary gland that stimulates the release of another hormone called somatomedin by the liver, thereby causing growth. Also known as somatotropin. Growth hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, the front section of the gland, and is a polypeptide that consists of 191 amino acids. Growth hormone is given to children with pituitary dwarfism (short stature due to underfunction of the anterior pituitary) to help them grow. Excessive growth hormone production in children can lead to gigantism, and in adults it can lead to acromegaly. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16691 RD
10.120.230.40.390.10^Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
GTPases (singular GTPase) are a large family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP).[1] The GTP binding and hydrolysis takes place in the highly conserved G domain common to all GTPases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase RD
10.60.170.60.90.50^Guanosine triphosphatase|10.60.300.230.90.50^Guanosine triphosphatase
The Gustatory System or sense of taste allows us to perceive different flavors from substances like food, drinks, medicine etc. Molecules that we taste or tastants are sensed by cells in our mouth, which send information to the brain. These specialized cells are called taste cells and can sense 5 main tastes: bitter, salty, sweet, sour and umami (savory). All the variety of flavors that we know are combinations of molecules which fall into these categories. en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sensory_Systems/Gustatory_System RD
The gustatory system provides the human sense of taste, allowing us to perceive different flavors from substances that we consume such as food and drink. Gustation, along with olfaction (the sense of smell), is categorized under chemoreception as it functions by reacting with molecular chemical compounds in a given substance. Source: Boundless. “Gustation: Taste Buds and Taste.” Boundless Psychology. Boundless, 23 Sep. 2014. Retrieved 26 May. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/sensation-and-perception-5/sensory-processes-38/gustation-taste-buds-and-taste-163-12698/ RD
10.260.270.20^Gustatory system|10.320.190.20^Gustatory system|60.400.190.20^Gustatory system
Swine flu is the popular name for influenza (flu) caused by a relatively new strain of influenza virus A. It was responsible for the flu pandemic in 2009-10. The virus is officially known as influenza virus A/H1N1pdm09. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pandemic-flu/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
Hepatitis C virus-associated rheumatic disease
Term added as part of review of Rheumatology inspired by user comment (Arthur Schuh) 2013/09/11 (RD).
60.450.160.10^HCV-associated rheumatic disease
10.210.50.70^HIV immunopathogenesis|60.60.10.70^HIV immunopathogenesis|60.180.50.70^HIV immunopathogenesis
Key Points HIV is spread only in certain body fluids from a person infected with HIV. These fluids are blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. In the United States, HIV is spread mainly by having sex or sharing injection drug equipment, such as needles, with someone who has HIV. To reduce your risk of HIV infection, use condoms correctly every time you have vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Don’t inject drugs. If you do, use only sterile injection equipment and water and never share your equipment with others. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an HIV prevention option for people who don’t have HIV but who are at high risk of becoming infected with HIV. PrEP involves taking a specific HIV medicine every day. PrEP should always be combined with other prevention options, such as condoms. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/20/48/the-basics-of-hiv-prevention RD
10.230.60.10.10.290^Haemophilus influenzae|10.280.30.270.20^Haemophilus influenzae|60.360.90.50.10.290^Haemophilus influenzae
60.190.10.70.10^Haemophilus meningitis|60.190.80.60.10.10^Haemophilus meningitis|60.200.20.10.10^Haemophilus meningitis|60.280.170.60.10.10^Haemophilus meningitis
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space.
90.20.180.20^Hamster zona-free ovum test
Hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses. The most common types of viruses that can cause the condition are: coxsackievirus A16, A6 or A10 enterovirus 71 Hand, foot and mouth disease is not the same as foot and mouth disease, which affects cattle, sheep and pigs. The two infections are unrelated. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
2015/03/10 06:59 Synonym Hand, foot, and mouth disease added by rachel
60.190.170.150^Hand, foot and mouth disease
60.190.170.160^Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome|60.480.20.170^Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
The state of being happy. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/happiness RD
In many cases of biotrophy, the fungi invaginate the host cell. The invaginating structure formed by pathogens is generally called a haustorium. Haustoria are commonly found in leaves or stems. http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml 2014/10/14 (RD)
The term HbA1c refers to glycated haemoglobin. It develops when haemoglobin, a protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body, joins with glucose in the blood, becoming 'glycated'. By measuring glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), clinicians are able to get an overall picture of what our average blood sugar levels have been over a period of weeks/months. For people with diabetes this is important as the higher the HbA1c, the greater the risk of developing diabetes-related complications. HbA1c is also referred to as haemoglobin A1c or simply A1c. http://www.diabetes.co.uk/what-is-hba1c.html RD
60.300.60.60.140.10^Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma|60.300.60.130.20^Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Health services administration and management
60.160.110.30^Health care policy reports
Economic sector concerned with the provision, distribution, and consumption of health care services and related products. (MeSH) -- http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/edu/healthecon/glossary.html
60.160.140.10^Health care sector|110.30.150.10^Health care sector
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and health care. In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health-affecting behaviors such as smoking. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_economics RD
60.160.140^Health economics|110.30.150^Health economics
60.160.150^Health education and awareness
plosthes_frozen, Methods (Medical informatics)
60.160.140.20^Health insurance|110.30.150.20^Health insurance
60.160.170^Health services administration and management
60.160.110.40^Health systems strengthening
Hearing, auditory perception, or audition is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the ear. Sound may be heard through solid, liquid, or gaseous matter.
60.470.60.110^Heart-lung transplantation|60.470.340.10^Heart-lung transplantation|60.470.430.50.20^Heart-lung transplantation
80.20.100.50^Heat of activation|80.20.220.50.50^Heat of activation
80.20.100.60^Heat of combustion|80.20.220.50.60^Heat of combustion
80.20.100.70^Heat of formation|80.20.220.50.70^Heat of formation
2015/04/14 08:09 Synonym Hh signaling added by rachel 2015/04/14 08:10 Synonym Hedgehog pathway added by rachel 2015/04/14 08:11 Synonym Hh pathway added by rachel
Helicases are enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes. There are DNA and RNA helicases. http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/helicase-307 2014/10/14 (RD)
60.190.10.370^Helicobacter pylori infection
90.200.40^Hemagglutination inhibition test
Myelomas and lymphoproliferative diseases
60.170.70^Hematologic cancers and related disorders|60.300.60.140^Hematologic cancers and related disorders
the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases
10.170.190.20.110^Hematopoietic development
60.300.50.100^Hematopoietic growth factors
10.120.70.10.240.90^Hematopoietic progenitor cells
60.470.40.60.10^Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|60.470.430.20.20.10^Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
10.120.70.10.240.100^Hematopoietic stem cells
10.320.70^Hematopoietic system|60.400.70^Hematopoietic system
Term moved as part of partitioning Taxonomy NTs away from Animals division, provoked by New Terms Amphioxus and Chordata 2013/09/05 (RD) Acorn worms are Hemichordates but NT relationship not made explicit because we do not want specific named Animals to BT back to Taxonomy. 2013/09/05 (RD)
Hemichordata is a phylum of marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms. They appear in the Lower or Middle Cambrian and include two main classes: Enteropneusta (acorn worms), and Pterobranchia. A third class, Planctosphaeroidea, is known only from the larva of a single species, Planctosphaera pelagica. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemichordate RD
congenital abnormality of the hemoglobin molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis
10.230.60.10.30.90^Hemorrhagic fever viruses|10.280.90.40^Hemorrhagic fever viruses|10.280.90.80.90^Hemorrhagic fever viruses|60.360.90.50.30.90^Hemorrhagic fever viruses
60.190.170.170^Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Blood supply of the brain is suddenly interrupted by a blood vessel bursting (http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001473). 2014/02/18 (RD)
60.280.70.10.10^Hemorrhagic stroke|60.500.110.10^Hemorrhagic stroke
Swollen veins inside the anus or rectum, or blood vessels that swell near the opening of the anus or bulge outside. http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-anus RD
Hendra virus (formerly called equine morbillivirus) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus was first isolated in 1994 from specimens obtained during an outbreak of respiratory and neurologic disease in horses and humans in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Hendra_Nipah_Fact_Sheet.pdf RD
60.170.170.10^Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
60.470.120.90^Hepatic resection|60.470.400.20^Hepatic resection
Hepatitis A through E are viral diseases, there are other forms of hepatitis, but all of the children of hepatitis in this taxonomy imply that it's in reference to viral hepatitis.
2015/03/13 10:02 Synonym GB virus C added by kallie 2015/03/13 10:15 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by kallie
Also known as GB virus C: "A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. It is genetically heterogeneous, of human origin, and transmitted by blood or blood products. Despite its alternate name (Hepatitis G virus), its pathogenicity remains controversial." http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=GBV-C (KH)
2015/03/13 09:47 created by kallie 2015/03/13 09:49 Synonym Hepatitis D added by kallie
2015/03/13 09:19 Synonym Hepatitis D virus added by kallie 2015/03/13 09:19 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by kallie
Hepatitis D, also known as "delta hepatitis," is a serious liver disease caused by infection with the Hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is an RNA virus structurally unrelated to the Hepatitis A, B, or C viruses. Hepatitis D, which can be acute or chronic, is uncommon in the United States. HDV is an incomplete virus that requires the helper function of HBV to replicate and only occurs among people who are infected with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). HDV is transmitted through percutaneous or mucosal contact with infectious blood and can be acquired either as a coinfection with HBV or as superinfection in persons with HBV infection. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis D, but it can be prevented in persons who are not already HBV-infected by Hepatitis B vaccination. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HDV/ (KH)
60.110.40.70.10^Hepatobiliary scintigraphy|60.430.10.70.10^Hepatobiliary scintigraphy|90.190.50.70.10^Hepatobiliary scintigraphy
60.140.200.80^Hepatocellular carcinoma|60.300.60.60.60^Hepatocellular carcinoma|60.300.60.100.90^Hepatocellular carcinoma
60.50.60.10.30^Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
80.20.200.50.10^Heterocycle synthesis|90.70.60.10^Heterocycle synthesis
80.20.60.430.280^Heterocyclic compounds|80.20.200.20.280^Heterocyclic compounds
80.20.60.430.280.30^Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds|80.20.200.20.280.30^Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
10.240.30.110.60^Heteroduplex mapping|90.240.110.60^Heteroduplex mapping
Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy
Heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy
90.340.130.20^Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy
Heterosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between persons of opposite sex or gender.
10.240.30.230.110.40^Heuristic alignment procedure|90.130.10.10.30^Heuristic alignment procedure|90.240.230.110.40^Heuristic alignment procedure
High performance field emission scanning electron microscopy
High-performance field emission scanning electron microscopy
90.220.30.100.40^High performance field emission scanning electron microscopy
Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography
Supercritical fluid high performance liquid chromatography
90.80.50.10^High performance liquid chromatography
60.20.10.20^High pressure anesthesia|60.380.40.20.20^High pressure anesthesia
90.220.30.30^High resolution electron microscopy
High resolution transmission electron microscopy
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
90.220.30.100.50^High resolution transmission electron microscopy
80.30.60.100.20^High temperature structural materials
10.240.30.190.100^High throughput screening|90.240.190.100^High throughput screening
10.240.30.230.50^High throughput sequencing|90.240.230.50^High throughput sequencing
High voltage transmission electron microscopy
High-voltage transmission electron microscopy
90.220.30.100.60^High voltage transmission electron microscopy
60.60.20.10.60^High-dose chemotherapy|60.300.50.50.60^High-dose chemotherapy|60.300.90.10.60^High-dose chemotherapy|60.380.40.60.60^High-dose chemotherapy
10.210.200.30.10.20^Highly-active antiretroviral therapy|60.180.200.30.10.20^Highly-active antiretroviral therapy|60.410.130.50.30.10.20^Highly-active antiretroviral therapy
10.20.50.170^Hippocampal formation|60.10.50.170^Hippocampal formation
10.120.70.10.200.90.30^Hippocampal mossy fibers|10.260.30.70.90.30^Hippocampal mossy fibers
10.260.30.30.40^Hippocampal neurogenesis|10.260.70.50.40^Hippocampal neurogenesis
60.140.240.10^Hirschsprung disease|60.370.120.10^Hirschsprung disease
10.210.100.40^Histamine release|60.180.100.40^Histamine release
Histochemistry and cytochemistry techniques
90.180^Histochemistry and cytochemistry techniques
10.20.120.10^Histological examination|60.10.120.10^Histological examination
10.120.80.10.10.20^Histone modification|10.200.70.10.10.20^Histone modification|10.200.120.10.10.20^Histone modification|10.200.120.50^Histone modification
10.230.60.10.20.150^Histoplasma capsulatum|10.250.60.150^Histoplasma capsulatum|60.360.90.50.20.150^Histoplasma capsulatum
Historical Archaeology is the study of relatively recent documented periods using material culture as well as texts. It is one of the most rapidly expanding aspects of archaeology, and is dealing with many exciting issues. The MA in Historical Archaeology at York focuses on the period from the last part of the Middle Ages, through the Early Modern period, and up to the 20th century. It examines themes such as the development of mercantile and then industrial capitalism, colonialism, industrialisation and globalisation from British and international perspectives. --http://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/postgraduate-study/taught-postgrads/masters-courses/historical-archaeology/
10.320.140.200.10^Homeostatic mechanisms|60.400.140.200.10^Homeostatic mechanisms
10.260.240.10^Hominid paleoneurology|10.290.110.10^Hominid paleoneurology|30.130.110.10^Hominid paleoneurology
The terms ‘hominid’ and ‘hominin’ are frequently used in human evolution. The most commonly used recent definitions are: Hominid – the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (that is, modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans plus all their immediate ancestors). Hominin – the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus). http://australianmuseum.net.au/hominid-and-hominin-whats-the-difference
10.60.230.10.100.20^Homologous recombination|10.200.60.100.20^Homologous recombination
10.240.30.80.30.80^Homopolymer tailing|90.240.80.30.80^Homopolymer tailing
Homosexuality (from Ancient Greek ὁμός, meaning "same", and Latin sexus, meaning "sex") is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex.
10.240.30.110.70^Homozygosity mapping|90.240.110.70^Homozygosity mapping
10.190.60.110^Horizontal gene transfer|10.200.170.10^Horizontal gene transfer
10.120.230.40.230.10^Hormone receptor signaling
60.380.40.90.10^Hormone replacement therapy
10.320.60.50^Hormone synthesis|60.120.30.50^Hormone synthesis|60.400.60.50^Hormone synthesis
10.320.60.60^Hormone transport|60.120.30.60^Hormone transport|60.400.60.60^Hormone transport
10.60.170.60.180.10^Horseradish peroxidase|10.60.300.230.180.10^Horseradish peroxidase
Horseradish peroxidase immunohistochemistry
90.180.20.40^Horseradish peroxidase immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.40^Horseradish peroxidase immunohistochemistry
10.120.30.20.30^Host cell migration|10.170.40.30^Host cell migration
60.190.170.210^Human bocavirus infection
http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g/hominin.htm defined Hominin 2014/04/10 (RD)
60.190.10.230.20^Human ewingii ehrlichiosis
Unpacked from beneath Social sciences/Geography to sit directly beneath Socail sciences as part of eTOC related work in advanced of new eTOCs 2013/06/03 RD
30.40.70^Human geography|110.40^Human geography
60.190.10.400^Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
Intelligence has been defined in many different ways such as in terms of one's capacity for logic, abstract thought, understanding, self-awareness, communication, learning, emotional knowledge, memory, planning, creativity and problem solving.
Learning is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing, existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves. Learning is not compulsory; it is contextual. It does not happen all at once, but builds upon and is shaped by previous knowledge.
60.190.170.220^Human metapneumovirus infection
30.40.70.70^Human mobility|110.40.70^Human mobility
60.190.10.230.30^Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
60.190.10.230.40^Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
60.190.120.80^Human papillomavirus infection|60.190.170.230^Human papillomavirus infection|60.490.70.70^Human papillomavirus infection
60.190.170.240^Human parainfluenza virus infection
10.230.60.10.30.160.60^Human parainfluenza viruses|10.280.90.60.180.60^Human parainfluenza viruses|10.280.90.80.160.60^Human parainfluenza viruses|60.360.90.50.30.160.60^Human parainfluenza viruses
10.210.140.20.10^Humoral immune response|60.180.140.20.10^Humoral immune response
10.210.140.20^Humoral immunity|60.180.140.20^Humoral immunity
10.40.20.100^Hunting behavior|10.450.20.100^Hunting behavior
60.50.60.10.40^Huntington disease|60.280.220.30^Huntington disease
May need rule building attention, to avoid overuse. -BG, 6 June 2012
Hydrogen forward scattering spectrometry
90.340.90^Hydrogen forward scattering spectrometry
60.380.60.20.10^Hydrophobic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor synthesis
90.80.50.20^Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
80.20.110.30^Hydroxyl radicals|80.20.220.60.30^Hydroxyl radicals
10.240.30.190.90.40^Hyperexpression techniques|90.240.190.90.40^Hyperexpression techniques
80.40.120.20^Hyperplane theorems|110.30.210.20^Hyperplane theorems
10.60.300.390.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.60.300.390.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.100.60.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.100.60.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.260.210.40.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.260.210.40.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.320.50.20.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.320.50.20.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.320.50.40.40.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|10.320.50.40.40.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|60.400.50.20.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|60.400.50.20.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|60.400.50.40.40.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|60.400.50.40.40.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|80.50.40.60.20.10^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels|80.50.40.60.130.20^Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
2015/03/10 06:49 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/10 06:51 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. MeSH:D006967 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=6655&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= A state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance. The hypersensitivity states and resulting reactions are usually subclassified by the Gell and Coombs classification. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hypersensitivity RD
60.500.60.10.10^Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy|60.510.30.50.30^Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy|60.510.40.100.30^Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
60.310.100.50.20^Hypertensive retinopathy
Moved as part of renovation of Organogenesis term (adding NTs), with knock-on consequences for Plant development terms. 2013/07/22 (RD)
Oral hypoglycemics are anti-diabetic drugs designed to help people with type 2 diabetes manage their condition. http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-medication/diabetes-and-oral-hypoglycemics.html RD
60.20.10.30^Hypotensive anesthesia|60.380.40.20.30^Hypotensive anesthesia
60.20.10.40^Hypothermic anesthesia|60.380.40.20.40^Hypothermic anesthesia
Hypothyroidism is the name given to the condition resulting from an under-active thyroid gland that is not producing enough thyroid hormone for the bodyʼs needs. http://www.btf-thyroid.org/index.php/thyroid/leaflets/hypothyroidism-guide RD
2015/03/09 08:57 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/09 08:57 Moved from Endocrinology by rachel
Study of fossil tracks, trails, and footprints. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/paleowhat.html RD The study of traces is called ichnology, which is divided into paleoichnology, or the study of trace fossils, and neoichnology, the study of modern traces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil RD
While dinosaurs ruled the land, the ichthyosaurs, classified variously in the Ichthyosauria or in the Ichthyopterygia, shared the seas of the world with the other great groups of large marine reptiles, the plesiosaurs and mosasaurs. "Ichthyosaur" means "fish lizard," while "Ichthyopterygia" means "fish paddle." Both names are apt. The earliest ichthyosaurs had long, flexible bodies and probably swam by undulating, like living eels. More advanced ichthyosaurs had compact, very fishlike bodies with crescent-shaped tails. The shape of these ichthyosaurs is like that of living tunas and mackerels, which are the fastest fish in the ocean; like them, the later ichthyosaurs were built for speed. Note the paddles with which ichthyosaurs swam; they have the same basic plan as your hand and arm, but the arm bones are very short, while the fingers have lengthened by developing many more bones than the three that make up each of your fingers. Rare fossils have been found that show ichthyosaurs actually giving birth to live, well-developed young; ichthyosaurs never had to leave the water to lay eggs. In fact, from their streamlined, fishlike bodies, it seems almost certain that ichthyosaurs could not leave the water. Yet they still breathed air and lacked gills, like modern whales. Ichthyosaurs were not dinosaurs, but represent a separate group of marine vertebrates. Because ichthyosaurs were so specialized and modified for life in the ocean, we don't really know which group of vertebrates were their closest relatives. They might have been an offshoot of the diapsids — the great vertebrate group that includes the dinosaurs and birds, the pterosaurs, the lizards and snakes, and many other vertebrates. On the other hand, some have suggested that the ichthyosaurs were descended from a distant relative of the turtles. The first ichthyosaurs appeared in the Triassic. In the Jurassic, ichthyosaurs reached their highest diversity, and then began to decline. The last ichthyosaurs disappeared in the Cretaceous — several million years before the last dinosaurs died out. Whatever caused the extinction of the dinosaurs did not cause the ichthyosaurs to die out. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/ichthyosauria.html RD
10.210.50.40.70^Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|60.60.10.40.70^Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|60.170.170.20^Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura|60.180.50.40.70^Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
10.60.230.10.100.30^Illegitimate recombination|10.200.60.100.30^Illegitimate recombination
in digital cameras, computers, and various imaging systems
10.170.190.20.120^Imaginal disc development
10.230.180.150.20^Immediate-early promoter
10.210.140.30^Immune activation|60.180.140.30^Immune activation
10.210.50.90^Immune deficiency|60.60.10.90^Immune deficiency|60.180.50.90^Immune deficiency
10.210.90^Immune evasion|60.180.90^Immune evasion
10.320.80^Immune physiology|60.400.80^Immune physiology
10.210.140.40^Immune privilege|60.180.140.40^Immune privilege
10.120.230.40.230.20^Immune receptor signaling
Killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors
10.210.100^Immune response|60.180.100^Immune response
10.210.110^Immune suppression|60.110.110.350^Immune suppression|60.180.110^Immune suppression|60.360.140.350^Immune suppression
10.210.120^Immune system|60.180.120^Immune system
10.60.300.350^Immune system proteins|10.210.130^Immune system proteins|60.180.130^Immune system proteins
10.210.140.50^Immune tolerance|60.180.140.50^Immune tolerance
10.240.30.200.30^Immunoblot analysis|90.240.200.30^Immunoblot analysis
90.180.10^Immunocytochemistry techniques|90.200.60^Immunocytochemistry techniques
10.230.60.10.30.120^Immunodeficiency viruses|10.280.90.50^Immunodeficiency viruses|10.280.90.80.120^Immunodeficiency viruses|60.360.90.50.30.120^Immunodeficiency viruses
90.220.50.40.20^Immunofluorescence microscopy
90.330.70.120^Immunofluorescence staining
Immunoglobulin G Sepharose chromatography
90.80.10.60.10^Immunoglobulin chromatography
90.220.30.50^Immunogold electron microscopy
10.240.30.40.30^Immunogold labeling|90.240.40.30^Immunogold labeling
90.180.20.50^Immunohistochemical analysis|90.200.90.50^Immunohistochemical analysis
Multilayered peroxidase-labeled antibody immunohistochemistry
Streptavidin-Biotin immunohistochemistry
90.180.20^Immunohistochemistry techniques|90.200.90^Immunohistochemistry techniques
10.210.200.50^Immunologic adjuvants|60.180.200.50^Immunologic adjuvants|60.410.130.50.50^Immunologic adjuvants
Immunoglobulin G-linked paramagnetic separation
10.210.50.100^Immunomodulatory treatments|60.60.10.100^Immunomodulatory treatments|60.180.50.100^Immunomodulatory treatments
Treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response.
10.40.20.120^Imprinting (psychology)|10.450.20.120^Imprinting (psychology)
Impulsivity has been variously defined as behavior without adequate thought, the tendency to act with less forethought than do most individuals of equal ability and knowledge, or a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli without regard to the negative consequences of these reactions. Impulsivity is implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders including Mania, Personality Disorders, and Substance Use Disorders; yet, there is significant disagreement among researchers and clinicians regarding the exact definition of impulsivity and how it should be measured. http://www.impulsivity.org/ RD
Impulsivity (or impulsiveness) is a multifactorial construct that involves a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences. Impulsive actions are typically "poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky, or inappropriate to the situation that often result in undesirable consequences," which imperil long-term goals and strategies for success.
10.240.30.200.60.50^In situ hybridization|90.240.200.60.50^In situ hybridization
In situ recombinant gene expression detection
In-situ recombinant gene expression detection
10.240.30.190.110^In situ recombinant gene expression detection|90.240.190.110^In situ recombinant gene expression detection
10.240.30.190.120^In vitro transcription assay|90.240.190.120^In vitro transcription assay
2015/04/16 07:17 Synonym Live cell imaging added by rachel 2015/04/16 07:17 Synonym Live-cell imaging added by rachel
10.210.50.40.140.20^Inclusion body myositis|60.60.10.40.140.20^Inclusion body myositis|60.180.50.40.140.20^Inclusion body myositis|60.200.30.20^Inclusion body myositis|60.450.80.20^Inclusion body myositis
10.10.20.10^Income supports|110.30.10.10^Income supports
Index fossils are commonly found, widely distributed fossils that are limited in time span. They help in dating other fossils found in the same sedimentary layer. For example, if you find a fossil from an unknown era near a fossil from a known time, you can assume that the two species were from about the same time. Examples of index fossils include: Ammonites were common during the Mesozoic Era (245 to 65 mya), They were not found after the Cretaceous period, as they went extinct during the K-T extinction (65 mya). Brachiopods (mollusk-like marine animals) appeared during the Cambrian (540 to 500 mya); some examples still survive. Graptolites (widespread colonial marine hemichordates) that lived from the Cambrian period (roughly 540 to 505 million years ago) to the early to mid-Carboniferous (360 to 320 million years ago). Nanofossils are microscopic fossils (the remains of calcareous nannoplankton, coccolithophores) from various eras. Nanofossils are very abundant, widely distributed geographically, and time-specific, because of their high evolutionary rates. There are enormous numbers of useful nanofossils, including radiolarians and foraminifera. Nanofossils are the primary method of dating marine sediments. Trilobites were common during the Paleozoic Era (540 to 245 mya); about half of the Paleozoic fossils are trilobites. They evolved at the beginning of the Paleozoic Era and went extinct during the late Permian period (248 million years ago). http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/IndexFossils.shtml RD
70.10.60^Indigenous populations|110.10.20^Indigenous populations
90.180.20.60^Indirect immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.60^Indirect immunohistochemistry
110.100.60.110.20^Individualized training
10.120.70.10.240.110^Induced pluripotent stem cells
10.240.30.190.90.50^Inducible expression cassette techniques|90.240.190.90.50^Inducible expression cassette techniques
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
90.340.100^Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
80.20.10.20.50^Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry|90.340.120.50^Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
50.50.20^Industrial chemicals|80.20.80.20^Industrial chemicals
10.180.220^Industrial ecology|40.80.220^Industrial ecology|50.200.10^Industrial ecology
10.110.10.30^Industrial microbiology|10.230.20.30^Industrial microbiology
An infant (from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the very young offspring of a human or animal. When applied to humans, the term is usually considered synonymous with baby or bairn (in Scottish English), but the latter is commonly applied to the young of any animal. When a human child learns to walk, the term toddler may be used instead. The term infant is typically applied to young children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions may vary between birth and 1 year of age, or even between birth and 2 years of age. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant RD
60.40.30.20^Infarct avid scintigraphy|60.110.40.40.20^Infarct avid scintigraphy|60.430.10.40.20^Infarct avid scintigraphy|90.190.50.40.20^Infarct avid scintigraphy
Scintigraphy with 111In-labeled white blood cells
60.110.40.90^Infection imaging|60.430.10.90^Infection imaging|90.190.50.90^Infection imaging
60.130.170^Infectious disease epidemiology|60.190.60^Infectious disease epidemiology
10.210.50.130^Infectious disease immunology|60.60.10.130^Infectious disease immunology|60.180.50.130^Infectious disease immunology
10.140.150.10^Infectious disease modeling|10.340.50.10^Infectious disease modeling|60.190.70^Infectious disease modeling
60.130.90.10^Infectious disease surveillance|60.190.50.20^Infectious disease surveillance
60.190.80^Infectious diseases of the nervous system|60.280.170^Infectious diseases of the nervous system
10.230.60.10.30.140.10^Infectious salmon anemia virus|10.280.90.60.170.10^Infectious salmon anemia virus|10.280.90.80.140.10^Infectious salmon anemia virus|60.360.90.50.30.140.10^Infectious salmon anemia virus
10.20.50.200^Inferior colliculus|60.10.50.200^Inferior colliculus
60.390.200.40^Inferior petrosal sinus sampling
The inflammasome is a multiprotein oligomer consisting of caspase 1, PYCARD, NALP and sometimes caspase 5 (also known as caspase 11 or ICH-3). It is expressed in myeloid cells and is a component of the innate immune system. The exact composition of an inflammasome depends on the activator which initiates inflammasome assembly, e.g. dsRNA will trigger one inflammasome composition whereas asbestos will assemble a different variant. The inflammasome promotes the maturation of the inflammatory cytokines Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin 18 (IL-18). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammasome 2014/10/14 (RD)
Term reviewed as part of review of Rheumatology provoked by user input 2013/09/03 (RD)
There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C. Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States. The emergence of a new and very different influenza virus to infect people can cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). There are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes. (H1 through H18 and N1 through N11 respectively.) Influenza A viruses can be further broken down into different strains. Current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in people are influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2) viruses. In the spring of 2009, a new influenza A (H1N1) virus (CDC 2009 H1N1 Flu website) emerged to cause illness in people. This virus was very different from the human influenza A (H1N1) viruses circulating at that time. The new virus caused the first influenza pandemic in more than 40 years. That virus (often called “2009 H1N1”) has now replaced the H1N1 virus that was previously circulating in humans. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm RD
There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C. Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States. The emergence of a new and very different influenza virus to infect people can cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be further broken down into lineages and strains. Currently circulating influenza B viruses belong to one of two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm RD
There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C. Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States. The emergence of a new and very different influenza virus to infect people can cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm RD
20.220.70^Information storage and retrieval
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data. Since its inception it has broadened to find applications in many other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography, neurobiology, the evolution and function of molecular codes, model selection in ecology, thermal physics, quantum computing, linguistics, plagiarism detection, pattern recognition, anomaly detection and other forms of data analysis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory RD
90.340.210.60^Infrared spectrophotometry
60.280.240.60.10^Infratentorial glioma|60.300.60.210.60.10^Infratentorial glioma
60.60.20.10.80^Inhalation chemotherapy|60.300.50.50.80^Inhalation chemotherapy|60.300.90.10.80^Inhalation chemotherapy|60.380.40.60.80^Inhalation chemotherapy
10.210.120.50^Innate immune system|60.180.120.50^Innate immune system
Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.
80.20.60.320^Inorganic compounds|80.20.170.20^Inorganic compounds
10.170.130.30^Insect metamorphosis|10.450.100.20^Insect metamorphosis
10.60.270.30^Insect pheromones|10.450.100.30^Insect pheromones
10.450.60.50.10^Insect physiology|10.450.100.40^Insect physiology
2015/03/11 10:40 Moved from Arthropod vectors by rachel
10.240.30.210.50^Insertional mutagenesis|90.240.210.50^Insertional mutagenesis
Insolation is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area in a given time.
100.40.30^Institutional funding of science
50.210.10^Instrument calibration|90.160.20^Instrument calibration
80.40.180.70.80^Instrumental variable analysis|90.210.100.80^Instrumental variable analysis
60.20.10.50^Insufflation anesthesia|60.380.40.20.50^Insufflation anesthesia
10.320.60.70^Insulin resistance|60.120.30.70^Insulin resistance|60.400.60.70^Insulin resistance
10.320.60.80^Insulin secretion|60.120.30.80^Insulin secretion|60.400.60.80^Insulin secretion
10.320.60.90^Insulin signaling|60.120.30.90^Insulin signaling|60.400.60.90^Insulin signaling
10.120.230.40.380.120^Insulin signaling cascade
10.320.60.100^Insulin tolerance|60.120.30.100^Insulin tolerance|60.400.60.100^Insulin tolerance
10.120.230.70^Insulin-dependent signal transduction
10.60.190.120.130^Insulin-like growth factors|10.320.60.40.30^Insulin-like growth factors|60.120.30.40.30^Insulin-like growth factors|60.400.60.40.30^Insulin-like growth factors
10.120.60.20.80.20^Integral membrane proteins
Because of the problems associated with the heavy use of some chemical insecticides, current insect-control practice combines their use with biological methods in an approach called integrated control. In this approach, a minimal use of insecticide may be combined with the use of pest-resistant crop varieties; the use of crop-raising methods that inhibit pest proliferation; the release of... -- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289664/integrated-control
10.400.10^Integrative physiology|20.320.210.10^Integrative physiology|80.40.190.210.10^Integrative physiology
10.20.130^Integumentary system|60.10.130^Integumentary system
An intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenz-quotient, his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests he advocated in a 1912 book.
10.350.160.30^Intelligence tests|110.90.160.30^Intelligence tests
10.240.30.100.70^Interfacial polymerization method|90.240.100.70^Interfacial polymerization method
80.10.80.120.10^Intergalactic spaceflight
Synonyms definitely need attention. -BG, 11 June 2012
80.20.100.100^Intermolecular forces|80.20.220.50.100^Intermolecular forces
50.260.30.10^Internal combustion engines
10.230.180.150.30^Internal ribosome entry site
2015/04/10 05:22 Moved from Human relations by rachel
An interpersonal relationship is a strong, deep, or close association or acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief to enduring. This association may be based on inference, love, solidarity, regular business interactions, or some other type of social commitment. Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social, cultural and other influences.
10.350.60.10^Interpersonal relationships|110.90.60.10^Interpersonal relationships
80.10.70.50^Interplanetary magnetic field
80.10.80.120.20^Interplanetary spaceflight
80.10.40.70^Interstellar medium|80.50.20.70^Interstellar medium
80.10.80.120.30^Interstellar spaceflight
10.20.30.80^Interstitial fluid|10.320.20.80^Interstitial fluid|60.10.30.80^Interstitial fluid|60.400.20.80^Interstitial fluid
60.470.120.110^Intestinal resection|60.470.400.30^Intestinal resection
Intestinal schistosomiasis has a nonspecific clinical picture of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases, frequently associated with ascites and other signs of increased portal pressure. In such cases there may also be splenomegaly. http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/en/ RD
60.350.80.100.10^Intestinal schistosomiasis|60.480.20.400.10^Intestinal schistosomiasis
110.100.40.10.80.20^Intimate partner violence
60.380.40.50.40^Intraarterial embolization
10.60.300.370^Intracellular receptors|10.120.230.80^Intracellular receptors
60.20.10.60.60^Intracostal anesthesia|60.380.40.20.60.60^Intracostal anesthesia
60.190.80.40^Intracranial abscesses|60.280.170.40^Intracranial abscesses
10.120.230.40.190^Intracrine signaling|10.320.60.110^Intracrine signaling|60.120.30.110^Intracrine signaling|60.400.60.110^Intracrine signaling
60.20.10.10.20^Intramuscular anesthesia|60.380.40.20.10.20^Intramuscular anesthesia
10.210.200.60.10^Intranasal inoculation|60.180.200.60.10^Intranasal inoculation|60.410.130.30.10^Intranasal inoculation|60.410.130.50.60.10^Intranasal inoculation
60.470.270.40^Intraocular lens implantation
10.20.190.20^Intraocular pressure|60.10.190.20^Intraocular pressure
60.390.200.50^Intrapancreatic phosphorus-32 injection
60.390.240.40^Intraperitoneal injections
60.190.80.50^Intraspinal abscesses|60.280.170.50^Intraspinal abscesses
60.20.10.10.30^Intravenous anesthesia|60.380.40.20.10.30^Intravenous anesthesia
10.60.300.380^Intrinsically disordered proteins
60.300.60.50.40^Invasive ductal carcinoma|60.300.60.60.70^Invasive ductal carcinoma
60.300.60.50.50^Invasive lobular carcinoma|60.300.60.60.80^Invasive lobular carcinoma
Invasive Species: As a broad definition, any species that has recently expanded its realised niche to colonise a new biogeographical area. Can be used synonymously with ‘non-native’. The negative connotations of the word ‘invasive’ makes ‘invasive species’ commonly synonymous with ‘exotic pest’ or ‘exotic weed’, i.e. a species from ‘elsewhere’ that causes harm to human economy or standard of living. In conservation biology, also commonly defined as a non-native species that harms native biodiversity. Note that only a fraction of non-native species that colonise a new area become established, and that only a fraction of these established invaders cause harm to humans or to biodiversity. An important challenge is to predict invasiveness and therefore prevent introduction of harmful invasive organisms. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
Inverse polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis
10.240.30.210.60^Inverse polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis|90.240.210.60^Inverse polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis
Inverse-detected proton-nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy
Inverse detected proton nitrogen 15 NMR spectroscopy
Inverse detected proton nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy
Inverse detected proton-nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy
Inverse-detected proton nitrogen 15 NMR spectroscopy
Inverse-detected proton nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy
Inverse-detected proton-nitrogen 15 NMR spectroscopy
90.340.130.30^Inverse-detected proton-nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy
10.290.50.50.10^Invertebrate paleontology|30.130.50.50.10^Invertebrate paleontology
10.60.300.390.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels|10.100.60.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels|10.260.210.40.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels|10.320.50.20.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels|10.320.50.40.40.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels|60.400.50.20.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels|60.400.50.40.40.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels|80.50.40.60.80.20^Inward-rectifier potassium channels
60.110.40.150.10^Iodine-123 thyroid scintigraphy|60.430.10.150.10^Iodine-123 thyroid scintigraphy|90.190.50.150.10^Iodine-123 thyroid scintigraphy
10.100.70^Ion transport|80.50.40.70^Ion transport
90.20.20.80.10^Ion-specific electrode assays
90.20.20.80.20^Ion-specific fluorometric techniques
10.240.30.100.80^Ionic binding method|90.240.100.80^Ionic binding method
30.10.20.40^Ionospheric chemistry|40.90.10.40^Ionospheric chemistry|80.20.150.10.40^Ionospheric chemistry
10.270.40.10^Iron deficiency|60.290.40.10^Iron deficiency
60.110.110.380^Irritable bowel syndrome|60.360.140.380^Irritable bowel syndrome
Blood supply of the brain is suddenly interrupted by a blood vessel in the brain being blocked by a blood clot (http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001473). 2014/02/18 (RD)
Two eminent ecologists, the late Robert MacArthur of Princeton University and E. 0. Wilson of Harvard, developed a theory of "island biogeography" to explain such uneven distributions [e.g. there being many more species of birds on the island of New Guinea than on the island of Bali]. http://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Island_Biogeography.html RD
10.80.10^Island biogeography|30.40.10.10^Island biogeography|40.30.10^Island biogeography
60.470.130.30^Islet transplantation|60.470.430.20.10^Islet transplantation
90.60.20.40^Isothermal titration calorimetry
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway transmits information from chemical signals outside the cell, through the cell membrane, and into gene promoters on the DNA in the cell nucleus, which causes DNA transcription and activity in the cell. The JAK-STAT system is a major signaling alternative to the second messenger system. The JAK-STAT system consists of three main components: (1) a receptor (2) Janus kinase (JAK) and (3) Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway 2014/10/14 (RD)
10.120.230.40.380.130^JAK-STAT signaling cascade
60.190.80.20.10^Japanese encephalitis|60.190.170.260^Japanese encephalitis|60.280.170.20.10^Japanese encephalitis|60.480.20.180^Japanese encephalitis
10.230.60.10.30.80.50^Japanese encephalitis virus|10.280.90.60.120.50^Japanese encephalitis virus|10.280.90.80.80.50^Japanese encephalitis virus|60.360.90.50.30.80.50^Japanese encephalitis virus
60.190.170.270^Jungle yellow fever|60.480.20.190^Jungle yellow fever
an equatorial forest area with luxuriant vegetation, often almost impenetrable any dense or tangled thicket or growth http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jungle RD a tropical forest in which trees and plants grow very closely together: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/jungle RD
10.70.10^Justice in science|100.10.10^Justice in science
10.210.50.40.200.20^Juvenile idiopathic arthritis|60.60.10.40.200.20^Juvenile idiopathic arthritis|60.180.50.40.200.20^Juvenile idiopathic arthritis|60.450.10.40.20^Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
10.120.230.40.200^Juxtacrine signaling|10.320.60.120^Juxtacrine signaling|60.120.30.120^Juxtacrine signaling|60.400.60.120^Juxtacrine signaling
10.230.60.10.30.110.40^Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus|10.280.90.30.70.40^Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus|10.280.90.80.110.40^Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus|60.360.90.50.30.110.40^Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
90.330.40.40.70^Karnovsky's fluid fixation
60.270.50^Kidney stones|60.490.120^Kidney stones
10.60.300.350.50.50^Killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors|10.120.230.60.50^Killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors|10.210.130.50.50^Killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors|60.180.130.50.50^Killer activated and killer inhibitor receptors
10.230.60.10.10.320.10^Klebsiella granulomatis|10.280.30.300.10^Klebsiella granulomatis|60.360.90.50.10.320.10^Klebsiella granulomatis
60.190.10.430.10^Klebsiella pneumonia|60.420.140.20^Klebsiella pneumonia
Kleinschmidt protein monolayer technique
90.220.30.60^Kleinschmidt monolayer technique
Added BT Ascomycetes as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
10.280.40.10.10^Kluyveromyces lactis|90.230.60.30^Kluyveromyces lactis
90.220.50.90^Knife-edge scanning microscopy
An upper motor neuron disease caused by cyanide, manifested principally as spastic paraplegia, seen in Africa, and resulting from the consumption of improperly prepared cassava roots, which contain high concentrations of cyanogenetic glucosides. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/konzo RD
10.240.30.210.70^Kunkel mutagenesis|90.240.210.70^Kunkel mutagenesis
10.280.10.30.30^Laboratory animals|10.450.80.30^Laboratory animals
10.20.20.30.10.80^Labyrinth supporting cells|10.120.70.10.70.80^Labyrinth supporting cells|60.10.20.30.10.80^Labyrinth supporting cells
multi-copper proteins that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various aromatic and non-aromatic compounds by a radical-catalyzed reaction mechanism 2013/09/26 (RD)
90.330.70.110.70^Laidlow's reticulum staining
60.470.120.20.10^Laparoscopic cholecystectomy|60.470.200.10^Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
60.470.200.30^Laparoscopic nephrectomy|60.470.380.80.10^Laparoscopic nephrectomy|60.470.450.30.10^Laparoscopic nephrectomy
60.300.60.60.90^Large cell lung carcinoma|60.300.60.160.30^Large cell lung carcinoma
10.240.30.50.50^Large-insert cloning|90.240.50.50^Large-insert cloning
10.230.180.150.40^Late expression factor
60.60.30.30^Late phase III clinical trial|60.390.90.10.30^Late phase III clinical trial|90.90.30^Late phase III clinical trial
A learning curve is a graphical representation of the increase of learning (vertical axis) with experience (horizontal axis). The term learning curve is used in two main ways: where the same task is repeated in a series of trials, or where a body of knowledge is learned over time. The first person to describe the learning curve was Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885, in the field of the psychology of learning, although the name wasn't used until 1909.
10.260.40.30^Learning disabilities|10.260.50.30.30^Learning disabilities
30.40.70.90^Least-cost location|110.40.90^Least-cost location
60.50.80.40^Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
90.80.10.30^Lectin affinity chromatography
90.150.50^Lectin affinity electrophoresis
'Hansen's disease' (formerly 60.300.100.20.510^Hansen’s disease) deleted in favor of 'Leprosy'. 2013/03/25 (RD).
10.120.230.90^Leptin signal transduction
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is characterized by motor dysfunction that resembles cerebral palsy, cognitive and behavioral disturbances, and uric acid overproduction (hyperuricemia). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1149/ An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127) Unique ID:D007926 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD RD
10.200.270.60.10.10.40^Lesch-Nyhan syndrome|60.50.110.40^Lesch-Nyhan syndrome|60.260.60.30^Lesch-Nyhan syndrome|60.280.30.10^Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
increase in the number of white blood cells
10.260.190.10^Lexical decision tasks|110.60.120.10^Lexical decision tasks
Lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use. 2014/06/03 (RD).
The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 2014/06/03 (RD)
Lice are parasitic insects that can be found on people's heads and bodies. They survive by feeding on human blood. Lice found on each area of the body are different from each other. The three types of lice that live on humans are head lice, body lice (also called clothes lice), and pubic lice ("crabs"). http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lice.html RD
2015/03/11 10:48 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/11 10:48 Moved from Disease vectors by rachel
LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system— generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html KH
60.410.100^Life expectancy|70.10.70^Life expectancy
10.60.300.390.40^Ligand-gated ion channels|10.100.60.40^Ligand-gated ion channels|10.260.210.40.40^Ligand-gated ion channels|10.320.50.20.40^Ligand-gated ion channels|10.320.50.40.40.40^Ligand-gated ion channels|60.400.50.20.40^Ligand-gated ion channels|60.400.50.40.40.40^Ligand-gated ion channels|80.50.40.60.40^Ligand-gated ion channels
Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction
10.240.30.10.40.10^Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction|90.240.10.40.10^Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction
Research suggests that "light" could be a synonym for "visible light," or vice-versa, but it seemed best to me to have both.
80.50.110.50.20^Light scattering|80.50.340.80^Light scattering
10.60.300.390.50^Light-gated ion channels|10.100.60.50^Light-gated ion channels|10.260.210.40.50^Light-gated ion channels|10.320.50.20.50^Light-gated ion channels|10.320.50.40.40.50^Light-gated ion channels|60.400.50.20.50^Light-gated ion channels|60.400.50.40.40.50^Light-gated ion channels|80.50.40.60.50^Light-gated ion channels
90.220.50.40.30^Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy
Moved as part of renovation of Organogenesis term (adding NTs). 2013/07/22 (RD)
10.170.170.20.50^Limb reduction defects|60.80.10.50^Limb reduction defects
10.180.150.70.10^Limnetic ecosystems|40.80.150.70.10^Limnetic ecosystems
the study of river system ecology and life the scientific study of lakes and other bodies of fresh water, including their physical and biological features -- Encarta World English Dictionary
The study of river system ecology and life the scientific study of lakes and other bodies of fresh water, including their physical and biological features -- Encarta World English Dictionary The scientific study of bodies of fresh water, as lakes and ponds, with reference to their physical, geographical, biological, and other features. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/limnology RD
80.40.180.70.90^Linear discriminant analysis|90.210.100.90^Linear discriminant analysis
80.40.180.70.150.10^Linear regression analysis|90.210.100.150.10^Linear regression analysis
emphasizing the unique human capacity to communicate through articulate speech and the diverse languages of humankind
10.240.30.210.80^Linker insertion mutagenesis|90.240.210.80^Linker insertion mutagenesis
10.240.30.210.90^Linker-scanning mutagenesis|90.240.210.90^Linker-scanning mutagenesis
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Lipase 2014/10/14 (RD)
10.60.200.110^Lipid metabolism|10.60.210.120^Lipid metabolism
10.60.300.410.40^Lipoprotein receptors|10.120.230.100^Lipoprotein receptors
NTs need attention; were formerly NPTs. -BG, 21 May 2012
10.240.30.240.40^Liposome-mediated transfection|90.240.240.40^Liposome-mediated transfection
May need technical attention - slashes in synonyms. -BG, 14 June 2012
80.20.10.20.60^Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry|90.80.50.40^Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry|90.340.120.60^Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
May need technical attention - slahs in synonym. -BG, 14 June 2012
80.20.10.20.70^Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry|90.80.60^Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry|90.340.120.70^Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
60.390.200.60^Liquid scintillation counting|90.20.20.90^Liquid scintillation counting
10.230.60.10.10.360^Listeria monocytogenes|60.360.90.50.10.360^Listeria monocytogenes
Literacy is traditionally understood as the ability to read and write. The term's meaning has been expanded to include the ability to use language, numbers, images and other means to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture.
10.290.40.20^Lithic technology|10.310.20.20^Lithic technology|30.130.40.20^Lithic technology|110.10.50.20^Lithic technology|110.10.60.20.20^Lithic technology
the solid, outermost shell of a rocky planet. In the case of the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the upper layer of the mantle that is joined to the crust. The lithosphere contains a rich variety of minerals. In addition, it continually interacts with the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
60.110.40.70.20^Liver and spleen scan|60.430.10.70.20^Liver and spleen scan|90.190.50.70.20^Liver and spleen scan
60.140.200.100^Liver disease and pregnancy
60.470.120.130^Liver transplantation|60.470.430.50.30^Liver transplantation
60.470.120.130.10^Living-related liver transplantation|60.470.430.50.30.10^Living-related liver transplantation
The aptly nicknamed “African eye worm” is endemic to countries like Cameroon and Sudan. Loa loa is a member of the filarial nematode (roundworm) family, which also includes worms that cause river blindness (Onchocerca volvulus) and elephantiasis (Wuchereria bancrofti). https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/creature-feature-african-eye-worm-loa-loa RD
Typo in source presumed. -BG, 22 June 2012
Airway management in emergent and elective surgical procedures, keep patients stable during the controlled trauma of surgery, expertise of the application of pharmacology and physiology to dull sensation or awareness
60.20.10.60^Local and regional anesthesia|60.380.40.20.60^Local and regional anesthesia
10.60.230.50.10^Locked nucleic acids|10.110.120.20.10^Locked nucleic acids|10.390.30.20.10^Locked nucleic acids|50.400.30.20.10^Locked nucleic acids
10.90.20.90^Locomotion on the water surface|10.320.10.90^Locomotion on the water surface|60.400.10.90^Locomotion on the water surface
10.20.50.220^Locus coeruleus|60.10.50.220^Locus coeruleus
Loiasis, also known as African eye worm, is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa. It is transmitted through the repeated bites of deerflies (also known as mango flies or mangrove flies) of the genus Chrysops. The flies that transmit the parasite breed in the high-canopied rain forest of West and Central Africa. In addition to eye worm, the infection is most commonly associated with recurrent episodes of itchy swellings (local angioedema) known as Calabar swellings. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/loiasis/ RD
80.20.100.100.10^London dispersion forces|80.20.220.50.100.10^London dispersion forces
10.260.210.50^Long-term potentiation|10.320.50.40.50^Long-term potentiation|60.400.50.40.50^Long-term potentiation
Low dose adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test
Low-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test
60.390.200.70^Low dose ACTH stimulation test
Low voltage transmission electron microscopy
Low-voltage transmission electron microscopy
90.220.30.100.70^Low voltage transmission electron microscopy
60.420.210.10^Lower respiratory tract infections
60.300.60.160^Lung and intrathoracic tumors
60.470.340.40^Lung transplantation|60.470.430.50.40^Lung transplantation
60.470.340.50^Lung volume reduction surgery
10.210.50.40.90^Lupus erythematosus|60.60.10.40.90^Lupus erythematosus|60.180.50.40.90^Lupus erythematosus
BT Rheumatology added as part of review of Rheumatology inspired by user comment (Arthur Schuh) 2013/09/11 (RD).
Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease. Infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. Infection is usually acquired in childhood causing hidden damage to the lymphatic system. The painful and profoundly disfiguring visible manifestations of the disease, lymphoedema, elephantiasis and scrotal swelling occur later in life and lead to permanent disability. These patients are not only physically disabled, but suffer mental, social and financial losses contributing to stigma and poverty. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/ 2014/10/13 (RD)
60.350.80.50.10^Lymphatic filariasis|60.480.20.270^Lymphatic filariasis
The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain tumor cells. Also called lymph node mapping. -- National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/
10.20.150^Lymphatic system|60.10.150^Lymphatic system
60.170.70.10.20^Lymphoblastic leukemia|60.300.60.140.10.20^Lymphoblastic leukemia
10.210.100.60^Lymphocyte activation|60.180.100.60^Lymphocyte activation
10.120.70.10.20.40.100^Lymphocyte proliferation|10.120.70.10.130.40.100^Lymphocyte proliferation|10.210.80.40.100^Lymphocyte proliferation|60.180.80.40.100^Lymphocyte proliferation
60.190.170.290^Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
10.230.60.10.30.20.60^Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus|10.280.90.60.20.60^Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus|10.280.90.80.20.60^Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus|60.360.90.50.30.20.60^Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
60.170.70.10.30^Lymphocytic leukemia|60.300.60.140.10.30^Lymphocytic leukemia
10.20.150.20^Lymphoid follicles|60.10.150.20^Lymphoid follicles
10.170.190.20.170^Lymphoid organ development
10.20.150.30^Lymphoid organs|60.10.150.30^Lymphoid organs
10.20.150.40^Lymphoid tissue|60.10.150.40^Lymphoid tissue
60.170.70.20.50^Lymphomas of the head and neck|60.300.60.130.30^Lymphomas of the head and neck|60.300.60.140.20.50^Lymphomas of the head and neck
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005764 RD
Microbe-associated molecular pattern immunity
10.330.180.10.10^MAMP-triggered immunity|10.330.190.70.10.10^MAMP-triggered immunity
Major histocompatibility complex class I genes
2015/04/13 05:10 created by rachel 2015/04/13 05:11 Synonym Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine added by rachel
Not evident in methods spreadsheet, but similar to MTT assay. -BG, 20 June 2012
3,(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay
3,(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay
3,(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay
3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay
Several problems w methods spreadsheet entry for this concept. -BG, 20 June 2012
Should possibly be deleted & replaced as a synonym for Rhesus monkeys (or the other way around).
10.260.50.10.30^Machine learning|20.10.30^Machine learning
10.260.50.10.30.20^Machine learning algorithms|20.10.30.20^Machine learning algorithms|80.40.20.10.60^Machine learning algorithms|90.320.20.60^Machine learning algorithms
Macroecology is ecology at large spatial scales, focusing on identifying the ecological and evolutionary forces that influence patterns in body size, geographic range size, abundance, diversity and related macroevolutionary trends. The field has traditionally focused on across‐species comparisons, but recent work has begun to analyse macroecological patterns from a geographical perspective. This change makes the links between ecological traits and diversity patterns more explicit and provides a unified approach for understanding a range of large‐scale ecological patterns. Newly developed analytical methods also make it possible to partition geographical patterns into components comprising the species‐level adaptive responses of assemblages to environmental gradients and phylogenetic patterns arising from species turnover. Macroecology is founded on the principle that the study of geographic‐scale species assemblages can conceptually link a number of different biological disciplines. http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0003273.html RD
10.240.20.30^Macromolecular complex analysis
90.110.20^Macromolecular crystallography
10.110.30.50.20.10^Macromolecular design|10.390.10.20.10^Macromolecular design|50.40.50.20.10^Macromolecular design|50.400.10.20.10^Macromolecular design
10.110.30.50.20^Macromolecular engineering|10.390.10.20^Macromolecular engineering|50.40.50.20^Macromolecular engineering|50.400.10.20^Macromolecular engineering
10.240.30.230.110.50^Macromolecular sequence analysis|90.240.230.110.50^Macromolecular sequence analysis
10.240.20^Macromolecular structure analysis
In biochemistry, the term is applied to the three conventional biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates) as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as lipids and macrocycles ("a cyclic macromolecule or a macromolecular cyclic portion of a molecule."). 2014/03/13 (RD)
10.240.30.110.90^Macrorestriction mapping|90.240.110.90^Macrorestriction mapping
60.360.10.20.10.10^Macrovesicular steatosis
Macular degeneration develops when the macula (the part of the eye responsible for central vision) is unable to function as effectively as it used to. There are two main types of AMD, called 'dry AMD' and 'wet AMD'. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a painless eye condition that generally leads to the gradual loss of central vision but can sometimes cause a rapid reduction in vision. Central vision is used to see what is directly in front of you. In AMD, your central vision becomes increasingly blurred, leading to symptoms such as: difficulty reading because the text appears blurry colours appearing less vibrant difficulty recognising people's faces AMD usually affects both eyes, but the speed at which it progresses can vary from eye to eye. AMD does not affect the peripheral vision (outer vision), which means it will not cause complete blindness. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/macular-degeneration/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
60.150.40.10^Macular degeneration|60.310.40.10^Macular degeneration|60.310.100.10.10^Macular degeneration|60.310.100.20.10^Macular degeneration
60.110.40.110^Magnetic resonance imaging|60.430.10.110^Magnetic resonance imaging|90.190.50.110^Magnetic resonance imaging
60.110.40.110.50^Magnetic resonance spectroscopy|60.430.10.110.50^Magnetic resonance spectroscopy|90.190.50.110.50^Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
10.60.300.350.20.30^Major histocompatibility antigens|10.60.300.430^Major histocompatibility antigens|10.210.130.20.30^Major histocompatibility antigens|10.320.80.20.30^Major histocompatibility antigens|60.180.130.20.30^Major histocompatibility antigens|60.400.80.20.30^Major histocompatibility antigens
10.210.50.140^Major histocompatibility complex|10.210.190^Major histocompatibility complex|60.60.10.140^Major histocompatibility complex|60.180.50.140^Major histocompatibility complex|60.180.190^Major histocompatibility complex
60.190.10.300.10^Malignant external otitis|60.330.50.40.10^Malignant external otitis
60.300.60.100.100^Malignant neoplasms of the small intestine
10.170.190.20.180^Malpighian tubule development
10.450.60.60.30^Mammalian physiology|10.450.150.10^Mammalian physiology
NT relationships added for relevant Mammal-related pre-existing NTs to boost number of hits to Zoology/Mammalogy. 2013/09/03 (RD)
10.170.190.20.80.10^Mammary gland development
60.510.30.50.40^Management of high-risk pregnancies|60.510.40.100.40^Management of high-risk pregnancies
50.220.50^Management planning and control
Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) is a rare but severe hemorrhagic fever which affects both humans and non-human primates. Marburg HF is caused by Marburg virus, a genetically unique zoonotic (or, animal-borne) RNA virus of the filovirus family. The five species of Ebola virus are the only other known members of the filovirus family. Marburg virus was first recognized in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/ 2014/10/15 (RD)
60.190.170.460.40^Marburg hemorrhagic fever|60.480.20.460.40^Marburg hemorrhagic fever
A genus in the family FILOVIRIDAE consisting of one species (Lake Victoria marburgvirus) with several strains. The genus shows no antigenic cross-reactivity with EBOLAVIRUS. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&index=20049&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= 2014/10/15 (RD)
Chickens are the most important natural host for Marek's disease virus, a highly cell-associated but readily transmitted alphaherpesvirus with lymphotropic properties of gammaherpesviruses. Quail can be naturally infected, and turkeys can be infected experimentally. (http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/poultry/neoplasms/mareks_disease_in_poultry.html) KH
BT Connective tissue diseases added as part of review of Rheumatology inspired by user comment (Arthur Schuh) 2013/09/10 (RD)
Mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariculture Mariculture is the farming of aquatic plants and animals in salt water. Thus, mariculture represents a subset of the larger field of aquaculture, which involves the farming of both fresh-water and marine organisms. The major categories of mariculture species are seaweeds, mollusks, crustaceans, and finfish. http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Mariculture.html RD
10.220^Marine biology|30.100.50^Marine biology
40.90.30^Marine chemistry|80.20.150.30^Marine chemistry
10.220.50^Marine conservation|30.100.50.50^Marine conservation
10.180.240^Marine ecology|10.220.60^Marine ecology|30.100.50.60^Marine ecology|40.80.240^Marine ecology
10.180.150.90^Marine ecosystems|40.80.150.90^Marine ecosystems
30.100.10.20^Marine environments|40.10.20^Marine environments
10.220.90^Marine monitoring|30.100.50.90^Marine monitoring|30.100.70^Marine monitoring
10.220.100^Marine ornithology|10.450.170.40^Marine ornithology|30.100.50.100^Marine ornithology
10.220.110^Marine technology|30.100.50.110^Marine technology|30.100.80^Marine technology
10.240.30.80.40^Marker selection|90.240.80.40^Marker selection
10.10.10.20^Marker-assisted selection|10.110.100.20^Marker-assisted selection|10.330.100.20^Marker-assisted selection
10.10.20.20^Marketing cartels|110.30.10.20^Marketing cartels
80.40.170.50^Markov processes|80.40.180.50^Markov processes
Marsupials are the main part of an infraclass of mammals called the Metatheria. This consists of the marsupials and their extinct ancestors. Marsupials give birth to living babies. The babies are called joeys. The babies feed on milk. Their babies are born very small. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals living primarily in Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic, common to most species, is that the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials include kangaroos, wallabies, the koala, possums, opossums, wombats and the Tasmanian devil. Other marsupials include the numbat, bandicoots, bettongs, the bilby, quolls, and the quokka. Marsupials represent the clade originating with the last common ancestor of extant metatherians. Like other mammals in the Metatheria, they are characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young, often residing in a pouch with the mother for a certain time after birth. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in the Australian continent (the mainland, Tasmania, New Guinea and nearby islands) with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central America, and one in North America north of Mexico. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial RD
80.10.40.80^Mass accretion|80.50.20.80^Mass accretion
80.20.90.30^Mass diffusivity|80.50.50.30^Mass diffusivity
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
80.20.10.20^Mass spectrometry|90.340.120^Mass spectrometry
Mastocytosis is a rare condition caused by an excess number of mast cells gathering in the body's tissues. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Mastocytosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
2015/03/10 06:17 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
80.30.100.20^Material fatigue|80.50.60.60.30^Material fatigue|80.50.200.20^Material fatigue
Materials chemistry is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. The field is a new breadth of study in graduate programs, and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials. Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases.
concerned with the physical properties of materials. The approach is generally more macroscopic and applied than in condensed matter physics
80.30.100^Materials physics|80.50.200^Materials physics
an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. This science investigates the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. It includes elements of applied physics and chemistry. With significant media attention focused on nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many universities. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis. Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and characteristics of materials.
60.50.80.10.10^Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness
90.210^Mathematical and statistical techniques
20.120.70^Mathematical computing|80.40.110^Mathematical computing
80.40.120^Mathematical economics|110.30.210^Mathematical economics
2013/02/16 BT 'Mathematical and statistical techniques' removed from 'Mathematics' because Mathematics has NT Statistics (mathematics) and this seemed circular. RD.
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
May need technical attention - Note slash in main term and one synonym. -BG, 14 June 2012
80.20.10.20.90^Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry|90.340.120.90^Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
May need technical attention - Note slash in main term and in synonyms. -BG, 14 June 2012
80.20.10.20.100^Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry|90.340.120.100^Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
80.20.10.20.110^Matrix-assisted laser mass spectrometry|90.340.120.110^Matrix-assisted laser mass spectrometry
80.10.40.90^Matter-density power spectrum|80.50.20.90^Matter-density power spectrum
10.240.30.230.20.60^Maxam-Gilbert sequencing method|90.240.230.20.60^Maxam-Gilbert sequencing method
60.470.110.30^Maxillofacial implant surgery
80.40.180.70.100^Maximum likelihood estimation|90.210.100.100^Maximum likelihood estimation
60.380.10.30^Maximum steady state concentration method
10.180.110.40^Maximum sustainable yield|40.80.110.40^Maximum sustainable yield|40.230.10^Maximum sustainable yield
90.330.70.30.40^May-Grunwald Giemsa staining
2015/03/02 05:56 RT Measles virus added by rachel
2015/04/13 04:54 Synonym MV added by rachel
Was in "Histological, cytological, and culture techniques" branch in methods spreadsheet. -BG, 19 June 2012
90.330.10^Mechanical treatment of specimens
10.120.230.110^Mechanisms of signal transduction
A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Normally there are four main types in glabrous skin: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and Ruffini endings. There are also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in the cochlea are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors, transducing air pressure waves into nerve signals sent to the brain.
10.60.300.390.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels|10.100.60.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels|10.260.210.40.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels|10.320.50.20.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels|10.320.50.40.40.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels|60.400.50.20.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels|60.400.50.40.40.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels|80.50.40.60.60^Mechanosensitive ion channels
Added BT Medicago as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
10.110.80^Medical devices and equipment|60.210^Medical devices and equipment
60.160.120.20^Medical doctors|70.30.50.100^Medical doctors
60.230.50^Medical education|110.100.60.40^Medical education
Pharmaceutical advertisements in medical journals
60.240^Medical physics|80.50.220^Medical physics
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions, and to defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plants RD
60.190.180.170^Mediterranean spotted fever
10.20.50.40.10^Medulla oblongata|60.10.50.40.10^Medulla oblongata
60.300.60.60.150.30^Medullary thyroid carcinoma|60.300.60.90.90.30^Medullary thyroid carcinoma
10.240.30.50.60^Megabase cloning|90.240.50.60^Megabase cloning
Melioidosis, also called Whitmore's disease, is an infectious disease that can infect humans or animals. The disease is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is predominately a disease of tropical climates, especially in Southeast Asia and northern Australia where it is widespread. The bacteria causing melioidosis are found in contaminated water and soil. It is spread to humans and animals through direct contact with the contaminated source. http://www.cdc.gov/melioidosis/ 2014/10/13 (RD)
Melissopalynology is the study of pollen contained in honey[1] and, in particular, the pollen's source. By studying the pollen in a sample of honey, it is possible to gain evidence of the geographical location and genus of the plants that the honey bees visited, although honey may also contain airborne pollens from anemophilous plants, spores, and dust due to attraction by the electrostatic charge of bees. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissopalynology RD
10.120.60.20.40^Membrane characteristics
But all dialysis involves some sort of membrane? Term may need attention. -BG, 29 June 2012
50.270.10^Membrane dialysis|90.310.70.20^Membrane dialysis
10.320.50.30^Membrane potential|60.400.50.30^Membrane potential
10.60.300.590.20^Membrane protein complexes|10.120.60.20.80.30^Membrane protein complexes
90.310.20.50^Membrane protein crystallization
10.120.230.40.230^Membrane receptor signaling
50.270.20^Membrane structures|50.390.10.20^Membrane structures
10.60.300.180.120^Membrane-associated cytoskeletal proteins
10.260.50.20.30.40^Memory consolidation|10.260.80.20.40^Memory consolidation
Psychiatric rehabilitation, also known as psychosocial rehabilitation, and sometimes simplified to psych rehab by providers, is the process of restoration of community functioning and well-being of an individual diagnosed in mental health or mental or emotional disorder and who may be considered to have a psychiatric disability. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_rehabilitation RD
10.170.190.20.190^Meristem development|10.170.200.10.40^Meristem development|10.330.150.10.40^Meristem development
A mesocosm is an experimental tool that brings a small part of the natural environment under controlled conditions. In this way mesocosms provide a link between observational field studies that take place in natural environments, but without replication, and controlled laboratory experiments that may take place under somewhat unnatural conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocosm RD
Of, relating to, or characteristic of a transitional period of the Stone Age intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic periods, characterized by adaptation to a hunting, collecting, and fishing economy based on the use of forest, lakeside, and seashore environments. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mesolithic RD
A metabolic disorder occurs when abnormal chemical reactions in the body disrupt [the process of changing food to fuel]. When this happens, you might have too much of some substances or too little of other ones that you need to stay healthy. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/metabolicdisorders.html Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality ( METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver MeSH: D008659 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=8276&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
2015/03/09 09:16 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
10.110.30.50.30^Metabolic engineering|10.390.10.30^Metabolic engineering|50.40.50.30^Metabolic engineering|50.400.10.30^Metabolic engineering
10.240.30.40.40^Metabolic labeling|90.240.40.40^Metabolic labeling
The genomic analysis of assemblages of organisms. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
90.80.10.40^Metal chelate affinity chromatography
Narrower terms rolled up to reduce number of levels.
"Shooting stars" or meteors are bits of material falling through Earth's atmosphere; they are heated to incandescence by the friction of the air. The bright trails as they are coming through the Earth's atmosphere are termed meteors, and these chunks as they are hurtling through space are called meteoroids. Large pieces that do not vaporize completely and reach the surface of the Earth are termed meteorites. -- http://space.about.com/od/meteoroids/a/meteoroidsinfo.htm
10.230.70.10.10.10^Methicillin resistance|60.390.20.10.10^Methicillin resistance
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
10.230.60.10.10.580.10.10^Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|10.280.30.530.10.10^Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|60.360.90.50.10.580.10.10^Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
90.330.70.110.80^Methylene Blue staining
90.60.90^Michaelis-Menten constant determination
60.390.190.30.30^Michaelis-Menton pharmacokinetics
10.260.180.40.10^Micro-computed tomography|60.110.40.160.10.10^Micro-computed tomography|60.430.10.160.10.10^Micro-computed tomography|90.190.50.160.10.10^Micro-computed tomography|90.190.110.40.10^Micro-computed tomography
90.220.50.100^Micro-optical sectioning tomography
10.180.250^Microbial ecology|10.230.80^Microbial ecology|40.80.250^Microbial ecology
10.180.150.100^Microbial ecosystems|40.80.150.100^Microbial ecosystems
10.190.100.40^Microbial evolution|10.230.90^Microbial evolution
10.200.260.140^Microbial genomics|10.230.100^Microbial genomics
10.170.140^Microbial growth and development|10.230.120.40^Microbial growth and development
10.230.60.10^Microbial pathogens|60.360.90.50^Microbial pathogens
10.410.30^Microbial taxonomy|20.170.30.30^Microbial taxonomy
Scientific study of microorganisms, a diverse group of simple life-forms including protozoans, algae, molds, bacteria, and viruses. Microbiology is concerned with the structure, function, and classification of these organisms and with ways of controlling and using their activities.
A microbiota is "the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space". Joshua Lederberg coined the term, emphasising the importance of microorganisms inhabiting the human body in health and disease. Many scientific articles distinguish microbiome and microbiota to describe either the collective genomes of the microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively. However, by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiota The complete genetic content of all the microorganisms that typically inhabit a particular environment, especially a site on or in the body, such as the skin or the gastrointestinal tract. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/microbiome RD
Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows because the baby’s brain grows. Microcephaly can occur because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth, which results in a smaller head size. Microcephaly can be an isolated condition, meaning that it can occur with no other major birth defects, or it can occur in combination with other major birth defects. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html RD
Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue. Analytes may include endogenous molecules (e.g. neurotransmitter, hormones, glucose, etc.) to assess their biochemical functions in the body, or exogenous compounds (e.g. pharmaceuticals) to determine their distribution within the body. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdialysis 2014/10/08 (RD)
90.110.30^Microdiffraction electron crystallography
90.30.30.120^Microexplant suspension culture
http://faculty.washington.edu/yagerp/microfluidicstutorial/basicconcepts/basicconcepts.htm 2014/02/21 (RD)
10.60.230.10.110.20^Microhomology-mediated end joining|10.200.60.110.20^Microhomology-mediated end joining
10.270.40.20^Micronutrient deficiencies|60.290.40.20^Micronutrient deficiencies
Study of generally microscopic fossils, regardless of the group to which they belong. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/paleowhat.html RD
90.220.60^Microscope aperture correction
10.120.50.140^Microtubule polymerization
10.60.300.180.130^Microtubule-associated proteins
90.20.40.50^Microtubule-organelle motility assay
60.360.10.20.10.20^Microvesicular steatosis
60.190.10.1060.30^Miliary tuberculosis|60.480.30.30^Miliary tuberculosis
Military psychology is the research, design and application of psychological theories and empirical data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in friendly or enemy forces or civilian population that may be undesirable, threatening or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations.
10.350.20.10^Military psychology|110.90.20.10^Military psychology
60.270.80^Mineral metabolism and the kidney
60.390.190.10.60^Minimal bactericidal concentration analysis
60.390.190.10.70^Minimal inhibitory concentration analysis
60.380.10.40^Minimum effective concentration method
60.380.10.50^Minimum inhibitory concentration method
10.260.190.20^Mismatch negativity|110.60.120.20^Mismatch negativity
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
Myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy
10.60.300.590.10.20^Mitochondrial ferritin
10.60.70.20.10.10^Mitochondrial membrane|10.120.60.130.10.10^Mitochondrial membrane
10.210.50.40.110^Mixed connective tissue disease|60.60.10.40.110^Mixed connective tissue disease|60.180.50.40.110^Mixed connective tissue disease
10.200.210.10^Mobile genetic elements|10.200.260.150^Mobile genetic elements
Removed BT Biology and life sciences as part of change to put all living things into Biology and life sciences/Organisms and thus avoid all Model organism papers that use Animal model organisms showing up in eTOCs for Zoology (and etc for other types of Model organism) 2013/08/08 (RD)
20.190.30^Modifiable areal unit problem|30.40.50.30^Modifiable areal unit problem
the boundary between the crust and the mantle -- http://geology.com/articles/mohorovicic-discontinuity.shtml
Methods (009.009, assays/analysis, under MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION)
10.240.30.190^Molecular biology assays and analysis techniques|90.240.190^Molecular biology assays and analysis techniques
10.240.30.190.160^Molecular biology display techniques|90.240.190.160^Molecular biology display techniques
Term and branch need attention. Change to "Molecular biology techniques"? Need to review scope of branch. Consider dividing if chemical characterization is a cohesive branch or set of branches. -BG, 28 June 2012
10.240.30^Molecular biology techniques|90.240^Molecular biology techniques
10.240.30.50.70^Molecular cloning|90.240.50.70^Molecular cloning
Wikipedia, Dialysis (biochemistry): "In biochemistry, dialysis is the process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, such as dialysis tubing. Dialysis is a common laboratory technique that operates on the same principle as medical dialysis."
10.200.320^Molecular genetics|10.240.50^Molecular genetics
Not the same as molecular weight. -BG, 5 June 2012
Needs attention. May need disambiguation. -BG, 17 May 2012
Methods (blotting/hybridization/ molecular probe techniques)
10.240.30.200^Molecular probe techniques|90.240.200^Molecular probe techniques
80.20.90.40^Molecular structure|80.50.50.40^Molecular structure
80.20.170.50^Molecular symmetry group theory
10.190.70.20^Molecular systematics|10.410.20.20^Molecular systematics|20.170.30.20.20^Molecular systematics
60.190.120.90^Molluscum contagiosum|60.490.70.80^Molluscum contagiosum
10.230.60.10.30.190.30^Molluscum contagiosum virus|10.280.90.30.120.30^Molluscum contagiosum virus|10.280.90.80.190.30^Molluscum contagiosum virus|60.360.90.50.30.190.30^Molluscum contagiosum virus
110.30.130.20.40^Money supply and banking
B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1; BV) is an α-herpesvirus that naturally infects conventional populations of macaques. Serious disease due to BV is rare in macaques, but when transmitted to humans, BV has a propensity to invade the central nervous system and has a fatality rate greater than 70% if not treated promptly. The severe consequences of human BV infections led to the inclusion of BV in the original NIH list of target viruses for elimination by development of specific pathogen-free rhesus colonies. In macaques and especially in humans, diagnosis of BV infection is not straightforward. Furthermore, development and maintenance of true BV specific pathogen-free macaque colonies has proven difficult. In this overview we review the natural history of BV in macaques, summarize what is known about the virus at the molecular level, and relate this information to problems associated with diagnosis of BV infections and development of BV-free macaque colonies. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703160/ 2014/10/15 (RD)
Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that occurs mostly in central and western Africa. It is called “monkeypox” because it was first found in 1958 in laboratory monkeys. Blood tests of animals in Africa later found that other types of animals probably had monkeypox. Scientists also recovered the virus that causes monkeypox from an African squirrel. These types of squirrels might be the common host for the disease. Rats, mice, and rabbits can get monkeypox, too. Monkeypox was reported in humans for the first time in 1970. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/factsheet2.htm Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis with symptoms in humans similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients. However, smallpox no longer occurs, following its worldwide eradication in 1980, whereas monkeypox still occurs sporadically in parts of Africa. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs161/en/ 2014/10/15 (RD)
A species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS causing an epidemic disease among captive primates. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=MONKEYPOX+VIRUS 2014/10/15 (RD)
10.60.300.350.10.50^Monoclonal antibodies|10.210.130.10.50^Monoclonal antibodies|10.320.80.10.50^Monoclonal antibodies|60.180.130.10.50^Monoclonal antibodies|60.400.80.10.50^Monoclonal antibodies
90.200.20.20^Monoclonal antibody production
90.200.20.30^Monoclonal antibody supernatant production
Monocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used separately. By using the eyes in this way, as opposed by binocular vision, the field of view is increased, while depth perception is limited. The eyes of an animal with monocular vision are usually positioned on opposite sides of the animal's head, giving it the ability to see two objects at once. The word monocular comes from the Greek root, mono for one, and the Latin root, oculus for eye.
Monotremes are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme RD
10.60.300.350.10.60^Monovalent antibodies|10.210.130.10.60^Monovalent antibodies|10.320.80.10.60^Monovalent antibodies|60.180.130.10.60^Monovalent antibodies|60.400.80.10.60^Monovalent antibodies
Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Morbidity_vs_Mortality Morbidity scores or predicted morbidity are assigned to ill patients with the help of systems such as the APACHE II, SAPS II and III, Glasgow Coma scale, PIM2, and SOFA.
creation of form or structure during development. -- http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-M/morphogenesis.html
Selective nuclear graphic tablet morphometry
Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the 'Meuse river', and Greek σαύρος sauros meaning 'lizard') are an extinct group of large marine reptiles. Their first fossil remains were discovered in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the Meuse in 1764. Mosasaurs probably evolved from an extinct group of aquatic lizards known as aigialosaurs in the Early Cretaceous. During the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period (Turonian-Maastrichtian ages), with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and decline of plesiosaurs, mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators. They became extinct as a result of the K-T event at the end of the Cretaceous period, approximately 66 million years ago. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaur RD
2015/03/11 10:41 BT Disease vectors removed by rachel
Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It represents the reasons for people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as one's direction to behavior or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior and vice versa. A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.
10.260.210.30.10^Motor evoked potentials|10.320.50.30.30.10^Motor evoked potentials|10.320.50.40.30.10^Motor evoked potentials|60.400.50.30.30.10^Motor evoked potentials|60.400.50.40.30.10^Motor evoked potentials
BT changed (Neurophysiology deleted) as part of Neurophysiology/Electrophysiology reorganisation prompted by eTOC testing 2013/07/04 (RD)
10.210.140.70^Mucosal immunity|60.180.140.70^Mucosal immunity
60.60.30.40^Multi-center trials|60.390.90.10.40^Multi-center trials|90.90.40^Multi-center trials
60.190.10.1060.40^Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis|60.480.30.40^Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
90.340.210.10.30^Multicolor immunofluorescence
Multilayered peroxidase labeled antibody immunohistochemistry
90.180.20.70^Multilayered peroxidase-labeled antibody immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.70^Multilayered peroxidase-labeled antibody immunohistochemistry
The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) (via MeSH) KH
80.40.170.80.80^Multinomial random variables
90.100.50.10^Multiple alignment calculation
90.110.50.10.30^Multiple anomalous dispersion
60.110.110.430^Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome|60.360.140.430^Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
10.210.50.40.120^Multiple sclerosis|60.60.10.40.120^Multiple sclerosis|60.180.50.40.120^Multiple sclerosis|60.280.130.20^Multiple sclerosis|60.280.220.60^Multiple sclerosis
10.240.30.10.40.20^Multiplex polymerase chain reaction|90.240.10.40.20^Multiplex polymerase chain reaction
80.40.180.70.130^Multivariate analysis|90.210.100.130^Multivariate analysis
80.40.170.80.90^Multivariate random variables
10.60.300.830.10.10^Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors|10.120.230.150.10.10^Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
May need SME attention. Original term from PLoS methods spreadsheet was "muscle physiology", in the context of physiological testing/assay methods. -BG, 20 June 2012
10.320.90.10^Muscle biochemistry|60.400.90.10^Muscle biochemistry
10.320.90.20^Muscle contraction|60.400.90.20^Muscle contraction
10.320.90.30^Muscle functions|60.400.90.30^Muscle functions
10.170.170.100.20^Muscle pattern formation
10.320.90^Muscle physiology|60.400.90^Muscle physiology
10.60.300.630.40^Muscle protein synthesis|90.70.20.30.40^Muscle protein synthesis
10.170.170.120.40^Muscle regeneration|10.170.190.30.40^Muscle regeneration
10.90.60.10^Musculoskeletal exertion|10.320.90.40.10^Musculoskeletal exertion|60.400.90.40.10^Musculoskeletal exertion
10.90.60^Musculoskeletal mechanics|10.320.90.40^Musculoskeletal mechanics|60.400.90.40^Musculoskeletal mechanics
10.20.160^Musculoskeletal system|60.10.160^Musculoskeletal system
Methods (Musculoskeletal System, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
60.470.240^Musculoskeletal system procedures
Should be moved elsewhere at some point; ideally into a branch like "Institutions" if we end up with one.
110.60.160.40^Music and language meaning
Needs SME attention. It looks like several of the narrower terms may be synonyms for (or more specific variants of) site-directed mutagenesis. -BG, 27 June 2012
10.240.30.210^Mutagenesis and gene deletion techniques|90.240.210^Mutagenesis and gene deletion techniques
10.200.340.70^Mutation databases|90.130.20.20^Mutation databases
10.240.30.210.100^Mutational analysis|90.240.210.100^Mutational analysis
Mutualism A biotic interaction in which two organisms gain an increase in resources, or a reduction in stressful conditions, from the presence of the other organism. Some mutualisms are obligate, such that neither species can exist without the other, while many are facultative, such that the mutualists can still persist (but with less numerical success) in each other’s absence. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
The mass of branched, tubular filaments (hyphae) of fungi. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/400221/mycelium 2014/10/08 (RD)
10.280.30.20.30^Mycobacterium avium complex
10.280.30.20.60^Mycobacterium lepromatosis
10.280.30.20.70^Mycobacterium tuberculosis
60.190.10.550^Mycoplasma pneumonia|60.420.140.30^Mycoplasma pneumonia
10.230.60.10.10.390^Mycoplasma pneumoniae|10.280.30.400.20^Mycoplasma pneumoniae|60.360.90.50.10.390^Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells. -- http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/myelodysplastic-syndromes/DS00596
60.170.70.30^Myelodysplastic syndromes|60.300.60.140.30^Myelodysplastic syndromes
60.170.70.40^Myelomas and lymphoproliferative diseases|60.300.60.140.40^Myelomas and lymphoproliferative diseases
60.170.70.50^Myeloproliferative disorders|60.300.60.140.50^Myeloproliferative disorders
Embryonic progenitor cells. -BG, 7 June 2012
An index that incorporates both systolic and diastolic time intervals in expressing global systolic and diastolic ventricular function. (http://www.csecho.ca/wp-content/themes/twentyeleven-csecho/cardiomath/index.php?eqnHD=echo&eqnDisp=mpiteilv) KH
60.30.160^Myocardial performance index|90.20.30.40^Myocardial performance index
60.40.30.30^Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy|60.110.40.40.30^Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy|60.430.10.40.30^Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy|90.190.50.40.30^Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
60.50.80.70^Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
60.50.80.80^Myoneurogenic gastrointestinal encephalopathy
10.280.30.410.10^Myxococcus xanthus|90.230.40.40^Myxococcus xanthus
60.390.190.10.30.10^NCCLS disc diffusion method
Nitrogen-15 solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Calcareous nannofossils are often widespread, abundant and well preserved in marine sediments in the geological record and are therefore a very useful biostratigraphic tool. Made of calcium carbonate, they can often be found in vast numbers, sometimes forming the major constituent of a particular rock e.g. the White Cliffs of Dover. http://www.tmsoc.org/groups/nannofossil/ RD
10.110.120.10^Nano-enabled synthetic biology|10.390.30.10^Nano-enabled synthetic biology|50.400.30.10^Nano-enabled synthetic biology
60.300.60.60.100^Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
110.80.40.80^National governments other than U.S.
Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70.20^Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
"The natural history of disease refers to a description of the uninterrupted progression of a disease in an individual from the moment of exposure to causal agents until recovery or death. Knowledge of the natural history of disease ranks alongside causal understanding in importance for disease prevention and control. Natural history of disease is one of the major elements of descriptive epidemiology.[1]" --Wikipedia (appeared in STEM as "Natural history")
10.190.60.170^Natural selection|10.190.120.80^Natural selection|10.200.370.80^Natural selection|10.340.30.80^Natural selection
The Neanderthal or Neandertal (named after the Neandertal area) was a species of human in the genus Homo that became extinct between 41,000 and 39,000 years ago. They were closely related to modern humans, differing in DNA by just 0.12%.[7] Remains left by Neanderthals include bone and stone tools, which are found in Eurasia, from Western Europe to Central and Northern Asia and the Middle East. The Neanderthal is generally classified by biologists as the species Homo neanderthalensis, but a minority considers them to be a subspecies of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal RD
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 300 nm - 400 nm http://www.spacewx.com/pdf/SET_21348_2004.pdf
90.220.50.110^Near-field scanning optical microscopy
90.340.110.20^Near-infrared spectroscopy
10.20.20.60^Necrotic tissue|60.10.20.60^Necrotic tissue
A great diversity of fungi cause plant disease, nearly all major groups are involved. In spite of these numbers there are just two types of parasite to consider: nectrotrophs and biotrophs. Necrotrophs are a little like predators; they kill the tissues they are about to consume before they eat them. Unlike predators, however, they don't normally kill the whole organism, just a part of it. They do this by means of toxins that diffuse out into the host tissues, killing the cells they encounter. The fungus then extends its hyphae into these killed areas and digests them. Biotrophs obtain their nutrition from living cells with which they may establish fairly long-lived associations. They usually penetrate the cell walls of their hosts and establish contact with the cell membrane by means of haustoria, cells specialized for the absorption of nutrients. http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/mycologywebpages/NaturalHistoryOfFungi/PlantParasites.html 2014/10/15 (RD)
10.330.180.20.30.20^Necrotrophic pathogens
10.280.90.60.150^Negative-sense RNA viruses
NTs need attention; many seem misplaced. -BG, 21 May 2012. WHO lists 17 neglected tropical diseases. -BG, 7 June 2012
80.40.20.10.70^Neighbor-joining algorithm|90.320.20.70^Neighbor-joining algorithm
10.230.60.10.10.400^Neisseria gonorrhoeae|10.280.30.420.10^Neisseria gonorrhoeae|60.360.90.50.10.400^Neisseria gonorrhoeae
10.230.60.10.10.410^Neisseria meningitidis|10.280.30.420.20^Neisseria meningitidis|60.360.90.50.10.410^Neisseria meningitidis
Of, relating to, or characteristic of the last phase of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery and textiles: commonly thought to have begun c9000–8000 b.c. in the Middle East. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/neolithic RD
10.260.30.30.50^Neonatal neurogenesis|10.260.70.50.50^Neonatal neurogenesis
60.300.60.90.30^Neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas
Wilms' tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children. Also known as nephroblastoma, Wilms' tumor is the most common cancer of the kidneys in children. Wilms' tumor most often affects children ages 3 to 4 and becomes much less common after age 5. Wilms' tumor most often occurs in just one kidney, though it can sometimes be found in both kidneys at the same time. Improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of Wilms' tumor have improved the prognosis for children with this disease. The outlook for most children with Wilms' tumor is very good. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilms-tumor/basics/definition/con-20043492 Wilms' tumour is a type of kidney cancer that was named after Dr Max Wilms, who first described it. It's thought to come from very specialised cells in the embryo known as metanephric blastema. These cells are involved in the development of the child's kidneys while they're in the womb. The cells usually disappear at birth, but in many children with Wilms' tumour, cells called nephrogenic rests can still be found. http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Childrenscancers/Typesofchildrenscancers/Wilmstumour.aspx Wilms tumor accounts for 95 percent of kidney and renal cancers in children under the age of 14. Also called “nephroblastoma,” Wilms tumor is a mass of cancer cells that grow in kidney tissue. This is a disease primarily of young children. At the time of diagnosis, most Wilms tumor patients are less than five years old. Clinical trials over the past 22 years have been associated with improved long-term survival rates for children with Wilms tumor. Quick facts Between 400-500 new cases of Wilms tumor are diagnosed each year in the U.S. About six percent of all cancers in children are Wilms tumor. Clinical trials over the past 22 years have been associated with improved long-term survival rates for children with Wilms tumor. The long-term survival has approached 90 percent for most patients, and 95 percent for those with the most favorable prognosis. Careful use of surgery and a combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy, where necessary, have produced these results. http://www.childrenscancer.org/main/wilms_tumor_nephroblastoma/ RD
Nephrology is specialty of medicine concerned with kidney physiology, kidney disease, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy. Systemic conditions that affect the kidneys (e.g. diabetes and autoimmune disease) and systemic problems that occur as a result of kidney problems (e.g. metabolic bone disease and hypertension) are also studied in nephrology. http://www.nature.com/ontologies/models/subjects/#subjects:nephrology RD
10.60.220.10.50^Nerve growth factor|10.260.150.10.50^Nerve growth factor|10.320.60.40.40^Nerve growth factor|60.120.30.40.40^Nerve growth factor|60.400.60.40.40^Nerve growth factor
Moved Brain up to directly under Anatomy and physiology, because of hierarchy level constraints. -BG, 12 July 2012
10.20.180^Nervous system|60.10.180^Nervous system
10.320.100^Nervous system physiology|60.400.100^Nervous system physiology
"Neurosurgery" seems to be limited to treatment of neurological disorders, at least in some desciptions. Might be suitable here as main term instead of synonym or narrower term, though. -BG, 21 June 2012
Methods (Nervous System, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
10.110.30.50.40^Network engineering|10.390.10.40^Network engineering|50.40.50.40^Network engineering|50.400.10.40^Network engineering
Network Physiology aims to develop a theoretical framework and a system-wide network approach to understand how horizontal integration of physiological systems, each with its own complex structure and mechanisms of regulation, leads to global behavior and distinct physiologic functions at the organism level. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0142143 KH
10.320.110^Network physiology|60.400.110^Network physiology
10.260.110^Neural homeostasis|10.320.100.10^Neural homeostasis|60.400.100.10^Neural homeostasis
10.260.120^Neural networks|20.260^Neural networks
10.120.70.10.240.140.20^Neural stem cell neurogenesis|10.260.30.20.20^Neural stem cell neurogenesis|10.260.30.30.60^Neural stem cell neurogenesis|10.260.70.30.20^Neural stem cell neurogenesis|10.260.70.50.60^Neural stem cell neurogenesis
10.170.170.20.70^Neural tube defects|60.80.10.70^Neural tube defects
10.60.170.20.70^Neuraminidase inhibitors
Neurobiology of disease and regeneration
60.280.210^Neurobiology of disease and regeneration
Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system.
10.260.70.40^Neurodevelopmental disorders|60.280.230^Neurodevelopmental disorders
Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. -- http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33442
the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. This interdisciplinary branch of neuroscience endeavors to understand how the central nervous system translates biologically relevant stimuli into natural behavior
10.260.30.40^Neuroglial development|10.260.70.60^Neuroglial development
Single photon emission computed tomography
10.120.230.40.260^Neurological signaling
60.280.240^Neurological tumors|60.300.60.210^Neurological tumors
Diseases involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems
60.20.10.60.110^Neuromuscular blockade|60.380.40.20.60.110^Neuromuscular blockade
10.20.180.100.30^Neuromuscular junctions|10.260.210.60.30^Neuromuscular junctions|10.320.50.40.60.30^Neuromuscular junctions|60.10.180.100.30^Neuromuscular junctions|60.400.50.40.60.30^Neuromuscular junctions
10.120.30.20.40^Neuron migration|10.170.40.40^Neuron migration
10.170.170.20.80^Neuronal migration disorders|60.80.10.80^Neuronal migration disorders
The study of drugs and their targets that influence the functions of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves) in health and disease 2014/09/29 (RD)
BT changed (Electrophysiology added) as part of Neurophysiology/Electrophysiology reorganisation prompted by eTOC testing 2013/07/04 (RD)
Added BT Neuropsychology as part of test eTOC feedback work 2103/07/04 RD
Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. Tests are used for research into brain function and in a clinical setting for the diagnosis of deficits. They usually involve the systematic administration of clearly defined procedures in a formal environment.
10.260.40.10.20^Neuropsychological testing|10.260.50.30.10.20^Neuropsychological testing|10.260.220.10^Neuropsychological testing|10.350.100.10^Neuropsychological testing|60.280.90.20^Neuropsychological testing|110.90.100.10^Neuropsychological testing
Neuropsychology studies the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviors. It is seen as a clinical and experimental field of psychology that aims to study, assess, understand and treat behaviors directly related to brain functioning. The term neuropsychology has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals.
60.90.70.20^Neurorehabilitation and trauma|60.280.290^Neurorehabilitation and trauma
Might need attention. Note other term Neurology. -BG, 25 May 2012 Merged with Neuroscience - there are distinctions but all Neurobiology is Neuroscience (if not quite vice versa), it is not serving us well to have both as there was no good NT structure under Neurobiology, and it would be a long job to partion Neurosci into Neurobiol vs other. 2013/12/23 (RD)
10.280.40.70.10^Neurospora crassa|90.230.60.40^Neurospora crassa
May need attention re hierarchical placment. To be considered synonymous with Nervous system procedures? Should have narrower terms that are now siblings? -BG, 21 June 2012
10.120.230.40.230.30^Neurotransmitter receptor signaling
80.50.250.100^Neutron scattering|80.50.340.110^Neutron scattering
For when identification of a previously undescribed species is published. RD
10.410.40^New species reports|20.170.30.40^New species reports
70.20.50.10.50^Newfoundland and Labrador
Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is the catch-all term used to describe a number of different modern sequencing technologies including: Illumina (Solexa) sequencing Roche 454 sequencing Ion torrent: Proton / PGM sequencing SOLiD sequencing These recent technologies allow us to sequence DNA and RNA much more quickly and cheaply than the previously used Sanger sequencing, and as such have revolutionised the study of genomics and molecular biology. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/course/ebi-next-generation-sequencing-practical-course/what-you-will-learn/what-next-generation-dna- 2014/10/13 RD
10.140.110.140.20^Next-generation sequencing|10.200.260.70.140.20^Next-generation sequencing|10.240.30.230.20.70^Next-generation sequencing|90.240.230.20.70^Next-generation sequencing
10.180.70.70^Niche construction|40.80.70.70^Niche construction
10.350.10.70^Nicotine addiction|60.250.200.40^Nicotine addiction|60.410.160.40^Nicotine addiction|110.90.10.70^Nicotine addiction
60.380.40.100.10.10^Nicotine replacement therapy
10.60.300.830.10.20^Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors|10.120.230.150.10.20^Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
60.50.60.20.110^Niemann-Pick disease|60.260.60.40^Niemann-Pick disease
60.190.10.570^Nightcliff gardener's disease
Infection with Nipah virus was associated with an encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) characterized by fever and drowsiness and more serious central nervous system disease, such as coma, seizures, and inability to maintain breathing. Illness with Nipah virus begins with 3-14 days of fever and headache. This is followed by drowsiness and disorientation characterized by mental confusion. These signs and symptoms can progress to coma within 24-48 hours. Some patients have had a respiratory illness during the early part of their infections http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Hendra_Nipah_Fact_Sheet.pdf RD
Nipah virus, also a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is related but not identical to Hendra virus. Nipah virus was initially isolated in 1999 upon examining samples from an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness among adult men in Malaysia and Singapore. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Hendra_Nipah_Fact_Sheet.pdf RD
90.330.70.110.90^Nitroblue tetrazolium staining
N-15 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
N15 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nitrogen-15 solid state NMR spectroscopy
Nitrogen-15 solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
90.340.130.40^Nitrogen-15 solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Nociception (also nocioception or nociperception) is the encoding and processing of harmful stimuli in the nervous system, and, therefore, the ability of a body to sense potential harm.
A nociceptor is a receptor of a sensory neuron (nerve cell) that responds to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called nociception, usually causes the perception of pain.
Cancrum oris (Noma) is a devastating infectious disease which destroys the soft and hard tissues of the oral and para-oral structures. The dehumanizing oro-facial gangrenous lesion affects predominantly children ages 2 to 16 years, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the estimated frequency in some communities varies from 1 to 7 cases per 1000 population. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12002813 RD
10.260.50.20.30.60^Non-believed memories|10.260.80.20.60^Non-believed memories
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in many biological processes and are increasingly seen as important. As is the case with proteins, it is the overall structure of the molecule which imparts function. However, while similar protein structures are often reflected in a conserved amino acid sequence, sequences underlying RNA secondary structure are very variable; this makes ncRNAs difficult to detect using sequence alone. http://www.ensembl.org/info/genome/genebuild/ncrna.html 2014/10/09 (RD)
10.140.120.40^Non-coding RNA sequences|10.200.260.80.40^Non-coding RNA sequences
10.60.230.10.110.40^Non-homologous end joining|10.200.60.110.40^Non-homologous end joining
10.240.30.40.50^Non-isotopic labeling|90.240.40.50^Non-isotopic labeling
60.60.30.50^Non-randomized controlled trials|60.390.90.10.50^Non-randomized controlled trials|90.90.50^Non-randomized controlled trials
10.60.300.390.70^Non-selective cation channels|10.100.60.70^Non-selective cation channels|10.260.210.40.70^Non-selective cation channels|10.320.50.20.70^Non-selective cation channels|10.320.50.40.40.70^Non-selective cation channels|60.400.50.20.70^Non-selective cation channels|60.400.50.40.40.70^Non-selective cation channels|80.50.40.60.70^Non-selective cation channels
60.300.60.160.60^Non-small cell lung cancer
60.140.200.120^Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
10.60.170.20.80^Noncompetitive inhibitors
60.50.80.10.20^Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with deafness
20.320.140^Nonlinear dynamics|80.40.190.140^Nonlinear dynamics
90.210.70^Nonlinear least squares method
20.320.150^Nonlinear systems|80.40.190.150^Nonlinear systems
10.280.30.20.90^Nontuberculous mycobacteria
A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=NOROVIRUS 2014/10/15 (RD)
10.240.30.200.50^Northern analysis|90.240.200.50^Northern analysis
The type species in the genus NOROVIRUS, first isolated in 1968 from the stools of school children in Norwalk, Ohio, who were suffering from GASTROENTERITIS. The virions are non-enveloped spherical particles containing a single protein. Multiple strains are named after the places where outbreaks have occurred. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=NORWALK+VIRUS 2014/10/15 (RD)
Nosema is a microsporidian under the classification of fungus that attacks the gut of the honey bee and is one of the major threats to the honey bee population around the world. i There are now two different types of Nosema affecting the European Honey Bee: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Nosema apis has been found in hives since the beginning of the twentieth century but Nosema ceranae was only discovered in the early 2000s. When N. ceranae was first found it was thought to be very similar to N. apis As more research has been conducted and trials performed it has become clear that the two Nosema species are very different. http://www.advancescience.com/bee-diseases/nosema RD
Oxford Dictionaries nosocomial (Of a disease) originating in a hospital. from Greek nosokomos 'person who tends the sick' Webster’s Dictionary Nos`o*co"mi*al (?), a. [L. nosocomium a hospital, Gr. ; disease + to attend to.] Of or pertaining to a hospital; as, nosocomial atmosphere. Collins Dictionary Nosocomial (medicine) originating in hospital ⇒ "nosocomial disease" C19: New Latin nosocomialis, via Late Latin from Greek, from nosokomos one that tends the sick, from nosos (see noso-) + komein to tend RD
Common mispelling is "nocosomial" variant. RD
Nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy
Nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy
90.340.130.60^Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy
Nuclear chemistry is the study of how subatomic particles come together and make nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field.
50.200.40^Nuclear industrial applications
80.50.70.80.30^Nuclear magnetic resonance
10.120.230.40.280^Nuclear receptor signaling
10.240.30.190.180^Nuclease protection assay|90.240.190.180^Nuclease protection assay
Oligodeoxynucleotide cellulose chromatography
90.80.10.50^Nucleic acid affinity chromatography
10.240.30.190.190^Nucleic acid analysis|90.240.190.190^Nucleic acid analysis
10.240.30.200.60.60^Nucleic acid hybridization|90.240.200.60.60^Nucleic acid hybridization
10.210.200.70^Nucleic acid immunization|60.180.200.70^Nucleic acid immunization|60.410.130.50.70^Nucleic acid immunization
10.240.30.40.60^Nucleic acid labeling|90.240.40.60^Nucleic acid labeling
10.240.30.40.60.30^Nucleic acid radiolabeling|90.240.40.60.30^Nucleic acid radiolabeling
10.240.30.230.70^Nucleic acid sequencing|90.240.230.70^Nucleic acid sequencing
10.60.230.30^Nucleic acid thermodynamics|10.100.80^Nucleic acid thermodynamics|80.50.40.80^Nucleic acid thermodynamics
Moved DNA and RNA branches out and up to Biochemistry, in order to keep number of levels in hierarchy low. -BG, 3 July 2012
10.280.90.30.80^Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses
10.240.30.110.100^Nucleosome mapping|90.240.110.100^Nucleosome mapping
90.80.10.50.20^Nucleotide chromatography
10.60.230.10.110.50^Nucleotide excision repair|10.200.60.110.50^Nucleotide excision repair
10.240.30.110.110^Nucleotide mapping|90.240.110.110^Nucleotide mapping
10.120.230.40.230.40^Nucleotide receptor signaling
10.240.30.230.80^Nucleotide sequencing|90.240.230.80^Nucleotide sequencing
Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA
10.20.50.260^Nucleus accumbens|60.10.50.260^Nucleus accumbens
Numeracy is the ability to reason and to apply simple numerical concepts. Basic numeracy skills consist of comprehending fundamental mathematics like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, if one can understand simple mathematical equations such as, 2 + 2 = 4, then one would be considered possessing at least basic numeric knowledge.
80.50.150.20.10^Numerical relativity|80.50.310.20.10^Numerical relativity
10.60.300.480^Nutrient and storage proteins
Added BT Biology and life sciences as most satisfactory way of dealing with issue that not all articles relating to nutrition and/or diet are about human health. 2013/07/12 (RD)
The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth: a guide to good nutrition. The branch of science that deals with nutrients and nutrition, particularly in humans: she took a short course in nutrition. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/nutrition RD
60.300.40.60^Nutritional correlates of cancer
10.270.40^Nutritional deficiencies|60.290.40^Nutritional deficiencies
10.270.50^Nutritional diseases|60.290.50^Nutritional diseases
10.270.60^Nutritional disorders|60.290.60^Nutritional disorders
Object recognition – task (within computer vision) of finding and identifying objects in an image or video sequence. Humans recognize a multitude of objects in images with little effort, despite the fact that the image of the objects may vary somewhat in different view points, in many different sizes and scales or even when they are translated or rotated.
50.370.60.10^Object recognition (image processing)
60.250.30.10^Obsessive-compulsive disorder|60.250.120.20.20^Obsessive-compulsive disorder|60.250.130.10.20^Obsessive-compulsive disorder
60.20.40^Obstetric anesthesiology|60.510.40.90^Obstetric anesthesiology
Methods (Obstetric, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
60.410.110^Occupational and industrial medicine
60.420.20.20^Occupational asthma|60.420.80.10^Occupational asthma
30.100.10.20.20^Ocean environments|40.10.20.20^Ocean environments
10.20.190^Ocular system|60.10.190^Ocular system
10.20.200^Olfactory organs|60.10.200^Olfactory organs
10.120.70.10.200.10.20^Olfactory receptor neurons|10.260.30.70.10.20^Olfactory receptor neurons
Olfactory receptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules. Activated olfactory receptors are the initial player in a signal transduction cascade which ultimately produces a nerve impulse which is transmitted to the brain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor RD
Olfactory receptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules. Activated olfactory receptors are the initial player in a signal transduction cascade which ultimately produces a nerve impulse which is transmitted to the brain. These receptors are members of the class A rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
10.260.270.30^Olfactory system|10.320.190.30^Olfactory system|60.400.190.30^Olfactory system
90.80.10.50.30^Oligodeoxynucleotide cellulose chromatography
90.80.10.50.40^Oligonucleotide chromatography
10.240.30.40.60.40^Oligonucleotide labeling|90.240.40.60.40^Oligonucleotide labeling
90.70.20.10.30^Oligonucleotide synthesis
10.240.30.210.110^Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis|90.240.210.110^Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis
A type of virus that infects and lyses (breaks down) cancer cells but not normal cells. Oncolytic viruses can occur naturally or can be made in the laboratory by changing other viruses. Certain oncolytic viruses are being studied in the treatment of cancer. They may make it easier to kill tumor cells with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=615577 2014/10/15 (RD)
1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
One-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
90.340.130.70^One-dimensional NMR spectroscopy
90.150.30.60^One-dimensional gel electrophoresis
One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
One dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70.30^One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most/all copyright and licensing restrictions. http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/brief.htm http://doaj.org/oainfo http://www.plos.org/open-access/ 2014/11/28 (RD)
60.230.60.30^Open access medical journals|90.300.10.10.10^Open access medical journals|100.30.10.10^Open access medical journals
Open data is the idea that certain data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_data :) 2014/11/28 (RD)
60.390.90.30.40^Open source drug discovery
http://opensource.org/osd 2014/11/28 (RD)
20.80.10^Open source software|100.30.30^Open source software
20.320.160^Operations research|50.220.60^Operations research|80.40.190.160^Operations research|110.30.70.70^Operations research
Methods (Opthalmic, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
Diseases of the visual pathways, including the eyes, brain, etc.
60.250.30.20^Oppositional defiant disorder
A lobe in the midbrain from which the optic nerve partly arises http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/optic-lobe 2014/10/02 (RD)
Ultraviolet-visible absorption techniques
10.260.20.90^Optical imaging of intrinsic signals|10.260.180.90^Optical imaging of intrinsic signals|90.190.110.90^Optical imaging of intrinsic signals
NTs need attention; were NTPs. ALso, branch should probably be expanded. -BG, 21 May 2012
"Optogenetics combines genetic targeting of specific cells or proteins with either optical imaging or optical control of these targets. Optogenetic techniques allow neuroscientists to read or write patterns of neuronal activity in the living brain with cellular and molecular specificity." http://www.cncb.ox.ac.uk/technologies/optogenetics/ 2014/05/14 RD
60.90.70.30^Oral and maxillofacial trauma|60.330.40^Oral and maxillofacial trauma
60.380.40.40.10^Oral antiplatelet therapy
60.380.40.70.10^Oral contraceptive therapy
60.390.200.90^Oral glucose suppression test
60.100.180.30.30^Oral mucosal cancers|60.300.60.260.30^Oral mucosal cancers
10.210.200.80^Oral rabies vaccination|60.180.200.80^Oral rabies vaccination|60.410.130.50.80^Oral rabies vaccination
90.330.70.110.100^Orcein-elastin staining
The human organism is an integrated network, where multi-component organ systems continuously interact through various feedback mechanisms and across different spatio-temporal scales to optimize and coordinate their function. Coordinated interactions of organ systems are essential to maintain health and to generate distinct physiologic states, e.g., wake and sleep; light and deep sleep; consciousness and unconsciousness. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0142143 RD
10.320.140.230^Organ communications|60.400.140.230^Organ communications
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon skeleton.
NTs need attention; were synonyms. -BG, 17 May 2012.
organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon
80.20.60.430^Organic compounds|80.20.200.20^Organic compounds
80.20.60.430.380^Organic nitrogen compounds|80.20.200.20.380^Organic nitrogen compounds
80.20.110.60^Organic radicals|80.20.200.30^Organic radicals|80.20.220.60.60^Organic radicals
80.20.120.290^Organic reactions|80.20.200.40^Organic reactions
80.20.60.430.390^Organic sulfur compounds|80.20.200.20.390^Organic sulfur compounds
80.20.200.50^Organic synthesis|90.70.60^Organic synthesis
10.240.30.50.80^Organismal cloning|90.240.50.80^Organismal cloning
In animal development, organogenesis (organo-genesis, compound of the Greek words όργανον "that with which one works"[1], and γένεσις "origin, creation, generation"[2]) is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism
A miniature organ in vitro. Organotypic culture. Organoid is cell/ tissue culture method, which is aimed to mimic organ structure and function. The other types of organotypic culture (different from organoids) may include organ slice, whole organ wit explant, primary cells (multiple cell populations mixed in suspension). 3D. Organoid is (at least) three-dimensional culture technique by definition. It could be 4D also, but not 2D. Extracellular matrix (ECM). Pretty much obligatory component of 3D culture is ECM. So, organoid culture includes ECM. The most frequent technique is embedding organoid into Matrigel. Complex multicellular constructs. Since organ includes multiple cell types, organoids are multicellular by definition. Recapitulation of developmental programs. If organoid generated from stem cells, it is usually recapitulating developmental organogenesis program. Since, it takes place in culture conditions, such developmental recapitulation could not always be the same (or complete) as it occurs in vivo. Self-organization. Organoid culture leverages ability of cells to self-assemble or/and self-organize into tissues. Shamir and Ewald (Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Oct;15(10):647-64) clearly define 2 types of organoids: tissue organoids and stem cell organoids. Tissue organoid implies stromal cell-free (or mesenchyme-free) culture. It mostly applies to epithelial tissues. Cell intrinsic ability to self-organize is not limited to stem/ progenitor cells withing tissues. Typical examples of tissue organoids culture – mammary and salivary glands, intestine and prostate. Stem cell organoids are generated from embryonic or adult stem cell and iPS cells. http://stemcellassays.com/2014/11/defining-organoids/
80.20.60.430.400^Organometallic compounds|80.20.200.20.400^Organometallic compounds
80.20.60.430.410^Organophosphorus compounds|80.20.200.20.410^Organophosphorus compounds
What makes an ornithischian dinosaur? All terrestrial animals and even marine animals derived from terrestrial stocks have hip girdles, or pelvises, and all hip girdles are composed of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. All ornithischians are united by a pubis pointing backward, running parallel with the ischium. The name "Ornithischia" means "bird-hipped," and birds also have pelvises in which the pubis points backwards. However, birds are more closely related to the Saurischia, or "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs, than to the ornithischian dinosaurs. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/ornithischia/ornithischia.html RD
Orthotics is a specialty within the medical field concerned with the design, manufacture and application of orthoses. An orthosis (plural: orthoses) is "an externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics RD
60.470.120.130.20^Orthotopic liver transplantation|60.470.430.50.30.20^Orthotopic liver transplantation
90.330.40.30.10^Osmium tetroxide treatment
90.330.10.60.60^Osmotic pressure disruption
Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. Unique ID:D010006 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption. Unique ID:D010010 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Osteoclasts ENDIF
Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the BONE MATRIX. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi. Unique ID:D010011 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
Methods (Ear, Nose, & Throat, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
10.120.60.20.80.40^Outer membrane proteins
10.10.20.30^Output ceilings|110.30.10.30^Output ceilings
60.470.330.120^Ovarian wedge resection|60.470.400.50^Ovarian wedge resection
Changes such as the appearance of wrinkling and skin cancer can come from the long-term direct effects of solar radiation. The sun has indirect effects on the skin which are mediated by disease processes, medications, immune reactants, and biochemical abnormalities. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2218545/ major health problems linked to ov erexposure to UV radiation: Skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma) Premature aging of the skin and other skin problems Cataracts and other eye damage Immune system suppression http://www.epa.gov/sunwise1/doc/healtheffects.pdf RD
60.390.200.20.10^Overnight dexamethasone suppression test
60.190.10.620^Overwhelming post-splenectomy infections
Infectious causes of abortion are most common after day 100 of pregnancy. While sporadic losses are variably attributed to handling procedures or movement, an abortion rate in excess of two per cent is suggestive of an infectious cause and veterinary investigation is essential at an early stage. Enzootic abortion of ewes, Toxoplasma gondii and Campylobacter species cause over 70 per cent of abortion outbreaks in the UK. http://www.nadis.org.uk/bulletins/abortion-in-ewes.aspx RD
60.380.40.90.20^Ovulation induction therapy
80.20.120.310^Oxidation-reduction reactions|80.20.140.70^Oxidation-reduction reactions
10.60.210.150.40^Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxygen-induced proliferative retinopathy
60.310.100.50.30^Oxygen-induced retinopathy
Ozone /ˈoʊzoʊn/ (systematically named 1λ1,3λ1-trioxidane and catena-trioxygen), or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O 3. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O 2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to normal dioxygen. Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges, and is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere (stratosphere). In total, ozone makes up only 0.6 ppm of the atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone RD
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen clamps
10.120.230.40.380.170^PLA2-arachidonic acid signaling cascade
Needs attention for placement. -BG, 4 June 2012
2015/03/04 07:13 NT Pain removed by rachel 2015/03/04 07:13 RT Pain added by rachel
10.350.110^Pain psychology|60.340.90^Pain psychology|110.90.110^Pain psychology
interdisciplinary branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early humans. Fossils are assessed by the techniques of physical anthropology, comparative anatomy, and the theory of evolution. Artifacts, such as bone and stone tools, are identified and their significance for the physical and mental development of early humans interpreted by the techniques of archaeology and ethnology. Dating of fossils by geologic strata, chemical tests, or radioactive-decay rates requires knowledge of the physical sciences.
Historical Biology provides a vehicle for developments in the sciences concerned with the history of life through geological time and the biology of past organisms, and seeks to encourage a diversity of approaches in this rapidly expanding field. It emphasizes modern and controversial topics. Its range includes paleobiology, paleoethology, paleobiogeography, evolutionary processes and patterns, molecular paleontology, extinction, phenomena, taphonomy, and aspects of geology, geochemistry and geophysics that have a direct bearing on paleobiological questions. -- http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/08912963.asp
Study of fossil plants; traditionally includes the study of fossil algae and fungi in addition to land plants. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/paleowhat.html RD
Study of the ecology and climate of the past, as revealed both by fossils and by other methods. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/paleowhat.html RD
Of, relating to, or characteristic of the cultures of the late Pliocene and the Pleistocene epochs, or early phase of the Stone Age, which appeared first in Africa and are marked by the steady development of stone tools and later antler and bone artifacts, engravings on bone and stone, sculpted figures, and paintings and engravings on the walls of caves and rock-shelters. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paleolithic RD
Paleontology is the study of what fossils tell us about the ecologies of the past, about evolution, and about our place, as humans, in the world. Paleontology incorporates knowledge from biology, geology, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, and even computer science to understand the processes that have led to the origination and eventual destruction of the different types of organisms since life arose. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/paleowhat.html RD
Paleopedology (palaeopedology in the United Kingdom) is the discipline that studies soils of past geological eras, from quite recent (Quaternary) to the earliest periods of the Earth's history. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleopedology 2014/10/22 (RD)
Not to be confused with the region of Palestine. -BG
Palynology is an interdisciplinary science and is a branch of earth science (geology or geological science) and biological science (biology), particularly plant science (botany). Stratigraphical palynology is a branch of micropalaeontology and paleobotany which studies fossil palynomorphs from the Precambrian to the Holocene. Study of pollen and spores, both living and fossil, produced by land plants and protists. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/paleowhat.html RD
Palynomorphs (organic-walled microfossils): Organic-walled microfossils are composed of entirely unmineralized proteinaceous material. There are four types of organic-walled microfossils: chitinozoans, spores and pollen, acritarchs, and dinoflagellates. http://wiki.aapg.org/Palynomorphs_%28organic-walled_microfossils%29 RD
90.200.110^Panel reactive antibody testing
60.190.10.630^Panton-Valentine leukocidin
90.80.70.10^Paper chromatography|90.80.80.10^Paper chromatography
60.300.60.50.70^Papillary carcinomas|60.300.60.60.110^Papillary carcinomas
60.300.60.60.150.40^Papillary thyroid carcinoma|60.300.60.90.90.40^Papillary thyroid carcinoma
10.230.60.10.20.200^Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|10.250.60.200^Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|60.360.90.50.20.200^Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
May need attention. Original spelling, and name in PLoS list of NTDs, is Paracoccidiomycosis, but this is rarely used. Judging by ICD cross-reference, seems to be the same thing. -BG, 11 June 2012
10.320.60.170^Paracrine mechanisms|60.120.30.170^Paracrine mechanisms|60.400.60.170^Paracrine mechanisms
10.120.230.40.310^Paracrine signaling|10.320.60.180^Paracrine signaling|60.120.30.180^Paracrine signaling|60.400.60.180^Paracrine signaling
90.330.40.40.90^Paraformaldehyde fixation
Parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy
90.340.150^Parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy
80.40.180.70.140^Parametric analysis|90.210.100.140^Parametric analysis
The Paramyxoviridae are a large family of single-strand, enveloped RNA viruses which causes a number of human and animal diseases. The most recognized viruses in this family are measles and mumps for human diseases and newcastle disease virus, canine distemper and rinderpest (recently eradicated) viruses for animal diseases. The only viruses of this family handled by the Viral Special Pathogens Branch belong to the genus Henipavirus which contain 2 virus species: Hendra virus and Nipah virus. These viruses have been isolated from humans, bats, horses, and pigs. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/paramyxoviridae.html 2014/10/09 (RD)
Parapsychology is a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena. Parapsychologists study telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims.Parapsychology research is largely conducted by private institutions in several different countries and funded through private donations, and the subject rarely appears in mainstream science journals.
10.170.120.40.20^Parasitic cell cycles|10.300.70.20^Parasitic cell cycles
Converted synonyms to NTs; may need attention. -BG, 24 May 2012
60.350.160^Parasitic intestinal diseases
10.170.120.40^Parasitic life cycles|10.300.70^Parasitic life cycles
Parasitism A trophic interaction in which individuals of one species (the parasite) feeds upon the tissues of living individuals of another species (the host). Strictly, parasite-host interactions should not cause death of the host individual. If death occurs (for example in deadly diseases), the parasite produces multiple generations of offspring per host individual (hence death of the host cannot be attributed directly to the actions of any single parasite individual). http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
BTs may need attention. -BG, 8 June 2012 BT Zoology removed. 2013/08/09 (RD)
The parasitophorous vacuole is a vacuole found in the host cells where most apicomplexan parasites reside and develop. During host cell invasion, the apicomplexan parasites initiate the formation of a membrane (the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane), which surrounds the intracellular parasite. http://www.uniprot.org/locations/SL-0194 2014/12/02 (RD)
60.300.60.60.120^Parathyroid carcinoma|60.300.60.90.40^Parathyroid carcinoma
A chronic GASTROENTERITIS in RUMINANTS caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS. Unique ID: D010283 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=9833&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
80.40.120.30^Pareto efficiency|110.30.210.30^Pareto efficiency
80.40.70.10^Partial differential equations
90.330.10.60.70^Partial disruption of cell membrane
60.470.60.150^Partial left ventriculectomy
60.470.380.80.20^Partial nephrectomy|60.470.450.30.20^Partial nephrectomy
10.210.200.90^Passive immunization|60.180.200.90^Passive immunization|60.410.130.50.90^Passive immunization
Might be better suited as a parenthetical with motility rule in place.
The production of damage (pathology) in a tissue.
Understanding disease through examination of molecules, cells, tissues and organs. The term encompasses both the medical specialty which uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information, as well as the related scientific study of disease processes.
60.360^Pathology and laboratory medicine
10.110.30.50.50^Pathway engineering|10.390.10.50^Pathway engineering|50.40.50.50^Pathway engineering|50.400.10.50^Pathway engineering
In developmental biology, pattern formation refers to the generation of complex organizations of cell fates in space and time. Pattern formation is controlled by genes. The role of genes in pattern formation is best understood in the anterior-posterior patterning of embryos from the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly).
10.60.300.350.50.60^Pattern recognition receptors|10.120.230.60.60^Pattern recognition receptors|10.210.130.50.60^Pattern recognition receptors|60.180.130.50.60^Pattern recognition receptors
Should this be a synonym of Education, or vice-versa?
60.20.50^Pediatric anesthesiology|60.370.70^Pediatric anesthesiology
60.30.180^Pediatric cardiology|60.370.80^Pediatric cardiology
60.160.330^Pediatric critical care|60.370.90^Pediatric critical care
60.100.100^Pediatric dermatology|60.370.100^Pediatric dermatology
60.120.50^Pediatric endocrinology|60.370.110^Pediatric endocrinology
60.140.240^Pediatric gastroenterology|60.370.120^Pediatric gastroenterology
60.170.150^Pediatric hematology|60.370.130^Pediatric hematology
60.300.110^Pediatric oncology|60.370.150^Pediatric oncology
60.310.90^Pediatric ophthalmology|60.370.160^Pediatric ophthalmology
60.330.60^Pediatric otolaryngology|60.370.180^Pediatric otolaryngology
60.370.190^Pediatric pulmonology|60.420.110^Pediatric pulmonology
60.510.40.60.10^Pelvic inflammatory disease
The pelycosaurs appeared during the Late Carboniferous and reached their acme in the early part of the Permian Period, remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years. A few continued into the Capitanian. They were succeeded by the therapsids. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelycosaur RD
60.470.270.60.10^Penetrating keratoplasty
10.230.60.10.20.210^Penicillium marneffei|10.250.60.210^Penicillium marneffei|60.360.90.50.20.210^Penicillium marneffei
2013/02/16 Invoked to accommodate ethnicities without invoking Sociology or Cultural anthropology - subterms Demographics/Ethnicities accomodates terms that are used across Medical, Anthropological and Sociological disciplines. RD.
90.80.50.50.10^Pep-reversed phase chromatography
Per Wikipedia, Peptide nucleic acid: "The name is somewhat of a misnomer as PNA is not an acid." Per http://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/pna.html: "PNA or peptide nucleic acid is a DNA mimic with a pseudopeptide backbone. PNA is an extremely good structural mimic of DNA (or RNA)." PCR Troubleshooting and Optimization: The Essential Guide Edited by: Suzanne Kennedy and Nick Oswald Control, optimize and troubleshoot PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, real-time PCR and quantitative PCR. An essential book. "an essential book ... a valuable tool to all those interested in PCR" (Doodys); "an essential guide" Aus. J. Med. Sci. read more ... Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are DNA mimics with a pseudopeptide backbone.
Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment.
pProcess by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience. Perceptual learning occurs through sensory interaction with the environment as well as through practice in performing specific sensory tasks. (http://www.britannica.com/topic/perceptual-learning) KH
10.260.50.40.60.30^Perceptual learning|10.260.50.40.90.30^Perceptual learning|10.260.80.10.30^Perceptual learning|10.350.50.60.30^Perceptual learning|10.350.50.90.30^Perceptual learning|110.90.50.60.30^Perceptual learning|110.90.50.90.30^Perceptual learning
80.20.110.70^Perchloryl radicals|80.20.220.60.70^Perchloryl radicals
60.470.60.10.10.10^Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
90.330.70.160.20^Periodic acid-Schiff reaction
10.20.20.20.50.10^Periodontal ligament|60.10.20.20.50.10^Periodontal ligament
60.170.70.20.90^Peripheral T-cell lymphoma|60.300.60.140.20.90^Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
10.120.60.20.80.50^Peripheral membrane proteins
Removed BT "Neurophysiology" as part of new eTOC output review. 2013/07/31 (RD)
10.20.180.80^Peripheral nervous system|60.10.180.80^Peripheral nervous system
60.500.140.20^Peripheral vascular disease
"Odd-toed" or "odd-hoofed" mammals make up the Perissodactyla. Like the "even-toed" Artiodactyla, perissodactyls are unguligrades; that is, they walk on the terminal bones of the toes and have enlarged toenails forming hoofs. Unlike artiodactyls, perissodactyls either walk on three toes (like rhinos, tapirs, many extinct horses, and other extinct groups) or on a single toe (like recent horses). Only seventeen species of perissodactyls remain on the Earth today, a shadow of the group's former glory. Perissodactyls were once much more diverse, including the enormous horned brontotheres, the bizarre browsing, clawed chalicotheres, and the largest land mammal of all time, the Eocene Indricotherium (formerly known as Baluchitherium). It stood five meters (over sixteen feet) tall at the shoulder. Black Rhinoceros Black Rhinoceros. Photo by Gerald and Buff Corsi, © 1999 California Academy of Sciences. Most perissodactyl lineages went extinct in the late Eocene or Oligocene. Those that remain include the horses and zebras (Equidae; eight living species), rhinos (Rhinocerotidae; five living species), and tapirs (Tapiridae; four living species). Most of the species that remain — notably, all five living species of rhinoceros — are in danger of extinction; others, like the quagga, have already been driven to extinction. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/perissodactyla.html RD
60.90.70.50.10^Peritoneal lavage|60.470.10.10^Peritoneal lavage|60.470.440.10^Peritoneal lavage
Might need attention. What is preferred spelling? -BG, 31 May 2012
Personality has to do with individual differences among people in behavior patterns, cognition and emotion. Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on their theoretical positions.
10.350.120.10^Personality differences|110.90.120.10^Personality differences
A personality test is a questionnaire or other standardized instrument designed to reveal aspects of an individual's character or psychological makeup.The first personality tests were developed in the 1920s and were intended to ease the process of personnel selection, particularly in the armed forces.
10.350.160.40^Personality tests|110.90.160.40^Personality tests
10.350.120.20^Personality traits|110.90.120.20^Personality traits
systematic use of information about an individual patient to select or optimize that patient's preventative and therapeutic care
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe. After fits of many coughs, someone with pertussis often needs to take deep breaths which result in a "whooping" sound. Pertussis most commonly affects infants and young children and can be fatal, especially in babies less than 1 year of age. http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/ RD
The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication.
10.350.70.20^Pervasive developmental disorders|110.90.70.20^Pervasive developmental disorders
10.200.270.30.20.10^Pervasive sign epistasis
Petrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into useful products and raw materials.
90.40.10.30^Petroff-Hauser counting method
10.280.10.30.50^Pets and companion animals|10.450.80.50^Pets and companion animals
Pharmaceutical advertising in medical journals
60.230.60.40^Pharmaceutical advertisements in medical journals
Methods (drug synthesis/preparation & pharmaceutical processing technology)
60.380.60^Pharmaceutical processing technology
Methods (VIII. PHARMACOLOGICAL/TOXICOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES)
The study of how a drug acts on a living organism, including the pharmacologic response and the duration and magnitude of response observed relative to the concentration of the drug at an active site in the organism. -- Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.
Chemical's effect on the body (desired or toxic), i.e. bodily changes caused by a drug
compares the value of one pharmaceutical drug or drug therapy to another
Clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs
Study of influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity. By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimise drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects.
Effect of the body on the chemical (e.g. half-life and volume of distribution)
The study of the action of drugs within the body, which can, in many respects, be envisioned more accurately as the actions of the body on an administered drug. It includes studies of the mechanisms of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; onset of action; duration of effect; biotransformation; and effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. -- Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.
Two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test
60.390.200.100^Pharmacologic stress testing
60.390.200^Pharmacologic-based diagnostics
10.20.160.30.70^Pharyngeal muscles|60.10.160.30.70^Pharyngeal muscles
60.60.30.60^Phase I clinical investigation|60.390.90.10.60^Phase I clinical investigation|90.90.60^Phase I clinical investigation
60.60.30.70^Phase II clinical investigation|60.390.90.10.70^Phase II clinical investigation|90.90.70^Phase II clinical investigation
60.60.30.80^Phase III clinical investigation|60.390.90.10.80^Phase III clinical investigation|90.90.80^Phase III clinical investigation
60.60.30.90^Phase IV clinical investigation|60.390.90.10.90^Phase IV clinical investigation|90.90.90^Phase IV clinical investigation
60.60.30.100^Phase V clinical investigation|60.390.90.10.100^Phase V clinical investigation|90.90.100^Phase V clinical investigation
90.330.70.110.110^Phenazine methosulfate staining
Phenetics is the study of relationships among a group of organisms on the basis of the degree of similarity between them, be that similarity molecular, phenotypic, or anatomical. A tree-like network expressing phenetic relationships is called a phenogram. http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/private/phenetics.html Classification of organisms based on measurable similarities and differences rather than genetic makeup and evolutionary descent. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/phenetics RD
10.60.270.40^Pheromone receptors|10.120.230.120^Pheromone receptors
10.230.60.10.20.220^Phialophora verrucosa|10.250.60.220^Phialophora verrucosa|60.360.90.50.20.220^Phialophora verrucosa
100.40.50^Philanthropic funding of science
10.120.230.130^Phosphoinositide signal transduction
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Phospholipases&field=entry#TreeD08.811.277.352.100.680 KH
10.120.230.40.380.150^Phospholipid signaling cascade
P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance
Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
90.340.130.80^Phosphorus-31 NMR spectroscopy
Added BT Post-translational modification to reflect Biochemical relevance. 2013/07/30 (RD)
10.60.300.420.60^Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins
10.240.30.40.70^Photoaffinity labeling|90.240.40.70^Photoaffinity labeling
60.100.110^Photodermatology and skin aging
80.20.220.130.20^Photographic sensitizers
90.340.130.10.20^Photon correlation spectroscopy
A specialised cell type in a multicellular organism that is sensitive to light. This definition excludes single celled organisms, but includes noneye receptors, such as snake infra red (heat) detectors or photosensitive pineal gland cells. https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Photoreceptor RD
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes.
60.470.270.50.20^Photorefractive keratectomy
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
10.60.280.10.40^Photosynthetic efficiency|10.180.110.50^Photosynthetic efficiency|10.330.90.10.40^Photosynthetic efficiency|40.80.110.50^Photosynthetic efficiency
Visual phototransduction is a process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the rod cells, cone cells and photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina of the eye.The visual cycle is the biological conversion of a photon into an electrical signal in the retina. This process occurs via G-protein coupled receptors called opsins which contain the chromophore 11-cis retinal. 11-cis retinal is covalently linked to the opsin receptor via Schiff base forming retinylidene protein.
10.190.70.30^Phyletic patterns|10.410.20.30^Phyletic patterns|20.170.30.20.30^Phyletic patterns
10.240.30.190.200^Phylogenetic analysis|90.240.190.200^Phylogenetic analysis
"Phylogeography is the study and understanding of the relationships found among living things and their location on Earth. It is also used to help investigate geological events and their resulting effect on and distribution of living things. " http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4383 2014/01/02 (RD)
Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) physicians, also known as physiatrists, treat a wide variety of medical conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerves, bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons. PM&R physicians are medical doctors who have completed training in the specialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), and may be subspecialty certified in Brain Injury Medicine, Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Neuromuscular Medicine, Pain Medicine, Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury Medicine, and/or Sports Medicine. https://www.aapmr.org/about-physiatry/about-physical-medicine-rehabilitation/what-is-physiatry RD
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Physical inactivity (lack of physical activity) has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). Moreover, physical inactivity is estimated to be the main cause for approximately 21–25% of breast and colon cancers, 27% of diabetes and approximately 30% of ischaemic heart disease burden. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/ RD
concentrates on the biology and evolution of humanity
10.310^Physical anthropology|110.10.60^Physical anthropology
Physical chemistry is the study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of infinitesimal calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics.
Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere)
30.100.40.50^Physical limnology|40.180.50^Physical limnology
30.70.30^Physical oceanography|30.100.90.110^Physical oceanography|80.50.140.30^Physical oceanography
80.20.200.70^Physical organic chemistry|80.20.220.140^Physical organic chemistry
80.20.100.160^Physicochemical properties|80.20.220.50.160^Physicochemical properties|80.50.270.10^Physicochemical properties
10.320.140.240^Physiological adaptation|60.400.140.240^Physiological adaptation
10.320.130^Physiological parameters|60.400.130^Physiological parameters
10.320.140^Physiological processes|60.400.140^Physiological processes
10.320.150^Physiological properties|60.400.150^Physiological properties
A toxin made by a plant that acts against an organism attacking it. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/chebiOntology.do?chebiId=CHEBI:26115 RD
Phytoplasmas are very small bacteria that are enveloped only by a single membrane and do not possess a cell wall like typical bacteria. […] Phytoplasmas […] lack some biosynthetic pathways for the synthesis of compounds necessary for their survival, and they must obtain those substances from plants and insects in which they are parasites. http://plantpathology.ba.ars.usda.gov/pclass/pclass_whatarephytoplasmas.html KH
"Pili" is ambiguous; needs rule if terms are to be split.
60.110.40.30.10^Pinhole magnification scintigraphy|60.430.10.30.10^Pinhole magnification scintigraphy|90.190.50.30.10^Pinhole magnification scintigraphy
10.20.50.280^Piriform cortex|60.10.50.280^Piriform cortex
Pitch is a perceptual property that allows the ordering of sounds on a frequency-related scale.Pitches are compared as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies, which require sound whose frequency is clear and stable enough to distinguish from noise.
2015/03/09 09:29 created by rachel 2015/03/09 09:30 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/09 09:30 BT Endocrine disorders added by rachel
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development. MeSH:D004393 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Dwarfism,+Pituitary&field=entry RD
60.80.30.20^Pituitary dwarfism|60.120.20.60^Pituitary dwarfism
The main endocrine gland. It is a small structure in the head. It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth. The pituitary consists of the anterior and posterior pituitary. -- http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4915
10.320.60.40.50^Placental growth factor|60.120.30.40.50^Placental growth factor|60.400.60.40.50^Placental growth factor
Placodermi (from the Greek πλάξ = plate and δέρμα = skin, literally "plate-skinned") is an extinct class of armoured prehistoric fish, known from fossils, which lived from the Silurian to the end of the Devonian Period. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodermi RD
10.120.40.130.10^Planar cell polarity|10.170.170.110^Planar cell polarity
60.110.40.30.20^Planar scintigraphy|60.430.10.30.20^Planar scintigraphy|90.190.50.30.20^Planar scintigraphy
30.50.100^Planetary geology|80.10.70.90^Planetary geology
50.220.50.30^Planning programming budgeting
10.330.180.20.20^Plant bacterial pathogens
10.60.280^Plant biochemistry|10.330.90^Plant biochemistry
10.110.100^Plant biotechnology|10.330.100^Plant biotechnology
10.120.220^Plant cell biology|10.330.110^Plant cell biology
10.180.270.10^Plant communities|10.330.120.10^Plant communities|40.80.270.10^Plant communities
10.170.200.10^Plant development|10.330.150.10^Plant development
10.330.180.10^Plant disease resistance|10.330.190.70.10^Plant disease resistance
10.180.270^Plant ecology|10.330.120^Plant ecology|40.80.270^Plant ecology
10.170.60.10.10^Plant embryo anatomy|10.170.200.10.50.10^Plant embryo anatomy|10.330.80.70.50^Plant embryo anatomy|10.330.80.130^Plant embryo anatomy|10.330.150.10.50.10^Plant embryo anatomy
10.170.60.10^Plant embryogenesis|10.170.200.10.50^Plant embryogenesis|10.330.150.10.50^Plant embryogenesis
10.60.280.30^Plant energy production|10.330.90.30^Plant energy production
10.190.100.50^Plant evolution|10.330.130^Plant evolution
10.200.360^Plant genetics|10.330.140^Plant genetics
10.170.200^Plant growth and development|10.330.150^Plant growth and development
2015/04/13 09:23 Synonym Phytohormones added by rachel 2015/04/13 09:45 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
(Science: plant biology) substances that, at low concentration, influence plant growth and differentiation. Formerly referred to as plant hormones or phytohormones, these terms are now suspect because some aspects of the hormone concept, notably action at a distance from the site of synthesis, do not necessarily apply in plants. Also called plant growth regulators. The major classes are absicisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene and gibberellin, others include steroid and phenol derivatives. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Phytohormones RD
10.230.150^Plant microbiology|10.330.160^Plant microbiology
10.120.220.40^Plant mitochondria|10.330.110.40^Plant mitochondria
10.60.190.130.70^Plant peptide hormones|10.60.280.40.70^Plant peptide hormones|10.330.90.40.70^Plant peptide hormones
10.190.70.40.20^Plant phylogenetics|10.190.100.50.10^Plant phylogenetics|10.330.130.10^Plant phylogenetics|10.410.20.40.20^Plant phylogenetics|20.170.30.20.40.20^Plant phylogenetics
NTs need attention; were formerly NPTs. -BG, 18 May 2012
10.10.80.30^Plant products|10.10.120.40^Plant products
10.180.270.30.10^Plant resistance to abiotic stress|10.330.120.30.10^Plant resistance to abiotic stress|10.330.180.40^Plant resistance to abiotic stress|10.330.190.70.20^Plant resistance to abiotic stress|40.80.270.30.10^Plant resistance to abiotic stress
Added as part of work to disambiguate spores and introduce other variants than fungal. 2013/08/20 (RD)
10.330.200^Plant taxonomy|10.410.60^Plant taxonomy|20.170.30.60^Plant taxonomy
10.180.270.20^Plant-animal interactions|10.330.120.20^Plant-animal interactions|40.80.270.20^Plant-animal interactions
10.180.270.30^Plant-environment interactions|10.330.120.30^Plant-environment interactions|40.80.270.30^Plant-environment interactions
10.180.270.20.20^Plant-herbivore interactions|10.330.120.20.20^Plant-herbivore interactions|40.80.270.20.20^Plant-herbivore interactions
10.180.270.20.30^Plant-insect interactions|10.330.120.20.30^Plant-insect interactions|40.80.270.20.30^Plant-insect interactions
10.60.230.40.80.20^Plant-mediated RNA interference|10.200.70.40.20^Plant-mediated RNA interference|10.200.120.90.20^Plant-mediated RNA interference|10.200.220.20.20^Plant-mediated RNA interference
10.180.270.40^Plant-microbial interactions|10.330.120.40^Plant-microbial interactions|40.80.270.40^Plant-microbial interactions
10.240.30.80.50^Plasmid construction|90.240.80.50^Plasmid construction
10.240.30.80.20.30^Plasmid library construction|90.240.80.20.30^Plasmid library construction
10.240.30.190.140.60^Plasmid library screening|90.240.190.140.60^Plasmid library screening
10.240.30.190.90.60^Plasmid vector techniques|90.240.190.90.60^Plasmid vector techniques
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Plasmodesmata 2014/06/27 RD
10.280.70.50.130.10^Plasmodium falciparum
Methods (Plastic Surgery/Reconstructive Techniques, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
60.470.300^Plastic surgery and reconstructive techniques
30.50.110^Plate tectonics|30.70.40^Plate tectonics|80.50.140.40^Plate tectonics
60.300.60.40.60^Pleuropulmonary blastoma
60.420.140.40^Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
a property of certain types of waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations In many areas of astronomy, the study of polarized electromagnetic radiation from outer space is of great importance. Although not usually a factor in the thermal radiation of stars, polarization is also present in radiation from coherent astronomical sources (e.g. hydroxyl or methanol masers), and incoherent sources such as the large radio lobes in active galaxies, and pulsar radio radiation (which may, it is speculated, sometimes be coherent), and is also imposed upon starlight by scattering from interstellar dust. Apart from providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization also probes the interstellar magnetic field via Faraday rotation. The polarization of the cosmic microwave background is being used to study the physics of the very early universe. Synchrotron radiation is inherently polarised.
80.50.110.100^Polarized electromagnetic radiation
90.220.50.130^Polarized light microscopy
study of the effects of geography (especially economic geography) on international politics
30.40.100^Political geography|110.80.90^Political geography
Academic discipline concerned with the empirical study of government and politics.
Removed BT Palynomorphs as BT track back to Paleontology unhelpful 2013/05/03 (RD)
Tris acetate gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Tris borate gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70^Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid ( POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA ( RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase ( POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. Unique ID:D026723 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
90.200.20.40^Polyclonal antisera production
60.50.60.10.80^Polycystic kidney disease
60.300.60.120.70^Polycystic ovary syndrome
increase in the number of cells in general
90.250.10.10^Polyethylene glycol precipitation
90.330.20.20^Polylysine slide preparation
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
10.240.30.10.40^Polymerase chain reaction|90.240.10.40^Polymerase chain reaction
10.240.30.10.40.30^Polymerase chain reaction analysis|90.240.10.40.30^Polymerase chain reaction analysis
10.240.30.210.120^Polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis|90.240.210.120^Polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis
Polymerase chain reaction overlap extension method
10.240.30.10.50^Polymerase chain reaction-overlap extension method|90.240.10.50^Polymerase chain reaction-overlap extension method
BT of "Material by structure" presents problems for otherwise good NT candidates, and for former synonyms that have been converted to BTs. The latter need attention. -BG, 21 May 2012
90.80.10.50.50^Polynucleotide chromatography
10.120.230.40.380.180^Polyphosphoinositide signaling cascade
60.380.40.110^Polytherapy drug treatment
10.60.300.350.10.70^Polyvalent antibodies|10.210.130.10.70^Polyvalent antibodies|10.320.80.10.70^Polyvalent antibodies|60.180.130.10.70^Polyvalent antibodies|60.400.80.10.70^Polyvalent antibodies
dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.
10.180.280^Population ecology|10.340.20^Population ecology|40.80.280^Population ecology
10.190.120^Population genetics|10.200.370^Population genetics|10.340.30^Population genetics
10.140.150^Population modeling|10.340.50^Population modeling
60.380.20.20^Population-based pharmacokinetic dosing
10.260.40.50^Positioning reactions|10.260.50.30.50^Positioning reactions
80.40.170.80.100^Positive random variables
10.280.90.60.210^Positive-sense RNA viruses
10.260.180.100^Positron emission tomography|60.110.40.160.20^Positron emission tomography|60.430.10.160.20^Positron emission tomography|90.190.50.160.20^Positron emission tomography|90.190.110.100^Positron emission tomography
10.210.200.100.20^Post-exposure prophylaxis|60.180.200.100.20^Post-exposure prophylaxis|60.410.130.50.100.20^Post-exposure prophylaxis
60.60.30.110^Post-marketing trials|60.390.90.10.110^Post-marketing trials|90.90.110^Post-marketing trials
10.20.180.100.40^Post-synaptic membranes|10.260.210.60.40^Post-synaptic membranes|10.320.50.40.60.40^Post-synaptic membranes|60.10.180.100.40^Post-synaptic membranes|60.400.50.40.60.40^Post-synaptic membranes
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0010608 RD
10.200.120.40.70^Post-transcriptional gene regulation
10.60.300.530^Post-translational modification
60.250.120.20.30^Post-traumatic stress disorder|60.250.130.10.30^Post-traumatic stress disorder
60.470.250.80^Posteroventral pallidotomy
60.190.80.90^Postinfectious encephalitis|60.280.170.90^Postinfectious encephalitis
Experts have traditionally defined early (primary) PPH as vaginal bleeding in excess of 500 mL within 24 hours after delivery. Severe PPH is blood loss exceeding 1,000 mL. Clinicians around the world recognize that some women who are severely anemic when they give birth will die from hypovolemic shock before they have lost 500 mL of blood. Unfortunately, there is no better or more definitive definition for PPH. http://www.pphprevention.org/pph.php RD
60.110.110.220.10^Postpartum hemorrhage|60.360.140.220.10^Postpartum hemorrhage|60.500.90.10^Postpartum hemorrhage|60.510.30.20.20^Postpartum hemorrhage|60.510.40.20.20^Postpartum hemorrhage
10.320.50.30.60^Postsynaptic potentials|60.400.50.30.60^Postsynaptic potentials
A large genus of plant viruses of the family POTYVIRIDAE which infect mainly plants of the Solanaceae. Transmission is primarily by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The type species is potato virus Y. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others. Unique ID: D011200 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=10719&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
10.210.200.100.30^Pre-exposure prophylaxis|60.180.200.100.30^Pre-exposure prophylaxis|60.410.130.50.100.30^Pre-exposure prophylaxis
10.20.180.100.50^Pre-synaptic membranes|10.260.210.60.50^Pre-synaptic membranes|10.320.50.40.60.50^Pre-synaptic membranes|60.10.180.100.50^Pre-synaptic membranes|60.400.50.40.60.50^Pre-synaptic membranes
60.170.70.20.100^Precursor T-cell lymphoma|60.300.60.140.20.100^Precursor T-cell lymphoma
60.120.20.30.30.20^Precursors of type 2 diabetes|60.260.10.30.20^Precursors of type 2 diabetes
10.430.120^Predictive toxicology|60.360.170.120^Predictive toxicology
10.20.50.290^Prefrontal cortex|60.10.50.290^Prefrontal cortex
60.300.40.70^Pregnancy and cancer|60.510.30.50.50^Pregnancy and cancer|60.510.40.100.50^Pregnancy and cancer
60.510.30.50.60^Pregnancy complications|60.510.40.100.60^Pregnancy complications
10.280.10.50^Prehistoric animals|10.290.50.50.20.10^Prehistoric animals|10.290.170^Prehistoric animals|30.130.50.50.20.10^Prehistoric animals|30.130.170^Prehistoric animals
10.290.90.10^Prehistoric supercontinents|30.40.80.10^Prehistoric supercontinents|30.130.90.10^Prehistoric supercontinents
10.350.10.50.10^Prescription drug addiction|60.250.200.20.10^Prescription drug addiction|60.410.160.20.10^Prescription drug addiction|110.90.10.50.10^Prescription drug addiction
Synonym added as part of clearing TEQ backlog. 2013/07/24 (RD)
10.230.60.10.10.450^Prevotella intermedia|10.280.30.440.10^Prevotella intermedia|60.360.90.50.10.450^Prevotella intermedia
60.280.240.110^Primary CNS lymphoma|60.300.60.210.110^Primary CNS lymphoma
10.120.50.20.10^Primary active transport
60.350.180^Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
10.210.50.40.180^Primary biliary cirrhosis|60.60.10.40.180^Primary biliary cirrhosis|60.140.50.40^Primary biliary cirrhosis|60.180.50.40.180^Primary biliary cirrhosis
60.280.220.40.30^Primary lateral sclerosis
60.140.50.50^Primary sclerosing cholangitis
10.240.30.10.60^Primer extension|90.240.10.60^Primer extension
10.240.30.10.60.10^Primer extension analysis|90.240.10.60.10^Primer extension analysis
10.240.30.10.60.20^Primer extension assay|90.240.10.60.20^Primer extension assay
Priming is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences a response to another stimulus. The seminal experiments of Meyer and Schvaneveldt in the early 1970's led to the flowering of research on priming of many sorts. Their original work showed that people were faster in deciding that a string of letters is a word when the word followed an associatively or semantically related word. For example, NURSE is recognized more quickly following DOCTOR than following BREAD.
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The number of principal components is less than or equal to the number of original variables. This transformation is defined in such a way that the first principal component has the largest possible variance (that is, accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible), and each succeeding component in turn has the highest variance possible under the constraint that it is orthogonal to (i.e., uncorrelated with) the preceding components. The principal components are orthogonal because they are the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix, which is symmetric. PCA is sensitive to the relative scaling of the original variables. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_analysis RD
80.40.180.70.130.20^Principal component analysis|90.210.100.130.20^Principal component analysis
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
90.80.50.50.20^Pro-reversed phase chromatography
10.240.30.200.60^Probe hybridization|90.240.200.60^Probe hybridization
Problem solving refers to cognitive processing directed at achieving a goal when the problem solver does not initially know a solution method. A problem exists when someone has a goal but does not know how to achieve it. Problems can be classified as routine or nonroutine, and as well defined or ill defined. The major cognitive processes in problem solving are representing, planning, executing, and monitoring. The major kinds of knowledge required for problem solving are facts, concepts, procedures, strategies, and beliefs. Classic theoretical approaches to the study of problem solving are associationism, Gestalt, and information processing. Current issues and suggested future issues include decision making, intelligence and creativity, teaching of thinking skills, expert problem solving, analogical reasoning, mathematical and scientific thinking, everyday thinking, and the cognitive neuroscience of problem solving. Common themes concern the domain specificity of problem solving and a focus on problem solving in authentic contexts. http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376746.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195376746-e-48 Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing and solving problems. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue. The best strategy for solving a problem depends largely on the unique situation. In some cases, people are better off learning everything they can about the issue and then using factual knowledge to come up with a solution. In other instances, creativity and insight are the best options. http://psychology.about.com/od/problemsolving/f/problem-solving-steps.htm RD
Problem solving consists of using generic or ad hoc methods, in an orderly manner, for finding solutions to problems. Some of the problem-solving techniques developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, mathematics, medicine, etc. are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in psychology.
90.80.10.20.20^Procion red chromatography
Proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum. The rectum is a muscular tube that's connected to the end of your colon. Stool passes through the rectum on its way out of the body. Proctitis can cause rectal pain and the continuous sensation that you need to have a bowel movement. Proctitis symptoms can be short-lived, or they can become chronic. Proctitis is common in people who have inflammatory bowel diseases. Sexually transmitted infections are another frequent cause. Proctitis also can be a side effect of radiation therapy for certain cancers. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/proctitis/basics/definition/con-20027855 RD
In ecology, productivity or production refers to the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem. It is usually expressed in units of mass per unit surface (or volume) per unit time, for instance grams per square metre per day (g m−2 d−1). The mass unit may relate to dry matter or to the mass of carbon generated. Productivity of autotrophs such as plants is called primary productivity, while that of heterotrophs such as animals is called secondary productivity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 RD
10.180.110.60^Productivity (ecology)|40.80.110.60^Productivity (ecology)
50.220.50.40^Program evaluation and review technique
20.280.40^Programming language semantics|110.60.160.50^Programming language semantics
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
60.190.170.360^Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test. This is sometimes contrasted with a so-called "objective test" or "self-report test" in which responses are analyzed according to a presumed universal standard (for example, a multiple choice exam), and are limited to the content of the test.
10.350.160.50^Projective tests|110.90.160.50^Projective tests
90.30.30.150^Proliferation control cell culture
Propaganda is a form of communication aimed towards influencing the attitude of a population toward some cause or position.Propaganda is information that is not impartial and used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or using loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented.
90.330.70.170.40^Propidium iodide staining
Proprioception (/ˌproʊpri.ɵˈsɛpʃən/ PRO-pree-o-SEP-shən), from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own", "individual," and perception, is the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. In humans, it is provided by proprioceptors in skeletal striated muscles and in joints.
10.260.30.10.40^Proprioceptive axon guidance|10.260.70.10.40^Proprioceptive axon guidance
Sensory receptors (usually limited to mechanosensory receptors) that sense the internal forces acting on the body; muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are the preeminent examples. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10981/def-item/A2796/ RD
Prosocial behavior, or "voluntary behavior intended to benefit another",[1] is a social behavior that "benefit[s] other people or society as a whole,"[2] "such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering."[3] These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others,[4] as well as for egoistic or practical concerns.[1] Evidence suggests that prosociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales.[5][6] Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosocial_behavior RD
Needs attention. Wrong BT? -BG, 25 May 2012
2015/03/09 09:04 Moved from Endocrinology by rachel 2015/03/09 09:05 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Prostatitis is a general term that refers to inflammation (swelling) of the prostate gland, which is sometimes caused by an infection. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Prostatitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
10.240.30.90.20^Protease disruption|90.240.90.20^Protease disruption
10.210.200.30.10.30^Protease inhibitor therapy|60.180.200.30.10.30^Protease inhibitor therapy|60.410.130.50.30.10.30^Protease inhibitor therapy
90.40.10.40^Protected specimen brush technique
50.150.90.10^Protective clothing|60.410.140.20.10^Protective clothing
90.180.20.80^Protein A-antibody immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.80^Protein A-antibody immunohistochemistry
60.40.20.40.90^Protein C deficiency|60.170.30.10.90^Protein C deficiency
60.40.20.40.100^Protein S deficiency|60.170.30.10.100^Protein S deficiency
10.240.30.190.210^Protein concentration assays|90.240.190.210^Protein concentration assays
10.240.30.60.30^Protein denaturation|90.240.60.30^Protein denaturation
10.110.30.50.20.20^Protein engineering|10.390.10.20.20^Protein engineering|50.40.50.20.20^Protein engineering|50.400.10.20.20^Protein engineering
10.240.30.190.220^Protein interaction assays|90.240.190.220^Protein interaction assays
10.60.310.40^Protein interaction networks|20.250.50^Protein interaction networks
10.240.30.30.20^Protein isolation|90.240.30.20^Protein isolation
10.120.230.40.330^Protein kinase C signaling
10.120.230.40.380.190^Protein kinase signaling cascade
Protein kinases catalyse the transfer of the gamma phosphate from nucleotide triphosphates (often ATP) to one or more amino acid residues in a protein substrate side chain, resulting in a conformational change affecting protein function. Protein kinases fall into three broad classes, characterised with respect to substrate specificity [PMID: 3291115]: Serine/threonine-protein kinases Tyrosine-protein kinases Dual specificity protein kinases (e.g. MEK - phosphorylates both Thr and Tyr on target proteins) http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR000719 RD Eukaryotic protein kinases [1,2,3,4,5] are enzymes that belong to a very extensive family of proteins which share a conserved catalytic core common to both serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases. There are a number of conserved regions in the catalytic domain of protein kinases. We have selected two of these regions to build signature patterns. The first region, which is located in the N-terminal extremity of the catalytic domain, is a glycine-rich stretch of residues in the vicinity of a lysine residue, which has been shown to be involved in ATP binding. The second region, which is located in the central part of the catalytic domain, contains a conserved aspartic acid residue which is important for the catalytic activity of the enzyme [6]; we have derived two signature patterns for that region: one specific for serine/ threonine kinases and the other for tyrosine kinases. We also developed a profile which is based on the alignment in [1] and covers the entire catalytic domain. http://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00100 RD
10.60.300.620.50^Protein misfolding|10.240.20.40.50^Protein misfolding
The controlled release of proteins from a cell. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0009306 RD
Methods (protein sequencing/amino acid sequencing)
10.240.30.230.90^Protein sequencing|90.240.230.90^Protein sequencing
90.80.10.60^Protein specific chromatography
10.60.300.620^Protein structure|10.240.20.40^Protein structure
10.60.300.620.60^Protein structure comparison|10.240.20.40.60^Protein structure comparison
10.60.300.620.70^Protein structure databases|10.240.20.40.70^Protein structure databases|90.130.20.30^Protein structure databases
10.60.300.620.80^Protein structure determination|10.240.20.40.80^Protein structure determination
10.60.300.620.90^Protein structure networks|10.240.20.40.90^Protein structure networks
10.60.300.620.100^Protein structure prediction|10.240.20.40.100^Protein structure prediction
10.60.300.630^Protein synthesis|90.70.20.30^Protein synthesis
10.60.300.630.50^Protein synthesis inhibitors|90.70.20.30.50^Protein synthesis inhibitors
10.60.300.530.220^Protein trans-splicing
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0015031 RD
10.60.300.640^Protein transport|10.120.50.180^Protein transport
80.20.220.10.30.10^Protein-DNA cross-linking
10.60.300.610.20^Protein-lipid interactions
10.60.300.610.30^Protein-polynucleotide interactions
10.60.300.610.40^Protein-polyphenol interactions
90.60.110^Protein-protein interaction analysis
10.60.300.610.50^Protein-protein interactions
10.60.300.610.60^Protein-solvent interactions
10.240.30.90.20.10^Proteinase K digestion|90.240.90.20.10^Proteinase K digestion
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0006508#term=info RD
Added BT Databases so that Proteomic databases grouped with other Biological databases. 2013/07/12 (RD) Moved from Databases to Biological databases as a consequence of user feedback in advance of new eTOC release - restructuring to separate specific named biological databases from Information technology. 2013/07/16 (RD).
10.60.310.50^Proteomic databases|90.130.20.40^Proteomic databases
(NTs need attention. -BG, 17 May 2012.) The study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome. 2) Proteomics is the study of how genetic sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNAs) in an organism—its genome—determine structural and functional properties expressed by the resulting proteins in space (from within individual cells and organelles to the entire organism) and in time (from birth to death)—the organism's proteome. -- 2) http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/asl/guides/proteomics.html
Spectrometric identification of proteins
60.110.40.160.30^Proton spin tomography|60.430.10.160.30^Proton spin tomography|90.190.50.160.30^Proton spin tomography
90.20.20.80.30^Proton-specific electrode assays
10.170.120.50^Protozoan life cycles|10.230.170.30^Protozoan life cycles
Per Wikipedia: "This term has become dated as our understanding of the evolutionary relationships of the eukaryota has improved." -BG, 9 October 2012
Itch (Latin: pruritus) is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has resisted many attempts to classify it as any one type of sensory experience. Modern science has shown that itch has many similarities to pain, and while both are unpleasant sensory experiences, their behavioral response patterns are different.
90.330.70.110.120^Prussian blue staining|90.330.70.160.30^Prussian blue staining
60.140.190.10.10^Pseudomembranous colitis
10.230.60.10.10.480^Pseudomonas aeruginosa|10.280.30.450.10^Pseudomonas aeruginosa|60.360.90.50.10.480^Pseudomonas aeruginosa
10.280.30.450.20^Pseudomonas fluorescens
A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding. Source: ISBN:0198506732 http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031143 2014/11/27 (RD)
Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including speech and music). It can be further categorized as a branch of psychophysics.
10.350.130^Psychological adjustment|110.90.130^Psychological adjustment
60.160.390^Psychological and psychosocial issues
emphasizing the relationships among culture, social structure, and the human being as a person
2015/03/31 08:13 Synonym Coping mechanisms added by rachel
A defense mechanism is the act or technique of coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable or negative impulses. Defence mechanisms, which are unconscious, are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies. Sigmund Freud was one of the first proponents of this construct. Defense mechanisms may result in healthy or unhealthy consequences depending on the circumstances and frequency the mechanism is used.
10.350.140^Psychological defense mechanisms|110.90.140^Psychological defense mechanisms
Rehabilitation psychologists assist individuals who have disabilities and chronic illnesses; the disability may be congenital or acquired -- for example, an accident or stroke. Rehabilitation psychology duties may overlap with those of health psychologists. Rehabilitation psychologists sometimes work alongside neuropsychological specialists. They often collaborate with other health and medical professionals, for example, physical therapists. http://www.psychologist-license.com/types-of-psychologists/rehabilitation-psychologist.html#context/api/listings/prefilter RD
In psychology, stress is a feeling of strain and pressure. Small amounts of stress may be desired, beneficial, and even healthy. Positive stress helps improve athletic performance. It also plays factor in motivation, adaptation, and reaction to the environment. Excessive amounts of stress however, may lead to many problems in the body that could be harmful.
10.350.150^Psychological stress|60.250.150^Psychological stress|110.90.150^Psychological stress
Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist.
Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement. One part of the field is concerned with the objective measurement of skills and knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational achievement. For example, psychometric research has concerned itself with the construction and validation of assessment instruments such as questionnaires, tests, raters' judgments, and personality tests.
10.350.160.60^Psychomotor tests|110.90.160.60^Psychomotor tests
Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/p/psychopharmacology.htm 2014/09/29 (RD)
a discipline within psychology that investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective correlates, or percepts. Psychophysics has been described as "the analysis of perceptual processes by studying the effect on a subject's experience or behaviour of systematically varying the properties of a stimulus along one or more physical dimensions"
The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship. MeSH definition 2014/03/05 (RD)
Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect.
Ranging from the size of a sparrow to the size of an airplane, the pterosaurs (Greek for "wing lizards") ruled the skies in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and included the largest vertebrate ever known to fly: the late Cretaceous Quetzalcoatlus. The appearance of flight in pterosaurs was separate from the evolution of flight in birds and bats; pterosaurs are not closely related to either birds or bats, and thus provide a classic example of convergent evolution. It was once thought that pterosaurs were not well adapted for active flight and relied largely on gliding and on the wind to stay in the air. However, based on analyses of pterosaur skeletal features (including work done by Berkeley's own Kevin Padian), it is now thought that all but the largest pterosaurs could sustain powered flight. Pterosaurs had hollow bones, large brains with well-developed optic lobes, and several crests on their bones to which flight muscles attached. All of this is consistent with powered flapping flight. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/pterosauria.html RD
suggested by Peter Binfield, PLoS studies of peer review, editor behavior, competing interests, etc.
60.420.160^Pulmonary embolism|60.500.120.10.20^Pulmonary embolism
60.110.40.130^Pulmonary imaging|60.430.10.130^Pulmonary imaging|90.190.50.130^Pulmonary imaging
10.210.50.160^Pulmonary immunology|60.60.10.160^Pulmonary immunology|60.180.50.160^Pulmonary immunology
60.420.190^Pulmonary vascular diseases|60.500.140.30^Pulmonary vascular diseases
10.240.30.40.80^Pulse-chase labeling|90.240.40.80^Pulse-chase labeling
90.150.30.80^Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.90^Pulsed-field protein electrophoresis
The large principal projection neuron of the cerebellar cortex that has as its defining characteristic an elaborate apical dendrite. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10981/def-item/A2806/ RD
2015/02/27 07:44 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel 2015/03/02 08:05 Synonym PCs added by rachel
10.180.110.70^Q10 temperature coefficient|40.80.110.70^Q10 temperature coefficient
Coturnix is the Genus name for Quails http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=9090 RD
May need attention. Similar term Quantitative analysis was moved to Research design. Do the same with this term? -BG, 8 August 2012
10.140.110.80.20^Quantitative trait association studies|10.200.260.70.80.20^Quantitative trait association studies|10.200.290.40.20^Quantitative trait association studies
10.200.270.170^Quantitative traits|10.200.350.30^Quantitative traits
The restriction of a variable to a discrete number of possible values, a finite number of subrange
50.370.110^Quantization (signal processing)
80.50.150.40^Quantum gravity|80.50.290.80^Quantum gravity
80.50.290.90^Quantum interference|80.50.400.70.10^Quantum interference
Quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. This plays an essential role in several physical phenomena, such as the nuclear fusion that occurs in main sequence stars like the Sun. It has important applications to modern devices such as the tunnel diode, quantum computing, and the scanning tunnelling microscope. http://www.theguardian.com/science/life-and-physics/2014/oct/19/understanding-quantum-tunnelling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling 2014/11/28 (RD)
Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The detection of a minimal threshold stimulatory concentration of an autoinducer leads to an alteration in gene expression. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing communication circuits to regulate a diverse array of physiological activities. These processes include symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544353 RD
10.240.30.60.40^RNA denaturation|90.240.60.40^RNA denaturation
RNA helicases are involved in shaping the form of RNA molecules, during all processes involving RNA, such as transcription, splicing, and translation. http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/helicase-307 2014/10/14 (RD)
The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes. PMID:11201747 PMID:11713190 PMID:18771919 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0016246 A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs ( RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA ( RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
10.60.230.40.80^RNA interference|10.200.70.40^RNA interference|10.200.120.90^RNA interference|10.200.220.20^RNA interference
10.60.230.40.80.40^RNA interference screens|10.200.70.40.40^RNA interference screens|10.200.120.90.40^RNA interference screens|10.200.220.20.40^RNA interference screens
10.240.30.10.60.30^RNA polymerase primer extension|90.240.10.60.30^RNA polymerase primer extension
10.60.230.40.120.50^RNA stem-loop structure|10.240.20.50.50^RNA stem-loop structure
10.60.230.40.120.60^RNA structure determination|10.240.20.50.60^RNA structure determination
10.60.230.40.120.70^RNA structure prediction|10.240.20.50.70^RNA structure prediction
10.240.30.40.60.60^RNA transcription labeling|90.240.40.60.60^RNA transcription labeling
10.240.30.190.250^RNase protection assay|90.240.190.250^RNase protection assay
90.20.20.70.10^Rabbit mammary gland assay
The Rabbit is not a Rodent. 2013/08/09 (RD)
10.100.90^Radiation biophysics|10.360.10^Radiation biophysics|80.50.40.90^Radiation biophysics
10.240.30.110.130^Radiation hybrid mapping|90.240.110.130^Radiation hybrid mapping
Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA. Radiation therapy can damage normal cells as well as cancer cells. Therefore, treatment must be carefully planned to minimize side effects. The radiation used for cancer treatment may come from a machine outside the body, or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near tumor cells or injected into the bloodstream. A patient may receive radiation therapy before, during, or after surgery, depending on the type of cancer being treated. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation RD
60.60.20.20^Radiation therapy|60.300.50.130^Radiation therapy|60.300.90.20^Radiation therapy
10.240.30.210.130^Radiation-induced mutagenesis|90.240.210.130^Radiation-induced mutagenesis
60.470.330.60.20^Radical hysterectomy|60.470.380.20.20^Radical hysterectomy
60.470.380.80.30^Radical nephrectomy|60.470.450.30.30^Radical nephrectomy
60.470.330.140.10^Radical prostatectomy|60.470.380.140.10^Radical prostatectomy
60.470.330.140.20^Radical retropubic prostatectomy|60.470.380.140.20^Radical retropubic prostatectomy
10.240.30.40.90^Radioactive antibody labeling|90.240.40.90^Radioactive antibody labeling
90.200.50.90.20^Radioallergosorbent test
90.200.50.90.30^Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy used to treat non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma and other types of cancer. RIT uses engineered monoclonal antibodies paired with radioactive materials called radiotracers. When injected into the patient’s bloodstream, they bind to cancer cells and deliver a high dose of radiation directly to the tumor. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=radio-immuno RD
The use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis. X-rays, etc.
60.110.40.80.30^Radionuclide cystography|60.430.10.80.30^Radionuclide cystography|90.190.50.80.30^Radionuclide cystography
60.110.40.140^Radionuclide imaging|60.430.10.140^Radionuclide imaging|90.190.50.140^Radionuclide imaging
A genus in the family Burkholderiaceae, comprised of many species. They are associated with a variety of infections including meningitis, peritonitis, and urinary tract infections. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Ralstonia&field=entry#TreeB03.440.400.425.251.650 KH
10.240.30.10.70^Random amplified polymorphic DNA technique|90.240.10.70^Random amplified polymorphic DNA technique
10.240.30.40.110^Random hexamer labeling|90.240.40.110^Random hexamer labeling
10.240.30.40.60.50^Random-primed DNA labeling|90.240.40.60.50^Random-primed DNA labeling
60.60.30.120^Randomized controlled trials|60.390.90.10.120^Randomized controlled trials|90.90.120^Randomized controlled trials
110.100.40.10.60^Rape and sexual assault
10.240.30.10.80^Rapid amplification of cDNA ends|90.240.10.80^Rapid amplification of cDNA ends
Birds of prey, also known as raptors, are divided into two main groups, the diurnal (day flying) birds of prey and the nocturnal (night flying) birds of prey, better known as the owls. Martial Eagle Raptors, like all other living organisms, were originally classified by anatomical, structural (their physical shape or build), or ecological (their environmental) characteristics (i.e. raptors were birds with clawed feet, sharply curved beaks, and that ate meat). The original classification system has seen many changes in recent years, especially with advances in genetic research, and as such, the classification system is subject to frequent and on-going updates as new research studies emerge. http://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/education/raptor-world RD
60.390.190.40^Rat single-pass perfusion technique
90.60.100.30^Rayleigh scattering techniques
20.320.170^Reaction systems|80.40.190.170^Reaction systems
10.240.30.100.60.20^Reactor loading process|90.240.100.60.20^Reactor loading process
Logical processes of an inductive or deductive nature used to draw a conclusion from fact or premise. 2. The sequential set of arguments used to establish a conclusion. http://psychologydictionary.org/reasoning/
Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.
60.380.40.120^Receptor antagonist therapy
10.320.50.30.70^Receptor potentials|60.400.50.30.70^Receptor potentials
90.60.10.80^Receptor-ligand binding assay
10.200.270.30.20.20^Reciprocal sign epistasis
10.240.30.80.30.90^Recombinant DNA technology|90.240.80.30.90^Recombinant DNA technology
10.240.30.190.90.80^Recombinant gene expression techniques|90.240.190.90.80^Recombinant gene expression techniques
90.260.40.10^Recombinant protein purification
A broad category of enzymes that are involved in the process of genetic recombination. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Recombinases&field=entry#TreeD08.811.739 KH
10.240.30.190.140.70^Recombination-based assay|90.240.190.140.70^Recombination-based assay
A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0000725 Repair of DNA DAMAGE by exchange of DNA between matching sequences, usually between the allelic DNA (ALLELES) of sister chromatids. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=26224&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
10.60.230.10.110.60^Recombinational repair|10.200.60.110.60^Recombinational repair
10.350.10.50.20^Recreational drug addiction|60.250.200.20.20^Recreational drug addiction|60.410.160.20.20^Recreational drug addiction|110.90.10.50.20^Recreational drug addiction
Rectal prolapse is a condition in which the rectum (the last part of the large intestine before it exits the anus) loses its normal attachments inside the body, allowing it to telescope out through the anus, thereby turning it “inside out”. While this may be uncomfortable, it rarely results in an emergent medical problem. However, it can be quite embarrassing and often has a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life. https://www.fascrs.org/patients/disease-condition/rectal-prolapse RD
10.60.230.40.80.30^Recursive RNA interference|10.200.70.40.30^Recursive RNA interference|10.200.120.90.30^Recursive RNA interference|10.200.220.20.30^Recursive RNA interference
Synonym Erythrocytes has frequency of 2924 in STEM frequency list. -BG, 6 June 2012
10.240.30.200.60.70^Reduced stringency hybridization|90.240.200.60.70^Reduced stringency hybridization
10.140.110.30.40^Reference Genome Project|10.200.260.70.30.40^Reference Genome Project
90.220.50.140^Reflected-light microscopy
90.220.140.10^Reflection X-ray microscopy
Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies the world's regions. A region itself is defined as a part of the Earth's surface with one or many similar characteristics that make it unique from other areas. Regional geography studies the specific unique characteristics of places related to their culture, economy, topography, climate, politics and environmental factors such as their different species of flora and fauna. -- About.com
a layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials. It is found on Earth, the Moon, some asteroids, and other planets.
80.40.180.70.150^Regression analysis|90.210.100.150^Regression analysis
110.30.170.40^Regulation of public utilities
Rehabilitation medicine is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation management of mainly younger people with disabling medical conditions and is divided into the subspecialties of neurorehabilitation, amputee, cardiac, spinal injury, trauma and general rehabilitation. https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/careers-resource/rehabilitation-medicine Rehabilitation medicine is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation management of people with disabling medical conditions. It was developed primarily to meet the needs of young adults and those of working age, but aspects of the specialty, particularly relating to technical aids, provision of wheelchairs, orthotics or prosthetics, are relevant to people of all ages. The principal aims are to identify the impairments that limit activity and daily tasks; optimise physical and cognitive functioning; and modify personal and environmental factors to enable greater participation and quality of life. Rehabilitation medicine covers a large number of disabling conditions and is broadly divided into four main areas: neurological rehabilitation spinal cord injury rehabilitation limb loss or deficiency rehabilitation and prosthetics musculoskeletal rehabilitation http://www.jrcptb.org.uk/specialties/rehabilitation-medicine RD
In the field of ecology, the relative abundance distribution (RAD) or species abundance distribution describes the relationship between the number of species observed in a field study as a function of their observed abundance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_abundance_distribution RD
10.180.110.80^Relative abundance distribution|40.80.110.80^Relative abundance distribution
Relaxation in psychology, is the emotional state of a living being, of low tension, in which there is an absence of arousal that could come from sources such as anger, anxiety, or fear. Relaxation is a form of mild ecstasy coming from the frontal lobe of the brain in which the backward cortex sends signals to the frontal cortex via a mild sedative. Relaxation can be achieved through meditation, autogenics, and progressive muscle relaxation. Relaxation helps improve coping with stress.
10.350.180^Relaxation (psychology)|110.90.180^Relaxation (psychology)
20.190.40^Remote sensing imagery|30.40.50.40^Remote sensing imagery|50.350.30^Remote sensing imagery|90.190.130^Remote sensing imagery
60.300.60.60.130^Renal cell carcinoma|60.300.60.110.30^Renal cell carcinoma
10.320.160.30^Renal circulation|60.400.160.30^Renal circulation
60.110.40.80.40^Renal cortical scintigraphy|60.430.10.80.40^Renal cortical scintigraphy|90.190.50.80.40^Renal cortical scintigraphy
10.320.160^Renal physiology|60.400.160^Renal physiology
10.20.210^Renal system|60.10.210^Renal system
60.470.430.50.50^Renal transplantation|60.470.450.50^Renal transplantation
10.60.190.120.230^Renin-angiotensin system
10.240.30.190.230^Reporter gene assay|90.240.190.230^Reporter gene assay
10.240.30.50.90^Reproductive cloning|90.240.50.90^Reproductive cloning
10.320.60.200^Reproductive endocrinology|60.120.30.200^Reproductive endocrinology|60.120.70^Reproductive endocrinology|60.400.60.200^Reproductive endocrinology
10.210.50.170^Reproductive immunology|60.60.10.170^Reproductive immunology|60.180.50.170^Reproductive immunology
10.320.170^Reproductive physiology|60.400.170^Reproductive physiology
10.190.60.170.30^Reproductive success|10.190.120.80.30^Reproductive success|10.200.370.80.30^Reproductive success|10.340.30.80.30^Reproductive success
10.20.220^Reproductive system|60.10.220^Reproductive system
Methods (Reproductive, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
60.470.330^Reproductive system procedures
Reprography is the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means, such as photography or xerography. (opinion) I don't think it belongs under chemistry but cannot find a better parent term. Jstandiford
NT relationships added for relevant Reptile-related pre-existing NTs to boost number of hits to Zoology/Reptile biology. 2013/09/03 (RD)
10.450.60.60.40^Reptile physiology|10.450.180.10^Reptile physiology
Moved from tier 1 Science policy to Research and analysis methods as a consequence of user feedback in advance of new eTOC release. 2013/07/16 (RD)
Needs attention for better placement - gabe 6/22
suggested by Peter Binfield, PLoS papers on assessing studies for role of confounding, biases, chance
suggested by Peter Binfield, PLoS guidelines for reporting different studies, and studies assessing the quality of different guidelines
90.340.180.10^Resonance Raman spectroscopy
Attention: will eventually need ttm: "resource management" rule.
110.30.240^Resource management (economics)
30.40.70.40.10^Resource-limited countries|110.40.40.10^Resource-limited countries
10.70.20^Respect for human dignity|100.10.20^Respect for human dignity
10.210.100.80^Respiratory burst|60.180.100.80^Respiratory burst
10.320.180^Respiratory physiology|60.400.180^Respiratory physiology
10.230.60.10.30.160.120^Respiratory syncytial virus|10.280.90.60.180.120^Respiratory syncytial virus|10.280.90.80.160.120^Respiratory syncytial virus|60.360.90.50.30.160.120^Respiratory syncytial virus
60.190.170.380^Respiratory syncytial virus infection|60.420.210.20^Respiratory syncytial virus infection
10.20.230^Respiratory system|60.10.230^Respiratory system
Methods (Respiratory System, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
60.470.340^Respiratory system procedures
Restoration Ecology: The deliberate management of communities and/or ecosystems, in an attempt to regenerate or recreate historical levels of native biodiversity. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/about-ecology/key-concepts-in-ecology/ RD
10.180.290^Restoration ecology|40.80.290^Restoration ecology
10.240.30.90.30^Restriction enzyme digestion|90.240.90.30^Restriction enzyme digestion
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
10.240.30.110.140.30^Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis|90.240.110.140.30^Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
10.240.30.110.140^Restriction fragment mapping|90.240.110.140^Restriction fragment mapping
A defense process found in many bacteria and archaea that protects the organism from invading foreign DNA by cleaving it with a restriction endonuclease. The organism's own DNA is protected by methylation of a specific nucleotide, which occurs immediately following replication, in the same target site as the restriction enzyme. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0009307 RD Systems consisting of two enzymes, a modification methylase and a restriction endonuclease. They are closely related in their specificity and protect the DNA of a given bacterial species. The methylase adds methyl groups to adenine or cytosine residues in the same target sequence that constitutes the restriction enzyme binding site. The methylation renders the target site resistant to restriction, thereby protecting DNA against cleavage. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=14621&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= RD
10.200.300.10.20^Restriction modification systems|10.230.40.40.20^Restriction modification systems|10.230.40.50.70^Restriction modification systems|10.230.120.20.70^Restriction modification systems
2015/04/06 13:03 created by kallie 2015/04/15 16:47 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by kallie
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12) (from MeSH) https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&index=11637&field=all&HM=&II=&PA=&form=&input= KH
10.120.230.40.380.200^Retinoic acid signaling cascade
60.310.100.50.40^Retinopathy of prematurity
Rett syndrome, originally termed as cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia, is a rare genetic postnatal neurological disorder of the grey matter of the brain that almost exclusively affects females but has also been found in male patients. The clinical features include small hands and feet and a deceleration of the rate of head growth (including microcephaly in some). Repetitive stereotyped hand movements, such as wringing and/or repeatedly putting hands into the mouth, are also noted.
10.240.30.220^Reverse genetics|90.240.220^Reverse genetics
10.230.70.20.40.20^Reverse transcriptase inhibitors|10.230.180.10.20^Reverse transcriptase inhibitors|60.390.110.120.40.20^Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
10.240.30.10.40.40^Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction|90.240.10.40.40^Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
90.80.50.50^Reversed phase chromatography
Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography
Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography
90.80.50.10.10^Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography|90.80.50.50.30^Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography
60.200.40^Rheumatic fever|60.450.100^Rheumatic fever
10.210.50.40.200^Rheumatoid arthritis|60.60.10.40.200^Rheumatoid arthritis|60.180.50.40.200^Rheumatoid arthritis|60.450.10.40^Rheumatoid arthritis
Revised Rheumatology NTs on basis of user Arthur Schuh's input, NLM MeSH content/structure and http://www.rheumatology.org/Practice/Clinical/Patients/Diseases_And_Conditions/Diseases___Conditions/ in light of PLOS content. 2013/09/11 (RD)
In 1904 the German agronomist and plant physiologist Lorenz Hiltner first coined the term "rhizosphere" to describe the plant-root interface, a word originating in part from the Greek word "rhiza", meaning root (Hiltner, 1904; Hartmann et al., 2008). Hiltner described the rhizosphere as the area around a plant root that is inhabited by a unique population of microorganisms influenced, he postulated, by the chemicals released from plant roots. In the years since, the rhizosphere definition has been refined to include three zones which are defined based on their relative proximity to, and thus influence from, the root (Figure 1). The endorhizosphere includes portions of the cortex and endodermis in which microbes and cations can occupy the "free space" between cells (apoplastic space). The rhizoplane is the medial zone directly adjacent to the root including the root epidermis and mucilage. The outermost zone is the ectorhizosphere which extends from the rhizoplane out into the bulk soil. As might be expected because of the inherent complexity and diversity of plant root systems (Figure 2), the rhizosphere is not a region of definable size or shape, but instead, consists of a gradient in chemical, biological and physical properties which change both radially and longitudinally along the root. http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-rhizosphere-roots-soil-and-67500617 RD
An underground laboratory system designed for examining plant root growth; contains enclosed columns of soil with transparent plastic windows which permit viewing, measuring, and photographing. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/rhizotron http://gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk/methodologies/rhizotrons RD
10.240.30.190.240^Ribonuclease protection assay|90.240.190.240^Ribonuclease protection assay
10.60.280.10.50^Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase|10.330.90.10.50^Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
Added BT Grasses as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. Note Rice/Orzya and Maize/Zea pairs - not sure which to make valid term so holfing off on merging for now. 2013/08/08 (RD)
60.190.10.880^Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Placement attention Locations? Landforms?
Apparently, "gypsy" is used to describe some genetic element.
90.330.70.30.60^Romanowsky-Giemsa staining
10.330.80.140.30^Root apical meristem|10.330.190.20.10^Root apical meristem
10.170.190.20.190.10^Root apical meristem development|10.170.200.10.40.10^Root apical meristem development|10.330.150.10.40.10^Root apical meristem development
Might need attention. Changed term from "Rotations" because of placement; not sure if it should remain. -BG, 4 June 2012
80.20.280.110^Rotations (stereochemistry)
10.120.50.190.20.10^Rough endoplasmic reticulum|10.120.60.120.10^Rough endoplasmic reticulum
90.330.70.110.130^Rubeanic acid staining
90.340.190^Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
A species of coronavirus causing atypical respiratory disease (severe acute respiratory syndrome) in humans. The organism is believed to have first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002. The natural host is the Chinese horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus sinicus. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=SARS+Virus&field=entry#TreeB04.909.777.500.540.150.750 KH
10.240.30.60.30.10^SDS denaturation techniques|90.240.60.30.10^SDS denaturation techniques
Denaturant-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Denaturant/SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Tricine-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Tricine/SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70.40^SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription proteins
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription signaling
10.280.40.110.30.10^Saccharomyces cerevisiae|90.230.60.50^Saccharomyces cerevisiae
50.150.90^Safety equipment|60.410.140.20^Safety equipment
70.20.50.20.220^Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10.170.190.20.80.20^Salivary gland development
10.20.80.40^Salivary glands|10.20.100.40^Salivary glands|60.10.80.40^Salivary glands|60.10.100.40^Salivary glands
10.210.200.30.10.40^Salvage antiretroviral therapy|60.180.200.30.10.40^Salvage antiretroviral therapy|60.410.130.50.30.10.40^Salvage antiretroviral therapy
10.70.30^Sanctity of life|100.10.30^Sanctity of life
2015/03/11 10:43 Moved from Disease vectors by rachel
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/school/cleaning.htm reports that Disinfection is one component of Sanitization. 2014/07/01 RD
Sarcopenia is a disease associated with the aging process. Loss of muscle mass and strength, which in turn affects balance, gait and overall ability to perform tasks of daily living, are hallmark signs of this disease. http://www.iofbonehealth.org/what-sarcopenia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7493218
10.120.50.190.20.20^Sarcoplasmic reticula|10.120.60.120.20^Sarcoplasmic reticula
The saurischian, or "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs, like all other tetrapods, had pelves (hips) composed of three elements: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. What distinguishes saurischians (among other major characteristics; including a grasping hand, asymmetrical fingers, and a long, mobile neck) is the pubis that points downward and forward at an angle to the ischium. The saurischians form two major groups. The Sauropoda were large herbivores such as Apatosaurus and Diplodocus. The Theropoda were bipedal carnivores (meat eaters), ranging from the chicken-sized Compsognathus and the fearsome Deinonychus and Velociraptor to the crested Dilophosaurus and the gigantic Tyrannosaurus. The oldest known dinosaurs, from the middle Triassic of South America, were saurischians. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/saurischia/saurischia.html RD
Sauropterygia ("lizard flippers") is an extinct, diverse taxon of aquatic reptiles that developed from terrestrial ancestors soon after the end-Permian extinction and flourished during the Mesozoic before they became extinct at the end of that era. Sauropterygians are united by a radical adaptation of their pectoral girdle, designed to support powerful flipper strokes. Some later sauropterygians, such as the pliosaurs, developed a similar mechanism in their pelvis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropterygia RD
90.220.50.20.20^Scanning confocal microscopy
10.240.30.210.140^Scanning cysteine mutagenesis|90.240.210.140^Scanning cysteine mutagenesis
50.150.40.10^Scanning electron microscopes
90.220.30.90^Scanning electron microscopy
Scanning transmission electron microscopy
90.220.30.100.80^Scanning transmission electron microscopy
90.220.100.40^Scanning tunneling microscopy
10.280.10.40.60.10.10^Schistosoma haematobium
60.350.80.100.20^Schistosomiasis japonica|60.480.20.400.20^Schistosomiasis japonica
Association of Schizophrenia and Autoimmune Diseases http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/163/3/521
Added new term as BT for S. pombe as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
Added BT Schizosccharomyces as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
10.280.40.110.40.10^Schizosaccharomyces pombe|90.230.60.60^Schizosaccharomyces pombe
100.70^Science education|110.100.60.70^Science education
10.70.40^Scientific beneficence|100.10.40^Scientific beneficence
10.70.50^Scientific nonmaleficence|100.10.50^Scientific nonmaleficence
Scintigraphy with 99mTc labeled white blood cells
60.110.40.90.10^Scintigraphy with 111In-labeled white blood cells|60.430.10.90.10^Scintigraphy with 111In-labeled white blood cells|90.190.50.90.10^Scintigraphy with 111In-labeled white blood cells
10.240.30.190.260^Scintillation proximity assay|90.240.190.260^Scintillation proximity assay
The field of sclerochronology is the study of periodicities stored in accreted hard parts and skeletons of various extant and extinct organisms. The periodicity can range from daily to annual scales and compose chronologies which span years to centuries, thus providing potentially long records of historical variations. http://www.coral.noaa.gov/archive/sclerochronology.html RD
60.110.40.80.50^Scrotal scintigraphy|60.430.10.80.50^Scrotal scintigraphy|90.190.50.80.50^Scrotal scintigraphy
10.120.230.110.20^Second messenger system
10.120.50.20.20^Secondary active transport
80.20.10.20.120^Secondary ion mass spectrometry|90.340.120.120^Secondary ion mass spectrometry
The compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0090487#term=info Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do;DC9C1E66A25634275752CF35EF5D230B?chebiId=CHEBI:25212 RD
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules. www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0030141 RD
10.240.30.170.10^Selectable markers|90.240.170.10^Selectable markers
80.20.10.20.130^Selected ion monitoring|90.340.120.130^Selected ion monitoring
10.240.30.170.20^Selection markers|90.240.170.20^Selection markers
90.190.100.30^Selective nuclear graphic tablet morphometry
BT Communications removes as part of review of new eTOC function 2013/05/31
10.20.110.10.40^Semicircular canals|60.10.110.10.40^Semicircular canals
10.20.220.70^Seminal vesicles|60.10.220.70^Seminal vesicles
10.20.220.40.60^Seminiferous tubules|60.10.220.40.60^Seminiferous tubules
the study of signs (symbols) and signification systems, or rather semiotics are general theories of signs.
The "sense of agency" (SA) (or sense of control) refers to the subjective awareness that one is initiating, executing, and controlling one's own volitional actions in the world. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_agency RD
10.170.190.20.250^Sense organ development
10.20.240^Sense organs|60.10.240^Sense organs
A sensory cue is a statistic or signal that can be extracted from the sensory input by a perceiver, that indicates the state of some property of the world that the perceiver is interested in perceiving.A cue is some organization of the data present in the signal which allows for meaningful extrapolation. For example, Sensory cues include Visual cues, auditory cues, haptic cues, olfactory cues, environmental cues, and so on.
Sensory deprivation (Sendep) or perceptual isolation is the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. Simple devices such as blindfolds or hoods and earmuffs can cut off sight and hearing, while more complex devices can also cut off the sense of smell, touch, taste, thermoception (heat-sense), and 'gravity'. Sensory deprivation has been used in various alternative medicines and in psychological experiments (e.g., see isolation tank).
10.260.260.100^Sensory deprivation|10.350.190.100^Sensory deprivation|110.90.190.100^Sensory deprivation
"Percept", "perceptual", "perceptible" and "imperceptible" redirect here. For the Brian Blade album, see Perceptual (album). For the perceptibility of digital watermarks, see Digital watermarking#Perceptibility. For other uses, see Perception (disambiguation) and Percept (disambiguation).Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment.
10.260.260^Sensory perception|10.350.190^Sensory perception|110.90.190^Sensory perception
10.320.190^Sensory physiology|60.400.190^Sensory physiology
10.120.230.140^Sensory receptors|10.260.260.110^Sensory receptors|10.350.190.110^Sensory receptors|110.90.190.110^Sensory receptors
10.260.190.30^Sentence processing|110.60.120.30^Sentence processing
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition, in which your immune system's reaction to an infection may injure body tissues far from the original infection -- http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sepsis/DS01004
A family of GTP-binding proteins that were initially identified in yeasts where they were shown to initiate the process of septation and bud formation. Septins form into hetero-oligomeric complexes that are comprised of several distinct septin subunits. These complexes can act as cytoskeletal elements that play important roles in cytokinesis, cytoskeletal reorganization, biological transport, and membrane dynamics. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Septins&field=entry#TreeD08.811.277.040.330.300.700 KH
10.140.110.110^Sequence assembly tools|10.200.260.70.110^Sequence assembly tools
10.240.30.230.110.90^Sequence motif analysis|90.240.230.110.90^Sequence motif analysis
90.130.30.20^Sequence similarity searching
10.240.30.230.120^Sequence tagged site analysis|90.240.230.120^Sequence tagged site analysis
10.240.30.230^Sequencing techniques|90.240.230^Sequencing techniques
10.140.110.140.30^Serial analysis of gene expression|10.200.260.70.140.30^Serial analysis of gene expression|10.240.30.190.90.90^Serial analysis of gene expression|90.240.190.90.90^Serial analysis of gene expression
90.220.50.180.10^Serial two-photon tomography
10.60.170.20.100.40^Serine protease inhibitors
A serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates the OH group of serine or threonine (which have similar sidechains). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase RD
10.60.170.60.230.10^Serine-threonine kinases|10.60.300.230.230.10^Serine-threonine kinases
Serotonin is a type of neurotransmitter that is found mainly in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Much of the serotonin is located in the GI tract where it is used to regulate digestion. In the CNS, serotonin helps regulate mood, sleep, appetite, learning and memory. http://psychology.about.com/od/sindex/g/serotonin.htm 2014/10/08 (RD)
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a key mediator in the physiology of mood, vascular function and gastrointestinal motility. Based on biochemical and pharmacological criteria, serotonin receptors are classified into seven main receptor subtypes, 5-HT1–7. Of major pharmacotherapeutic importance are those designated 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7, all of which are G-protein-coupled, whereas the 5-HT3 subtype represents a ligand-gated ion channel. http://pharmacologycorner.com/serotonin-5ht-receptors-agonists-antagonist/ 2014/10/08 (RD)
10.60.300.830.30^Serotonin receptors|10.120.230.150.30^Serotonin receptors
60.350.80.50.20^Serous cavity filariasis
60.390.190.10.80^Serum bactericidal test
Could use "triglycerides" as synonym with rules.
10.290.90.20^Settlement patterns|30.40.70.110^Settlement patterns|30.40.80.20^Settlement patterns|30.130.90.20^Settlement patterns|110.40.110^Settlement patterns
Sexual addiction, also known as sex addiction or sexual dependence, is compulsive participation or engagement in sexual activity, despite negative consequences. In a clinical setting, sexual dependence may also refer to a conceptual model that is used to assess people who report being unable to control their sexual urges, behaviors, or thoughts.
60.250.190^Sexual dysfunction|60.490.150^Sexual dysfunction|60.510.40.110^Sexual dysfunction
Sexual identity is how one thinks of oneself in terms of whom one is romantically or sexually attracted to. Sexual identity may also refer to sexual orientation identity, which is when people identify or dis-identify with a sexual orientation or choose not to identify with a sexual orientation.
10.350.200^Sexual identity|110.90.200^Sexual identity
60.190.120^Sexually transmitted diseases
Diversity indices are statistics used to summarize the diversity of a population in which each member belongs to a unique group. For example, in ecology the groups are typically species. In ecology, species richness refers to number of species and species eveness refers to homogeneity of the species. That is, the more equal the proportions for each of the groups, the more homogeneous, or even, they are. Different fields of application may use different terminology for these concepts. http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/auxillar/shannon.htm RD
60.120.20.30.30.30^Shift work and type 2 diabetes|60.260.10.30.30^Shift work and type 2 diabetes
10.330.80.180.30^Shoot apical meristem|10.330.190.20.20^Shoot apical meristem
10.170.190.20.190.20^Shoot apical meristem development|10.170.200.10.40.20^Shoot apical meristem development|10.330.150.10.40.20^Shoot apical meristem development
Oniomania (from Greek ὤνιος onios "for sale" and μανία mania "insanity") is the technical term for the compulsive desire to shop, more commonly referred to as compulsive shopping, shopping addiction, shopaholism, compulsive buying or CBD.Compulsive shopping may be considered an impulse control disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder, a bipolar disorder, or even a clinical addiction, depending on the clinical source.
10.350.10.90^Shopping addiction|110.90.10.90^Shopping addiction
80.40.180.70.160^Shrinkage (statistics)|90.210.100.160^Shrinkage (statistics)
60.50.60.20.140^Sickle cell disease|60.170.120.30^Sickle cell disease
(communications) The extraction of information from complex signals in the presence of noise, generally by conversion of the signals into digital form followed by analysis using various algorithms. Also known as digital signal processing (DSP). an area of electrical engineering, systems engineering and applied mathematics that deals with operations on or analysis of signals, in either discrete or continuous time to perform useful operations on those signals. Signals of interest can include sound, images, time-varying measurement values and sensor data, for example biological data such as electrocardiograms, control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals such as radio signals, and many others. Signals are analog or digital electrical representations of time-varying or spatial-varying physical quantities. In the context of signal processing, arbitrary binary data streams and on-off signals are not considered as signals, but only analog and digital signals that are representations of analog physical quantities. Information theory places constraints on what it is possible to do with signals.
c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling cascade
10.240.30.210.150^Signature tag mutagenesis|90.240.210.150^Signature tag mutagenesis
10.190.60.170.50^Signatures of natural selection|10.190.120.80.50^Signatures of natural selection|10.200.370.80.50^Signatures of natural selection|10.340.30.80.50^Signatures of natural selection
60.110.110^Signs and symptoms|60.360.140^Signs and symptoms
90.330.20.30^Silicone oil tamponade techniques
A siloxane is a functional group in organosilicon chemistry with the Si–O–Si linkage. The parent siloxanes include the oligomeric and polymeric hydrides with the formulae H(OSiH2)nOH and (OSiH2)n.[1] Siloxanes also include branched compounds, the defining feature of which is that each pair of silicon centres is separated by one oxygen atom. The siloxane functional group forms the backbone of silicones, the premier example of which is polydimethylsiloxane.[2] The functional group (RO)3Si is called siloxy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloxane RD
Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity. In ecology, it is often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. It takes into account the number of species present, as well as the abundance of each species. http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/simpsons.htm RD
80.40.20.10.80^Simulated annealing|90.320.20.80^Simulated annealing|90.320.50^Simulated annealing
90.80.50.10.20^Simulated moving-bed chromatography
90.30.30.180^Single cell primary cell culture
10.140.60.30^Single neuron function|10.260.60.30^Single neuron function
10.260.180.110^Single photon emission computed tomography|60.110.40.160.40^Single photon emission computed tomography|60.430.10.160.40^Single photon emission computed tomography|90.190.50.160.40^Single photon emission computed tomography|90.190.110.110^Single photon emission computed tomography
10.240.30.110.150^Single strand conformational polymorphism analysis|90.240.110.150^Single strand conformational polymorphism analysis
10.60.230.30.10.30^Single-strand annealing|10.100.80.10.30^Single-strand annealing|80.50.40.80.10.30^Single-strand annealing
50.320.20^Site selection|50.390.20^Site selection
10.240.30.210.160^Site-directed mutagenesis|90.240.210.160^Site-directed mutagenesis
10.240.30.210.170^Site-specific mutagenesis|90.240.210.170^Site-specific mutagenesis
Branch may need attention. Ran into synonym conflicts; also needed to account for size exclusion subtype Gel permeation, which apparently is not the same as gel filtration c. Several gel filtration synonyms on ss on spreadsheet were specific to gel permeation and were moved to Size-exclusion c. Moved several spreadsheet NTs and synonyms of Gel filtration c. to Size-exclusion c.. Deleted Gel filtration c. - BG, 13 June 2012
10.20.160.30.50.20^Skeletal muscle fibers|10.120.70.10.180.20^Skeletal muscle fibers|60.10.160.30.50.20^Skeletal muscle fibers
60.110.40.30.30^Skeletal scintigraphy|60.430.10.30.30^Skeletal scintigraphy|90.190.50.30.30^Skeletal scintigraphy
60.100.170^Skin infections|60.190.130^Skin infections
Aerosols are tiny particles suspended in the air. Some occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the alteration of natural surface cover, also generate aerosols -- http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Aerosols/
10.240.30.200.60.90^Slot-blot hybridization|90.240.200.60.90^Slot-blot hybridization
60.470.120.150^Small bowel transplantation|60.470.430.60^Small bowel transplantation
10.60.230.40.50.40^Small interfering RNAs|10.200.120.40.110^Small interfering RNAs
Could use attention re hierarchical placements. - BG, 2 August 2012
10.240.30.80.20.40^Small-insert library construction|90.240.80.20.40^Small-insert library construction
Olfaction, also known as olfactics, is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. In humans, olfaction occurs when odorant molecules bind to specific sites on the olfactory receptors. These receptors are used to detect the presence of smell.
60.250.200.50^Smoking related disorders|60.410.160.50^Smoking related disorders|60.420.220^Smoking related disorders
emphasizing the cultural systems that distinguish human societies from one another and the patterns of social organization associated with these systems
Scope note from JSTOR Sharon Garewal "Refers to the ways individuals perceive, recall, think about, and interpret information about their own and others' actions in a social context" 2014/03/12 (RD)
Social cognition is the encoding, storage, retrieval, and processing, of information about conspecifics (members of the same species). In the area of social psychology, social cognition refers to a specific approach in which these processes are studied according to the methods of cognitive psychology and information processing theory.
30.40.70.120^Social geography|110.40.120^Social geography
Social influence is a major topic in social psychology and looks at how individual thoughts, actions and feelings are influenced by social groups. Learn more about various types of social influence including peer pressure, obedience, leadership, conformity and persuasion. http://psychology.about.com/od/socialinfluence/ Social influence is the change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people and society in general. http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/social_influence.htm RD Social influence occurs when one's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others. Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales and marketing. In 1958, Harvard psychologist, Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence. Compliance is when people appear to agree with others, but actually keep their dissenting opinions private. Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity. Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence RD
10.350.210.20^Social influence|110.90.210.20^Social influence
forms of electronic communication (as Web sites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (as videos) http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20media 2014/10/14 (RD)
20.250.90^Social networks|110.100.130^Social networks
In psychology, social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. By this definition, scientific refers to the empirical method of investigation. The terms thoughts, feelings, and behaviors include all psychological variables that are measurable in a human being.
10.350.210^Social psychology|110.90.210^Social psychology
110.100.160.10^Socially disadvantaged people
60.160.430^Socioeconomic aspects of health|60.410.150^Socioeconomic aspects of health
measurement techniques used in social psychology, in sociology, and sometimes in social anthropology and psychiatry based on the assessment of social choice and interpersonal attractiveness.
20.310.50^Software design|50.380.50^Software design
20.310.60^Software development|50.380.60^Software development
20.310^Software engineering|50.380^Software engineering
20.310.70^Software tools|50.380.70^Software tools
90.130.10.10^Software-aided sequence analysis
40.90.50^Soil chemistry|40.210.60^Soil chemistry|80.20.150.50^Soil chemistry
Soil respiration is a measure of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from the soil from decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) by soil microbes and respiration from plant roots and soil fauna. It is an important indicator of soil health because it indicates the level of microbial activity, SOM content and its decomposition.In the short term high soil respiration rates are not always better; it may indicate an unstable system and loss of soil organic matter (SOM) because of excessive tillage, or other factors degrading soil health. It can be measured by simple methods or more sophisticated laboratory methods. The amount of soil respiration is an indicator of nutrients contained in organic matter being converted to forms available to crops (e.g., phosphate as PO4, nitrate-nitrogen as NO3, and sulfate as SO4). http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053267.pdf RD
60.350.80.110^Soil-transmitted helminthiases|60.480.20.420^Soil-transmitted helminthiases
60.470.430.70^Solid organ transplantation
Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
90.340.130.100^Solid-state NMR spectroscopy
10.240.30.50.100^Somatic-cell nuclear transfer|90.240.50.100^Somatic-cell nuclear transfer
10.20.50.320^Somatosensory cortex|60.10.50.320^Somatosensory cortex
10.260.270.40^Somatosensory system|10.320.190.40^Somatosensory system|60.400.190.40^Somatosensory system
Somatostatin (SST) also known as somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF), is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR004250 RD
2015/04/06 10:55 Moved from Acoustical engineering by kallie
90.80.50.50.40^Source reversed-phase chromatography
10.240.30.200.80^Southern analysis|90.240.200.80^Southern analysis
60.190.10.950^Southern tick-associated rash illness
80.10.80.120.50.10^Spacecraft propulsion
2015/03/10 13:14 Synonym Spacer DNA added by kallie
30.40.30.10^Spatial allocation of resources|110.30.80.10^Spatial allocation of resources
20.190.50^Spatial analysis|30.40.50.50^Spatial analysis
10.180.300^Spatial and landscape ecology|40.80.300^Spatial and landscape ecology
20.190.60^Spatial autocorrelation|30.40.50.60^Spatial autocorrelation
110.30.70.90^Spatial economic analysis|110.30.220.40^Spatial economic analysis
Spatial epidemiology is the description and analysis of geographic variations in disease with respect to demographic, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic, genetic, and infectious risk factors. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15198920 RD
Species richness merged with Species identitiy. This is not an exact synonym (Species richness and eveness (which we have no term for) being two components of Species diversity measurements) but what was happening is that the two are used with large degree of overlap in corpus so many articles getting hits for both, but below top 8 so indexing to this concept is lost. Merging seems expedient solution. 2013.10.30 (RD)
10.180.110.90^Species diversity|40.80.110.90^Species diversity
10.150.30^Species extinction|10.190.60.220^Species extinction|40.50.10.30^Species extinction
90.200.120^Specific antibody titer determination
90.330^Specimen preparation and treatment
Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture
10.60.310.60^Spectrometric identification of proteins
Spectrophotometric stop rate determination
90.340.200^Spectrophotometric stop rate determination
for processing and interpreting spoken words
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Sphingomonas&field=entry#TreeB03.440.400.425.750 KH
60.90.70.70.40^Spinal cord injury|60.280.340^Spinal cord injury
50.200.70^Spinning (industrial processes)
Scintigraphy with 99mTc labeled denatured red cells
Scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled denatured red cells
60.110.40.70.40^Splenic scintigraphy|60.430.10.70.40^Splenic scintigraphy|90.190.50.70.40^Splenic scintigraphy
10.170.190.20.290^Spore-bearing organ development
10.230.60.10.20.260^Sporothrix schenckii|10.250.60.260^Sporothrix schenckii|60.360.90.50.20.260^Sporothrix schenckii
An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sport game, competition, or activity needing physical effort and skill that is played or done according to rules, for enjoyment and/or as a job: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/sport RD
2015/02/09 10:40 Moved from Exercise by rachel
The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in exercise and sports activities. D013178 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Sports+Medicine&field=entry RD
10.380.20^Sports and exercise medicine|60.460^Sports and exercise medicine
Sport science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sport and physical activity promote health from cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of Sport Science traditionally incorporates areas of Physiology (Exercise Physiology), Psychology (Sports Psychology), Anatomy, Biomechanics and Biochemistry (Kinesiology). Sport Scientists and performance consultants are growing in demand and employment numbers, with the ever-increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the best results possible. Through the study of Science and Sport, researchers have developed a greater understanding on how the human body reacts to exercise, training, different environments and many other stimuli. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_science RD
Squamates (Squamata) are the most diverse of all the reptile groups, with approximately 7400 living species. Squamates include lizards, snakes, and worm-lizards. Two characteristics that unite the squamates. The first is that they shed their skin periodically. Some squamates, such as snakes, shed their skin in one piece. Other squamates, such as many lizards, shed their skin in patches. In contrast, non-squamate reptiles regenerate their scales by other means—for example crocodiles shed a single scale at a time while turtles do not shed the scales that cover their carapace and instead add new layers from beneath. The second characteristic shared by squamates is their uniquely jointed skulls and jaws, which are both strong and flexible. The extraordinary jaw mobility of squamates enables them to open their mouths very wide and in doing so, consume large prey. Additionally, the strength of their skull and jaws provides squamates with a powerful bite grip. http://animals.about.com/od/lizardsandsnakes/p/squamata.htm RD
60.300.60.60.140^Squamous cell carcinomas
60.300.60.60.140.20^Squamous cell lung carcinoma|60.300.60.160.90^Squamous cell lung carcinoma
60.500.70.20^Stable coronary artery disease
Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
10.60.310.60.10^Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture
90.20.200^Standard chymotrypsin-coupled assay
90.100.50.20^Standard dynamic programming
60.190.10.970.10^Staphylococcal food poisoning
60.190.10.970.20^Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
10.230.60.10.10.580.20^Staphylococcus epidermidis|10.280.30.530.20^Staphylococcus epidermidis|60.360.90.50.10.580.20^Staphylococcus epidermidis
10.230.60.10.10.580.30^Staphylococcus haemolyticus|10.280.30.530.30^Staphylococcus haemolyticus|60.360.90.50.10.580.30^Staphylococcus haemolyticus
10.230.60.10.10.580.40^Staphylococcus saprophyticus|10.280.30.530.40^Staphylococcus saprophyticus|60.360.90.50.10.580.40^Staphylococcus saprophyticus
90.150.30.100^Starch gel electrophoresis
In rare cases--one in 20,000--macular degeneration is diagnosed in children and teenagers. Of those cases, the most common cause is Stargardt disease, named for Karl Stargardt, a German ophthalmologist who first reported a case in his practice in 1901. Sometimes called Stargardt’s disease, Stargardt affects both eyes and develops sometime between the ages of six and twenty, when kids notice difficulties in reading or adapting to bright light. The cause and treatments of the disease in young people are different from those of Age-related Macular Degeneration. Stargardt disease is the result of a gene called ABCA4 and is usually a recessive trait. When both parents carry the ABCA4 mutation, there is a 25 percent chance their children will have Stargardt disease. https://www.macular.org/stargardt-disease EF, RM and RD
10.240.30.100.60.30^Static enzyme immobilization|90.240.100.60.30^Static enzyme immobilization
10.140.110.80.30^Statistical analysis of genetic association|10.200.260.70.80.30^Statistical analysis of genetic association|10.200.290.40.30^Statistical analysis of genetic association
80.40.180.70.170^Statistical hypothesis testing|90.210.100.170^Statistical hypothesis testing
80.40.180.70.180^Statistical inference|90.210.100.180^Statistical inference
The science that deals with average properties of the molecules, atoms, or elementary particles in random motion in a system of many such particles and relates these properties to the thermodynamic and other macroscopic properties of the system. Also called statistical physics, statistical thermodynamics. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/statistical+mechanics That branch of physics which endeavors to explain the macroscopic properties of a system on the basis of the properties of the microscopic constituents of the system. Usually the number of constituents is very large. All the characteristics of the constituents and their interactions are presumed known; it is the task of statistical mechanics (often called statistical physics) to deduce from this information the behavior of the system as a whole. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Statistical+Mechanics RD RD
2013/02/16 Re-arranged as part of reorganisation to prevent cicularity of Mathematics having 'Mathematical and statistical techniques' as a BT. 'Statistical methods' most definitely belongs under Mathematical and statistical techniques.
80.40.180.70^Statistical methods|90.210.100^Statistical methods
analyzing and extracting information from signals and noise based on their stochastic properties
50.370.170^Statistical signal processing
80.10.40.140^Stellar evolution|80.50.20.140^Stellar evolution
80.10.40.150^Stellar physics|80.50.20.150^Stellar physics
60.470.40.60^Stem cell transplantation|60.470.430.20.20^Stem cell transplantation
Per Wikipedia: "A progenitor cell is a biological cell that, like a stem cell, has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, but is already more specific than a stem cell and is pushed to differentiate into its "target" cell. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving." -BG, 7 June 2012
10.230.60.10.10.590^Stenotrophomonas maltophilia|60.360.90.50.10.590^Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
NTs need attention; many seem misplaced here. -BG, 7 June 2012 Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules. An important branch of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules
60.470.250.90.20^Stereotactic radiosurgery
The Gasterosteidae are a family of fish including the sticklebacks. FishBase recognises 16 species in the family, grouped in five genera.[1] However, several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision. Although some authorities give the common name of the family as "sticklebacks and tube-snouts", the tube-snouts are classified in the related family Aulorhynchidae. An unusual feature of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. They are related to pipefish and seahorses. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickleback RD
Added, per stem spreadsheet. Unsure whether to split "Stomach and duodenum."
the period in the history of humankind, preceding the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, and marked by the use of stone implements and weapons: subdivided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stone-age RD
Science of assigning sedimentary rocks to a known geological period via describing, cataloguing and comparing fossil floral and faunal assemblages. Biostratigraphy does not directly provide an absolute age determination of a rock, but merely places it within an interval of time at which that fossil assemblage is known to have coexisted.
Streptavidin Biotin immunohistochemistry
90.180.20.90^Streptavidin-Biotin immunohistochemistry|90.200.90.90^Streptavidin-Biotin immunohistochemistry
60.190.10.700.10^Streptococcal pharyngitis|60.190.10.980.10^Streptococcal pharyngitis
10.230.60.10.10.600.80^Streptococcus agalactiae|10.280.30.540.80^Streptococcus agalactiae|60.360.90.50.10.600.80^Streptococcus agalactiae
10.230.60.10.10.600.90^Streptococcus anginosus|10.280.30.540.90^Streptococcus anginosus|60.360.90.50.10.600.90^Streptococcus anginosus
10.120.230.40.380.210^Stress signaling cascade
2015/03/05 10:36 BT Cerebrovascular diseases added by rachel
10.280.10.40.80.100.10^Strongyloides stercoralis
In psychology, the Stroop effect is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. When the name of a color (e.g., "blue", "green", or "red") is printed in a color not denoted by the name (e.g., the word "red" printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color. The effect is named after John Ridley Stroop, who first published the effect in English in 1935.[The effect had previously been published in Germany in 1929. The original paper has been one of the most cited papers in the history of experimental psychology, leading to more than 701 replications.[The effect has been used to create a psychological test (Stroop test) that is widely used in clinical practice and investigation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Stroop/ RD
110.30.100.50^Structural economic models
80.30.30.10^Structural relaxation|80.50.320.30^Structural relaxation
10.20.20.100^Subcutaneous tissue|60.10.20.100^Subcutaneous tissue
Subfossil (as opposed to fossil) is the remains of a once-living organism where the remains are not fully fossil. This may be because not enough time has elapsed since the animal died, or the conditions in which the remains were deposited were not optimal for fossilization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfossil RD
10.20.80.40.30^Submandibular glands|10.20.100.40.30^Submandibular glands|60.10.80.40.30^Submandibular glands|60.10.100.40.30^Submandibular glands
Substance dependence also known as drug dependence is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing.
10.350.10.100^Substance addiction|60.250.200.70^Substance addiction|60.410.160.70^Substance addiction|110.90.10.100^Substance addiction
60.250.200^Substance-related disorders|60.410.160^Substance-related disorders
10.20.50.330^Substantia nigra|60.10.50.330^Substantia nigra
10.260.20.40.10^Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation|10.260.210.20.10.10^Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation|10.320.50.40.20.10.10^Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation|60.400.50.40.20.10.10^Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation|90.20.50.10.10.10^Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation
60.470.330.60.10.10^Subtotal abdominal hysterectomy|60.470.380.20.10.10^Subtotal abdominal hysterectomy
90.310.10.10.10^Sucrose density gradient centrifugation
90.80.10.70^Sugar specific chromatography
80.20.110.80^Sulfonyl radicals|80.20.220.60.80^Sulfonyl radicals
10.60.300.40.80^Sulfur containing amino acids|80.20.60.430.80.80^Sulfur containing amino acids|80.20.200.20.80.80^Sulfur containing amino acids
Yes, the term is spelled correctly. The Sundanese live in Java. -BG
Hypothetical concept, apparently not yet established. -BG, 8 July 2012
80.50.250.80.10.30^Super-strong interaction
80.50.250.80.10.40^Super-weak interaction
90.80.100^Supercritical fluid chromatography
90.170.100^Supercritical fluid extraction
Ultrahydrophobic (or Superhydrophobic) surfaces are highly hydrophobic, i.e., extremely difficult to wet. The contact angles of a water droplet exceeds 150° and the roll-off angle/contact angle hysteresis is less than 10°. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahydrophobicity RD
10.20.50.340^Superior colliculus|60.10.50.340^Superior colliculus
10.260.50.10.30.30^Support vector machines|20.10.30.30^Support vector machines
10.20.50.350^Suprachiasmatic nucleus|60.10.50.350^Suprachiasmatic nucleus
60.280.240.60.30^Supratentorial glioma|60.300.60.210.60.30^Supratentorial glioma
50.150.30.10.10^Surface plasmon resonance biosensor
10.260.20.10.50^Surface-based morphometry|10.260.180.10.50^Surface-based morphometry|60.110.40.110.10.50^Surface-based morphometry|60.430.10.110.10.50^Surface-based morphometry|90.190.50.110.10.50^Surface-based morphometry|90.190.100.40^Surface-based morphometry|90.190.110.10.50^Surface-based morphometry
This branch was created to accommodate section 007 of the methods spreadsheet, which is a better fit with Medicine than with Research and analysis methods. Am keeping the existing and adjacent Surgery branch separate so as to avoid confusion and otherwise inevitable complications.
Methods (VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
60.470^Surgical and invasive medical procedures
60.60.20.30^Surgical oncology|60.300.50.140^Surgical oncology|60.300.90.30^Surgical oncology
80.40.180.70.190^Survival analysis|90.210.100.190^Survival analysis|90.280.20.50^Survival analysis
10.190.60.170.60^Survival of the fittest|10.190.120.80.60^Survival of the fittest|10.200.370.80.60^Survival of the fittest|10.340.30.80.60^Survival of the fittest
10.10.30.80^Sustainable agriculture|40.230.20^Sustainable agriculture
Swine flu is the popular name for influenza (flu) caused by a relatively new strain of influenza virus A. It was responsible for the flu pandemic in 2009-10. The virus is officially known as influenza virus A/H1N1pdm09. The swine flu pandemic The virus was first identified in Mexico in April 2009 and was also known as Mexican flu. It became known as swine flu because the virus closely resembled known influenza viruses that cause illness in pigs. It spread rapidly from country to country because it was a new type of flu virus that few people were immune to. The pandemic proved to be relatively mild and was not as serious as originally predicted. As in other countries, most cases reported in the UK were mild. However, a small number of cases resulted in serious illness and death. These were mostly in the very elderly, very young, pregnant women, or people with a pre-existing health condition, such as cancer, that had already weakened their immune systems. On August 10 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the pandemic was officially over. Seasonal flu The virus now circulates worldwide as one of three seasonal flu viruses. The other viruses are influenza virus B and influenza virus A/H3N2. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pandemic-flu/pages/introduction.aspx RD
10.20.180.90^Sympathetic nervous system|60.10.180.90^Sympathetic nervous system
10.260.30.10.50^Synapse assembly and axon guidance|10.260.70.10.50^Synapse assembly and axon guidance
10.260.30.80^Synaptic plasticity|10.260.70.70^Synaptic plasticity
10.320.50.30.80^Synaptic potential|60.400.50.30.80^Synaptic potential
10.230.60.10.20.280^Syncephalastrum racemosum|10.250.60.280^Syncephalastrum racemosum|60.360.90.50.20.280^Syncephalastrum racemosum
synesthesia, synesthesia [Credit: Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz] neuropsychological trait in which the stimulation of one sense causes the automatic experience of another sense. http://www.britannica.com/topic/synesthesia RD
10.60.230.30.10.40^Synthesis-dependent strand annealing|10.100.80.10.40^Synthesis-dependent strand annealing|80.50.40.80.10.40^Synthesis-dependent strand annealing
10.110.30.50^Synthetic bioengineering|10.390.10^Synthetic bioengineering|50.40.50^Synthetic bioengineering|50.400.10^Synthetic bioengineering
A field of biological research combining engineering in the formulation, design, and building (synthesis) of novel biological structures, functions, and systems. MeSH D058615 2014/02/20 (RD)
10.390^Synthetic biology|50.400^Synthetic biology
10.390.20^Synthetic biosensors|50.400.20^Synthetic biosensors
10.110.120^Synthetic biotechnology|10.390.30^Synthetic biotechnology|50.400.30^Synthetic biotechnology
10.390.40^Synthetic biotherapeutics|50.400.40^Synthetic biotherapeutics
10.120.60.80.30^Synthetic chloroplasts|10.120.70.60.10.30^Synthetic chloroplasts|10.120.220.10.30^Synthetic chloroplasts|10.120.220.30.10.30^Synthetic chloroplasts|10.330.110.10.30^Synthetic chloroplasts|10.330.110.30.10.30^Synthetic chloroplasts|10.390.70.10^Synthetic chloroplasts|50.400.70.10^Synthetic chloroplasts
10.390.50^Synthetic ecology|50.400.50^Synthetic ecology
10.390.60.10^Synthetic gene oscillators|50.400.60.10^Synthetic gene oscillators
10.390.60.20^Synthetic genetic networks|50.400.60.20^Synthetic genetic networks
10.390.60^Synthetic genetic systems|50.400.60^Synthetic genetic systems
10.110.30.50.10.10^Synthetic genome editing|10.390.10.10.10^Synthetic genome editing|10.390.70.20^Synthetic genome editing|50.40.50.10.10^Synthetic genome editing|50.400.10.10.10^Synthetic genome editing|50.400.70.20^Synthetic genome editing
10.390.70^Synthetic genomics|50.400.70^Synthetic genomics
10.390.80^Synthetic life|50.400.80^Synthetic life
Deliberate decision to not give this the BT of Synthetic biology - all-or-none rule – it is used in articles in other contexts than Synthetic biology (check hit list for Subject search) 2014/02/27 (RD)
10.60.230.50^Synthetic nucleic acids|10.110.120.20^Synthetic nucleic acids|10.390.30.20^Synthetic nucleic acids|50.400.30.20^Synthetic nucleic acids
10.60.260.30^Synthetic peptides|10.60.310.70^Synthetic peptides|10.110.120.30^Synthetic peptides|10.390.30.30^Synthetic peptides|50.400.30.30^Synthetic peptides
10.390.70.30^Synthetic plasmids|50.400.70.30^Synthetic plasmids
10.390.60.20.10^Synthetic promoters|50.400.60.20.10^Synthetic promoters
60.280.330.20^Syringomyelia and syringobulbia
20.320.180^System instability|80.40.190.180^System instability
20.320.190^System stability|80.40.190.190^System stability
Very general term that appears in various disciplines. Might need attention. Perhaps delete? -BG, 24 May 2012
Upon infection with necrotizing pathogens many plants develop an enhanced resistance to further pathogen attack also in the uninoculated organs. This type of enhanced resistance is referred to as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In the SAR state, plants are primed (sensitized) to more quickly and more effectively activate defense responses the second time they encounter pathogen attack. Since SAR depends on the ability to access past experience, acquired disease resistance is a paradigm for the existence of a form of “plant memory”. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634024/ KH
10.330.190.70.30^Systemic acquired resistance
60.110.110.550.30^Systemic inflammatory response syndrome|60.360.140.550.30^Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Term added as part of review of Rheumatology provoked by user input 2013/09/03 (RD)
10.210.50.40.90.20^Systemic lupus erythematosus|60.60.10.40.90.20^Systemic lupus erythematosus|60.180.50.40.90.20^Systemic lupus erythematosus|60.450.140^Systemic lupus erythematosus
In systemic mastocytosis, mast cells gather in body tissues, such as the skin, organs and bones. The condition mainly affects adults. Some people with systemic mastocytosis may experience episodes of severe symptoms that last 15-30 minutes. Many people don't have any problems. During an episode you may have: skin reactions – such as itching and flushing gut symptoms – such as vomiting and diarrhoea muscle and joint pain mood changes, headaches and episodes of fatigue (tiredness) http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Mastocytosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx RD
2015/03/10 06:20 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Not synonymous with computer systems analysis. -BG, 17 August 2012
20.320.200^Systems analysis|80.40.190.200^Systems analysis
Genomics resources and high-throughput bioinformatics technologies are being used to study biological systems to develop bioenergy sources, methods of environmental remediation, and to address environmental issues such as climate change. This systems biology approach is being implemented by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Genomic Science Program (GSP). -- "Bioinformatics and computational biology." Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Online. Detroit: Gale Group, 2009. Science Resource Center. Gale. 04 May 2010
10.400^Systems biology|20.320.210^Systems biology|80.40.190.210^Systems biology
The combined approaches of systems analysis and the ecology of whole ecosystems and subsystems. The analysis of how ecosystem function is determined by the components of an ecosystem and how those components cycle, retain, or exchange energy and nutrients. Systems ecology typically involves the application of computer models that track the flow of energy and materials and predict the responses of systems to perturbations that range from fires to climate change to species extinctions. Systems ecology is closely related to mathematical ecology, with the major difference stemming from systems ecology's focus on energy and nutrient flow and its borrowing of ideas from engineering. Systems ecology is one of the few theoretical tools that can simultaneously examine a system from the level of individuals all the way up to the level of ecosystem dynamics. It is an especially valuable approach for investigating systems so large and complicated that experiments are impossible, and even observations of the entire system are impractical. In these overwhelming settings, the only approach is to break down the research into measurements of components and then assemble a system model that pieces together all components. An important contribution of ecosystem science is the recognition that there are critical ecosystem services such as cleansing of water, recycling of waste materials, production of food and fiber, and mitigation of pestilence and plagues. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/systems+ecology RD
10.180.310^Systems ecology|10.400.20^Systems ecology|20.320.210.20^Systems ecology|40.80.310^Systems ecology|80.40.190.210.20^Systems ecology
The first word of this term does not refer specifically to computer systems. It has much broader scope. -BG, 16 August 2012 Recommend moving to Mathematics branch. -BG, 17 August 2012
20.320^Systems science|80.40.190^Systems science
10.120.230.40.380.230^TGF-beta signaling cascade
Thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test
80.20.10.20.140^Tandem mass spectrometry|90.340.120.140^Tandem mass spectrometry
10.240.30.230.110.100^Tandem repeat sequence analysis|90.240.230.110.100^Tandem repeat sequence analysis
Study of the processes of decay, preservation, and the formation of fossils in general. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleo/paleowhat.html RD
Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation is the sensory impression of food or other substances on the tongue and is one of the five traditional senses.Taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds. Taste, along with smell (olfaction) and trigeminal nerve stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines flavors of food or other substances.
Taste buds contain the receptors for taste. They are located around the small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, the cheek, epiglottis, which are called papillae. These structures are involved in detecting the five (known) elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami. A popular myth assigns these different tastes to different regions of the tongue; in reality these tastes can be detected by any area of the tongue.
1. the science or technique of classification. 2. the science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms. 3. any classification, esp. the systematic classification of organisms into hierarchical groups or taxa. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/taxonomy RD
Synonym for "instructors" or vice versa?
90.330.20.40^Technicon Autoslide mounting
Temnospondyls are a very large and widespread extinct clade of stegocephalians. They are known from the Visean (Lower Carboniferous, about -340 m.y.) to the Lower Cretaceous (-120 m.y.) and have been found on all continents, from Greenland to Antarctica. More than twelve families are known, gathering about 90 genera (Milner, 1993). Temnospondyls show a great diversity of forms, resembling large salamanders, crocodiles or gavials, with brevirostral (short-snouted; Fig. 1C) to longirostral (long-snouted) skulls (Fig. 1D). Their size ranges from about 20 cm to 3 m in length. Aquatic, semi-aquatic, amphibious or terrestrial, this opportunist group occupied a great range of ecological niches, especially during the Upper Carboniferous and the Lower Permian. From the Upper Permian to their demise in the Lower Cretaceous, temnospondyls are largely (if not entirely) restricted to aquatic habitats; i.e. they were found in fresh waters on continents and in the seas (Lindeman, 1991). http://tolweb.org/Temnospondyli RD
10.180.150.60.20^Temperate forests|40.80.150.60.20^Temperate forests|40.240.40.20^Temperate forests|40.240.90^Temperate forests
90.150.30.110^Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
10.60.300.390.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels|10.100.60.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels|10.260.210.40.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels|10.320.50.20.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels|10.320.50.40.40.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels|60.400.50.20.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels|60.400.50.40.40.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels|80.50.40.60.110.10^Temperature-gated ion channels
80.20.120.340.10^Template polymerization|80.20.240.40.10^Template polymerization
60.470.250.110^Temporal lobectomy|60.470.380.40.10^Temporal lobectomy
60.470.110.50^Temporomandibular joint surgery
Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development. It is often thought of as the study of birth defects, but it is much broader than that, taking in other developmental stages, such as puberty; and other life forms, such as plants.
Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated fluoresceinated dUTP nick end labeling
Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase mediated fluoresceinated dUTP nick end labelling
Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated fluoresceinated dUTP nick end labelling
10.240.30.40.120^Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated fluoresceinated dUTP nick end labeling|90.240.40.120^Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated fluoresceinated dUTP nick end labeling
60.390.190.30.40^Terminal disposition rate
Terrestrial ecology research includes studies of plant-soil-atmosphere interactions and biogeochemistry at molecular to landscape scales, with specific emphasis on the belowground ecosystem. Laboratory and field studies address terrestrial components of the global carbon cycle; factors controlling the quantity, quality, and spatial distribution of soil organic matter; and the roles of soil microbes, plant roots, and soil organic matter in ecosystem-scale responses to environmental forcing factors. http://www.bio.anl.gov/environmental_biology/terrestrial_ecology/ RD NASA Terrestrial Ecology research addresses Earth's carbon cycle and ecosystems using space-based observations. The focus is on land-based ecosystems, changes in their structure and functioning, and their roles in supporting human life and maintaining planet Earth's habitability. The goal of NASA's Terrestrial Ecology research is to improve understanding of the structure and function of global terrestrial ecosystems, their interactions with the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and their role in the cycling of the major biogeochemical elements and water. http://cce.nasa.gov/cce/terrestrial.htm http://cce.nasa.gov/terrestrial_ecology/ RD
10.180.320^Terrestrial ecology|40.80.320^Terrestrial ecology
60.300.60.110.40^Testicular cancer|60.490.160^Testicular cancer
60.470.330.190^Testicular transplantation|60.470.430.50.60^Testicular transplantation
10.280.70.20.20.10^Tetrahymena thermophila|90.230.50.20^Tetrahymena thermophila
Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics.
10.180.330^Theoretical ecology|40.80.330^Theoretical ecology
10.260.40.20.50^Theories of consciousness|10.260.50.30.20.50^Theories of consciousness
10.240.30.50.120^Therapeutic cloning|90.240.50.120^Therapeutic cloning
Narrower terms from methods spreadsheet omitted; were not exclusive to therapeutic drug monitoring. -BG, 26 June 2012
Therapsida is a group of synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors.[1][2] Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within early therapsids, including having their four limbs extend vertically beneath the body, as opposed to the sprawling posture of other reptiles. The earliest fossil attributed to Therapsida is Tetraceratops insignis from the Lower Permian.[3][4] Therapsids evolved from pelycosaurs (specifically sphenacodonts) 275 million years ago. They replaced the pelycosaurs as the dominant large land animals in the Middle Permian and were replaced, in turn, by the archosauromorphs in the Triassic, although one group of therapsids, the kannemeyeriiforms, remained diverse in the Late Triassic. The therapsids included the cynodonts, the group that gave rise to mammals in the Late Triassic around 225 million years ago. Of the non-mammalian therapsids, only cynodonts and dicynodonts survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. The last of the non-mammalian therapsids, the tritylodontid cynodonts, became extinct in the Early Cretaceous, approximately 100 million years ago. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsid RD
80.20.240.20.10.210^Thermosetting polymers|80.30.60.150.210^Thermosetting polymers
10.20.230.120^Thoracic diaphragm|60.10.230.120^Thoracic diaphragm
60.110.40.30.40^Three-phase planar bone scintigraphy|60.430.10.30.40^Three-phase planar bone scintigraphy|90.190.50.30.40^Three-phase planar bone scintigraphy
60.380.20.30^Three-point method of Sawchuk
10.60.230.50.20^Threose nucleic acids|10.110.120.20.20^Threose nucleic acids|10.390.30.20.20^Threose nucleic acids|50.400.30.20.20^Threose nucleic acids
60.170.170.30^Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
60.300.60.60.150^Thyroid carcinomas|60.300.60.90.90^Thyroid carcinomas
10.60.190.120.270^Thyroid-stimulating hormone
10.60.190.120.280^Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
60.190.80.20.20^Tick-borne encephalitis|60.280.170.20.20^Tick-borne encephalitis
10.230.60.10.30.80.70^Tick-borne encephalitis virus|10.280.90.60.120.70^Tick-borne encephalitis virus|10.280.90.80.80.70^Tick-borne encephalitis virus|60.360.90.50.30.80.70^Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Ticks are small, blood-sucking arthropods related to spiders, mites and scorpions. There are many different species of tick living in Britain, each preferring to feed on the blood of different animal hosts. If given the opportunity, some of them will feed on human blood too. The one most likely to bite humans in Britain is the Sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus. Despite its name, the sheep tick will feed from a wide variety of mammals and birds. Bites from other ticks are possible, including from the Hedgehog tick, Ixodes hexagonus, and the Fox or Badger tick, Ixodes canisuga. In the USA the highest risk comes from the Deer tick, Ixodes scapularis. There are four stages to a tick’s life-cycle: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Larvae, nymphs and adults all only feed once in each stage. The whole life cycle lasts around 2 years. http://www.lymediseaseaction.org.uk/about-ticks/ RD
2015/03/11 10:47 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
80.40.180.70.210^Time series analysis|90.210.100.210^Time series analysis
90.340.10.40^Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy
90.340.70.10^Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy|90.340.210.50.40^Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy
90.340.110.30^Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy
10.60.340^Tissue distribution|60.390.180.50^Tissue distribution
10.110.30.60^Tissue engineering|50.40.60^Tissue engineering
10.90.70^Tissue mechanics|10.100.100^Tissue mechanics|80.50.40.100^Tissue mechanics
A toddler is a child between the ages of one and three.[1][2] The toddler years are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social development. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddler RD
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response. PMID:12467241 PMID:12524386 PMID:12855817 PMID:15585605 PMID:15728447 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0002224 RD
10.120.230.40.430^Toll-like receptor signaling
2015/04/13 10:07 Synonym TLRs added by rachel
The Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus; family Bunyaviridae) (TSWV) was thought to be the sole member of the tomato spotted wilt virus group until 1989 when Impatiens necrotic spot virus was characterized. The genus Tospovirus now contains TSWV as the type member and more than a dozen other distinct viruses whose identification has been facilitated by the use of serological and molecular techniques. The tospoviruses are transmitted by thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and replicate in both the thrips vectors and the plant hosts. http://www.apsnet.org/EDCENTER/INTROPP/LESSONS/VIRUSES/Pages/TomatoSpottedWilt.aspx
10.230.60.10.30.40.40^Tomato spotted wilt virus|10.280.90.60.60.40^Tomato spotted wilt virus|10.280.90.80.40.40^Tomato spotted wilt virus|10.330.180.20.40.20^Tomato spotted wilt virus|60.360.90.50.30.40.40^Tomato spotted wilt virus
60.470.330.60.10.20^Total abdominal hysterectomy|60.470.380.20.10.20^Total abdominal hysterectomy
90.340.130.10.30^Total correlation spectroscopy
60.470.240.20.20^Total knee arthroplasty
2015/03/02 07:17 created by rachel 2015/03/02 07:22 Synonym TA modules added by rachel 2015/03/02 07:26 BT Bacterial physiology added by rachel 2015/03/02 07:26 BT Bacterial genetics added by rachel 2015/03/02 07:32 Synonym Toxin-antitoxin loci added by rachel 2015/03/02 07:33 Synonym TA loci added by rachel 2015/03/02 07:41 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Bacterial TA systems are of two different types depending on the nature of the antitoxin; the toxin always being a protein. The antitoxin of type I systems is a small RNA (antisense or adjacent and divergent to the toxin gene) showing complementarity to the toxin mRNA (for recent reviews on type I systems). Type I antitoxins regulate toxin expression by inhibiting the toxin's translation. The toxins of type I systems are small, hydrophobic proteins that cause damage in bacterial cell membranes. In type II systems, the antitoxin is a small, unstable protein that sequesters the toxin through proteic complex formation (for a recent review on type II systems). Much more information is available for type II systems, especially in terms of their biological roles. http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000437 RD
10.200.300.10.30^Toxin-antitoxin modules|10.230.40.40.30^Toxin-antitoxin modules|10.230.40.50.90^Toxin-antitoxin modules|10.230.120.20.90^Toxin-antitoxin modules|10.430.130.40.10.60^Toxin-antitoxin modules|60.360.170.130.40.10.60^Toxin-antitoxin modules
60.140.130.20^Toxin-mediated gastroenteritis
"A toxin (from Ancient Greek: τοξικόν toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms;[1][2] man-made substances created by artificial processes are thus excluded" -- Wikipedia
10.20.190.30.120^Trabecular meshwork|60.10.190.30.120^Trabecular meshwork
Trace Fossil - physical evidence of the activities of past organisms in their natural environment (i.e. burrows through the soil, tracks, trails, etc.) These fossils are often found in sedimentary rock. They are preserved if they are rapidly buried before they are eroded by wind or water or otherwise altered. http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/BIOL/classes/bio302/pages/TraceFossilsActivity.html RD Trace fossils, also called ichnofossils (sg. /ˈɪknoʊfɒsɨl/; Greek: ιχνος ikhnos "trace, track"), are geological records of biological activity. Trace fossils may be impressions made on the substrate by an organism: for example, burrows, borings (bioerosion), urolites (erosion caused by evacuation of liquid wastes), footprints and feeding marks, and root cavities. The term in its broadest sense also includes the remains of other organic material produced by an organism — for example coprolites (fossilized droppings) or chemical markers — or sedimentological structures produced by biological means - for example, stromatolites. Trace fossils contrast with body fossils, which are the fossilized remains of parts of organisms' bodies, usually altered by later chemical activity or mineralization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil RD
Frequency of 2245 in STEM list. -BG, 7 June 2012
Traditional adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test
60.390.200.110^Traditional ACTH stimulation test
60.70.90.20^Traditional Chinese medicine
10.140.110.130^Trait locus analysis|10.200.260.70.130^Trait locus analysis
90.150.30.120^Trans-alternative field electrophoresis
60.110.40.70.50^Transclonic portal scintigraphy|60.430.10.70.50^Transclonic portal scintigraphy|90.190.50.70.50^Transclonic portal scintigraphy
Transcranial alternating current stimulation
10.260.20.110.10^Transcranial alternating current stimulation|10.260.210.20.30.10^Transcranial alternating current stimulation|10.320.50.40.20.30.10^Transcranial alternating current stimulation|60.400.50.40.20.30.10^Transcranial alternating current stimulation|90.20.50.10.30.10^Transcranial alternating current stimulation
10.260.20.110.20^Transcranial direct-current stimulation|10.260.210.20.30.20^Transcranial direct-current stimulation|10.320.50.40.20.30.20^Transcranial direct-current stimulation|60.400.50.40.20.30.20^Transcranial direct-current stimulation|90.20.50.10.30.20^Transcranial direct-current stimulation
10.260.20.110.30^Transcranial magnetic stimulation|10.260.210.20.30.30^Transcranial magnetic stimulation|10.320.50.40.20.30.30^Transcranial magnetic stimulation|60.400.50.40.20.30.30^Transcranial magnetic stimulation|90.20.50.10.30.30^Transcranial magnetic stimulation
10.260.20.110^Transcranial stimulation|10.260.210.20.30^Transcranial stimulation|10.320.50.40.20.30^Transcranial stimulation|60.400.50.40.20.30^Transcranial stimulation|90.20.50.10.30^Transcranial stimulation
10.60.300.820^Transcription activators|10.200.120.40.130^Transcription activators
10.60.300.200.40^Transcription factors|10.60.300.680.20^Transcription factors|10.200.120.40.140^Transcription factors
10.60.230.10.110.50.10^Transcription-coupled repair|10.200.60.110.50.10^Transcription-coupled repair
10.200.120.40.150^Transcriptional control
10.200.120.40.160^Transcriptional termination
10.140.110.140^Transcriptome analysis|10.200.260.70.140^Transcriptome analysis
60.380.30.20.20^Transdermal patch drug delivery
Line transects are used when you wish to illustrate a particular gradient or linear pattern along which communities of plants and, or animals change. They provide a good way of being able to clearly visualise the changes taking place along the line. Depending on how detailed the line transect is, they can usually be accomplished fairly quickly. http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/wetland_survey/line.htm RD
10.60.230.10.100.40^Transformation associated recombination|10.200.60.100.40^Transformation associated recombination
60.110.10.30^Transfusion medicine|60.170.180^Transfusion medicine
10.240.30.240.50^Transient gene transfection|90.240.240.50^Transient gene transfection
60.280.70.10.30^Transient ischemic attacks|60.500.110.30^Transient ischemic attacks
10.60.300.390.110^Transient receptor potential channels|10.100.60.110^Transient receptor potential channels|10.260.210.40.110^Transient receptor potential channels|10.320.50.20.110^Transient receptor potential channels|10.320.50.40.40.110^Transient receptor potential channels|60.400.50.20.110^Transient receptor potential channels|60.400.50.40.40.110^Transient receptor potential channels|80.50.40.60.110^Transient receptor potential channels
10.240.30.240.60^Transient transfection|90.240.240.60^Transient transfection
10.240.30.240.70^Transient transfection analysis|90.240.240.70^Transient transfection analysis
10.240.30.240.80^Transient transfection assay|90.240.240.80^Transient transfection assay
A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil RD
10.290.30.120^Transitional fossils|30.130.30.120^Transitional fossils
10.200.120.70.20^Translation termination
10.120.60.20.80.80^Transmembrane proteins
10.60.300.830^Transmembrane receptors|10.120.230.150^Transmembrane receptors
10.120.230.40.450^Transmembrane signaling
10.60.300.840^Transmembrane transport proteins
10.230.60.10.30.60.50^Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus|10.280.90.60.80.50^Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus|10.280.90.80.60.50^Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus|60.360.90.50.30.60.50^Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus
90.220.30.100^Transmission electron microscopy
90.220.50.170^Transmitted light microscopy
10.210.50.180.10^Transplant rejection|60.60.10.180.10^Transplant rejection|60.180.50.180.10^Transplant rejection
10.210.50.180^Transplantation immunology|60.60.10.180^Transplantation immunology|60.180.50.180^Transplantation immunology
50.60.30^Transportation infrastructure|50.440.60^Transportation infrastructure
10.200.210.10.20^Transposable elements|10.200.260.150.20^Transposable elements
10.240.30.210.180^Transposon mutagenesis|90.240.210.180^Transposon mutagenesis
Transsexualism is when an individual identifies with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their assigned sex, i.e. in which a person's assigned sex at birth conflicts with their psychological gender.
Synonym was in same column, different row of the methods spreadsheet. _BG, 21 June 2012
60.470.330.200^Transurethral prostate resection|60.470.400.60.10^Transurethral prostate resection|60.470.450.60.10^Transurethral prostate resection
60.470.400.60^Transurethral resection|60.470.450.60^Transurethral resection
60.90.70.50^Trauma surgery|60.470.440^Trauma surgery
Trauma is defined as "an injury or wound to a living body caused by the application of external force or violence." Acute trauma can occur with the sudden, one-time application of force or violence that causes immediate damage to a living body. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/ti/ RD
Needs attention. Same as trematodiases? -BG, 11 June 2012
the study of the wear of materials due to friction and other factors
90.250.30.30^Trichloroacetic acid precipitation
60.280.110.10.20^Trigeminal nerve disorders
Trilobites are remarkable, hard-shelled, segmented creatures that existed over 520 million years ago in the Earth's ancient seas. They went extinct before dinosaurs even came into existence, and are one of the key signature creatures of the Paleozoic Era, the first era to exhibit a proliferation of the complex life-forms that established the foundation of life as it is today. Although dinosaurs are the most well-known fossil animals, trilobites are also a favorite among those familiar with Paleontology (the study of the development of life on Earth), and are found in the rocks of all continents. http://www.trilobites.info/trilobite.htm RD
10.230.70.10.10.20^Trimethoprim resistance|60.390.20.10.20^Trimethoprim resistance
90.150.30.130^Tris acetate gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70.50^Tris acetate gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis|90.150.30.130.10^Tris acetate gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.140^Tris borate gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70.60^Tris borate gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis|90.150.30.140.10^Tris borate gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
10.180.70.80^Trophic interactions|40.80.70.80^Trophic interactions
10.180.150.120^Tropical ecosystems|40.80.150.120^Tropical ecosystems
10.180.150.60.10.10^Tropical rainforests|40.80.150.60.10.10^Tropical rainforests|40.240.40.10.10^Tropical rainforests|40.240.100^Tropical rainforests
10.280.70.50.190.10^Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
60.110.130^Tuberculosis diagnosis and management
60.390.90.30.50^Tuberculosis drug discovery
The induction of the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue into a tumor. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vasculogenesis 2014/10/10 (RD)
10.170.10.20^Tumor angiogenesis|10.320.30.10.20^Tumor angiogenesis|60.300.10.30.10^Tumor angiogenesis|60.400.30.10.20^Tumor angiogenesis
10.210.50.190^Tumor immunology|60.60.10.190^Tumor immunology|60.180.50.190^Tumor immunology
10.200.180.120.10^Tumor suppressor genes
10.120.70.10.20.40.210^Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes|10.120.70.10.130.40.210^Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes|10.210.80.40.210^Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes|60.180.80.40.210^Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
60.300.60.110.50^Tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter
Sea squirts are Tunicates but NT relationship not made explicit because we do not want specific named Animals to BT back to Taxonomy. 2013/09/05 (RD)
70.20.50.20.270^Turks and Caicos Islands
60.390.190.30.10.30^Two-compartment open models
2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
90.340.130.110^Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy
90.80.110^Two-dimensional chromatography
Two dimensional correlation spectroscopy
90.340.130.10.40^Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy|90.340.130.110.10^Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy
90.150.30.150^Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
90.150.30.70.70^Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
10.240.30.80.20.50^Two-hybrid library construction|90.240.80.20.50^Two-hybrid library construction
90.220.50.180^Two-photon excitation microscopy
90.220.50.180.20^Two-photon tissue cytometry
10.60.300.390.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels|10.100.60.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels|10.260.210.40.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels|10.320.50.20.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels|10.320.50.40.40.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels|60.400.50.20.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels|60.400.50.40.40.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels|80.50.40.60.80.30^Two-pore-domain potassium channels
Two stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test
60.390.190.50^Two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test
10.60.170.20.60.10^Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
10.120.230.40.380.240^Tyrosine kinase signaling cascade
A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. Tyrosine kinases are a subclass of protein kinase. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase RD http://prosite.expasy.org/PS00109 RD
A diverse class of enzymes that interact with ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Ubiquitin-Protein+Ligases&field=entry#TreeD08.811.464.938.750 KH
10.60.300.850^Ubiquitin-proteasome system
The ultimatum game is a game in economic experiments. The first player (the proposer) receives a sum of money and proposes how to divide the sum between himself and another player. The second player (the responder) chooses to either accept or reject this proposal. If the second player accepts, the money is split according to the proposal. If the second player rejects, neither player receives any money. The game is typically played only once so that reciprocation is not an issue. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimatum_game RD
90.330.70.30.80^Ultrafast-Hoechst 3342 staining
60.470.300.90.10^Ultrasound assisted lipoplasty
60.110.40.170^Ultrasound imaging|60.430.10.170^Ultrasound imaging|90.190.50.170^Ultrasound imaging
80.20.220.10.30.30^Ultraviolet cross-linking
90.340.210.80^Ultraviolet spectrophotometry
Ultraviolet visible absorption techniques
90.60.100.50^Ultraviolet-visible absorption techniques
May need technical attention - synonym has slash. -BG, 14 June 2012
90.340.240^Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
10.60.170.20.140^Uncompetitive inhibitors
110.30.190.50^Unemployment rates|110.30.200.40^Unemployment rates
Name is initially temporary and subject to change. -BG, 3 July 2012
60.420.210.30^Upper respiratory tract infections
10.240.30.190.270^Uracil interference assay|90.240.190.270^Uracil interference assay
90.330.70.110.180^Uranyl acetate staining
10.180.340^Urban ecology|40.80.340^Urban ecology
10.180.150.130^Urban ecosystems|40.80.150.130^Urban ecosystems
30.40.70.130^Urban geography|110.40.130^Urban geography
10.230.60.10.10.620^Ureaplasma urealyticum|60.360.90.50.10.620^Ureaplasma urealyticum
60.190.10.1090^Ureaplasma urealyticum infections
Methods (Urinary System, under VII. INVASIVE/SURGICAL TECHNIQUES)
Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
The classical sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with a range of signs and symptoms including lesions of the cervix and vagina, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse and nodules in the vulva. http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/en/ RD
60.350.80.100.30^Urogenital schistosomiasis|60.480.20.400.30^Urogenital schistosomiasis
60.300.60.110.70^Urothelial neoplasias|60.490.200^Urothelial neoplasias
Added BT Basidiomycetes as part of revisions to invent Biology and life sciences/Organisms, and make sure that all Model organisms are listed as organisms in their own right so also map back to the new tier 2 Organisms. 2013/08/08 (RD)
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
10.210.200^Vaccination and immunization|60.180.200^Vaccination and immunization|60.410.130.50^Vaccination and immunization
10.210.200.110^Vaccine development|60.180.200.110^Vaccine development|60.410.130.50.110^Vaccine development
Needs attention for possible NTs elsewhere in thesaurus. Also, might need rule? -BG, 17 May 2012
60.470.330.60.30^Vaginal hysterectomy|60.470.380.20.30^Vaginal hysterectomy
10.230.70.10.10.30^Vancomycin resistance|60.390.20.10.30^Vancomycin resistance
10.230.60.10.10.580.10.20^Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|10.280.30.530.10.20^Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|60.360.90.50.10.580.10.20^Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
"Genotypes" changed to "Variant genotypes" as Genotype on its own is devoid of meaning - also slotted under Genetic mapping, and that gives a better context 2013/05/06 (RD)
10.330.80.210^Vascular bundles|10.330.190.160^Vascular bundles
60.250.50.30^Vascular dementia|60.280.120.30^Vascular dementia
The development of new blood vessels from endothelial stem cells—i.e., in absence of pre-existing vessels. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vasculogenesis 2014/10/10 (RD)
In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, bacteriophages and other viruses, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker.
10.240.30.80.60^Vector construction|10.240.30.190.90.100^Vector construction|90.240.80.60^Vector construction|90.240.190.90.100^Vector construction
10.450.40.140^Venezuelan equine encephalitis
10.230.60.10.30.230.10.110^Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus|10.280.90.60.280.10.110^Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus|10.280.90.80.230.10.110^Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus|60.360.90.50.30.230.10.110^Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
60.190.170.460.50^Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever|60.480.20.460.50^Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious, potentially fatal, medical condition. VTE is the collective name for: deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – a blood clot in in one of the deep veins in the body, usually in one of the legs pulmonary embolism – a blood clot in the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrombosis/pages/introduction.aspx RD
60.90.80^Ventilatory support|60.420.230^Ventilatory support
10.20.50.370^Ventral tegmental area|60.10.50.370^Ventral tegmental area
10.170.170.20.20.10^Ventricular septal defects|60.30.70.10^Ventricular septal defects|60.80.10.20.10^Ventricular septal defects
Oral communication; speech;The process of sending and receiving messages with words, including writing and sign language. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verbal_communication2014/10/08 (RD)
Term invoked as part of partitioning Taxonomy NTs away from Animals division, provoked by New Terms Amphioxus and Chordata 2013/09/05 (RD) Although closely related to Vertebrates this term invoked because we do not want all specific Animals named as NTs to Vertebrates to BT back to Taxonomy. 2013/09/05 (RD)
10.20.20.20.20.50^Vertebrate cartilage|60.10.20.20.20.50^Vertebrate cartilage
10.290.50.50.20^Vertebrate paleontology|30.130.50.50.20^Vertebrate paleontology
Reviewed BT/NT relationship of this node. 2013/08/09 (RD) Term moved as part of partitioning Taxonomy NTs away from Animals division, provoked by New Terms Amphioxus and Chordata 2013/09/05 (RD)
A mitosporic fungal genus commonly isolated from soil. Some species are the cause of wilt diseases in many different plants. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Verticillium&field=entry#TreeB01.300.381.950 KH
10.230.60.10.30.240^Vesicular stomatitis virus|10.280.90.60.250.10^Vesicular stomatitis virus|10.280.90.80.240^Vesicular stomatitis virus|60.360.90.50.30.240^Vesicular stomatitis virus
10.300.90^Veterinary parasitology|10.440.60^Veterinary parasitology
A video game is an electronic game that involves human interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game RD
90.220.50.200.40^Video imaging microscopy
In modern psychology, vigilance, also termed sustained concentration, is defined as the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged periods of time. During this time, the person attempts to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus. The individual watches for a signal stimulus that may occur at an unknown time.
10.260.50.40.20.10^Vigilance decrement|10.350.50.20.10^Vigilance decrement|110.90.50.20.10^Vigilance decrement
The entering of cells by viruses following virus attachment. This is achieved by endocytosis, by direct membrane fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Virus+Internalization&field=entry#TreeG06.590.875.755 KH
10.200.120.140^Viral gene expression|10.200.300.20.10^Viral gene expression|10.230.180.90.10^Viral gene expression
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic fever" is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected). Characteristically, the overall vascular system is damaged, and the body's ability to regulate itself is impaired. These symptoms are often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding); however, the bleeding is itself rarely life-threatening. While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause severe, life-threatening disease. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/vhf.htm 2014/10/10 (RD)
60.190.170.460^Viral hemorrhagic fevers|60.480.20.460^Viral hemorrhagic fevers
"The mechanisms that cancers use to escape host immune responses may vary among different types of cancers and even different cancers of a particular type." -- http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/cancer/imevstca.html#Introduction Throughout the course of evolution, parasitic organisms have developed several methods to alter their environments so that they may survive and reproduce, thereby ensuring their propagation. These adaptive strategies can be passive or may involve active manipulation of the host's immune system through evasion, exploitation, and molecular piracy. -- http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio153/ImmuneEvasion/Background.html
Pathogenesis is the process by which an infection leads to disease. Pathogenic mechanisms of viral disease include (1) implantation of virus at the portal of entry, (2) local replication, (3) spread to target organs (disease sites), and (4) spread to sites of shedding of virus into the environment. Factors that affect pathogenic mechanisms are (1) accessibility of virus to tissue, (2) cell susceptibility to virus multiplication, and (3) virus susceptibility to host defenses. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8149/ KH
10.230.180.130^Viral pathogenesis|60.360.80.20^Viral pathogenesis
10.230.180.140^Viral persistence and latency
10.60.300.630.60^Viral protein synthesis|90.70.20.30.60^Viral protein synthesis
The dissemination of mature viral particles from the host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/GTerm?id=GO:0019076 2014/10/15 (RD)
10.230.180.150.90^Viral replication complex
Merged "Viral Transmission" and "Viral Infection" as there was already a term "Viral Infections" which listed the various know viral infections. The new term "Viral Transmission and Infection" describes the modes or factors involved in the transmission of a virus and the subsequent infection that occurs once the host has been exposed to the virus.
10.230.180.180^Viral transmission and infection
The specificity of a virus for a particular host tissue, determined in part by the interaction of viral surface structures with receptors present on the surface of the host cell. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/viral+tropism http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/viral+tropism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi 2014/10/15 (RD)
60.190.170.480^Viral upper respiratory tract infection|60.420.210.30.20^Viral upper respiratory tract infection
10.240.30.190.90.110^Viral vector techniques|90.240.190.90.110^Viral vector techniques
Virtual archaeology uses Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to model creative visual representations of archaeological data into virtual images that can be examined and explored using a personal computer's browser. --http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/virtual/methods.html
20.40.30.20^Virtual reality|50.190.30.30^Virtual reality
The assembly of viral structural proteins and nucleic acid (viral dna or viral rna) to form a virus particle https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Virus+Assembly&field=entry#TreeG06.590.875.780.950 KH
10.230.180.220^Virus effects on host gene expression
Visual acuity (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision. It depends on optical and neural factors, i.e., (i) the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye, (ii) the intactness and functioning of the retina, and (iii) the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain.A common cause of low visual acuity is refractive error (ametropia), or errors in how the light is refracted in the eyeball.
10.260.20.60.20^Visual-evoked potentials|10.260.180.60.20^Visual-evoked potentials|10.260.210.20.20.20^Visual-evoked potentials|10.320.50.40.20.20.20^Visual-evoked potentials|60.110.20.10.20^Visual-evoked potentials|60.400.50.40.20.20.20^Visual-evoked potentials|90.20.50.10.20.20^Visual-evoked potentials|90.190.110.60.20^Visual-evoked potentials
10.270.40.30^Vitamin D deficiency|60.290.40.30^Vitamin D deficiency
Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body. MeSH: D014815 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi RD
2015/03/21 13:02 RT Bioacoustics added by rachel
80.20.60.430.560^Volatile organic compounds|80.20.200.20.560^Volatile organic compounds
10.60.300.390.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.60.300.390.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.100.60.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.100.60.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.260.210.40.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.260.210.40.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.320.50.20.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.320.50.20.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.320.50.40.40.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|10.320.50.40.40.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels|60.400.50.20.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|60.400.50.20.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels|60.400.50.40.40.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|60.400.50.40.40.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels|80.50.40.60.10.10^Voltage-gated calcium channels|80.50.40.60.130.30^Voltage-gated calcium channels
10.60.300.390.130^Voltage-gated ion channels|10.100.60.130^Voltage-gated ion channels|10.260.210.40.130^Voltage-gated ion channels|10.320.50.20.130^Voltage-gated ion channels|10.320.50.40.40.130^Voltage-gated ion channels|60.400.50.20.130^Voltage-gated ion channels|60.400.50.40.40.130^Voltage-gated ion channels|80.50.40.60.130^Voltage-gated ion channels
10.60.300.390.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.60.300.390.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.100.60.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.100.60.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.260.210.40.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.260.210.40.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.320.50.20.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.320.50.20.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.320.50.40.40.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|10.320.50.40.40.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|60.400.50.20.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|60.400.50.20.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|60.400.50.40.40.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|60.400.50.40.40.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|80.50.40.60.80.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels|80.50.40.60.130.40^Voltage-gated potassium channels
10.60.300.390.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.60.300.390.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.100.60.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.100.60.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.260.210.40.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.260.210.40.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.320.50.20.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.320.50.20.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.320.50.40.40.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|10.320.50.40.40.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels|60.400.50.20.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|60.400.50.20.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels|60.400.50.40.40.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|60.400.50.40.40.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels|80.50.40.60.90.10^Voltage-gated proton channels|80.50.40.60.130.50^Voltage-gated proton channels
10.60.300.390.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.60.300.390.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.100.60.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.100.60.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.260.210.40.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.260.210.40.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.320.50.20.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.320.50.20.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.320.50.40.40.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|10.320.50.40.40.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels|60.400.50.20.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|60.400.50.20.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels|60.400.50.40.40.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|60.400.50.40.40.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels|80.50.40.60.100.20^Voltage-gated sodium channels|80.50.40.60.130.60^Voltage-gated sodium channels
10.260.20.10.60^Voxel-based morphometry|10.260.180.10.60^Voxel-based morphometry|60.110.40.110.10.60^Voxel-based morphometry|60.430.10.110.10.60^Voxel-based morphometry|90.190.50.110.10.60^Voxel-based morphometry|90.190.100.50^Voxel-based morphometry|90.190.110.10.60^Voxel-based morphometry
The honeybee waggle dance behavior communicates the distance to and direction of valuable food sources. A foraging worker bee who has found by a rich food source returns to the hive, is greeted by other bees, and commences dancing on the vertical comb surface within the dark nest in a figure-eight pattern. http://animalwise.org/2011/08/25/the-honeybee-waggle-dance-%E2%80%93-is-it-a-language/ 2014/10/08 (RD)
40.90.60^Water chemistry|80.20.150.60^Water chemistry
Anseriformes is an order of birds. It comprises about 150 living species in three families: Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 140 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anseriformes RD
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is failure of the adrenal gland to function as as result of bleeding into the gland. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000609.htm 2014/10/13 (RD)
60.190.10.1100^Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
10.210.50.40.260^Wegener granulomatosis|60.60.10.40.260^Wegener granulomatosis|60.180.50.40.260^Wegener granulomatosis
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/weill-marchesani-syndrome. 2014/01/21 (RD)
60.50.60.10.90^Weill-Marchesani syndrome|60.50.60.20.180^Weill-Marchesani syndrome|60.450.30.60^Weill-Marchesani syndrome
110.80.130.40^Welfare (social security)|110.100.190.10^Welfare (social security)
Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are different conditions. Both are due to brain damage caused by a lack of vitamin B1. Lack of vitamin B1 is common in people with alcoholism. It is also common in persons whose bodies do not absorb food properly (malabsorption), as sometimes occurs with a chronic illness or after obesity (bariatric) surgery. Korsakoff syndrome, or Korsakoff psychosis, tends to develop as Wernicke symptoms go away. Wernicke encephalopathy causes brain damage in lower parts of the brain called the thalamus and hypothalamus. Korsakoff psychosis results from permanent damage to areas of the brain involved with memory. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000771.htm 2014/10/13 (RD)
10.270.60.10^Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome|60.290.60.10^Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Not under Electrophoretic blotting in Methods spreadsheet, but seems to fit. -BG, 13 June 2012
10.230.60.10.30.230.10.120^Western equine encephalitis virus|10.280.90.60.280.10.120^Western equine encephalitis virus|10.280.90.80.230.10.120^Western equine encephalitis virus|60.360.90.50.30.230.10.120^Western equine encephalitis virus
10.180.150.140^Wetland ecosystems|40.80.150.140^Wetland ecosystems
10.60.300.400.30^Wheat germ agglutinins|10.120.10.20^Wheat germ agglutinins
2015/04/10 08:36 created by rachel 2015/04/10 08:36 Synonym Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici added by rachel 2015/04/10 08:39 Synonym PST added by rachel 2015/04/10 08:42 Synonym Wheat yellow rust added by rachel 2015/04/10 08:45 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Primarily a disease of wheat (Triticum sp.) and a few Hordeum vulgare cultivars worldwide. In Europe and South America a separate formae specialis attacks barley. Windblown urediniospores are the primary method of dispersal. Stripe rust urediniospores probably are less tolerant of environmental extremes then either leaf or stem rust of wheat. Losses of 40 percent can be common with some fields totally destroyed. It is a major disease of fall seeded wheat in regions with cool nights or of spring wheat planted adjacent to infected fall seeded wheat. Severe losses result when spikes are infected. http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=9918 RD
A wheelchair is a chair with wheels. The device comes in variations allowing either manual propulsion by the seated occupant turning the rear wheels by hand, or electric propulsion by motors. There are often handles behind the seat to allow it to be pushed by another person. Wheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair RD
2015/02/25 09:01 created by rachel 2015/02/25 09:02 Synonym Pancreaticoduodenectomy added by rachel 2015/02/25 09:02 Synonym Pancreatoduodenectomy added by rachel 2015/02/25 09:03 Synonym Kausch-Whipple procedure added by rachel 2015/02/25 09:06 TM UPDATE Field SN updated by rachel
Whipple procedure The Whipple procedure is the most common operation used to treat pancreatic cancer, and involves removing the head of the pancreas. Your surgeon must also remove the first part of your small intestine (bowel), your gall bladder (which stores bile) and part of your bile duct. Sometimes, part of the stomach also has to be removed. The end of the bile duct and the remaining part of your pancreas is connected to your small intestine. This allows bile and the hormones and enzymes produced by the pancreas to still be released into your system. After this type of surgery, about one in three people need to take enzymes to help them digest food. The Whipple procedure involves long and intensive surgery, but it's easier to recover from than a total pancreatectomy. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-pancreas/Pages/Treatment.aspx RD
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emergent disease of hibernating bats that has spread from the northeastern to the central United States at an alarming rate. [...] The disease is named for the white fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, that infects skin of the muzzle, ears, and wings of hibernating bats. (http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/) KH
20.180.60^Wiring diagrams|50.120.70^Wiring diagrams
60.50.60.20.200^Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Removed from "Plant products" for detailed anatomical terms inappropriate for that BT. "Lumber" may be useful, but would need rulebuilding to disambiguate it from anatomical term.
A workaholic is a person who is addicted to work. While the term generally implies that the person enjoys their work, it can also imply that they simply feel compelled to do it. There is no generally accepted medical definition of such a condition, although some forms of stress, impulse control disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder can be work-related.Workaholism is not the same as working hard.
10.200.70.50^X chromosome inactivation|10.200.120.40.10.10^X chromosome inactivation
90.110.80^X-ray crystallography|90.360.30^X-ray crystallography
90.340.30.40^X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
The superorder Xenarthra is a group of placental mammals, extant today only in the Americas and represented by anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. Xenarthrans share several characteristics not present in other placental mammals. The name Xenarthra, which means "strange joints", was chosen because their vertebral joints have extra articulations unlike other mammals. This trait is referred to as "xenarthry." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenarthra RD
Used as an in vivo model for electrophysiological recordings e.g. of experimentally modified ion channels. 2013/08/01 (RD)
Wrote short complex rule to try to disambiguate from vertical rotation.
10.60.300.420.70^Yellow fluorescent protein
10.230.60.10.10.660.10^Yersinia enterocolitica|10.280.30.610.10^Yersinia enterocolitica|60.360.90.50.10.660.10^Yersinia enterocolitica
10.230.60.10.10.660.30^Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|10.280.30.610.30^Yersinia pseudotuberculosis|60.360.90.50.10.660.30^Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
60.190.10.1110^Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection
Zika fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), consisting of mild fever, rash (mostly maculo-papular), headaches, arthralgia, myalgia, asthenia, and non-purulent conjunctivitis, occurring about two to seven days after the mosquito vector bite. One out of four people may develop symptoms, but in those who are affected the disease is usually mild with symptoms that can last between two and seven days. Its clinical manifestation is often similar to dengue, also a mosquito-borne illness. http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_topics&view=article&id=427&Itemid=41484 RD
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family and the flavivirus genus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In humans, it causes a mild illness known as "zika" (pronounced zee-kuh), "Zika disease" or Zika fever, which was confined to Africa and Asia from the 1950's until 2007, when it emerged further East in Micronesia, South and Central America. The illness is related to dengue, yellow fever, West Nile disease, caused by other Flaviviruses, treated symptomatically and cannot be prevented by drugs or vaccines. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus Zika virus is spread to people through mosquito bites. The most common symptoms of Zika virus disease are fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting from several days to a week. Severe disease requiring hospitalization is uncommon. A possible link[PDF - 1 page] between Zika virus infection in pregnant women and subsequent birth defects is being investigated in Brazil. http://www.cdc.gov/zika/ Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to dengue virus. It was first isolated from a rhesus monkey in Zika forest, Uganda in 1947, in mosquitoes (Aedes africanus) in the same forest in 1948 and in humans in Nigeria in 1954. Zika virus is endemic in parts of Africa and Asia and was first identified in the South Pacific after an outbreak on Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia in 2007. http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_05182015_zika/en/ RD
80.20.110.100^Zirconyl radicals|80.20.220.60.100^Zirconyl radicals
Needs attention. Should there be NTs? Most pathogens are zoonotic. -BG, 9 June 2012. also called zoonotic disease, any infectious disease that can be transmitted (in some instances, by a vector) from non-human animals, both wild and domestic, to humans or from humans to non-human animals (reverse zoonosis).
WHO defines zoonoses as diseases and infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. A zoonotic agent may be a bacterium, a virus, a fungus or other communicable disease agent. At least 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic, and have represented 75% of all emerging pathogens during the past decade. Except for the newly emerging zoonoses such as SARS and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, the vast majority are not prioritized by health systems at national and international levels and are therefore labelled as neglected. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/zoonoses/en/ RD
10.120.230.40.380.80^c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling cascade
10.240.30.190.140.30^cDNA library screening|90.240.190.140.30^cDNA library screening
60.40.20.40.120^von Willebrand disease|60.170.30.10.120^von Willebrand disease